DOCSLIB.ORG

Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895-1940

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895-1940 INDEX adoption, 121 arrest(s), 63 Afanas’ev, N. P., 187–89 arbitrary, 92 affairs, 16–17, 23, 123, 166–68, 172–74, army, 70, 206 185, 198, 200 from Central Committee, 72, 75, 77, 124, Agranov, Ia. S., 23, 45, 55–56, 60, 62, 68, 234n110 73, 84 from Communist Party, 37, 43, 75, 101, agriculture, 249n35 103, 105, 127, 130, 139–40, 146, 148, academy of, 16 151–52, 177–78, 205–6, 222n64, collectivization, 14 233n77 People’s Commissariats of, 13, 76, 146 competitions for number of, 92–93 saboteurs of, 76, 233n106 of Ezhov, 164, 181–82 albums, 136–37 mass, 79, 83, 85, 87, 89–91, 94–95, 99, Alekhin, M. S., 56, 68, 152 103–5, 137–38, 205–6, 237n46 Aleksandrovskii, M. K., 66, 67 of Mensheviks, 74–75 anarchists, 75 of military intelligence, 65–66 Andreev, Andrei, 26, 43photo, 72, 92, 100, new policy for, 156–57 108, 117, 140photo, 164, 175, 176 of NKVD officers, 61–62, 64–65, 78, 83– anti-intellectuals, 8, 202 84, 133, 135–36, 137, 144, 148, 152, Anvelt, Jan, 72 165–66, 168, 183–86, 192, 229n49, army 258n68 demobilized from, 8 political e´migre´s, foreign influences, 41– duty, 3, 5, 6–8 42, 94–95, 99, 101, 205–6, 237n46 purge of, 69–70, 75, 205 quotas of, 84–85, 89–91, 109, 131, 133, reprimand in, 7–8 135, 205–6 .......................... 9199$$ INDX 02-05-02 16:04:35 PS 264 Index of Rightists, 59 Bokii, G. I., 61, 64 small resistance of mass, 102 Bolsheviks, 6, 70, 105, 111, 125, 136, 195 of Socialist Revolutionaries (SR), 74 Bronkowski, B., 40 of Water Transportation, 152 Bukharin, N. I., 29–30, 39, 48, 49, 56, 57, articles, 13–14 75, 202, 204 Artuzov, A. Kh., 64, 66 arrest of, 59 assassinations, 102 inefficient evidence against, 51, 58 Austrin, R. I., 84 Bukharinists, 116, 117, 139, 142 Avtorkhanov, A., 102 Bulakh, P. F., 55, 86, 132, 135, 148, 154 Bulanov, P.P, 61, 62, 139, 228n40 Babel’, Isaak, 16, 123, 168, 185, 186, 189, Bulatov, D. A., 25 191 Bulganin, N. A., 175 Babulin, Anatolii (nephew), 123, 171, 172, Butovo, 182–83 182, 184, 186, 191 Babulin, Sergei (nephew), 122–23, 172 camps. See Gulag Babulin,Viktor (nephew), 2, 123, 177, 182, canal construction, 64, 65photo 184, 185, 186, 191 capitalists, 111, 116 Babulina, Liudmila (niece), 123 cartoon, hedgehog, 113, 115photo, 242n3 Bagirov, M. D., 152, 175 Center of Centers, 75–76 Balitskii, V. A., 64, 65 Central Committee, 12 Baranov, M. I., 111 arrests of, 72, 75, 77, 124, 234n110 Baryshnikov, Nikolai, 185 attendance of, 14, 217n73 Bashtakov,L. F., 189 elected to, 21, 179 Belen’kii, Z. M., 31 expulsions by, 34 believers, 80 Organization and Distribution Depart- Bel’skii, L. N., 113, 116, 124, 156 ment, 12 Bergavinov, S. A., 15 Plenum, 31, 32, 58, 59–60, 61, 75, 77–78, Beriia, L. P., 55, 69, 103, 108, 146, 157, 160, 79, 82, 92, 106, 124–26, 129, 134, 136, 167 149, 152, 234n110 NKVD appointment for, 149–52, 155–56, 158, 201, 249n35, 249nn49–50 political e´migre´s oversight/exiling and, 41 NKVD power for, 158, 160–61, secretary of, 25, 26, 54, 120, 203 162photo, 163–66, 168, 170–71, 174– against terror, 234n110. See also Orgrasp- 77, 184, 186, 187, 192–93, 202, 207 redotdel Berman, B. D., 131, 132, 152 Central Committee Department Berman, M. D., 80, 100, 113 of leading Party organizations, 157–58. See Berzin, E. P., 15 also TsIK Berzin, Ian, 66–67 Central Executive Committee, 31 biography (new) Tatar Republic, 8 archival investigation for, xi–xiii character, 2, 3, 5 biography (old) executioner, 20, 203–4, 208–9 exaggeration of, 6 nervous but well-meaning, 19–20 falsified, x, xii, 5 obstinate, 10 revolutionary romanticism of, 3 tough guy, 13 birth Chechens, 102 lying about, 1 Chekists, 42, 50, 55, 56, 62, 65–66, 86, 92, Blat, I. M., 84 113, 117, 132, 140, 142, 148, 151, 152, Bliukher, V. K., 145–46, 248n25 161, 175, 187, 192, 229n49, 249n50 Blokhin, V. M., 189 Chertok, I. I., 62 Boiarskii, Ia. I, 18, 184 Chervenkov, Vulko, x .......................... 