Handbook on USSR Military Forces: Chapter II -- Personnel Administration War Department (USA)

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DOD Military Intelligence U.S. Department of Defense

5-1946 Handbook on USSR Military Forces: Chapter II -- Personnel Administration War Department (USA)

Robert L. Bolin , Depositor University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]

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War Department (USA) and Bolin, Robert L. , Depositor, "Handbook on USSR Military Forces: Chapter II -- Personnel Administration" (1946). DOD Military Intelligence. 1. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dodmilintel/1

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Technical Manual TM 30-430, Chapter II 15 May 1946

Handbook on USSR Military Forces Chapter II Personnel Administration

War Department Washington, DC

Robert Bolin, Depositor, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries

Comments

The copy that was digitized was borrowed from the University of Wisconsin- Madison Libraries.

Abstract

TM 30-340, Handbook on USSR Military Forces, was “published in installments to expidite dissemination to the field.” TM 30-430, Chapter II, 15 May 1946, “Personnel Administration,” contains a thorough exploration of the Soviet military personnel system.

This chapter was originally classified “Confidential” and later remarked “Restricted.” It was declassified in 1951.

This manual is listed in WorldCat under Accession Number: OCLC: 19989681 RtSThi~ltO . ~--

TM 30-430 CHAPTER 11

TECHNICAL MANUAL HANDBOOK ON U. S. S. R. MILITARY FORCES

TM 30-430 is being published in installments to expedite dissemination to the field. This chapter should be inserted in the loose-leaf binder furnished with Chapter V, November 1945.

WAR DEPARTMENT WASHINGTON 25, D. c., 15 May 1946 TM 30-430, Handbook on U. S. S. R. Military Forces, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. [AG 300.7 (8 Oct 45)] By ORDER OF THE SE,CRETARY OF WAR:

OFFICIAL: DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER EDWARD F. WITSELL Chief of Staff Major General The Adjutant, General

DISTRIBUTION: AGF (80); T (10); Arm & Sv Bd (1). For explanation of distribution formula see FM 21-6. RES IRI~IlD 15 May 46 -~ ,CONfiDENTIAl' " TM 30-430

CHAPTER II PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Page INTRODUCTION . . . II-I PART II. ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES AND 1. Disadvantages of Red Army Personnel PROCEDURES--Continued Administration...... II-I Section II. CLASSIFICATION-Continued 2. Advantages of Red Army Personnel Admin- 5. Classification by Rank. and Grade. 11-16 istration ...... II-I 6. Classification Numbers. . . .. 11-16 3. Other Distinctive Characteristics . 11-2 Section III. PERSONNEL RECORDS 11-17 4. Recent Developments 11-2 1. General . . . . 11-17 5. Probable Future Trends 11-2 2. Enlisted Reserves ...... 11-17 PART I. BASIC CONCEPTS OF MILITARY 3. Officer Reserves...... 11-18 SERVICE ...... 11-2 4. Enlisted Men on Active Duty. 11-18 5. Officers on Active Duty . . . II-18 Section I. LIABILITY FOR MILITARY 6. Active Duty Personnel Wounded or SERVICE ...... 11-2 Traveling .... 11-19 1. Universal Service Liability 11-2 7. Ration Certificates. • . . . 11-19 2. Conscription Liability 11-3 8. Pay Certificates...... 11-19 3. Fulfillment o{Service Obligations 11-3 9. Deferred Rese~e Personnel. · 11-19 Section II. ACTIVE SERVICE 11-4 10. Physically Disabled . . . 11-20 1. Required Active Service 11-4 11. Rayon Personnel Records . 11-20 2. Voluntary Active Service . 11-5 Section IV. ASSIGNMENT, PROMO­ TION, AND SEPARATION 11-21 PART II. ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 1. Assignment . · 11-21 AND PROCEDURES ...... 11-5 2. Promotion • . . . . . 11-21 Section I. PERSONNEL ADMINISTRA. 3. Separation ...... · 11-22 TION AGENCIES. 11-5 Section V. MOBILIZATION SYSTEM. 11-22 1. General.· ...... 11-5 1. General ...... 11-22 2. Policy ...... 11-5 2. Scope of ~obilization Plans .••. 11-22 3. Conscription and Separation . 11-5 3. Plan for Expansion and Activation. 11-23 4. Selection, Assignment, and Promotion 4. Flow of Personnel on Mobilization. 11-24 of Officers...... 11-9 5. Flow of Horses and Transport on 5. Ass~gnment and Promotion of Enlisted Mobilization ...... 11-24 ~en ...... 11-9 6. Reception Centers...... 11-26 6. Statistical Control . 11-10 Section VI. REPLACEMENT SYSTEM 11-26 7. Pay and Allowances 11-11 1. General ...... 11-26 8. Officer Training . . 11-11 2. Replacement Units and Formations 11-26 9. Training of Enlisted ~en 11-12 3. Flow of Replacements . . . . 11-27 10. Decorations and Awards 11-12 4. Replacement of Personnel in Field 11. Administration of Justice 11-13 Units ...... 11-28 12. ~orale, Indoctrination, and Political 5. Replacements from Reoccupied Areas. II-28 Supervision...... 11-14 13. Counterintelligence .... II-l4 Section VII. DEMOBILIZATION SYS- TEM ...... 11-28 Section II. CLASSIFICATION II-IS 1. General...... 11-28 1. General ...•... II-IS 2. Demobilization Plan (1945-46) 11-28 2. Duty Status...... II-IS 3. Demobilization Law. . . 11-28 3. Fitness Classifications. . . II-IS 4. Demobilization Procedure. 11-30 4. Classification by Arm or Service II-IS 5. Demobilization of Officers. 11-30 '""":"--~~'-.". ,.....,..~". ]".'.' , ,alNFlDEltllAL1. :: . B-1 • • ~':. 0, ~_ "~ -- .-.-.:"'- -- '-..;>.- ~ TM 30-430 RESl8l&IlD· 15 May 46 Page Page PART III. PAY, ALLOWANCES, AND PEN- PART V. TRAINING-Continued SIONS ...... 11-30 Section IV. NONCOMMISSIONED OF­ Section I. PAY RATES II-30 FICER TRAINING II-48 1. General. . . . . 11-30 1. Organization ...... II-48 2. Pay Rates . . . 11-30 2. Instruction...... II-49 SectionII. PENSIONS, FAMILY ALLOW­ Section V. OFFICER TRAINING II-50 ANCES, AND SPECIAL BENEFITS. . II-31 1. General ...... II-50 1. Workers and Employees Ordered to 2. Military Preparatory Schools II-50 Active Duty ...... U-31 3. Schools of the Arms II-51 2. Allowances to Families of Enlisted 4. Academies . . . . . II-51 Men ...... 11-31 5. Frunze Academy . .' . II-52 3. Pensions for Enlisted Men and Their 6. Voroshilov Academy . II-53 Families ...... 11-31 4. Pensions for Officers and Enlisted Men on Voluntary Extended Service, and List of Illustrations Their Families ...... II-32 Figure 5. Benefits for Military Personnel and 1. Central agencies for personnel policy and Families ...... 11-33 administration . . . II-6 PART IV. LEGAL AND SURVEILLANCE 2. Personnel and training agencies in the field SYSTEMS ...... II-33 forces ...... " II-7 Seetion I. LEGAL SYSTEM. II-33 3. Personnel and training agencies in the zone of 1. General ...... II-33 interior...... II-8 2. Military Penal System . II-34 4. Agencies authorized to confer awards and Section II. SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM II-38 decorations...... ' II-13 1. Political Supervision in Red Army . II-38 5. Age limits for Red Army officers in service . . II-IS 2. Counterintelligence System. . . . II-41 6. Ranks of Red Army personnel . . .'. . . . II-16 PART V. TRAINING ...... II-42 7. Flow of personnel, remounts, and equipment 011 Section I. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS. II-42 mobilization ...... II-25 1. Objectives . . . . II-42 8. Variations in the pay of a Red Army captain . II-30 2. Basic Problems . . . II-42 9. Comparation of annual base pay of U. S. and 3. Training Methods. . II-43 Red Armies...... II-30 4. Training Institutions. II-45 10. Persons entitled to impose disciplinary penalties. II-37 Section II. PRE-CONSCRIPTION TRAIN- 11. Punishments for absence and desertion .... II-38 ING ...... II-45 12. Time allotted military preparation in Soviet 1. General ...... II-45 schools...... II-46 2. Military-Physical Preparation. II-46 3. Elementary Military Training. II-46 13. Time allotted military instruction in the first 4. Pre-Conscription Training . . II-46 four grades ...... II-46 5. Military Training for Girls . . II-47 14. Time allotted military instruction in the 5th, 6th, and 7th grades ...... II-47 Section III. CONSCRIPT TRAINING II-48 1. General ...... iI-48 15. Time allotted military instruction in the 8th, 2. Processing of Conscripts . II-48 9th, and 10th grades...... II-47 3. First Period of Training . II-48 16. Time allotted military instruction for girls . II-48 4. Second Period of Training II-48 17. Distribution of study hours by subject at an 5. Advanced Training . . . II-48 artillery school ...... II-51

ll-II ••

15 May 46 TM 30-430

CHAPTER II PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION

INTRODUCTION

I. DISADVANTAGES OF RED ARMY PERSONNEL tion plans. They are prepared in great detail and ADMINISTRATION are revised periodically with meticulous care. In In addition to conscription, classification, assign­ addition to specific plans for the utilization of all ment, promotion, and separation, Red Army person­ U. S. S. R. resources, mobilization plans include nel administration agencies also are charged with detailed personnel re-quirements. supervision of morale and loyalty to the state and to All persons liable to call for active duty in event the Communist Party and with all types of military of mobilization are given specific instructions as to and political training. their individual assignment or reporting station. One of the principal weaknesses of Red Army per­ Instructions include the day and hour to report. sonnel administration is the excessive number of The assignment of individuals after they report is agencies with similar or overlapping functions and governed largely by plans based on careful evalua-. responsibilities. This characteristic is especially tion of anticipated requirements. prominent in the supervision of loyalty, in which Lessons learned in combat are evaluated rapidly the Main Administration of Counterintelligence, and integrated into Red Army training and tactical agencies of the Commissariat of Internal Affairs doctrine with marked facility. The use of technical (NKVD), agents of the Commissariat of State Se­ journals and army newspapers as training vehicles curity (NKGB), and the Main Political Administra­ has proved successful. In general, the training tion share responsibility with Red Army counter­ films and instructional methods of the Red Army intelligence personnel. are of high quality. Weaknesses are strikingly apparent in the handling The Red Army has outdone other armies in politi­ of administrative paper work. There appear to be cal indoctrination and the development of combat no machine records units or high-speed facilities to morale on the basis of over-all political objectives. expedite the handling of personnel information. The Considerable emphasis always is placed on sustain­ lack of records on enlisted men, except in their units ing the cultivated convictions of milita-ry personnel. or home countries, impedes the effectiveness of per­ The administrative apparatus for this task, the ma­ sonnel administration at all higher echelons. Sys­ terials used, and tlte planning of indoctrination are tems for objective classification, such as aptitude extensive and appear to be effective. tests and analytical recording, are notably absent. Systematic use of awards, decorations, and com­ Preconscription skills are employed only when di­ mendations for the building of troop morale also rectly analogous to army requirements. has been highly developed. Provisions for the promoting of the welfare of The system of officer selection is one of the out­ enlisted men are singularly weak. Although clubs, standing advantages of Red Army personnel admin­ motion pictures, reading matter, and other forms of istration. Commissions and promotions in officer entertainment are provided, their quantity and dis­ grades are distributed so as to insure a steady flow tribution are inadequate in comparison with the of new officers, adequate training and experience, facilities of other armies. and close correlation with the training courses of schools and academies. 2. ADVANTAGES OF RED ARMY PERSONNEL Finally, close cooperation between the Red Army ADMINISTRATION and the civil agencies and meticulous- coordination One of the advantages of the Soviet military system of the requirements of both in peace and in war . is the continuous maintenance of detaIled mobiliza- extend into the field of personal administration, as

B-1 !,'-,,\ TM 30-430 - - CONFIDENTIAL , \ 15 May 46 ----/ into all other fields. Application of the conscrip­ especially in the replacement and mobilization sys­ tion law, release of personnel from active duty, and tems, have complicated the processes of personnel detached service provisions all are managed to administration, they also have made possible a provide maximum use of available manpower. greater degree of reliance on individual officers. The change from an army of workers and peasants 3. OrnER DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS to an army drawn from all classes has furthered the The personnel practices of the Red Army include development of a professional status for army per­ other distinctive features which are neither disad­ sonnel. The change also has helped to raise the vantageous nor advantageous. One of these is the general educational level of the army. sharp distinction in training, in ass'ignments, and in Instead of the former four individual forces, the responsibility between command or staff officers and standing army, its reserves, the Territorial Forces, troop officers of each of the arms and services. and their reserves, there now is only a single, cen­ Another is the use of identical machinery for trally-controlled army with closely integrated re­ conscription, mobilization planning, mobilization, serves. The effects of the change are apparent in the replacement system, and demobilization. Avail­ the greater standardization of training techniques able trained personnel is considered only as poten­ and in the length and frequency of training periods tial manpower for the expansion of the standing for reserve personnel. army. No organizations comparable to the Na­ The gradual, but frequently interrupted, increase tional Guard and Organized Reserves of the United in the freedom of the Red Army from interference States have existed in the U. S. S. R. since 1937. from other agencies has increased the responsibility Another peculiarity of Red Army personnel ad­ of the Red Army for administration of its personnel. ministration is found in the military penal system. Although the authority of the political apparatus Army disciplinary regulations include only such re­ within the army has not been diminished, it has been quirements as do not spring directly from the basic confined to the purely political field. Thus, purely penal code of the U. S. S. R. Although commanders military aspects of personnel policy are left entirely / alone have authority to try and sentence offenders in the hands of military personnel. against military regulations, violations of the basic Counterintelligence machinery of the Red Army penal code of the U. S. S. R. are handled by a system has been removed from NKVD control and sub­ of Military Tribunals subordinate to the Supreme ordinated to the Main Administration of Counter­ Court ofthe U. S. S. R. intelligence of the Peoples' Commissariat of Defense.

4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 5. PROBABLE FUTURE TRENDS Progressive development and the expansion of a Efforts to overcome some of the disadvantages of corps of professional career officers before and dur­ Red Army personnel administration certainly are to ing World War II have affect~d Red Army person­ be expected in the future. Early efforts to introduce nel administration. Although, the granting of modern record systems, equipment, selection sys­ special privileges and separate treatment for officers, tems, and classification methods are anticipated.