9199$$ INDX 02-05-02 16:04:36 PS Index 265 children verification of Party (cards) documents in, in Great Terror, 97, 100, 189–90 27–29, 34–38, 43–44, 105 Chinese, 100 confession Choibalsan, Kh., 101 of Ezhov, 183–84 Chubar’, 72, 102, 140photo, 175 during tortured interrogations, xii. See also church, 85 interrogations class conspiracy erasing of borders in, 108 Ezhov, 155–56, 183, 184, 187, 204 class enemies. See counterrevolutionaries Iagoda, 61, 64, 135–36 clergy. See priests universal, 75–76, 78, 80, 139 collegia Constitution, USSR (1936), 106 Grand, 109 conversation special, 104, 240n96 glib in, 3, 5 Comintern Executive Committee, 40photo Cossacks, 6 election to, 40 counterrevolutionaries, 123 Great Terror and, 82, 85, 87, 106–7, political e´migre´s, 39–41, 42, 223n84 204–5 purge of, 72–73, 77, 101 NKVD purge of, 57, 100 Commissar-General of State Security, 59 Stalin, terror and, 29–30, 31–32, 46, 94, Commission for Foreign Travel, 21–22 105. See also Rightists; Socialist Revolu- Communist Party tionaries (SR); Trotskiists; Zinov’evists admissions to, 129 courts (judiciary), 104, 106, 148, 193 arrests from, 37, 43, 75, 101, 103, 105, reform of, 22. See also Military Collegium 127, 130, 139–40, 146, 148, 151–52, of the Supreme Court 177–78, 205–6, 222n64, 233n77 criminal gang, 2, 214n5, 215n22 discipline of, 129 criminals, 116, 193–94, 215n22 enemies (real) of, 27–28, 37, 44 execution of, 81, 82 eradication of competency in, 27–28, 37 Great Terror and, 82, 86–90, 106, 131–32, expulsions criticized within, 125–29, 134, 146 153, 206–7 investigation, facts against, 88 expulsions from, 37, 43–44, 125–27, 129, re-detained, 80–81, 87 130, 223n77 registering of, 82–83 Great Terror and, 100–103, 106, 128–29, 134 dachas, 120–21, 155, 166, 168, 182, 198 Great Terror and local, 92–93, 100–101 Dagin, I. Ia., 55, 56, 113, 121, 124, 137, 139, inner-Party opposition as crime in, 31 154–56, 164, 165, 168, 175, 176 local party verification operations in, 34– death sentence, x. See also executions 36, 38 defection moratorium on new members of, 21, 28, Liushkov, 143–147, 165 44 Orlov, 147 NKVD balance restored for, 129–30, Uspenskii disappearance, 163–64, 165 206–7 Defense Committee, 72 NKVD utilized by, 35–36, 38 Deich, Ia. I., 135 organizing of, 6 Dekanozov, V. G., 69, 150, 249n35 passivity of members of, 43–44 Dement’ev, Ivan, 170–71, 183, 184, 191, purges of, 21, 24–37, 27, 72–73, 80, 253n45 218n1, 219n2 Department of Leading Party Organizations. regional, 92–93, 100–101, 107 See ORPO spies in, 35, 36, 41 deportation, 99 unequal association with, 5–6 Deribas, T. D., 64, 65 .......................... 9199$$ INDX 02-05-02 16:04:36 PS 266 Index deserters, 7–8 method of, 109 de-Stalinization, xi of NKVD officers, 64, 68, 148, 151 Dimitrov, G., 43photo, 72, 101, 111, place of, 182–83 140photo executioners Distribution Department. See Raspredotdel burden on, x Dmitriev, D. M., 131, 133, 136, 148, 154 expulsions drinking, 18–19, 110, 121–22, 123–24, 133– appeals of, 43–44 34, 139, 150, 154–56, 166, 168, 171– from Communist Party, 37, 43–44, 125– 74, 177, 178, 187, 197–98, 200, 201, 27, 129, 130, 223n77 210 ezhevichka, x Dudorov, N. P., 158 Ezhov, Ivan (brother), 2, 121–22, 184, 191, Dukel’skii, Semen, 53, 54, 181 255n18 dvoikas, 93, 95, 97, 135, 240n96 Ezhov, Ivan (father), 1–2 Dzerzhinskii, F. E., 61 lying about, 1 Dzhambul, Dzhabaev, 117–20 Ezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich affairs and, 16–18, 23, 123, 171–74, 185, Eastern-Chinese Railway, 97 198 education army duty of, 3, 5, 6–8 apprentice, 2–3 arrest of, 164, 181–82 Marxism-Leninism, 12–13 Central Committee and, 2, 3, 5, 14, 21, 25, primary school, 2 26, 54, 120, 179, 203, 217n73 radical higher, 14, 198 character/psychology/description of, 9, 10, self, 2–3, 11–12, 198 13, 19–20, 195–96, 199–203, 208–9 Efimov, Boris, 113, 115, 115photo conspiracy alleged against, 155–56, 183, Efimov, Vasilii, 124, 184, 191 184, 187, 204 Egorov, Aleksandr, 127 divorce against Evgeniia by, 167 Eikhe, Robert I., 80, 91, 102, 107 drinking of, 18–19, 110, 121–22, 123–24, elderly 133–34, 139, 150, 154–56, 166, 168, shooting of, 85 171–74, 177, 178, 187, 197–98, 200, emergency degree on terrorism, 23 201, 210 e´migre´s, political, 39–41, 73, 76–77, 93– education of, 2–3, 11–14, 198 102, 223n84. See also foreign influences execution of, 188–89, 257n45 England, 183, 185, 187 as executioner/executor, 20, 203–4, 208–9 Enukidze, Avel’, 30 fall of, x–xi, 108, 121, 140, 154–55, 158, attack on, 31–33, 75, 204 160–61, 163–64, 164–65, 168, 170–71, execution of, 222n64 174–80, 181–84, 207 expulsion of, 34, 78 family life of, 16–17, 121–24 Esaulov, A. A., 183 hierarchical climb in power of, 202–4 Evdokimov, Efim G., 12, 55, 56, 142, 151, homosexuality/bisexuality of, 17–18, 123, 153–56, 160, 165, 177, 184, 186, 191 171–73, 183, 184, 191, 198, 224n109, execution(s), ix, x, 18, 19, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 256n39 70, 71, 77, 78, 103, 115, 123, 134, 139, illnesses of, 8, 9–10, 12, 15–16, 22–23, 36, 140, 146, 151, 190–91, 200, 222n64 44, 63, 155, 165, 174, 186, 196–97 approval of, 137 last public appearance of, 177 of Ezhov, 188–89, 257n45 name bestowed for, 117–18, 182, 243n14 fear and rush of NKVD, 147–48, 151 nonvindication of, 189–90 mass, 86, 87, 89, 90–91, 94, 99, 101, as People’s Commissar of Water Transpor- 103–4, 132, 138, 148, 165, 189, 205–6, tation, 140, 142, 153, 164, 177–78, 248n32 180–82, 199, 206, 207 .........................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Utopian Visions of Family Life in the Stalin-Era Soviet Union
    Central European History 44 (2011), 63–91. © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association, 2011 doi:10.1017/S0008938910001184 Utopian Visions of Family Life in the Stalin-Era Soviet Union Lauren Kaminsky OVIET socialism shared with its utopian socialist predecessors a critique of the conventional family and its household economy.1 Marx and Engels asserted Sthat women’s emancipation would follow the abolition of private property, allowing the family to be a union of individuals within which relations between the sexes would be “a purely private affair.”2 Building on this legacy, Lenin imag- ined a future when unpaid housework and child care would be replaced by com- munal dining rooms, nurseries, kindergartens, and other industries. The issue was so central to the revolutionary program that the Bolsheviks published decrees establishing civil marriage and divorce soon after the October Revolution, in December 1917. These first steps were intended to replace Russia’s family laws with a new legal framework that would encourage more egalitarian sexual and social relations. A complete Code on Marriage, the Family, and Guardianship was ratified by the Central Executive Committee a year later, in October 1918.3 The code established a radical new doctrine based on individual rights and gender equality, but it also preserved marriage registration, alimony, child support, and other transitional provisions thought to be unnecessary after the triumph of socialism. Soviet debates about the relative merits of unfettered sexu- ality and the protection of women and children thus resonated with long-standing tensions in the history of socialism. I would like to thank Atina Grossmann, Carola Sachse, and Mary Nolan, as well as the anonymous reader for Central European History, for their comments and suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arts in Russia Under Stalin