PART I. BASIC CONCEPTS OF MILITARY SERVICE Section I. LIABILITY FOR MILITARY peasants' Red Army is an honorable duty ••• de­ SERVICE fense of the Fatherland is the sacred duty of every citizen of the U. S. S. R." 1. UNIVERSAL SERVICE LIABILITY The selection of personnel and the terms of serv­ Personnel administration in the Red Army is based ice and duty in the Red Army are determined by fundamentally on the definitions of milltary service the "Universal Military Service Law" of September included in the Constitution of 1936 and in subse­ 1939, and by subsequent amendments and decrees. quent laws stemming from the Constitution. The This law and the decrees are expansions of the con­ Constitution states that "universal military service stitutional principle of a universal liability for mili­ is law ••. military service in the workers' and tary service. They establish and define the groups 11-2 CONFIDENTIAl. 15 May 46 RESli&llD TM 30-430 of citizens liable to conscnptIOn. They define the 3. FUU'ILLMENT OF SERVICE OBLIGATIONS various categories and classes of military personnel After conscription, three forms of military service in in terms of active duty liabilities and the periods the Red Army are accepted as fulfillment of the uni­ of service during which personnel are subject to versal obligation in the defense of the U. S. S. R. military, penal law. They are active duty, extended leave or furlough, 2. CONSCRIPTION LIABILITY and reserve status. Active duty and extended leave or furlough together are referred to as "active Under the terms of the 1939 Law of Compulsory service." Military Service, all able· bodied males who reach Active duty includes periods of active assign­ their nineteenth birthday in any given calendar ment to units or formations of the Red Army and year are subject to conscription under the quotas detached duty of a military nature with civil agen­ set for that year. Citizens more than 50 years of cies. Extended leaves are granted to officers, age automatically are exempted. Students who and extended furloughs to enlisted men, after com­ graduate from secondary schools after their eight­ pletion of the periods of active duty required of eenth birthday but before their nineteenth birthday, them. Personnel on leave or furlough are carried are not eligible for conscription on the basis of age, as active members of the Red Army, but are free but they may be inducted. In 1940, the minimum to accept employment and to live at home as civil­ age of conscription was reduced to 17. This adjust­ ians. Officers and enlisted men of the reserve are ment may have been cancelled with the end of other members of the Red Army, but are subject to mili­ special war legislation. tary regulations and military penal law only during Certain classes of especially qualified women, the required active training periods. such as nurses and veterinary specialists, within The reserve component of the Red Anny is di­ the conscription age group, are registered as liable vided into two categories for the detennination of for service in the Red Army in time of war or the priority of mobilization. Categories are emergency. These classes are conscriptioned only based on the origin of the personnel. in time of war or emergency and serve the same Reserve Category I, composed of officers and en­ periods of active and reserve duty as do male offi­ listed men who have completed the periods of active cers or enlisted men of similar grade or rank. service (duty and leave or furlough) required by Unless they possess special qualifications,. all con­ law, has first priority for call-up into active service scripts are inducted for active service as privates. in time of mobilization. Persons wholly unfit for military service because Reserve Category II is called into active service of physical defects are exempted from conscription after Category I. Category II incl~des: into active service. Persons under arrest, exiled, deported, or deprived New conscripts, fit only for limited service of their suffrage rights by the courts are excluded and not needed in the active or standing from conscription while under sentence. Citizens army. of other nations also are excluded and may not vol­ Conscripts supporting two parents,' if both unteer for service in the Red Army. parents are invalided or if the father is Large numbers are deferred from among those over 60 and the mother is over 55. called up for service in the Red Army. Persons who Conscripts surplus to the current need of the are too ill for service and those who are less than Red Army, but otherwise eligible for ac­ 20 years of age and still in secondary school may be tive service. deferred three times. Deferments must be not less Personnel whose political reliability or dis­ than 3 months and not more than 12 months apart. ciplinary record make their inclusion in Certain other classes, such as scientists, rural school the first waves of mobilization inadvisable. teachers, workers in distant and isolated regions, re­ The reserve components of the Red Army also located farmers, and specially qualified workers in are divided into classes. essential civilian work and services, may be deferred Reserves of the 1st Class are personnel of Cate­ until 30 years old. In time of war, the legal pro­ gories I and II who are not more than 35 years of . visions for deferment may be cancelled by decree. age, and who need, because of their specialty, the CONFIDENTIAL' IT-3 > '. 15 May 46 TM 30-430 Di:~I'lerrtD schedule of reserve training period~c1Ji g\'e tion, may be conscripted. They then are liable to most training at the most frequent intervals. All active service on the same basis as enlisted men, or training programs for reserve personnel must in· may be assigned to Reserve Category II. elude not less than' 3 months' training, with not h. Officers. Commissions generally are granted more than 1 month in any 1 year. Maximum train· only to graduates of army or cadet schools, although ing is required of a soldier placed in the 1st Class some civilians receive direct commissions in special of the Reserve at the age of 24. He receives 1 cases without basic military schooling. Upon com- month of training per year until he reaches the pletion of secondary school and the pre-conscription age of 34, a total of from 10 to 11 months of training which accompanies the schooling, selected training. students -and approved applicants are admitted to Reserves of the 2d Class are personnel in Cate· officer schools. Other officers are graduates of cadet gories I and II who are not more than 45 years of schools, which they attend throughout the secondary age. Such personnel may be of any lower age. school grades and a subsequent period equivalent They are required to attend shorter or less frequent to the period of officer candidate training. Beyond training periods than those of the 1st Class. secondary school level, candidates in both types of Reserves of the 3d Class generally are in Category schools are subject to military regulations and penal II and may be of any age up to the retirement age law and are exempted from conscription for active of 50 years. The retirement age was raised to 60 years, by decree, during World War II. These reo service. The period spent in such schools is not serves attend the minimum course of training considered to be in fulfillment of military service periods. liabilities. Officers are required to perform active service Section II. ACTIVE SERVICE and to remain in the reserve for a period of 2 years 1. REQUIRED ACTIVE SERVICE or, in some cases, 11/2 years for each year spent in army schools. The average length of such compul­ The periods of service required in the various types ! sory service is 5 years. of military service that are accepted in fulfillment of the law are prescribed separately for officers and Officers who elect to make an army career, as do for enlisted men. most graduates of cadet schools, may remain on ac­ a. Enlisted men. All conscripted enlisted men tive service until age or length of service authorizes who are not assigned immediately to the reserve retirement. Officers who are promoted to field grade are liable for 5 years of active service, comprising or who have been selected in competitive examina­ active duty and extended furlough periods. Pri· tions are considered career officers. All officers are vates in the ground forces are released to 3 years liable to active service for not less than the duration of furlough after 2 years of active duty, if they of war or national emergency. Officers who are de­ have not been- promoted. Privates and noncom· tached from army units and placed on special duty missioned officers in the air forces go on furlough with civilian agencies generally are career officers. for 1 year after completing 4 years of active duty. Civilians who have been commissioned directly Noncommissioned officers in the ground forces are for special duties are required to serve not less than released on extended furlough only after they have 2 years of active duty. completed a total of at least 3 years of active duty. c. Extended active service. In case of need, At the end of 5 years of active service in the Red the Commissariat of Defense is empowered by law ,to Army, all enlisted men usually are placed in are· retain any member of the 'Red Army 2 months be­ serve category. In time of war or other national yond his date of eligibility for release from active emergency, however, all or most of these time limita· service. In time of war, this power is not limited to tions on active service are overridden by powers any period less than the duration of the emergency. of decree granted to the executive of the U. S. S. R. Upon completion of the required period of active Any number of women specialists between 19 and service, all personnel may volunteer for extended 50 years of age, who are registered for conscrip- active service beyond the normal limit of liability.

11-4 15 May 46 RES1R1~iiD TM 30-430 They then are cQmmitted Qnce mQre to. the standard eCQnQmy Qr gQvernment, The law, hQwever, prQ­ periQds of required service. vides that certain grQUps may vQlunteer fQr active service, in additiQn to. thQse electing to. vQlunteer fQr 2. VOLUNTARY ACTIVE SERVICE extended active service. This legal prQvisiQn is PrQvisiQns fQr vQluntary active service Qr active applicable in time Qf peace. duty were suspended during W QrId War II. All In peacetime, all qualified males, nQt less than 18 perSQns qualified fQr active duty, whether in active years Qf age but nQt Qf cQnscriptiQn age, all per­ service, reserve status, Qr deferred, were required sQnnel in any categQry Qr class Qf the reserve, and to. perfQrm active duty in the Red Army, unless re­ all registered WQmen specialists may vQlunteer fQr quired by the mQre urgent demands Qf the civil active duty.

PART II. ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES AND PROCEDURES Section I. PERSONNEL' ADMINISTRA· trict and the o.fficer in cQmmand Qf a tank brigade TION AGENCIES each exercise limited PQlicy-making PQwer in per­ sQnnel administratiQn. 1. GENERAL PersQnnel administratiQn cQmprehends all cQntrQI 3. CONSCRIPTION AND SEPARATION and recQrding Qf the individual affairs Qf all mem­ a. High command level. Basic PQlicies o.f co.n­ bers o.f the Red Army. It embraces fQrmatiQn Qf scriptio.n and separatiQn are determined by the laws PQlicy, cQllatiQn Qf statistics, supply o.f persQnnel, prQmulgated by the Supreme SQviet. In time Qf cQnscriptio.n, selectio.n, assignment, prQmo.tiQn, war, the State Defense CQmmittee cQQrdinate mili­ training, pay and allQwances, decQratiQn and tary and civil requirements fQr persQnnel in applica­ awards, discipline, mQrale, and supervisiQn o.f per­ tiQl\ Qf the law~ and the Main AdministratiQn fQr sQnnel IQyalty to. cQuntry and to. regime. Each the FQrmatio.n and Equipment Qf Units administers aspect o.f persQnnel administratiQn is the specific the actual co.nscriptiQn and separatiQn prQcess ac­ resPQnsibility o.f an agency at each level o.f Red cQrding to. its directives. In peacetime, the Army cQmmand (figs. 1 and 2). directives o.f the CQuncil o.f PeQples' CQmmissars In the discussiQn o.f perso.nnel agencies, the ad­ gQvern the executio.n o.f the cQnscriptio.n laws by ministratio.n Qf infantry trQQPs is assumed unless the military districts. anQther arm Qr service is cited specifically. h. Military districts. The Military CQuncil o.f 2. POLICY each military district is resPQnsible fo.r the CQn­ scriptiQn and separatiQn within its district (fig. 3). The develQpment Qf basic and IQng-term PQlicies, as In each Oblast Qf the military district, the Second distince fro.m actual administratiQn o.f persQnnel, is (cQnscription) Department Qf the staff Qf the Oblast first a legislative functiQn, and therefQre co.ncerns the Military Commissar directly supervises the actual Supreme SQviet. The basic service laws are trans­ prQcesses as carried Qut by the Rayon Military CQm­ lated into. bro.ad PQlicies fQr administratio.n o.f the missar in each Qf the co.mpQnent Rayons. A Deputy Red Army by the CQmmissariat Qf Defense. In time o.f the Rayon Military CQmmissar is assisted by a o.f war, the emergency gQvernmental PQwers co.n­ Co.nscriptiQn Bo.ard in each Qf the Conscriptio.n ferred o.n the State Defense CQmmittee make it the Areas of the Rayon. The Conscription BQard co.n­ mQst impQrtant agency in PQlicy matters affecting sists of a Rayon Deputy Military CQmmissar, a repre­ Red Army persQnnel. BelQw the level Qf the high cQmmand, the fQrma­ sentative o.f the local NKVD, a representative o.f the tiQn Qf persQnnel PQlicies within the PQlicies handed .Rayon So.viet (local go.vernment), and two. phy­ dQwn by the CQmmissariat Qf Defense is a cQmmand sicians selected by the Rayon Military CQmmissar. functiQn Qf Military CQuncils, tQgether with the Normal peacetime conscriptiQn and conscriptiQn cQmmanders at each echelQn. Thus, fQr example, fQr mQbilizatiQn and wartime replacement require­ the Military Co.uncil (Qf which the Co.mmanding ments of the fQrmatiQn o.r unit in each Manning General is the chief member) o.f each military dis- ZQne are supervised by the Second Department n-5 ~ ~ PERSONNEL POLICY AND ADMINISTRAnON ~ c-';'-> INFORMATION AND COORDINATION = ~ 1---~ 1 1 AGENCIES EXlmNG ONLY IN WAR OR IN .PEACI' t:J.Il: __ !J

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.... Figure 1. Central agencies for personnel policy and administration. ~ ~ "< ~

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t. J. .... CI1 ~ "r. INFANTRY ARMY ~ ~

PERSONNEL COMBAT BRANCH TRAINING (Offi ....) BRANCH (E.listed)

::.:. ~ g fIr.j ·:-il." .. RIFLE DIViSioN .Cal II;;- 'r-,. eO!) '" 1'7 ! ~~~- c::::::t

RIFLE REGIMENT

RIFLE BATTALION ~ LEGENO' ----- COMMANO ------ADMINISTRATIVE r----' US~AL!V PRESENT, CHANNEL ATTACHMENT I I NOT ON TABLE OF I.. ____ .J ORGANIZATION r Figure 2. Personnel and training agencies in the field forces. ~ <:>~ ... H t U.S.S.R. == ~ ( REPUBLIC \ ! ~ MILITARY OISTRICT CUMMI))AK" ICOMMliNisnARTYI Q ! ) ,-' I rnUUAhJnn.. J~ I I ..

,'::lJ '_~f"}:J (-- --- .... ,c'I") ...... =*' ~ 11'ii!; ~I ...... ~ )r iR~oN11------======~====~--rdb,rJ~~~=----1 I;:::L; ,

NOTE PERSONNEL AGENCIES IN UNITS OR FORMATIONS iN THE ZONE OF THE iNTERIOR ARE THE SAME AS THOSE ·OF FORMATIONS IN THE FIELO. :------: : := TEMPORARY AGENCIES . , D:______.J ,.... ~

Figure 3. Personnel and training agencies in the zone of interior. f ~

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~ 15 May 46 TM 30-430 of the staff of the Manning Zone (or unit) h. Field forces. The selection, promotion, and Commander. assignment of officers are handled at the various c. Field forces. Conscription and separation echelon levels by the agencies following: normally are not administered by the forces in the At army group level, by the Military Council, by field. But, the Military Councils and Commanders the Personnel Administration and, for each arm or of army groups are empowered to set up Military service, by the Personnel Branch of the Administra­ Rayons in areas of the U. S. S. R. from which in­ tion of the arm or service. vading forces have been driven. Administration of At army level, by the Military Council, by the the conscription laws in such areas, so long as they Personnel Division and, for each arm and service, by remain in the Army Group area, is handled as in the Personnel Section of the Division of the arm Rayons of the zone of the interior. or service. At all lower echelon levels, by the Commander, 4. SELECTION, ASSIGNMENT, AND PROMOTION who has very lim:itedauthority in these matters. OF OFFICERS c. Military districts. In the military districts, a. High command level. Administration of officer affairs are handled by the Personal Adminis­ officer personnel on the basis of individual records tration of the district headquarters. At Oblast level, is a responsibility, at the highest level, of the Main the Third (officers) Department of the Staff of the Administration of Personnel of the Commissariat Military Commissar is responsible for promotion and of Defense. This main administration maintains assignment, while the Second Department supervises complete records of individual officers, approves all the selection of officer candidates in connection with new commissions, and supervises the assignment of its conscription responsibility. officers in general and of officers of the higher The Rayon Military Commissar, assisted by the grades in particular. This office, may, however, Second and Third Departments of his staff and by promote officers only up to the grade of lieutenant his deputies in the Conscription Areas, are respon­ colonel. Promotions above that grade and up to sible for selection of officer prospects from among Marshal require the approval of the Council of those conscripted. Promotion and assignment of Peoples' Commissars. Promotions to Marshal and reserve officers in the Rayon is the concern of Com­ higher require approval of the Supreme Soviet or manders of formations or units that are stationed or its Presidium. are to be formed there in time of mobilization. The Chief of the General Staff has a measure of Manning Zones and Manning Zone Boards are control over the assignment of career officers of field created only to supply enlisted men to such forma­ tions and units. Officers residing in one Rayon are grade. Gr~duates of the Voroshilov (General Staff) Academy and other field grade officers of assigned to units in another Rayon by the Third Department of the staff of the Oblast Military equal qualifications by reason of experience, but Commissar, or, if necessary, by the Per~onnel Ad­ not assigned to attend the Voroshilov, form a pool ministration of the military district. under the control of the Operations Division of the General Staff. This pool is equivalent to a General 5. ASSIGNMENT AND PROMOTION OF ENLISTED Staff Officers' Reserve, such as is found in other MEN armIes. The extent of General Staff Administra­ a. General. Assignment and promotion of en­ tion of such officers after assignment to General listed men is handled by agencies other than Staff positions is not known, and the separate ex­ those involved in the assignment and promotion of istence of a category of "General Staff Officers" is officers. Individual records and personnel admin­ not accepted. istration of enlisted men does not concern agencies The Administration for Personnel of each of the higher than their units in the field, or the Rayon Main Administrations of Arms and Services main- Military Commissar in the zone of the interior. Re. tains complete individual records and administers sponsibility in the higher echelons for the affairs the affairs of officers of each particular arm or of enlisted men is purely statistical. Thus, the service. higher echelons are concerned only with such mat-