    01_SOVMINDCH1. 12/19/03 11:23 AM Page 1 THE ARTS IN RUSSIA UNDER STALIN December 1945 The Soviet literary scene is a peculiar one, and in order to understand it few analogies from the West are of use. For a vari- ety of causes Russia has in historical times led a life to some degree isolated from the rest of the world, and never formed a genuine part of the Western tradition; indeed her literature has at all times provided evidence of a peculiarly ambivalent attitude with regard to the uneasy relationship between herself and the West, taking the form now of a violent and unsatisfied longing to enter and become part of the main stream of European life, now of a resentful (‘Scythian’) contempt for Western values, not by any means confined to professing Slavophils; but most often of an unresolved, self-conscious combination of these mutually opposed currents of feeling. This mingled emotion of love and of hate permeates the writing of virtually every well-known Russian author, sometimes rising to great vehemence in the protest against foreign influence which, in one form or another, colours the masterpieces of Griboedov, Pushkin, Gogol, Nekrasov, Dostoevsky, Herzen, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Blok. The October Revolution insulated Russia even more com- pletely, and her development became perforce still more self- regarding, self-conscious and incommensurable with that of its neighbours. It is not my purpose to trace the situation histori- cally, but the present is particularly unintelligible without at least a glance at previous events, and it would perhaps be convenient, and not too misleading, to divide its recent growth into three main stages – 1900–1928; 1928–1937; 1937 to the present – artifi- cial and over-simple though this can easily be shown to be.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of the Judiciary
    CHAPTER 7 Role of the Judiciary I. SoviET CoNCEPT oF THE JumciARY 1. Administration of Justice Before 1922 and by Non­ judicial Bodies A soviet judicial system was first established only with the advent of the New Economic Policy in 1922.1 Previously, the people's courts, which were designed to take the place of all the prerevolutionary courts, which had been abolished en bloc,8 were under constant re­ organization. According to the soviet writers, out of five decrees on the judicial organization announced in the course of one year ( 1917-1918), three were not even enforced and two later decrees were enforced only to a limited extent.3 The courts tried chiefly minor offenses and occasionally divorces, while the major part 1 The R.S.F.S.R. Judiciary Act of October 31, 1923 (R.S.F.S.R. Laws 1923, text 902). In 1924, the federal basic principles of the judicial organi­ zation were adopted (U.S.S.R. Laws 1924, text 203) and, in conformity with these, the R.S.F.S.R. Judiciary Act of November 19, 1926 (R.S.F.S.R. Laws, text 624), which remained in force until 1938, was enacted. 2 R.S.F.S.R. Laws 1917-1918, text 50. 3 Decree No. 1 on the Courts of November 24, 1917 (R.S.F.S.R. Laws 1917-1918, text 50) was carried out only to a certain extent. Similar de­ crees, Nos. 2 and 3, issued in February and July, 1918 (id., text 420, num­ bered in the reprint ed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: an International Legal Study, 45 Case W
    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 | Issue 3 2012 The rC ime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Karol Karski, The Crime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study, 45 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 703 (2013) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol45/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 Spring 2013 Issue 3 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During WWII: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law·Vol. 45·2013 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski* The USSR’s genocidal activity against the Polish nation started before World War II. For instance, during the NKVD’s “Polish operation” of 1937 and 1938, the Communist regime exterminated about 85,000 Poles living at that time on the pre- war territory of the USSR.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Ukrainization, 1923-1932
    3 Linguistic Ukrainization, 1923-1932 On October 10, 1920, Stalin published an artide in Pravda that for the first time authoritatively announced the Soviet policy of korenizatsiia: "It is nec- essary that all Soviet organs in the borderlands-the courts, the administration, the economic organs, organs oflocal power (as well as Party organs)-be com- posed to the greatest possible degree of people who know the customs, habits and language of the local population. »1 Korenizatsiia, as definitively formulated at party congresses in March 1921 and April 1923, consisted of two major tasks: the creation of national elites (Affirmative Action) and the promotion oflocal nationallanguages to a dominant position in the non-Russian territories (lin- guistic korenizatsiia). Linguistic korenizatsiia would prove much more difficult to achieve. Between April 1923 and December 1932, central party and soviet organs issued dozens of resolutions urging the immediate implementation of linguistic korenizatsiia. Local republican and oblast authorities issued hundreds, if not thousands, of similar decrees. Nevertheless, linguistic korenizatsiia failed almost everywhere. Why? 1 initially assumed that central authorities must have been sending mixed signals, publidy trumpeting the need for irnmediate korenizatsiia while privately letting it be known that this public rhetoric was largely for show. 1 was wrong. Not only did the soft-line soviet bureaucracies in charge of nationalities policy, such as TsIK's Soviet of Nationalities and VTsIK's Nationalities Depart- ment, vigilantly monitor the implementation of korenizatsiia, hard-line organs attached to the party's Central Committee were equally vigilant. The Orgburo 11. Stalin, "Politika sovetskoi vlasti po natsional'nomu voprosu v RDssü" (1920), in Marksizm i natsional'no-kolonial'nyi Tlopros (Moscow, 1934): 62.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 to 1924
    COMMISSAR AND MULLAH: SOVIET-MUSLIM POLICY FROM 1917 TO 1924 by Glenn L. Roberts DISSERTATION.COM Boca Raton Commissar and Mullah: Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 to 1924 Copyright © 1990 Glenn L. Roberts All rights reserved. Dissertation.com Boca Raton, Florida USA • 2007 ISBN: 1-58112-349-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface to This Publication. 4 INTRODUCTION. 6 Chapter One. 10 Soviet Policy and the Tatar Right. Chapter Two. 22 Soviet Policy and the Tatar Left. Chapter Three. 38 Sultan-Galiev and Muslim National-Communism. Chapter Four. 50 The Revolution in Turkestan. Chapter Five. 65 The National Resurgence in Turkestan. Chapter Six. 82 The Soviet Turn to the East. Chapter Seven. 98 The Crisis of 1920. Chapter Eight. 131 Lenin’s Campaign Against the Muslim Communists. CONCLUSIONS. 149 Appendix One: Islam Under the Tsars. 152 Appendix Two: Calendar of Events. 177 Bibliography. 184 Glossary. 