'-'--.. : &ONfiOl' ,'- -7i7) ';~l 11-9 ~ - ;~,; ~ "__ :!i:.;;J} ••

TM 30-430 CORnDOOfAt 15 May 46 ters as setting standards for promotion, the propor­ 6. STATISTICAL CONTROL tionate assignment of enlisted men by arm, and the a. General. The statistical control functions of proportionate granting of promotions according to staffs at all echelons of Red Army command requirement. includes the following: h. High command level. Basic policy for the Analysis of problems of organization and assignment of enlisted men is determined by the manning of all subordinate components. Commissariat of Defense in accordance with the Complete statistics, including individual mobilization plans, inclusive of the tables of or­ records, of all officers under command, ganizatitm and the statistical demands for the giving their status and availability as manning of planned units and formations. In time replacements. of peace, these plans, in broad scope, are developed Complete statistical records of personnel by the Mobilization Division of the General Staff, losses in all grades, ranks, and arms of and, in time of war, by the Main Administration service. for the Formation and Equipment of Units in the The preparation of requisitions for personnel Commissariat of Defense. This Main Administra- as the need arises. • tion is responsible for the carrying out of the assign­ Statistical control is primarily a reporting and a _ ment process by the subordinate agencies of the requisitioning function. Requisitions originate at military districts. the lowest level of command and are consolidated at c. Military districts. The Statistical Control the next higher level. They finally are consolidated Section of the Staff of the military district is respon­ by the appropriate divisions of the General Staff. sible for the assignment and promotion process as This process applies equally in personnel administra­ carried out by the subordinate agencies. No in­ tion of the forces in the field and in the military dividual records are involved, except in special cases districts. The supply of personnel in response to where enlisted men of special qualifications must be requisition is handled by the agencies responsible for assigned to units in areas other than in their own assignment of officers and of enlisted men. Manning Zone, Oblast, or Rayon in order to fill h. High command. In peacetime, statistical tables of organization. control at the highest level is performed by the Mobil­ The First (mobilization) Department of the Oblast ization Division of the General Staff. With the dis- Military Commissar's staff has exactly similar re­ solution of the Mobilization Division in time of war, sponsibilities in the Oblast. two of its chief functions, statistical control and the The First Department of the Staff of the Rayon planning of new formations, are taken over by the Military Commissar has similar responsibilities, but Formations Division. The other functions of the also assigns individual enlisted men to formations Mobilization Division are taken over by the Main and units for active duty and, in anticipation of Administration for the Formation and Equipment of mobilization, to reserve status. This department is Units, since mobilization planning is succeeded at not informed as to reassignments, promotions, and that time by actual mobilization and the processes of other changes in individual status of those on active replacement and formation of new units and formations. duty until the return of the individual. This proc­ c. Field forces. In the staffs of units and for- essing is implemented locally by the Deputy Military mations in the field, at all echelons down to Commissars and the Conscription Boards of which and including regiments, statistical control is handled they are members. Promotions are granted by Com- by statistical control sections. All reports are chan- ( manders of Units with which enlisted men perform neled upward in the chain of command, as are all active duty. requisitions which cannot be satisfied by the re- d. Field forces. Individual assignment and placement units of the unit itself. promotion of enlisted men are the responsibilities d. Military districts. At military district of unit commanders only. The interest of all levels,. statistical control is handled by the First higher echelons in the assignment and promotion of (mobilization) Department, and, finally, by the :: men ill lliffi =pect .ro pU"liiEi~flb ConITol Section of lli, &oH of llie unit 15 May 46 RES_fD TM 30-430 or formation which is stationed in the Rayon or person concerned. An individual's claims must be Mamiing Zone. During the actual period of mobili­ supported by a certificate from his unit. zation, statistical control reporting is charged to the Mobilization Reception Centers of the Manning 8. OFFICER TRAINING Zones, and to the commanders of all units below a. General. The agencies concerned with the regiment, down to and including companies. development of training doctrines and regulations have been indicated in Chapter I, National Defense 7. PAY AND ALLO~ANCES System, and in this chapter. The agencies listed a. State and high command level. The fi­ here are concerned directly with the training process nances of the Red Army are handled by the only. State Bank, the chief central agency for all U. S. S. R. h. High command level. The Chief of the finances. Within the Commissariat of Defense, the General Staff is responsible for all training in the pay and allowances of Red Army personnel and the Voroshilov ( General Staff) Academy and in the administration of finance distribution are controlled­ Frunze (Commanders and staffs of combi~ed arms) by the Administration of Finance of the Main Ad­ Academy, and for the publication of the Voyennaya ministration of the Chief of Rear Services. Pay"and Mysil (Military Thought), a periodical combining allowances in the field forces are administered by the features of a training manual and a service finance offices at all echelons, down to and including journal. regiments. The Main Administrations of the arms and serv­ h. Military districts. Pay and allowances are ices are responsible for training carried on in the handled by finance offices in all echelons under com­ academies of each arm and service, and, in most mand of the militll.ry districts, including the finance cases, for the journal of the arm or service. The offices of units and formations within the zone of journals are similar to that charged to the Chief the interior. of the General Staff in that they are, in effect, c. Allotments and pensions. Monetary bene­ technical and training manuals as well as fits to the dependents of Red Army personnel are periodicals. not a part of the pay of army personnel, and are disbursed by local civil authorities, who are not The Main Political Administration, also in the under army control. Benefits are granted to de­ Commissariat of Defense, directly controls all train­ pendents of all grades and ranks below captain. ing in the Military Political Academy and Schools. Special payments also are granted to survivors of The Military Political Academy and Schools gradu­ those killed or listed as missing in action. In the ate political officers for assignment, at all echelons, case of survivors benefits, the chain of command of to political administrations, sections, branches, etc. the rear services is responsible for the reporting of The Main Political Administration also publishes necessary information regarding enlisted men. At Red Star, which includes not only training material army level, the Section of Enlisted Personnel Losses for political officers and indoctrination material for of the Chief of Rear Services collects such informa­ all ranks and grades, but also training material that tion from lower formations and units and forwards is applicable to all arms, infantry in particular. it to the Administration for Personnel Losses of c. Field forces. At army group (front) level,­ Enlisted Men and Relief (pensions) for their Fami­ officer training is carried on in the replacement lies of the Chief of Rear Services in the Commis­ regiment, which consists of company and field grade sariat of Defense. officers only, and is controlled by the Personnel Ad­ Information on officer losses probably is han died ministration. Training of officers also is supervised by the Main Administration 01 Personnel, on the by the administrations of arms and services, whether basis of reports from the officer personnel agencies the training takes place in the replacement regiment of the field forces. of the army group, in separate replacement regi­ Ordinary allotments are affected by changes in ments, or in replacement battalions for the arms and status, such as promotions, awards, and classifica­ services. tion changes, only when such changes are reported Officer training, at army level, takes place in the directly to the local disbursing authority by the reP.lacement battalion or company, made up of com·

ll-ll TM 30-430 RESlaMilW' 15 May 46 pany grade officers only. The divisions of the arms The Main Political Administration also is actively and services also supervise appropriate aspects of concerned with enlisted training. the training at this level. h. Field forces. At army group (front) level, At all echelons, training courses in special fields, the Combat Training Administration supervises such as reconnaissance, may be instituted by the training in the enlisted replacement divisions or army group or army at the discretion of the Com­ regiments. The Combat Training Divisions of the mander. Such training involves both officers and Administrations of arms and services supervise the enlisted men. training in the replacement regiments of the arms d. Military districts. The Personnel Adminis­ and services. tration of each military district headquarters is At army level, the same functions are performed by responsible for over-all supervision of officer train­ the Combat Training Division and by the Combat ing in the district. Training Branches of the arms and services in the Extension courses for graduates of the Frunze respective replacement regiments and battalions. Academy and officers having equivalent experience Mobile corps (tank, cavalry, and mechanized) are instituted by the Chief of Staff of the military have replacement battalions attached to them. district. These courses are known as Kuks, "courses Training in these replacement battalions is super­ for the improvement of command personnel." vised by a single officer. The Chiefs of arms and services conduct exten­ Each rifle division supervises enlisted training in sion courses for graduates of the academies of the its attached replacement company through a single arms and services. Their Personnel Divisions con­ officer, as in the mobile corps. trol officer training in the schools of the arms and c. Military districts. The Combat Training Administration of each military district supervises services. The schools graduate junior lieutenants. training in all formations and units in peacetime, . Within the Oblast and Rayon, the Military Com­ and, in time of war, the training in all unit replace­ missars are responsible for the training periods for ment regiments or brigades stationed in the district. reserve officers with units in the areas under com­ At Oblast level, the Second (conscription) Depart­ J mand. In each case, this function is handled by ment of the Military Commissar's Staff, and the same the Third (officers) Department of the staff. The agency at Rayon level, supervise training of reserves actual training is supervised, finally, by the Com­ during active duty periods and all training in units mander of the unit. or formations in their respective areas. . 9. TRAINING OF ENLISTED MEN Within units and formations, training is conducted a. High command level. Within the Commis­ as in equivalent components of the field forces. sariat of Defense, the Main Administration for the 10. DECORATIONS AND AWARDS Formation and Equipment of Units is responsible a. General. Throughout the Red Army, person­ for over-all supervision of the military districts and nelmay be recommended for decorations and awards field forces in the training of enlisted men. Spe­ by Commanders (and their military councils where cialized training in all arms and services, other relevant) at all echelons, and by the chiefs of arms than infantry, is supervised by the various training and services. Decorations and awards are confirmed administrations of the Main Administrations of and awarded only by agencies above specified levels arms and services. The Main Administrations of of command. The lowest echelon of command en- the arms and services prescribe t~aining processes titled to present recommendations for each award is al1d materials- and appoint the faculties of replace- s h own b e Iow. I n eac h case, the agency cited may ment regiments in the zone of the interior during confer all decorations and awards listed for lower time of war. In time of peace, they supply instruc- levels. The level of command authorized to confer tors for the noncommissioned officer schools estab- particular awards also varies according to the rank lished with formations and units of the arms in the of the recipient. Such variations are not indicated, military districts. These schools are not separated but it may be assumed that authority is not granted from the units in question, but consist of assigned to Commanders less than two echelons removed from personnel and reserve personnel in tr~~.,.,.. ~.. 1P.'.-~ ~ :?~t?rD"... ient. IT-I 2 ':«,\ f'" ;.-\ ~~·~i1!;1"IIf~· ~ "-"i-.. ~~_- b"""U'1ll-r"" TM 30-430

Lowest agency or commander conferring awards Order or medal Lowest rank or position of recipient

Supreme Soviet ...... Marshal's Star ...... Marshal. Hero of the Soviet Union, Orders of Private. Lenin and the Golden Star (com­ bined). Order of Victory ...... General Armii. Order of Glory', Class 1...... Enlisted men and air force junior lieutenants only. Order of Suvorov, Class I ...... Commander of arm or service at army level. Order of Suvorov, Class II ...... Chief of staff, brigade. Order of Kutuzov, Class I ...... Chief of staff, army. Order of Kutuzov, Class II ...... Chief of staff, brigade. Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Class Commanders, brigade. I. Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Class Chief of staff, brigade. II. Medal for 20 years in the Red Army .. Private. Commissariat of Defense or Chiefs Order of Suvorov, Class III...... Commanders, company. of Artillery and Tank and Mech­ Order of Kutuzov, Class III ...... -Commanders, platoon. anized Treops_ Army Group Commander and Mili­ Order of Lenin ...... Private. tary Council_ Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Enlisted men and officers up to Class III (?). Commanders, battalion. Commander of an Arm (army group Order of the Red Banner ...... Private. level). Army Commander...... Order of Glory, Class II ...... Enlisted men and junior lieutenants only. Commander of an Arm (army level) . Order of Alexander Nevsky ...... Commanders, platoon to regiment only. Order ofthe Fatherland War, Classes Private. I and II. Commander of an Arm (army level) Order of the Red Star ...... " Private. and Corps Commander. Commander of an Arm (army level) Medal for Valor ...... Private. and Division Commander. Medal for War Service ...... Private. Commander, Division or Brigade ... Medal for Distinguished Service (by Enlisted men. specialty) .

Figure 4. Agencies authorized to confer awards and decorations.

h. Other medals. Medals for defense of specific imposition of penalties for infringement of army areas (Leningrad, Odessa, Sevastopol, Stalingrad, regulations, and for misconduct in general. the Caucasus, Moscow, the Soviet Arctic), for vic­ In lesser matters, particularly concerning social tory over Germany and'over Japan, for the capture behavior, Officers Courts of Honor, independent of of specific places (Budapest, Koenigsberg, Vienna, higher authority, are formed by the personnel of Berlin, Belgrade, Warsaw, Prague), and for wounds all formations for the trial of offending officers, and for the determination of standards of conduct and are awarded by Commanders to all personnel the application of these standards to cases involving included within the definition given by the Supreme officers. Similar courts are formed in all units by Soviet. enlisted men for their own self-discipline in similar Orders and medals for Partisans and other matters. These are known as Comrades' Courts. civilians have been omitted from this 1:abulation. a. High command level. The application of the laws of the Soviet Union to personnel of the II. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE Red Army is defined by the Military Collegium of The discipline and conduct of officers and enlisted the Supreme Court of the U. S. S. R. In the, Com­ men is a command responsibility at all echelons. missariat of Defense, the system of Tribunals for The Commanders of all formations, units, and mili­ trial of offenses against the state is supervised by tary districts, as well as the Commanders of arms, the Main Administration of Military Tribunals. are assisted by their Military Councils, where these h. Field forces. Military Tribunals are found exist, in the supervision of all personnel, in the at army group, army, mobile corps, and division RESlfttMtO 11-13 TM 30-430 RESJII8JlD 15 May 46 headquarters. Also attached to army group and c. Military districts. Political work is carried army headquarters are NKVD representatives, who on in the zone of the interior by the Political Ad­ command and guard the attached penal units. Penal ministration at Military District headquarters, and units for officers and for enlisted men are found at by formation and unit divisions, branches, sections, army group level. Penal units for enlisted men are and assistants, as in the field army. attached only at army levels. The personnel for all political agencies are c. Military districts. Military Tribunals are trained in the Military-Political Academy and the established at all military district headquarters and Military-Political Schools operated by the Main probably are attached to Oblast and Rayon Military Political Administration. Commissariats in the absence of formations which 13. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE ordinarily would have them. a. High command level. All the agencies so 12. MORALE, INDOCTRINATION, AND POLITICAL far described are concerned, in a limited sense, with SUPERVISION the apprehension of Red Army personnel whose re­ a. High Command level. The morale of the liability is questionable or who, while holding Party Red Army and the indoctrination 'of all Red Army or Komsomol membership, fall below the Party personnel are the responsibilities of the agencies of standard of unimpaired loyalty to the state and the system of political supervision, operated by the regime. The greater part of the counterintelli­ Main Political Administration of the Commissariat gence supervision of Red Army personnel is borne, of Defense. Basic policies for the building of however, by counterintelligence agencies at all morale, for indoctrination of troops with concepts echelons, under the over-all control of the Main of the purpose of their military service, and for Administration for Counterintelligence of the Com­ increasing th~ patriotism and loyalty of the Red missariat of Defense. Army to the regime, are formulated by the Council The Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of Peoples' Commissars, or, in time of war, by the and the Commissariat of State Security (NKGB) State Defense Committee. The affairs of the Com­ have no direct control over Red Army personnel. munist Party also are administered in the ranks of But, elements of both services assist in the screen­ the Red Army by the same system of supervision. ing of personnel liable to military service or active The political officers and agencies are charged with duty. They thus play an active part in assuring responsibility for Party and youth organization the security and loyalty of personnel on active duty (Komsomol) members, and for the expansion of in the Red Army. Party and Komsomol membership. h. Field forces. Counterintelligence Adminis­ Basic policies for Communist Party work and trations are found at army group level, Divisions at indoctrination are formulated by the Central Com­ army level, Sections at mobile corps and at division mittee of the Communist Party, of which the Main and brigade headquarters, and agents in all the Political Administration can be considered the mili­ lower components down to and including the tary branch, as well as an agency within the Com­ company. missariat of Defense. All the affairs of the political In the Field Military Rayons, set up in reoccupied administration are encompassed in the expression areas by army group headquarters, the NKVD "political work." takes an active part in the screening of unreliable h. Field forces. At all echelons where a Mili­ elements from among persons liable for active duty tary Council exists, the chief of the political office of and conscripted or called up by the Conscription ( the headquarters is a council member. The Military Board of the Rayon. The presence of NKVD Councils are, in part, agencies for political work. representatives on all such boards is mandatory. Political work is the responsibility of the Political c. Military districts. Each military district Administration at army group level, of the Political headquarters includes an Administration for Division at army level, of the Political Branch at Counterintelligence. All formations and units sta­ corps level, of the Political Section at division" and tioned in the zone of the interior are provided with 'regimental level, and of the Political Assistant to counterintelligence offices appropriate to their size, the Commander at battalion level. as in the field forces.

n-14 )'

15 May 46 CONFIDENTIAL TM 30-430 For counterintelligence purposes, representatives time and enlisted women between the ages of 19 and of the local Party and NKVD bodies are included 50, when not on active duty or detached service, also on all Conscription Boards and on mobilization fall into Category II. Manning Zone Boards. They assure exclusion of All enlisted reserves in Categories I and II are unreliable personnel and assignment of less reliable divided into classes, within maximum age limits as persons to the proper class of the reserve after follows: completion of active duty. First Class-up to 35 years of age. Section II. CLASSIFICATION Second Class-35 to 45 years of age. Third Class-45 to 50 years of age. I. GENERAL Officers of the Red Army and of the NKVD and In handling the large numbers of Red Army per­ other semi-military organizations normally remain sonnel, the administrative structure is forced to rely on active service or in the reserve up to the age heavily on statistical control methods, generally with­ limits listed in Figure 5. out individual records for enlisted men and without a highly ramified classification system. A large meas­ Age limits ure of responsibility necessarily rests with subordi­ Grade nate offices and officers. Personnel administration Active Reserves Reeerv"" Reeerves service 1st class 2d cla •• 3dclas8 is controlled by means of sweeping directives, which ------include broad classification regulations. The im­ Junior lieutenants, portance of individual papers carried by personnel lieutenants ...... 30 40 50 55 Senior lieutenants .... 35 45 55 60 in civilian life, on active duty, and on reserve status Captains ...... 40 50 55 60 is apparent. The lack of centralized personnel rec­ Lieutenant colonels, colonels ...... 45 50 55 60 ords and administration is evident. Brigade commanders .. 55 60 .. 65 Red Army personnel are first classified according Division commanders and others of equal to service status and physical fitness. These classi­ or higher rank ..... 60 60 .. 65 fications provide basic data on the availability of personnel for active duty in varying degrees of Figure 5. Age limits for Red Army officers in service. national emergency. All army personnel also are 3. FITNESS CLASSIFICATIONS classified according to arm or service, rank or grade, and military occupational specialty: The Universal Military Service Law of 1939 dis­ tinguishes between personnel fit for combat service 2. DUTY STATUS in wartime, personnel declared fit for limited serv­ The three categories of duty status in the Red Army ice in wartime, and personnel declared unfit for include active duty (including detached service), active military service and excluded from military leave or furlough, and reserve status. rosters. These distinctions are based upon medical Those on active duty either are assigned to ele­ examinations at the time of call-up for service or menfs of the Red Army, or are placed on detached conscription. service, i. e., released from assignment to units of 4. CLASSIFICATION BY ARM OR SERVICE the Red Army and attached for work of a military character in civil agencies and enterprises. Per­ The personnel of the Red Army are classified on the sonnelliable for active duty, but not on active duty basis of the arm or service with which they serve. or on leave or furlough, are members of the Red The combat arms of the Red Army are infantry, Army in one of two reserve categories. Reserve cavalry, air forces, artillery, armored and mech­ Category I includes men who have completed the anized forces, engineers, signal communications, required period of active service; Reserve Category and chemical warfare. The services of the Red II includes all newly conscripted persons surplus to Army include transportation, motor transport, road the current needs of the armed forces and those construction and maintenance, intendance, rations granted exemption from active duty because of fam­ and fodder, fuels and lubricants, medical, finance, ily circumstances. Persons on limited service in war- graves registration, captured weapons, field post RESTiltlftJl n-15 )" '. c.•..•. )

TM 30-430 -.-""", 15 May 46 office, State Bank, Military Tribunal, topographic, 5. CLASSIFICATIONS BY RANK AND GRADE .. and hydro-meteorological services. Special serv­ The following table gives the ranks of the Red ices include technical engineering, technical air Army personnel in transliteration of the Russian force, artillery engineering, technical armored, terminology, standard abbreviations, translation, veterinary, and administrative services. and equivalent U. S. army ranks.

Transliteration Standard Abbreviation Translation U. S. Equivalent ------\------\------\ Generalissimus .. __ ..... Generalissimo ...... Generalissimo ...... Commander in Chief. Marshal Sovetskovo Marshal SU ...... _ Marshal of the Soviet General of the Army. Soyuza. Union. Glavnyi Marshal ...... _ Chief Marshal (of an arm) .. Chief Marshal (of an arm) .. (No comparable rank). Marshal ...... _ Marshal (of an arm) ...... Marshal (of an arm) ...... (No comparable rank). General Armii ...... Genarmy ...... Army general...... _ General. General Polkovnik .... . Genpolk ...... Colonel general ...... Lieutenant general. General Leitenant ...... Genleit ...... _ Lieutenant general ...... Major general. General Maior ...... Genmaior ...... Major general ...... Brigadier general. Polkovnik ...... Col...... Colonel ...... Colonel. PodpoIkovnik ...... Lt Col ...... Lieutenant colonel ...... Lieutenant colonel. Maior ...... Maj ...... Major ...... Major. Kapitan ...... Capt ...... Captain ...... Captain. Starshii Leitenant ...... Sr Lt ...... Senior lieutenant ...... (No comparable rank) Leitenant ...... Lt ...... Lieutenant ...... First lieutenant. Mladshii Leitenant .... . Jr Lt ...... Junior lieutenant ...... Second lieutenant. Kursant ...... Kursant ...... "Student" ...... Officer cadet. Starshina ...... M Sgt ...... Master sergeant ...... Master or first sergeant. Starshii Serzhant ...... Sr Sgt ...... Senior sergeant ...... Staff sergeant. Serzhant ...... _... . Sgt ...... Sergeant...... Sergeant. Mladshii Serzhant ...... Junior sergeant ...... Corporal. Yefreitor ...... ~pr~::::::::::::::::::: Corporal ...... Private first class. Krasnoarmeets ...... Pvt ...... Red Army man ...... Private.

Figure 6. Ranks of Red Army personnel. 6. CLASSIFICATION NUMBERS Noncommissioned officers: Classification numbers for Red Army personnel are MR Command personnel more inclusive than the simple military occupational MT Technical personnel specialty numbers used in the U. S. Army. Soviet MM Medical personnel classification numbers include a letter designation MB Veterinary personnel for the broad category of duty for which qualified, a Numbers used within broad categories to desig­ military occupational specialty number, and a num­ nate military occupational specialties: ber indicating the highest echelon of command for Category MOS Number which qualified. Roman numerals are used to in­ R Line arms: 1,2, 2a, 4, 5, 9, 9a, 10, 11 dicate the highest echelons of command for which Technical service: 17, 18 an officer is qualified. Arabic numerals are used Supporting arms: 19,27,28, 34,43,45, 47,58 for noncommissioned officers. Technical: 2d Echelon: 66 Letters used to designate broad categories of: II 1, 3, 6 Duty officers: T 1, 4, 11, 21, 22, 23 R Command personnel A 1, 4, 5, 6, 25, 55 M 1, 50, 53 II Political personnel B 1, 2, 6, 8 T Technical personnel TO Unknown A Administrative personnel RA Unknown M Medical personnel TA Unknown B Veterinary personnel MR Line arms: 1, 2, 3, 5, 5a, 6, 7, 10, 21, 30 TO Judicial personnel Technical service: 34, 44, 45, 48, 50, RA Command personnel (air force) 88, 91 . TA Technical personnel (air force) MT 14, 43, 45, 48, 68, 83, 109, 119 ll-16 15 May 46 TM 30-430 RESI.EO~, ,- ,. ~ " ... .. ~ Category MOS number Noncommissioned officers: MA 15, 123, 124, 126, 128 I Squad MM 121 ' 2 Platoon MB 120 3 Company There is only one category for privates and privates 4 Battalion first class. It has no letter designation. 5 Regiment 6 Brigade or division Line arms: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5a, 6,7,10, II, 67 Technical specialties: 17, 20, 21, 23, 26, 7 Corps 27, 29, 35, 40, 41, 80, 88, 91, 92, 93, 8 Army 94, 95, 96 9 Army group (front) Signal: 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 58, 62,68 Thus, an officer with a classification number Air: 73, 74, 75, 79 R-4-VI would be qualified to perform command Ordnance specialties: 109, 1I3 duties, further amplified by the military occupational Craft: 1I4, 115, 1I6, 1I8, 1I9, 123, 124, specialty number "4," at any echelon of command 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132 up to a rifle division or a tank brigade. Medical services: 120, 121 Line officers are considered senior to noncom­ Basic: 133, 133a, 134, 134a ,batant officers. Commanders of combined arms, Similar functions are defined by the same Military officers similarly qualified, and cavalry officers are Occupational Specialty number in different cate­ considered senior to those of other arms and services. gories. Thus, the numeral "4" is used for officers The word "Guards" is added to the title of nmk and NCOs of combat and rear servi~es staffs for of·all personnel in units which have been designated Command, Technical, Administrative personnel, and officially as "Guards" units in recognition of es­ for privates and first class privates assigned to com­ pecially hazardous initial assignment or of superior bat and rear services staffs. The numeral "10" desig­ combat performance. nates personnel for fire control of direct-fire weapons and reconnaissance; "II", personnel for horse-drawn Section III. PERSONNEL RECORDS artillery. MOSnumber "133" designates a physically-fit re­ 1. GENERAL cruit, "I33a" a physically-fit enlisted man with pre­ Documents carried by members of the Red Army liminary training, "134" a physically-fit trained en­ are of considerable importance not only as protec­ listed man, and ."I34a" serviceman assigned to tion from suspicion and arrest but frequently as the limited service. only complete and readily available personnel rec­ Mobilization plans provide for the substitution of ord. They are essential to the processes of personnel one specific MOS number for another in case of administration, including conscription, mobilization, necessity; e. g., "89" may be substituted for "88", separation, assignment, promotion, and frequently "4" for "2", and "133" (a basic recruit) for "128" pay, allowances, and travel. (driver or clerk) . The basic personal documents of Red Army men Numbers used to indicate highest echelon of are the Civilian Passport, Political Cards (Commu­ command for which qualified: nist Party, Party Applicant, Komsomol), Military Pass, Mobilization Instructions, Red Army Pass, Officers: I Platoon Identification cards, and Deferment and Discharge III Company Certificates. IV Battalion V Regiment 2. ENLISTED RESERVES VI Brigade or division At the time of registration (prior to consc~iption), VII Corps when transferred to reserve status from active serv­ VIII Army ice, or directly after conscription, all personnel are IX Army group (front) issued Military Passes.