198 3 COMMISSAR AND MULLAH: SOVIET-MUSLIM POLICY FROM 1917 TO 1924 by Glenn L Roberts Preface to This Publication. The world has changed greatly since this thesis was written. As the final sentences were composed, the Berlin Wall was being dismantled, the Soviets had just withdrawn their last troops from Afghanistan, and rumors of coups were alive in Moscow. On-site personal research led the author to conclude that an undercurrent of Islamic fundamentalism was spreading through Tashkent, Bukhara, and the Caucasus, and that, due to a widespread and ancient cultural affinity with the Islamic Middle East on the part of Soviet Muslims, the Soviet retreat from Afghanistan may well broaden to encompass all of Central Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soviet Contribution to International Justice at Nuremberg
    Nikto ne zabyt, nichto ne zabyto: The Soviet Contribution to International Justice at Nuremberg Thomas Earl Porter North Carolina A&T State University “Let these butchers know that they will not escape responsibility for their crimes or elude the avenging hand of the tormented nations.” Joseph Stalin November 6, 1942 The Soviet Union played a major role in the establishment of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) by resolutely promoting the idea of an international trial of Nazi Germany’s leaders for the criminal actions perpetrated by its forces upon both civilians and prisoners of war during its invasion and occupation of the Soviet Union during the Second World War. At the very outset of the conflict the Soviet Union established “flying” military committees which collected evidentiary materials for later use in some kind of international judicial forum. Additionally, only a handful of Western scholars have noted that the Soviets were early proponents of the use of the legal principle of conspiracy (which had been used in the infamous show trials domestically but had no place in continental European jurisprudence) and also played an instrumental role in establishing the principle that aggressive war in and of itself could be legally construed as a criminal act.1 Of course, this was not an entirely novel concept as the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War (also known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact) which was signed by 15 nations (including Weimar Germany) on August 27th 1928 and registered as part of the League of Nations Treaty Series a week later, explicitly called for the renunciation of war between the contracting parties as a solution to any kind of conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change
    The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Amanda M. Ward August 2014 © 2014 Amanda M. Ward. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change by AMANDA M. WARD has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Steven M. Miner Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT WARD, AMANDA M., M.A., August 2014, History The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change Director of Thesis: Steven M. Miner The most notorious aspect of the Soviet Union was its culture of secret policing that, through a series of state security agencies, carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions. Since the collapse of the socialist state and the opening of the Soviet archives, the historical community has only begun to understand the full extent of crimes committed at the hands of the Cheka, and its successors, the OGPU, NKVD, and KGB. Yet, after tracing this repression to its origins, historical evidence indicates that Imperial Russia first cultivated this culture of secret policing and introduced many of the policing techniques the Bolsheviks later implement and further perfected. By the turn of the 20th century, the Okhrana – the Tsarist secret police – developed into a highly effective political police force which was, by and large, quite successful in penetrating underground revolutionary organizations, including Lenin’s Bolshevik party.