IT-I 7 TM~= p", contain, ilie 10uo~!S~Dguog," ~ notoo c~eluUy by ili:SU::::' Photograph Party status but does not appear on the officer's Military Pass. Name Komsomol status Reserve officers also carry Mobilization Instruc- Father's name Nationality tions, which give either the full title of the unit to Issuing agency Native tongue which they are to report or the name of the Rayon Date of issue Other langnages Year of birth Social group which will assign them and the place and time (M Class of reserve Education plus 4, 1700 hours) of reporting. If the Mobiliza- Registration group Place of birth tion Instruction includes only the Rayon designation, Military specialty Brief of military service a supplementary Mobilization Instruction is issued MI"litary assl"gnment Training periods comn.leted 1 th M Rank or grade Date of military oath at time of call-up to comp ete e information. 0- Dates of issue and with- Registrations (if subject bilization Instructions also are prepared by the drawal of Mobilization In- moves) Rayon Military Commissariats for distribution to re- structions Record of medical exami- serve officers only in case of secret mobilization. Blood group nation Reserve officers also carry, as do reserve enlisted Civilian specialty men, Political Cards and Civilian Passports. The Military Pass also includes general instruc­ tions regarding the Military Service Law, special 4. ENLISTED MEN ON AC'fIVE DUTY notes and information as necessary, and space for When assigned to active duty, reserve enlisted men attachment of Mobilization Instructions, when these or conscripts surrender their military passes and are surrendered by personnel mobilized and report­ civilian passports. They receive in their stead Red ing for duty. Army Passes. These and their Political Cards are Enlisted reserves must also carry Party and carried at all times by active service personnel. Komsomol Membership or Candidate Cards (if ap­ propriate), Civilian Passports (carried by all citi­ The Red Army Pass contains the following: zens except soldiers on active duty) , and Photograph Education Mobilization Instructions. Name Nationality Father's name Year of birth 3. OFFICER RESERVES Rank Year of conscription Upon assignment or transfer to the reserve, all offi­ Assignment Military Commissariat by which conscripted cers are issued or re-issued their Military Passes. Unit Serial number Civilian specialty The reserve officer's Military Pass differs from that of Signature Place of birth the reserve enlisted men in that it is for Red Army Company commander Residence officers only and contains more complete informa­ Date of issue Name bf wife tion. Blood group Height In addition to the information contained in the Service record Clothing sizes Battles, etc. Awards, etc. enlisted reserve Military Pass, the officer's pass Clothing issued Weapons and equipment is­ contains the following: Military specialty sued Command group (junior, intermediate, ~ The Red Army Pass thus is quite similar to the senior, higher) Military Pass with the absence of political informa­ Arm or service tion and of mobilization records. Changes in assign­ Date of termination of service liability ment are recorded on Red Army Passes, but the Service record in White Armies military occupational specialty numbers are not ( Exemption from reserve changed, even when personnel are transferred from Training periods one arm to another. Record of cancellation of registration Awards and decorations 5. OFFICERS ON AC'fIVE DUTY The officer's Military Pass contains no reference Upon surrender of their Military Passes and Civilian to native tongue or other languages, presumably be­ Passports, reserve officers called into active service cause all officers must know Russian prior to selec­ are issued Identification Books, somewhat similar tion for officer candidate schools. Knowledge of to the Red Army Passes of enlisted men. All officers

ll-IS -,--~-'~<- 15 May 46 TM 30-430

-....I ~~ _~_ ~.- -" on active duty carry Identification Books. The of­ Upon recovery from wounds, personnel are issued ficer's Identification Book contains the following: Wound Certificates stating the nature of injury. Photograph Date of birth Upon recovery from wounds or illness and Ielease Signature of unit com- Place of birth from hospital, convalescents are issued either Hos­ mander Marital status pitalization Certificates, which state the nature of the Serial number of book Dependents wounds or illness and the unit to which to report, or Name Permission to carry arms Certificates of Release from Military Service, when Father's name Signature Unit Regulations concerning use appropriate. Rank and promotions of book When traveling, Red Army personnel carry travel Assignment A wards and decorations orders and free military railroad tickets issued to Identification Books specifically replace civilian them on the basis of their unit commander's passports. They are collected from officers trans­ requisition. ferring to the reserve or retiring from the Red 7. RATION CERTIFICATES Army. Ration Certificates are issued for periods of travel. Officers also carry Pay Books when on active They contain the rank and name of bearer, name of duty. These are issued by the unit to which an the unit to which he is transferred, the number and officer first is assigned. They contain records of date of the travel order, designation of unit issuing pay, allowances and allotments due, deductions for allotments, loans, and fines. The Pay Book also the travel rations, ration category, dates until which contains control tickets, detached as receipts at each the bearer is to be issued rations, record of ration time of payment. and travel money, if any, cash allowance in lieu of Each officer also carries a Clothing Book during subsistence, if any, date when taken off of the issuing his tour of duty. Clothing Books are issued by the unit's ration list, date of expiration of certificate, supply officer of the unit of initial assignment. They and the signature and seal of unit's Assistant Com­ contain a detailed list of items issued, dates of issue, mander for Supply. and records of the return, loss, or destruction of 8. PAY CERTIFICATES issued items. A number of pages of detachable Pay Certificates carried by traveling personnel con­ receipts are included for specific items of equipment. tain the designation of the issuing agency or unit, Officers having savings accounts also carry rank and name of bearer, pay category, year of serv­ Savings Account Books. ice, base pay, record of last payment, record of pay­ 6. ACTIVE DUTY PERSONNEL WOUNDED OR ments, and name of the loan to which subscription TRAVELING has been made, date of last payment, amount paid In addition to papers normally required, personnel to date, balance due and bonds issued, and the sig­ traveling or wounded are issued additional papers. nature and seal of the unit's Chief of Finance. First Aid Cards are issued to wounded officers 9. DEFERRED RESERVE PERSONNEL and enlisted men. They specify by detachable col­ ored edges the type of immediate treatment required. Personnel of the reserves engaged in important civil The cards include name, rank, diagnosis, date and work are entitled by law or decree, particularly in hour of injury, date and hour of tourniquet applica­ time of war, to deferment from mobilization. Such tion, prescribed method of evacuation, record of first officers and enlisted men are issued Mobilization aid administered at designated company, battalion, Deferment Certificates by special selection commis­ regimental, and division medical aid points, record sions. Information is supplied and entered on the of tetanus and anti-gangrene treatments, and manner certificates by the enterprises employing deferred of evacuation from the battlefields (walking, sitting, personnel, and the certificate requires the signature of lying) • Subsequent history of the patient also is the Rayon Military Commissar. Two types of Mobil­ recorded including return to his unit, assignment to ization Deferment Certificate are used. One is used convalescent unit, leave or furlough, release from for special civil deferments. The other is used for the Red Army, or death, with cause of death and deferment of personnel of organizations militarized date of interment. in time of war, such as the Commissariat of

ll-19 )'

, ': l~ _ ~~ --:~ ~:. !-~?l

TM 30-430 ·CDNFmtt#lit FJ' 15 May 46

Transportation or the Commissariat of Signal administrative methods of Red Army personnel Communications. agencies. The special certificate is composed of three de-. The typical Rayon may be considered as an area tachable sections, a stub retained by the enterprise, including between 30,000 and 200,000 population, a notification retained by the Rayon Commissariat the average population being 55,000. Of this popu­ and a certificate for use with the Military Pass. lation, a record of one in every four inhabitants is This certificate is carried by deferred personnel and kept by the Rayon Military Commissariat. There contains only the dates of the deferment period and is a record of every male citizen over 17 years 01 administrative information. It is valid only in con­ age and of all women registered for military service junction with a Military Pass and is surrendered on the basis of specialized ~kills. upon expiration. The records kept by the Rayon Military Com­ For personnel deferred for service in militarized missariat are as follows: organizations, the Mobilization Deferment Certifi­ File of all persons registered for conscriptiuu. cate is issued to replace the Military Pass, which is File of Military Passes of all enlisted men in surrendered to the Rayon Commissariat. Railroad active service. Mobilization Deferment Certificates are issued to all File of all Military Passes of personnel of railroad personnel in time of war. The mobiliza­ the reserve deferred for active service with tion agencies of the railroad administrations prepare semi-militarized organizations. complete military registration lists of railroad per­ File of Red Army Passes of enlisted men re­ sonnel, separate from those of the Rayon Military leased or retired from military service. Commissariat, and issue the necessary Mobilization File of Identification Books of officers re­ Deferment Certificates through their own registra­ leased or retired from military service. tion points. File of Red Army Passes of enlisted men re­ Railroad personnel carry Identification Cards at leased to the reserve. all times. Their deferment from active military File of Identification Books of offioers of the ( service in the Red Army is guaranteed only while reserve. they carry both the Identification 'Card and Certifi­ Card file of officers of the reserve, giving cate. Reserve personnel entering service with the their assignment for mobilization or their railroad surrender their Military Passes, but again deferment record. must carry them if relieved of railroad service. Card file of enlisted men of the reserve, giv­ 10. PHYSICALLY DISABLED ing their assignments for mobilization or their deferment record. Persons liable to military service by virtue of age Card file, by unit, of all reserve personnel but exempted from active service or conscription be­ having mobilization assignments to units. cause of physical disability and Red Army men dis­ Lists, by unit, of mobilization assignments of charged for phY!3ical disability before completion officers of the reserve. of required tours of service are issued Certificates Alphabetical lists filed in chronological order of Release from Military Service. They contain of officers who have reported to units at the name of the issuing Rayon Military C:ommis­ time of mobilization. sariat, subject's name, photograph, place of birth, Lists, filed in chronological order, of enlisted date and record of physical examination, reference men who have reported to units at time of to the decree or order of the Commissariat of De­ ( mobilization. fense authorizing release, signature and seal of the Current mobilization plan. Rayon Military Commissar, and date of issue. File of prepared Mobilization Instructions for some of those personnel of the reserve 11. RAYON PERSONNEL RECORDS whose Mobilization Instructions do not The personnel records known to be kept by the Rayon are more detailed than those of agency, and are presented as an illustr

IJ-20 15 May 46 RESIRlf:IED TM 30-430 File, by unit, of copies of Mobilization Promotions in units and formations are based Instructions issued assigned reserve on qualifications and seniority lists which include, in personnel. order of seniority, the names of all officers of each File, by unit, of Mobilization Instructions for grade who have completed the required time in secret mobilization only. grade. The majority of promotions are made, among personnel assigned to regiments, by regi­ Section IV. ASSIGNMENT, PROMO­ mental authority. If the needs of a regiment cannot TION, AND SEPARATION be filled by its own qualified personnel, selection is made from the divisional lists, and if these are 1. ASSIGNMENT inadequate, from those of the corps, etc. Vacancies are filled from qualification lists. N or­ The rapid expansion and heavy losses of World mally, appointment to a higher assignment follows War II forced a reduction in the time in grade promotion. In exceptional cases, however, officers requirements. Promotions were made largely on are appointed to a higher assignment prior to pro­ the basis of proved ability, personal bravery, and motion, or retain their old assignment after promo­ leadership. Such reductions were applied less fre­ tion until a vacancy exists. quently in the zone of the interior and among Assignment of enlisted personnel to the various senior staff officers than among lower grades in the arms and services is based initially on their abilities field. and later on their military occupational specialties. Political reliability always has played an impor­ 2. PROMOTION tant part in promotion of officers. Before October 1942, the Political Commissars had at least as much a. Officers. Eligibility for promotion is closely influence in promotion of officers as did Com­ defined for officers only. Promotion is based on manders. With the abolition of the system of po­ time in grade and favorable efficiency. litical commissars,their successors, the officers of Time in grade required for promotion of com­ the political apparatus, as members of Military mand officers is believed to be as follows: Councils continued to exert influence second only Grade Period of Service to that of the Commander. At no level of command Junior lieutenanL ______2 years are all officers members of the Communist Party, LieutenanL ______. 2 years but it is clear that Party membership is not an Senior lieutenanL ______3 years insignificant factor in promotion. Higher troop Captain ______3 years commanders and recipients of high decorations and MajoL ______4 years awards generally are subjected to persuasive efforts Lieutenant coloneL ______4 years to bring them into the Party. The percentage of For colonels and above, there are no specific Party members among junior officers has increased provisions, such promotions being made by high steadily since the prewar years. Approximately command agencies on a basis of merit and demand. 75 percent of company grade officers were Party Graduation from the Frunze Academy generally co- members in 1943. incides with promotion to colonel. In the case of Demotion of officers is effected only by special lower grade officers, graduation from academies of orders of the Commissar of Defense in cases of an the arms and services guarantees promotion to field unusual character. Assignment to penal battalions grade and graduation from the Voroshilov (General is the more common practice, and provides penal Staff) Academy, promotion to general grades. units with officers of appropriate ranks at the same These are not, however, the only means of promo- time. Demotions of division Commanders and tion to such grades. above can be effected only by decree of the Council Efforts were made during World War II, but of Peoples' Commissars or by the State Defense with little success, to provide all officers with some Committee in tilne of war. degree of appropriate training before or after pro- h. Enlisted men. Promotion of enlisted men motion. Correspondence courses and brief courses is effected by Commanders of units and formations within units were the chief means, other than in the field on the basis of merit, vacancies, and attendance at an academy. .j .' .7"t¥~~ organization and by the noncommissioned . . '."" 1.,. .,' l' rtnitiimillL,:J ll-21 TM 30-430 15 May 46 officers schools of units and formations which grad­ reception centers into separation centers after the .. uate privates into noncommissioned ranks. There end of hostilities. The Plan of Development in­ are no fixed length of service requirements. cludes the first two phases. The Operative Plan is An effort was made during Wodd War II to make put into effect when mobilization is accomplished promotion to noncommissioned officer rank depend­ in the units. ent upon the completion of a short course conducted 2. SCOPE OF MOBILIZATION PLANS by replacement units of army groups and armies. In the U. S. S. R. mobilization may be general or But this was not possible always, and in the field partial, open or secret. It embraces all civil and army, men often were promoted without taking any military resources of the country. Actual mobiliza­ course. The most suitable recruits after basic train­ tion of personnel, horses, horse-drawn vehicles, and ing were transferred to noncommissioned officer motor vehicles is accompanied by a simultaneous training regiments and battalions in the zone of the reorganization of civilian effort and economy. Ex­ interior, where most of them served from 8 to 12 treme care in the preparation of mobilization lists of months to gain their rating. In the case of less suit­ personnel and equipment is demanded from all re­ able recruits, promotion was made dependent on sponsible agencies. These lists are inspected period­ performance in battle. ically, reviewed, and brought up to date. Rigid 3. SEPARATION security control is exercised over the documents and Separation from the Red Army follows upon expira­ personnel connected with. mobilization plans and tion of the period of liability to military service or lists. physical disability. Separation of individual com­ In order to provide for personnel, animal, and mand personnel may be ordered to reduce the equipment shortages which may occur through ill­ strength of the armed forces, because of reorganiza­ ness or wear, the following overstrengths above the tion, and because of unsatisfactory efficiency ratings. prescribed wartime tables of organization of units Separation may be requested by an individual. Sepa­ are authorized: officers, 5 percent for the Oblast and ration often follows a court sentence or arrest by 10 percent for troop units; technical officers, 3 per­ a judicial or investigation agency. Individuals sen­ cent for the Oblast; enlisted men, 5 percent for the tenced to confinement generally are dropped entirely Oblast; horses, 25 percent, for the Oblast and up from Red Army rosters. to 35 percent for troop units; horse-drawn and mechanical transport, 40 to 50 percent for the Section V. MOBILIZATION SYSTEM Oblast. Mobilization plans provide for total mobilization I. GENERAL of the first echelon in M plus 30 days, and mobiliza­ Military districts administer the universal service tion of the first priority units of the Armed Forces law in time of peace, the mobilization and replace­ in M plus 5 days. Continuous maintenance of ment plans in time of war, and the demobilization military, civil, and political mobilization staffs and process at the end of hostilities. The Plan of De­ installations and of a standing army in the interior velopment and the Operative Plan comprise the of the U. S. S. R. is essential to these plans. The mobilization plans. standing army must be sufficiently large to bring The same machinery is used to effect mobilization, rapidly to war strength a sizeable striking force the replacement system, and demobilization. This by M plus 5 days, to expand the remaining units machinery consists of peacetime staffs of the mili­ by M plus 30 days, and to leave a sufficient nucleus ( tary, civil, and political agencies which prepare their in training centers to administer and train the parts of the mobilization plans, of reception centers second and following echelons of mobilization. which are activated during mobilization, and of Mobilization plans are prepared in detail. The peacetime army units. This machinery is modified mobilization lists for each unit, and consolidated to meet the requirements of three phases; activation lists at all levels of command, include the number of mobilization plan and of reception centers, activa­ of officers and enlisted men for each military occu­ tion of replacement training centers and replacement pational specialty. Each category is further units at peacetime installations, and changing the broken down into the number available in the par-

TI-22 ••

15 May 46 TM 30-430 ticular military districts affected by the mobiliza­ peacetime military unit or formation may, on mo­ tion, the number assigned from other military dis­ bilization, be divided into several independent tricts, and the authorized overstrength for each. units, which are then brought up to wartime strength. Officers are assigned individually and enlisted men (Service units also are formed by civilian Peoples' are assigned numerically to specific units or replace­ Commissariats. ) ment pools. The mobilization lists for horses (cav­ The immediate responsibility for the development alry, artillery, and draft) and motor transport (ar­ and preparedness of units to be activated on mobili­ tillery tractors, supply trucks, tractors, and other zation rests with the Commander of the unit or motor and horse-drawn vehicles) include assign­ formation under whose supervision the new unit is ments to specific collection points. Each mobiliza­ manned. tion plan is accompanied by a calendar schedule, a. First priority units. First priority units are and each plan co~stantly is kept up to date. brought up to war strength by M plus 5 days. The The mobilization plans, whether general or par­ mobilization plan for such units provides for the tial, open or secret, provide for wartime expansion dispatch of a definite number of enlisted men and of the following types of units: officers from the unit to a cadre pool. The va­ Field headquarters. cancies resulting from this dispatch of cadres and Mobilization machinery in the interior. from the difference. between peacetime and wartime GHQ reserve artillery, engineer, chemical tables of organization are filled largely with men warfare, and veterinary units. on extended leave or furlough and with some officers Base and field depots, air bases, and postal and enlisted men who have been individually as­ service units. signed according to the Plan of Development. Fighter or interceptor defense forces, civil­ Armament, equipment, horses, and motor vehicles ian antiaircraft, anti-chemical warfare, generally are assigned to these units from depots. and fire fighting units. All key personnel report for duty on M minus 2 days. Reserve depots and units. Sub-units and formations constitute the first wave of reinforcements to units stationed in critical 3. PLAN FOR EXPANSION AND ACTIVATION border areas and form the strategic forces of anti- Provisions for mobilization of the Red Army in aircraft artillery and units for the manning of time of national emergency are designed to trans- - fortified areas. form every military unit, formation, administrative h. Second priority units. The second priority organ, and institution into war strength organiza- units are brought to wartime strength by M tions within established time limits. plus 30 days. These and the first priority units An over-all mobilization plan is prepared and comprise the first echelon of mobilization. They maintained by the staff of each military district. It are formed by expanding existing peacetime units to includes plans for the organizational development, the next higher unit or formation. A rifle regi- the preparation for combat, and the formation of ment, for example, is expanded into a rifle divi- new units for each peacetime unit in the Red Army. sion, and a tank brigade is expanded into a tank Appropriate excerpts of this plan are sent to the corps. unit Commanders concerned, through the Oblast or The mobilization plan for these units provides for Rayon Military Commissar. the transfer of officers and enlisted men individually Units may be expanded from peacetime strength within the unit to specific new assignments. The to full mobilization strength by one of four methods. reserve officers and enlisted men who complete the A peacetime military unit or formation may retain wartime table of organization of the expanded unit its basic organization, lose part of its peacetime com- are secured from two sources. Some reserve offi- plement as cadre to other units, and expand to war- cers and enlisted men are assigned individually in time strength. A peacetime unit or formation may advance to specific duties. Others are drawn from expand into a next higher unit or formation. A the mobilization reception center for unassigned re- unit may be formed at wartime strength by cadres serve officers and enlisted men of the Rayon. Re- detached from peacetime units and reservists. A serve personnel who are called up for second pri- ,""--', -- ,-- --?~ . ilttfrilNJtAi . : 11-23 TM 30-430 CONFIDENTIAL 15 May 46 ority units and formations are generally those of Upon receipt of mobilization orders, officers on the 1st Class and of Category I of the Reserve. active duty report to first, second, or third priority Armament, equipment, horses, and transport units as prescribed in their orders. Reserve officers vehicles for these units are drawn from the Rayon either are assigned to a specific or deferred unit, or collection center. The responsibility for proper to a specific Rayon. Reserve officers who are as­ and timely reorganization of second priority units signed to a first or second priority unit report ac­ rests with the commander of the parent unit or cording to their assignment. In first priority units, formation. they may be held in an overstrength pool, from c. Third priority units. Third priority units which they JUay be sent to a reception center for are mobilized between M plus 30 and M plus 120 assignment, or they may remain with the unit. Re­ days. They constitute the second echelon of mobili­ serve officers who are assigned to a specific Rayon zation, exhaust the supply of personnel of less than report to the reception center of that Rayon. From 35 years of age, and draw also on the 2d and 3d there, they are sent to the second or third priority Classes and both Categories of the Reserve. ' The units or to the Rayon overstrength pool. key personnel of the cadre for these units are drawn Reserve officers who are not assigned to specific from the cadres provided by first priority units Rayons report to the Conscription Board and are as­ and from other existing peacetime units which are signed to a reception center. At the reception center, divided on mobilization. As in the mobilization they are processed in the same manner as officers plans for other units, the key personnel are assigned assigned to the Rayon pool but not to units. individually to specific duties. The remainder of Enlisted men on active duty either are kept in the officers and enlisted men are drawn from the their units or are sent as cadre to second or third reception centers. Equipment and transport are priority units. The assigned reserve enlisted men drawn from collection centers or directly from are assigned either to a specific first or second pri­ factories. Horses are drawn from collection ority unit or to a specific Rayon reception center. centers. If assigned to a first priority unit, they may be ( Third priority units may be mobilized at home, used to bring it to wartime strength or may be kept but generally are sent as march regiments or battal­ ions to the zone of operations, where some may in the unit overstrength pool. The enlisted reserve be organized into field units and others used to sup· personnel who are assigned to a reception center ply replacement pools. are sent to the second or third priority units or The semi-military units that are mobilized con· kept in the Rayon overstrength pool. Enlisted men currently by the civilian commissariats include mili~ without assignment to a specific Rayon report to the tarized technical personnel, such as railroad, signal local conscription board and are sent to a reception communications, road construction, road mainte­ center, where they are processed in the same man­ nance engineer, medical, and veterinary personnel. ner as the reserve personnel who are assigned only Such units are primarily employed in the zone of to the Rayon in general. the interior. 5. FLOW OF HORSES AND TRANSPORT ON MO- 4. FLOW OF PERSONNEL ON MOBILIZATION BILIZATION The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the A single plan for the supplying of each unit with U. S. S. R. orders mobilization in time of emergency. horses and carts is worked out by the Assistant The call for mobilization is issued by the Peoples' Chief of Staff, together with the senior veterinary Commissar of Defense on the basis of decrees of the Council of Peoples' Commissars. Upon declaration of the unit. The plan indicates mobilization re­ of mobilization, all who are on active duty in the quirements for horses, carts, harnesses, and motor Army or Navy must remain on duty. Individuals transport. It also provides for reception at time subject to military service and those liable to active of mobilization, and for the periodic examination duty and enrolled in military units must appear at and shoeing of horses, and for the repair of carts the assigned stations at the time specified in and harnesses. Officers are detached from the unit the mobilization order (fig. 7). to . ~sEist the Rayon Military Commissariat in the

TI-24 /", ~

.... FIRST PRIORITY UNITS SECOND PRIORITY UNITS THIRD PRIORITY UNITS '" "': M TO M+S M+6 TO M+30 M+30 TO M+120 a: ACTIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE ~ STANDING PEACE STRENGTH PEACE STRENGTH PEACE STRENGTH ARMY UNIT UNIT SURP(U UNIT S OFFI(EI/S 4 ' ~

NlJ EN(ISrElJ ""EN J I J

RESERVE COMPONENTS

ASSIGNED RESERVE OFFICERS

~ ~ ASSIGNED < ENLISTED RESERVE ~ ,~ (f:].' ~ "," ')- UNASSIGNED ,::"ril';';'I~ RESERVE OFFICERS t,;t . . JI ~- ;~. ",-" : UNASSIGNED '.:::II1I:I>'1:;' ENLISTED RESERVE . :::::::! ~;:. i!='~' '-J t r t . t t ft DEFERRED : I : I . RESERVE OFFICERS I-l::::::::::.::::::-:C::-.::::.~:-::.:.:: .....: I : DEFERRED I '-- V" / ENLISTED RESERVE I GROUPED INTO FORMATIONS ON ARRIVAL IN STRATEGIC I ASSEMBL Y AREA I STUDENTS IN I MILITARY SCHOOLS I : I LEDGEND CIVILIAN HORSES '-i------'------.J (Collective and FLOW OF PERSONNEL State Forms)

FLOW OF REMOUNTS CIVILIAN TRUCKS AND TRACTORS ...... • ...... •••••• ...... FLOW OF TRUCKS AND TRACTORS (Mac:hine 8 Tractor Stations . State Trusts, ~tc.) ~

r Figure 7. Flow 0/ personnel, remounts, and equipment on mobilization. ~ Q~ ~ TM 30-430 REStllCTED 15 May 46 selection of horses and carts and to aid in the Section VI. REPLACEMENT SYSTEM .. instruction of the heads of farms and enterprises 1. GENERAL in the proper care of animals and equipment. The condition and quantity. of these items are checked The agencies in charge of mobilization also are re­ not less than twice a year. sponsible for the operation of the replacement sys­ The unit Manning Zone for horses and transport tem. At the end of the mobilization phase, the coincides with that for personnel. In peacetime, agencies and installations which directed and ad­ the Rayon Military Commissariats distribute requisi. ministered it are modified so as to receive, train, and tions to the village Soviets and local farms and en· dispatch the necessary replacements to the field terprises. On mobilization, the Rayon Military forces. Commissariats establish collection centers for At high command level, this modification can be horses and transport. A collection center for seen in the transfer of the functions of the Mobiliza­ horses and horse-drawn transport may handle from tion Division of the General Staff to the Main Ad­ 800 to 1,000 horses and from 600 to 800 vehicles ministration for the Formation and Equipment of Units in the Commissariat of Defense. The recep­ daily. tion centers of the military districts are deactivated, A similar plan exists for the collection of motor and replacement regiments and brigades are acti­ transport. Collection centers for trucks, tractors, vated. In the field, replacement regiments, battal­ and other motor vehicles are located near industrial ions, and companies are maintained for officers centers or at maintenance shops of collec­ Rayon and enlisted men. tive farms. Such a collection center may handle 60 trucks, 40 tractors, and 120 motorcycles, or 200 2. REPLACEMENT UNITS AND FORMATIONS bicycles and 150 barrels of fuel daily. In time of war, the forces in the field are supplied with replacement personnel by home and field re­ 6. RECEPTION CENTERS placement regiments, brigades, battalions, and ( Each reception center for personnel is designed to companies. process from 1,200 to 1,500 men in a lO-hour work­ Each formation, on moving from the zone of the ing day. Processing of personnel includes six steps: interior, leaves behind a replacement regiment. The Reception of arriving groups, check of ar· replacement regiment is administered by the mili­ rival, separation of those assigned to other tary district, and, in theory, supplies replacements centers, assignment to quarters, and politi­ to the formation. In practice, however, under stress of losses, any military district may be ordered cal work. to send troops to any sector of the front. Assignment to companies according to The home replacement regiments are responsible mobilization lists. for issue of uniforms, medical examination, and Check of mobilization lists of the companies training. The trained replacements are formed with the number of assigned personnel, ex­ into march units (companies and battalions) and amination of Military Passports, and check are sent to the front, or kept in a pool until needed. of the number of persons in each military In military districts, when conscription is con­ specialty with the authorized number for ducted on a large scale, or in areas well suited for each company. training (Turkestan, Caucasus, and Siberia, for ex­ Medical examination, dispatch of sick to ample), several replacement regiments are formed ( hospitals. into a replacement brigade. Such a brigade gen­ Examination and evaluation of personal erally includes three rifle regiments, one artillery property. regiment, and one each mortar, antitank, engineer, Bath, issue of uniforms and equipment, ship­ and signal communications battalion. ment of personal property home, collection Theoretically, training courses in the replace­ of Party cards and valuables for safe keep­ ment regiments last for 3 months. In practice, ing, and collection of Military Passports. however, the older recruits often are given only a

n-26 CONFIDENTIAL RESTRICTED 15 May 46 TM 30-430 few weeks of training, and the younger classes sent 3. FLOW OF REPLACEMENTS to Siberia or Turkestan for a more complete course. Requisitions for personnel replacements are initiated At least one artillery, signal, and cavalry replace­ at the lowest level of command, and are consolidated ment unit exists in each military Rayon. Training and· forwarded upward through statistical control for the more technical arms and services is more ex­ sections at each level of command. tensive than for the infantry. From 1943, a more a. Officer replacements. General officers are highly educated class of recruits was assigned to held in the Peoples' Commissariat of Defense pool these units. The replacement system for signal for general officers, from which they are assigned personnel follows the replacement theory more individually and report directly for duty. The flow closely than the replacement systems for the other of general officers is automatic and continuous. arms and services, in that each military Rayon fur­ Field and political officers are assigned first by nishes signal replacements to its own particular agencies in the zone of the interior to an army group. section of the front. At army group, they are held in the field officer re­ Field replacement regimentS are activated by placement unit, from which they are individually each army group (front) and army. Their func­ assigned. Requests for field officers are consolidated tion is to receive replacements, to arm them, to and filled periodically. give them further individual and unit training, and The flow of company grade officers from the zone to dispatch them to subordinate units or formations. of the interior to field unit assignments differs for Each army group normally includes one or two the various arms and services. Infantry and ar­ rifle regiments, one tank regiment, one artillery tillery officers are assigned by agencies in the zone regiment, and one or two officer replacement regi­ of the interior and are assigned directly to a specific ments. The army field replacement regiment has army. There, they are assigned to specific field two to three rifle battalions, one artillery battery, duties or to army group or army officer replacement one noncommissioned officer school, one signal units. Armored force officers are assigned to an school company, and an engineer school company. army group by agencies in the zone of the interior. The army rifle replacement regiment consists of The army group assigns them to a tank army, army, three rifle battalions, two rifle school battalions, or to a GHQ tank or mechanized formation, such one machine gun battalion, one antitank battery, as a tank or mechanized corps. These officers then one submachine gun battalion, one engineer com­ are assigned individually to duty. The cavalry, air pany, one sniper company, and one antitank rifle force, signal, engineer, and service force officers also company. Each tank army also has a tank replace­ are assigned to an army group by the zone of the ment regiment. A small surplus is carried in interior. The army group then assigns them directly smaller tank units and formations. to the field units. The officer replacement regiments are organized The requisitions for company grade officers are into battalions so that each battalion contains consolidated by statistical control periodically. officers of the same rank In one officer replace­ Thus, company officer replacements reach the ment regiment, for example, the 1st Battalion various levels of command periodically. contained majors and captains who already had h. Enlisted replacements. Enlisted personnel served as battalion commanders. The Second are assigned by agencies in the zone of the in­ Battalion contained captains and lieutenants who terior. They are assigned to army group enlisted already had served as company commanders. The replacement units or to army enlisted replacement Third Battalion contained platoon· commanders. units. Both the army group and army then assign Generally, these battalions contained only officers. the enlisted personnel by military occupational spe­ They perform all unit duties, ~cluding kitchen cialty numbers to formation and unit replacement police. units. Requisitions for enlisted personnel are In the zone of the interior, and in all field units periodically consolidated by military occupational down to the rifle division, the convalescent units at specialties. The flow· of enlisted replacements to hospitals also operate as replacement pools. the field units is, therefore, also periodic.