    [Show full text]
  • The Red Army and Mass Mobilization During the Russian Civil War 1918-1920 Author(S): Orlando Figes Source: Past & Present, No
    The Past and Present Society The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920 Author(s): Orlando Figes Source: Past & Present, No. 129 (Nov., 1990), pp. 168-211 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/650938 . Accessed: 15/11/2013 18:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Oxford University Press and The Past and Present Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Past &Present. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Fri, 15 Nov 2013 18:56:45 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE RED ARMY AND MASS MOBILIZATION DURING THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR 1918-1920 The Red Armybegan life in 1918 as a smallvolunteer force of proletariansfrom the major urban citadels of Bolshevikpower in northernand centralRussia. By theend of the civil war against the Whitesand the various armies of foreign intervention, in the autumn of 1920,it had growninto a massconscript army of fivemillion soldiers,75 percent of them peasants1 by birth - a figureroughly proportionateto the size ofthe peasant population in Russia.2 For theBolsheviks, this represented a tremendous social change.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Soviet Military and Related Abbreviations
    DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL GLOSSARY OF SOVIET MILITARY AND RELATED ABBREVIATIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FFEBRUARY 1957 TM 30-546 TECHNICAL MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 30-546 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 31 December 1956 GLOSSARY OF SOVIET MILITARY AND RELATED ABBREVIATIONS Page Transliteration table for the Russian language ......................-.. ii Abbreviations for use with this manual .......-.........................- ...... iii Grammatical abbreviations ...----------------------.....- ---- iv Foreword --------------------- -- ------------------------------------------------------- 1 Glossary of Soviet military and related abbreviations-.................-......... 3 TRANSLITERATION TABLE FOR THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE The Russian alphabet has 33 letters, which are here listed together w [th their transliteration as adopted by the Board on Geographic Names. A a AG a P pd C °c C B B 3 e T T cAl/ r rJCT y A D d B cSe ye,et X xZ "s ts ch )K3J G "0 sh 314 C ' shch b b hi bi 'b *i, H H KG 10 10j Oo (90 51 31 1L / p ye initially, after vowel. andl after 'b, b; e e1~ewhere. When written as a in Rusoian, transliterate a5~ yii or e. Use of diacritical marks is. preferred, but such marks may be omitted when expediency (apostrophe), palatalize. a preceding consonant, giving a sound resembling the consonant plus y!, somewhat as in English meet you, did you. 3The symbol " (double apostrophel, not a repetition of the line above. No sound; used only after certain prefixe.- before the vowvel letter: c. e. 91. 10. ii ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union: New Dimensions of Research
    Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin’s Soviet Union New Dimensions of Research Edited by Andrej Kotljarchuk Olle Sundström Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin’s Soviet Union New Dimensions of Research Edited by Andrej Kotljarchuk & Olle Sundström Södertörns högskola (Södertörn University) Library SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications © Authors Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Cover image: Front page of the Finnish-language newspaper Polarnoin kollektivisti, 17 December 1937. Courtesy of Russian National Library. Graphic form: Per Lindblom & Jonathan Robson Printed by Elanders, Stockholm 2017 Södertörn Academic Studies 72 ISSN 1650-433X Northern Studies Monographs 5 ISSN 2000-0405 ISBN 978-91-7601-777-7 (print) Contents List of Illustrations ........................................................................................................................ 7 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 9 Foreword ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 15 ANDREJ KOTLJARCHUK & OLLE SUNDSTRÖM PART 1 National Operations of the NKVD. A General Approach .................................... 31 CHAPTER 1 The
    [Show full text]
  • “China's Political Commissars and Commanders
    No. 88 China’s Political Commissars and Commanders: Trends & Dynamics Srikanth Kondapalli Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore OCTOBER 2005 With Compliments This Working Paper series presents papers in a preliminary form and serves to stimulate comment and discussion. The views expressed are entirely the author’s own and not that of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS) was established in July 1996 as an autonomous research institute within the Nanyang Technological University. Its objectives are to: • Conduct research on security, strategic and international issues. • Provide general and graduate education in strategic studies, international relations, defence management and defence technology. • Promote joint and exchange programmes with similar regional and international institutions; organise seminars/conferences on topics salient to the strategic and policy communities of the Asia-Pacific. Constituents of IDSS include the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) and the Asian Programme for Negotiation and Conflict Management (APNCM). Research Through its Working Paper Series, IDSS Commentaries and other publications, the Institute seeks to share its research findings with the strategic studies and defence policy communities. The Institute’s researchers are also encouraged to publish their writings in refereed journals. The focus of research is on issues relating to the security and stability of the Asia-Pacific region and their implications for Singapore and other countries in the region. The Institute has also established the S. Rajaratnam Professorship in Strategic Studies (named after Singapore’s first Foreign Minister), to bring distinguished scholars to participate in the work of the Institute.
    [Show full text]