n-27 TM 30-430 15 May 46 4. REPLACEMENT OF PERSONNEL IN FIELD Section VII. DEMOBILIZATION .. UNITS SYSTEM In the Red Army, replacement units with field for­ I. GENERAL mations and units are held to minimum size. For example, the replacement company of a rifle divi­ The same agencies that are responsible for conscrip­ sion consists of only 100 officers and enlisted men. tion, mobilization, and replacement of personnel are Losses in field units are replaced by direct dispatch responsible for demobilization. The demobilization of reserves to the unit, or the unit is withdrawn of officers and enlisted men is the reverse procedure from action and refitted in the army or army group of that for mobilization. Each demobilized member rear area. The latter method is preferred. But, of the Red Army reports back to the Rayon Military when the number of field units is insufficient, or Commissar, or his deputy, to which he reported on when the sector held by a unit is relatively quiet, mobilization. There he is given a medical examina­ the replacements are sent direct. tion, his Red Army Book is inspected, and he is given During the defensive battle of Stalin grad, when a Military Passport. He is enrolled immediately in all fresh units were held for the planned offensive, the proper reserve category and is placed once again and on the relatively quiet Finnish front, rifle units on the mobilization lists of that Rayon. often were held in the line even though many were 2. DEMOBILIZATION PLAN (1945-46) 50 percent understrength. Unit commanders syste­ matically reduced the service overhead and weapons The complete demobilization plan of the U. S. S. R. crews throughout all the subordinate units. Every is not known. The demobilization law, to date, effort was directed toward retaining as many men provides for two waves of demobilization: release as possible in the forward line and toward leaving from the armed forces of the 13 oldest classes in all subordinate units at the same level of efficiency. service, and the subsequent release of the next 10 In such cases, little attention is paid to classification oldest classes. and military occupational specialties. The demobilization of the first wave has been car­ r ried out in two echelons. In the first echelon, the 13 5. REPLACEMENTS FROM REOCCUPIED AREAS oldest classes from the field units were demobilized. When the Red Army advances into regions overrun This was followed by the demobilization of the 13 by the enemy, a new otganization, the Field Mili­ oldest classes from the zone of the interior. tary Rayon is organized to call up men liable for The details of the demobilization of the second military service in the reoccupied areas. Orders wave are not so well known. But, it is believed that are issued for the enlistment of army personnel the same priority has been applied. through depot and replacement units. The Field 3. DEMOBILIZATION LAW Military Rayon is authorized to follow closely be­ The demobilization of the Red Army is administered hind the advancing front line and to recruit all according to the provisions of the Law for De­ males of military age and to send them to replace­ mobilization of the Oldest Age Groups of the Active ment regiments. It does not recruit engineers, Red Army, passed by the Supreme Soviet of the miners, railway men, or, in some districts, metal U. S. S. R. on 23 June 1945. workers. In practice, men often are dispatched di· The law provides for: rectly to the army group or army replacement regi­ Demobilization of the 13 oldest age groups ments and committed immediately to the front line, ( td be completed in the second half of 1945. without training. Or, men may be enlisted directly Transportation of demobilized personnel to by Commanders of units. In 1943, the members of their place of residence and maintenance on the 1926 class, who had been drafted in the reoccu­ the journey at government expense. pied areas in this manner and sent to the front A complete set of clothing for each demobil­ line, were withdrawn by order of the Peoples' ized veteran. Commissariat of Defense and sent for 6 months' Lump sum money bonuses for each year of training with replacement regiments. service during World War II, as follows:

IJ-28 15 May 46 RfSIlUGJfD TM 30-430 Enlisted personnel of all arms and serv­ Grants to demobilized veterans by the All­ ices-a year's salary for each year of Union Bank, which finances communal service in World War II. and individual construction programs in Enlisted personnel of special units, who areas formerly occupied by the Germans, receive a higher rate of pay-one-half of loans for the construction and repair year's pay for each year of service. of dwellings. Loans to be in sums of Noncommissioned personnel of all arms from 5,000 to 10,000 rubles for periods and services-one-half year's pay, not of from 5 to 10 years. to exceed 900 rubles and not less than On 4 August 1945, the Council of Peoples' Com­ 300 rubles, for each year of service. missars adopted a decree exempting all demobi­ Officers, who have served during lized soldiers and their immediate families from World II, to receive for- "taxes for I year. I year's service--2 months' pay On 7 September 1945, the Presidium of the Su­ 2 years' service--3 months' pay preme Soviet authorized demobilization of the 13 3 years' service--4 months' pay oldest" age groups serving with the Red Army in the 4 years' service--5 months' pay. Far East under the provisions of the demobili­ zation law. Assumption of responsibility by the Council On 23 September 1945, the Presidium of the Su­ of Peoples' Commissars of each Union preme Soviet passed a decree for a second demobili­ Republic and Autonomous Republic, the zation of Red Army personnel. This decree was to Executive Committee of each Krai and effect privates and noncommissioned personnel of Oblast Soviet of Deputy Workers, and Di­ the next 10 senior classes, except those in the Far rectors of all enterprises, institutions and East. organizations in urban areas, for furnish­ The second demobilization decree provided for: ing work for all demobilized veterans ( within a month of their return home. Ex­ Demobilization of the following categories of perience and new specialties acquired Red Army privates and noncommissioned through service in the Red Army are to be officers: given due consideration. Under no cir­ Graduates from middle agricultural and cumstances are lower positions to be technical schools who possess special furnished than those held prior to army qualifications. service. Living quarters and heating Teachers who had taught in schools facilities are to be furnished. prior to joining the Red Army. Assumption of responsibility by the Execll­ Second year or senior' students of all tive Committe of each Rayon and rural higher schools, including those taking Soviet of Deputy Workers and by all correspondence courses, who had not Boards of Directors of collective farms for finished their education because of rendering all possible assistance to de­ their induction into the Red Army. mobilized veterans returning to the villages Veterans who were wounded three or for securing work and living quarters. more times. Assumption of responsibility by the Council Veterans who had been called into mili­ of Peoples' Commissars of each Union Re­ tary service during or before 1938 or public and Autonomous Republic and by who have 7 or more years of continu- the Executive Committee of each Krai and ous duty in the Red Army. . Oblast Soviet of Deputy Workers, in areas All women privates and specialists other previously occupied by the Germans, for than volunteers for further duty. the furnishing of lumber for the repair and Completion of demobilization in accordance construction of living quarters for all per­ with this decree by the end of 1945. sons demobilized from the Red Army. Extension of the social and welfare provi-

ll-29 \ TM 30-430 COIFltmJAi 15 May 46 sions of the Demobilization Law of 23 contrary, there is evidence that the oldest 5 of the 13 June 1945 to personnel demobilized in ac­ classes were demobilized first. cordance with the decree of 25 September. Demobilized personnel have been transported at In an order of 10 October 1945, it was further Army expense to cities near to their point of re­ directed that 10 percent of all dwellings must be set cruitment. There they have been given a pass and aside for demobilized soldiers, disabled veterans, provided with free entertainment for several days. and families of casualties. They then have been transported to their places of call-up and officially separated from the Red Army. 4. DEMOBILIZATION PROCEDURE It is believed that, while demobilization is not con­ 5. DEMOBILIZATION OF OFFICERS ducted individually according to any kind of point The release of officers of only the lower grades, up system, length of service, decorations, and age are . to and including major, is provided for by the taken into consideration. All 13 classes were not demobilization decrees of 1945. The second decree demobilized at one time under the first law. On the does not provide for demobilization of officers.

PART III. PAY, ALLOWANCES, AND PENSIONS

Section I. PAY RATES Red Army pay (1943) U.S. 1. GENERAL Rank (U.S.) Army pay In dollars, (1945) In rubles' approxi. (in dollars) I The special privileges, pay, and allowances granted mate to Red Army personnel attest to the importance Soviet law attaches to army service. Soviet propa­ General of the Army ... 60,000 12,000 13,500 General ...... 40,000 8,000 13,500 ganda stresses the esteem in which Red Army and Lieutenant general .... 28,000 5,600 8,000 . Navy personnel are held, and Soviet law and Major general ...... 24,000 4,800 8,000 Brigadier general ...... 19,000 3,840 6,000 practice support it. Colonel ...... 14,400 2,880 4,000 Red Army personnel are tax exempt. They have Lieutenant colonel .... 12,000 2,400 3,500 Major ...... 10,200 2,040 3,000 special opportunities for education and careers, in Captain ...... 9,000 1,800 2,400 a country in which these advantages are especially First lieutenant ...... 7, 700 1,540 2,000 Master, or first ser- significant. Those holding decorations are given geant ...... 4,200 840 1,6,S6 numerous small privileges, such as free theater Staff sergeant ...... 3,800 760 I, 152 Sergeant ...... 3,000 600 936 tickets, free transportation in public conveyances, Corporal ...... 2,000 400 792 Private first class ..... 1,000 200 648 Private ...... 600 120 600 I Pay I I ------*1 ruble=$O.20, approximately. Approxi- Assignment MOS mateequiv- Figure 9. OamparatifJn Of annual base pay of U. S. and (Rubles) alent in Red Armies. U. S.dol- lars --- one free round trip railroad ticket per year, and Supplfi and forage officer .. 4 9,000 1,800 a small monthly pay increase in proportion to the Batta ion adjutant ...... 4 9,000 1,800 rank of the decoration. Chief of staff (rear echelon) . 4 9,600 1,920 Chief of staff (statistical 2. PAY RATES control) ...... 4 9,600 1,920 Artillery supply officer .... 4 9,600 1,920 Red Army personnel are paid according to rank, Inf':~!1e/~~~~~~ .. ~~~~. I 8, 700 I, 740 MOS, and type of duty. For example, a captain's pay varies between 8,700 rubles (approximately M~~=ank ..c~~~~~~. 2 9,600 1,920 Mortar company com- $1,740) and 9,600 rubles (approximately $1,920) mander ...... 2a 9,300 1,860 per year as in Figure 8. Howitzer battery com- mander ...... 10 9, 600 1,920 Red Army pay rates generally are lower than those of the U. S. Army. There also is greater variation Figure 8. Variations in the pay of a Red Army captain. between the lowest and highest grades. 11-30 RESIRte'ftU 15 May 46 RESJ.llD TM 30-430 Red air force personnel are paid approximately Brothers (when parents are not able-bodied) . the same rates as corresponding ground force ranks. Grown children, brothers, and sisters who However, bonuses are given for each combat flight are invalids and younger than 18. and parachute jump (25 rubles per jump). Fathers over 60. In addition, there are various kinds of extra pay Mothers over 55. in the Red Army during war. Approximately 50 Wife and parents who are invalids. percent of the base pay of enlisted men is granted Individuals are regarded as dependents only as extra field pay to combat troops and as extra arms when the serviceman has been the constant and major pay to men in antitank, armored, and guard units. source of support. Extra monthly pay for some of the decorations is Monthly allowances are as follows: as follows: Single dependent unable to work, 100 rubles Rubles Order of Lenin______25 ($20 approximately). Two dependents Order of the Red BanneL______20 unable to work, 150 rubles ($30 approxi­ Order of the Red StaL______15 mately) • Three or more dependents unable to work, Section II. PENSIONS, FAMILY AL­ 300 rubles ($60 approximately). LOWANCES, AND SPECIAL BENE­ One member of family able to work and FITS three or more unable to work, 150 rubles ($30 approximately). 1. WORKERS AND EMPLOYEES ORDERED TO ACTIVE DUTY One member of family able to work and two children under 16, 100 rubles ($20 ap­ When a worker or employee is released for active proximately) • military service, the management of the enterprise or institution releasing him must make a settlement in Enlisted men's families living in farming com­ the form of full payment of wages, a separation al­ munities or in any way connected with agriculture lowance in the amount of the average sum for 2 receive only 50 percent of the above allowances. weeks work, and a monetary compensation for un­ 3. PENSIONS FOR ENLISTED MEN AND THEIR used leave. Reserve officers ordered to training pe­ FAMILIES riods are paid 50 percent of the wages they otherwise Pensions are assigned on the basis' of a decree of would earn. the Council of Peoples' Commissars dated 16 July 2. ALLOWANCES TO FAMILIES OF ENLISTED 1940. Servicemen who sustain wounds or incur MEN diseases in combat, in active military service, or as Families of enlisted men called up from the reserves, a result of accidents not in line of d.l1ty are eligible families of volunteer enlisted men accepted by the for pensions. field units of the Red Army, and families of enlisted The degree of disability determines the amount of men in the units of mobilized districts are author­ the pension. The first category includes those with ized allowances by a decree of the Presidium of the complete physical disability, and who require con­ Supreme Soviet dated 26 June 1941. Families of stant care. The second category includes those captains or higher do not receive allowances. with complete physical disability, but who can The families of enlisted men are paId additional take care of themselves. The third category in­ allowances, by civilian agencies, if there is no one cludes those with partial disability who require in the family who is able to work, if there is one special working conditions or training in less member of the family who is able to work but three strenuous occupations. or more who are not, or if there is one member able Servicemen who become disabled in line of duty to work but also two children under 16 years of age. and who earned 400 rubles (approximately $80) Individuals considered unable to work are as per month or less in civilian life receive pensions follows: as follows: Children under 16. First category-IOO percent of average Students under 18. monthly earnings.

11-31 TM 30-430 !~ :'~ f?iiiifiif1 15 May 46 ~ ~ .~-- :0, ~ L) :: .....~ t~ ~~7f;':): Second category-75 percent of average Each month in the Red Army in a theater of monthly earnings. active operation, in the Red Army liqui­ Third category-50 percent of average dating counter-revolutionary movements, monthly earnings. or in the security forces or Cheka during Families of servicemen who are killed or re- the Revolution-3 months. ported missing in action and who earned 400 rubles Each month in the Red Army in remote or less per month in civilian life receive pensions as regions, in chemical units handling ex­ follows: plosives, in border units, on submarines, One person killed-35 percent of average and as divers-2 months. monthly earnings. Each month in a plague-infested region-3 Two persons killed--45 percent of average months, if infected-15 months. monthly earnings. Pensions are paid as follows: Three persons kiIled-60 percent of average For 25 years service-50 percent pay. monthly earnings. For each year service in excess of 25-3 per­ Servicemen who become physically disabled as a cent in addition. result of accidents not directly in line of duty re­ For 35 or more years service-80 percent of ceive pensions as fixed by social insurance regula­ pay. tions for workmen and employees who are disabled by ordinary diseases. Military service is credited Provisions were made in 1945 to grant generals as worktime. and senior officers (colonels, It. colonels, and majors) Disabled servicemen and families of deceased who have served 25 years or more and are on re­ serviceruen living in farming localities, or other­ serve status, or were retired because of age, in­ wise connected with agriculture, receive 50 percent creased pensions as follows: of the above pensions. Generals-90 percent of pay. The following dependent members of the families Senior officers-80 percent of pay (plus 3 of deceased servicemen, if unable to work, have a percent for each year in excess of 25 years right to a pension: children under 16 and students up to a maximum of 90 percent.) under 18; brothers and sisters under 16 and students under 18 if th~ir parents are unable to work; chil­ A general or senior officer who becomes a civil dren, brothers and sisters up to 18 who are unable employee after being placed in reserve status, or to work; father over 60, mother over 55; disabled retired after 25 years of service, does not lose his wife and parents of the first and second categories right to full pension. regardless of age. Physically disq.bled command personnel and re­ enlisted noncommissioned officers and privates re­ 4. PENSIONS FOR OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN ON VOLUNTARY EXTENDED SERVICE, AND ceive pensions as follows: THEIR FAMILIES In line of duty: Pensions also are provided for intermediate, senior First category-75 percent of pay. and higher officers, noncommissioned officers on re­ Second category-55 percent of pay. enlistment service, and private-specialists on re-en­ Third category-40 percent of pay. li~tment service. Their families are granted pensions, in case of death, by a decree of the Council Not in line of duty: of People's Commissars dated 5 July 1941. First category-60 percent of pay. Retirement pensions are granted for 25 or more Second category--45 percent of pay. years of enlisted and commissioned service. Credit Third category-30 percent of pay. for length of service is computed as follows: Each month in the detachments of the Red Increases up to 85, 65, and 45 percent respec­ Guards (7 Oct. 1917-23 Feb. 1918) counts tively for each category are granted for length of as 4 months. service. IT-32 RfSJRte'fED )i RESIRr'~Tt8 15 May 46 CONfIDE~AL . , TM 30-430 Families of command personnel and reenlisted Preliminary short-term training, the character of noncommissioned officers and privates who die in which is selected in consultation with a Medical and line of duty receive monthly pension payments of Labor Expert Commission, is given at the medical 30 percent of pay if there is one person unable to institutions of the Red Army. Servicemen dis­ work, 45 percent if there are two, and 60 percent charged as physically unsuitable for service report if there are three or more. If death is not in line to the Medical and Labor Expert Commission, of duty, families receive 25, 35, and 45 percent of where their degree of disability is deterlI!ined and the pay respectively. Increases up to 35, 55, and an appropriate type of work is recommended. 70 percent for deaths in line of duty and up to 30, The Department of Social Welfare of the Rayon 45, and 55 percent for deaths not in line of duty Soviet secures employment for disabled veterans on are granted for length of service. the basis of the Commission's findings. Attempts are made to reinstate them in enterprises where they 5. BENEFITS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL AND formerly were employed, or at least in the same type FAMILIES of work. Those not provided with work in govern­ In addition to pensions, disabled servicemen, mem­ ment institutions and enterprises are sent to Artels bers of their families who are unable to work, and (small cooperative light manufacturing enterprises) members of families of deceased servicemen who­ or to special cooperatives for the disabled, where receive pensions are furnished prosthetic and ortho­ those of the first and second categories are offered pedic devices at government expense. work at home. Disabled veterans may be sent to With the high casualty rates of W orId War II, training institutions or to courses offered by vari­ the families of casualties became the object of ex­ ous enterprises for general education or instruction treme solicitude on the part of the Communist in a new type of work. Party and the Soviet government. Special depart­ Disabled veterans of the first and second cate­ ments were established to aid the families of service­ gories, who do not receive proper care, may apply to men. These departments organized food supplies, the Rayon Department'" of Social Welfare for ad­ provided living quarters, and found jobs for de­ mittance to a home for invalids. pendents. Substantial concessions in taxes, in de­ Command personnel, re-enlisted noncommissioned liveries of agricultural products to the state, and officers and privates who receive pensions, and their in rent were granted to families of Red Army cas­ families receive free treatment in sanatoria and ualties. Special grants were awarded to families health resorts. of men displaying heroism in battle. Concessions in the form of income tax exemption Special provisions have been formulated for the and exemption from obligatory deliveries to the gov­ training and employment of disabled veterans. ernment also are granted to disabled veterans.

PART IV. LEGAL AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

Section I. LEGAL SYSTEM of personal loyalties to the Red Army and to the Soviet Union. 1. GENERAL Military criminal law consists of a code of laws Supervision and control of Red Army personnel is based on the civil laws of the Soviet Union, trans- divided among a number of -administrative struc­ - lated into terms applicable to military personnel and tures, whose representatives are found at all echelons military conditions. It is developed by the Mili­ of command. No single code of laws and regula­ tary Collegium of the Supreme Court and admin­ tions exists which cover all the crimes and misde­ istered by the Main Administration of Military meanors of Red Army personnel. A sharp distinc­ Tribunals of the Commissariat of Defense, through tion in codes and enforcement machinery is made the system of Military Tribunals. between military criminal law, army disciplinary The disciplinary regulations of the Red Army regulations, political discipline, and the supervision cover offenses which have no analogy in civil law,

11-33 )'

I TM 30-430 15 May 46

and they are administered by Commanders at all solute obedience is defined appropriately in military echelons, criminal law, which states: "An order of a com­ Disciplinary control of Communist Party mem­ mander is a law for his subordinates." bers and of the political ideology of other members During World War II, all citizens other than of the Red Army is combined with morale and those specifically excepted were made subject to propaganda as the special mission of the political military criminal law by decree of the State Defense apparatus, at all echelons, under control of the Committee. Those classes of Red Army and other Main Political Administration of the Commissariat personnel normally subject to military criminal law of Defense. Loyalty of personnel to the nation are as follows: and to the regime (as distinct from party loyalty Persons undergoing pre-conscription training as it affects military security) is the responsi­ while participating in active field-training bility of the Main Administration of Counterintelli­ periods. gence of the Commissariat of Defense, and of the Enlisted men on active duty, in the training offices and agencies under its control at all echelons. periods required during extended fur­ The considerable difficulty which arises in exactly loughs, or on reserve status. defining the jurisdiction of these four systems of Students in cadet and military schools. supervision is obviated by close cooperation, par­ Officers on active duty, on detached service, ticularly at Commissariat of Defense level. The ex­ in training periods required during ex­ clusion of undesirable elements from the Red Army tended leave, or on reserve status. initially is charged to the Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) and its representatives, the local The soldier of the Red Army is obligated "to police. It is carried out by the Conscription knowthor:oughly and execute unquestioningly the Boards, of which one member is always a repre­ military oath, military regulations and instructions, sentative of the local NKVD force. apd all orders and decrees of his superior and leaders; to observe strictly the established order in 2. MILITARY PENAL SYSTEM the Army, and to restrain others from its violation; ( a. Military criminal law. The mISSIon of to fulfill his service obligations conscientiously; to Soviet military criminal law is identical with that guard all military and state secrets; and, finally, to of Soviet criminal law in general: "The legal de­ preserve military and state property to the best of fense of the socialist state of workers and peasants his ability. against socially dangerous actions which undermine "With the taking of the military oath, the soldier its power or violate its established order." The pledges himself to defend his socialist fatherland basic purpose of criminal law as applied to the with bravery and honor, if necessary, risking life armed forces is to strengthen the defensive power itself in the achieving of complete victory over its of the U. S. S. R. and the military effectiveness of enemIes. Failure in these duties constitutes the the armed forces of the Soviet state. commission of a military crime." The existence of military criminal law as a special The decision as to whether a particular case is branch of criminal law is necessitated by the pecu­ punishable under military criminal law or under liarity of the activities of the Red Army and Navy the disciplinary regulations of the Red Army is as distinguished from other Soviet organizations. made by the immediate commander of the offending Certain crimes, such as the nonexecution of an order, party. There are certain crimes which automati­ desertion, spoilage, or loss of military equipment, cally exclude the offender from the milder pro­ ( violation of guard rules, etc., are purely military VISIons of army discipline . as, for example, offenses and, thus, are covered specifically only by espionage, desertion to the enemy, willful departure military criminal laws. Certain other crimes, such from the field of battle, and resistance to any per­ as insults and abuses of power, assume a special son who is executing an order. Such acts, because significance in military conditions and also demand they immediately are dangerous to tlIe entire state, special consideration in a separate military criminal always involve trial and sentence under military code. Further, to eliminate mistrust and wavering criminal law. in the execution of an order, the principle of ab- On the other hand, offenses such as infringement

ll-34 15 May 46 R£SWglD TM 30-430 of uniform regulations and submitting complaints Each Military Tribunals consists of a president, a in a manner contrary to the regulations generally vice-president, and two or more members. Attached entail only disciplinary measures. are investigators and a secretariat (administrative More complicated are those crimes which require section). The investigators and members of the disciplinary action in some circumstances and court secretariat are appointed by the president and ap­ action in others. Examples are absence without proved by the Military Collegium and the Commissar leave, breach of guard rules, and loss of military of Defense or Navy. equipment. The determining factor is the degree Division and brigade Military Tribunals may try of danger to society and to state involved in the military personnel of rank no higher than major. crime. Corps Tribunals may try personnel holding the rank Because Soviet military criminal law is directed of lieutenant colonel or below. Higher Tribunals mainly against "enemies of the people," such as may try persons of any rank, with the exception of traitors, spies, diversionists, and terrorists who may army and army group Commanders and officers of infiltrate into the Red Army to undermine its the high command, who are tried only by the Mili­ strength or to destroy its equipment, any crime of tary Collegium of the Supreme Court. this nature, because it endangers the military se· All sentences are imposed in the name of the curity of the country, is tried under military crimi­ U. S. S. R. All Military Tribunals inflicting capital nallaw, regardless of whether the offender has mili­ punishment must notify the Military Collegium by tary status. In such cases, arrest may be made by telegraph within 24 hours after sentence is passed. officers of the state security forces or local police If no reply is received within the succeeding 72 (NKVD, etc.). On the other hand, military per­ hours, the execution is carried out immediately. sonnel who commit crimes not covered by military There is a Military Procurator for every Military criminal law are tried by civil or regular criminal Tribunal, appointed by the Chief Procurator of the courts. U. S. S. R. with the advice and consent of tP.e Com­ h. The military court system. Violations of missariat of Defense or Navy. The Chief Military military criminal law are prosecuted by military Procurator is the senior Assistant Chief Procurator Procurators and tried in Military Tribunals through­ of the U. S. S. R. Procurators are charged with: out the U. S. S. R. and at army group, army, mobile Supervision of the legality of the acts of all corps, and division headquarters. Centralized con­ personnel and agencies of the military trol over the system of Military Tribunals is exer­ forces. cised by the Main Administration of Military Prosecution of cases. Tribunals and by the Military Collegium of the Review of cases by Tribunals at lower Supreme Court. echelons. The Military Collegium is composed of a chair­ Supervision over investigations. man, a vice-chairman, and four members, all of Assurance of legality of arrests. whom are appointed by the President of the Presi­ Assurance of the execution of sentences. dium of the Supreme Soviet. The chairman is a member of the plenary session of the Supreme c. Disciplinary regulations and enforce­ Court. ment. Disciplinary penalties are imposed for of· The Military Collegium is charged with: fenses by military personnel on duty, or for the violation of an order common to all in the military Supervision and control over all Military service, including reserves, provided the offenses do Tribunals. not warrant reference to a Military Tribunal. The Appointment and dismissal, with advice and disciplinary regulations are applied only if "no in­ consent of the Commissars of Defense and Navy, of all members of Tribunals. tentional violation of directives and no consciously Organization of new and abolition of old hostile intention against the Soviet state" are Tribunals upon request of the Commissars involved. of Defense and Navy. Disciplinary penalties are regarded as measures Review of all military cases. of education, and it is forbidden to complain about

n-35 .'" TM 30-430 RESTEP 15 May 46 their severity. Military personnel may, however, are bestowed on military personnel who conduct submit through official channels formal complaints themselves conscientiously and assiduously in dis­ regarding illegal or unjust actions and orders of charging their official obligations, who display care their commanders or any point of dissatisfaction. in the preservation of military equipment and prop­ A disciplinary penalty is a punishment applied to erty, and who show special success in political and military personnel by an immediate or higher com­ combat preparation. Rewards and encouragements mander, to whom they are permanently or temporar­ have been established as follows: ily subordinated. Punishments are scaled in sever­ Expressions of gratitude, personally or be­ ity and may be imposed only in accordance with the fore the ranks. rank and position of the offender and the com­ Expressions of gratitude in Red Army orders mander concerned (fig. 10). of the day. d. Comrades' Courts and Officers' Courts of Granting of extra off-duty time. Honor. Cases in which Red Army personnel have The bestowing of valuable gifts. "disgraced the honorable name of 'soldier' by un­ Payment of monetary compensation. worthy behavior" are handled by Comrades' Withdrawal of disciplinary penalties (ef- Courts and by Officers' Courts of Honor. All units, fected only by the commander who formations, and higher headquarters organize such imposed the penalty). courts, independent of higher jurisdiction. The Beyond these awards, there are the multifarious courts are designed to further the esprit de corps of military decorations and awards established by the units and to prosecute minor offenses. Neither type Supreme Soviet. Encouragements and rewards, like of court may invade the disciplinary jurisdiction of disciplinary penalties, may be granted in accordance the commander or the criminal jurisdiction of the with the rank of the individual bestowing them. Military Tribunal. f. Absence without leave and desertion. The jurisdiction of Comrades' Courts extends to Absence without leave and desertion are worthy of such offenses as drunkenness, disorderly conduct, ( note, not only because they are among the most insults to fellow soldiers, unbecoming behavior in numerous of the serious offenses of Red Army per­ public, and petty thefts among enlisted men. Sen­ sonnel, but also because the history of their punish­ tences are determined in public sessions and are ment illustrates the distinction between military crim­ executed in public. Most penalties do not exceed inal law and disciplinary regulations. reprimands or lectures to the offender before as­ Willful and punishable absence without leave con­ sembled personnel. Penalties may include, how­ sists of the unauthorized departure of: ever, recommendations to the commander for demotions in rank or assignment. Enlisted men, from their unit or its imme­ The Officers' Courts of Honor are similarly de­ diate area. signed, but uphold a quite different and higher Noncommissioned officers on voluntary ex­ standard of conduct (a significant indication of the tended duty, from the locality in which still increasing social gap between enlisted and com­ their unit or institution is stationed. missioned ranks and of the steady development of Officers, from the locality in which their unit, an officer corps). In addition to the types of institution, or office is stationed. offenses covered by the Comrades' Courts, the Offi­ Officers and enlisted men of the reserve, from their Rayon or Oblast without registering cers' Courts may disapprove an officer's choice of ( wife, his cleanliness, his table manners, and other immediately with the Rayon or Oblast Mili­ social matters of similar significance. Sentences tary Commissar of the area to which they are determined and imposed as in the Comrades' move. Courts. Failure to report to the designated place in time e. Encouragements and rewards. Encour­ of mobilization or for induction as a conscript and agements and rewards are as much a part of the dis­ failure to perform service, through fraudulent allega­ ciplinary system of the Red Army as are dis­ tions as to health, etc., also are punishable under ciplinary penalties. Encouragements and rewards provisions for absence without leave.

11-36 """"~ Assistant Regimental Type of Squad Platoon Company Battalion Division (or Brigade) ICC d I Army (or Military Com­ Platoon First Commander (or Ind Bn) Commander orpll omman er District) Commander ~ Punishment Com­ Commander Commander Commander Commander mander mander ~ ..

" " " " " " " "I" " " " " " " " "I" " " " " " " " "I" " " " " " ""I All subordinates ... ··1 All subordinates. ··1 All subordinates ~ :e~ri:!;'d: : : : : I' Aii 's~h~r~ '1' P~t~ '~~ly' Pvts and con­ Pvts and con- All subordinates ... All subordinates ... All subordinates. All subordinates ..... All subordinates ... Alleubordinates dinates script NCOs script NCOs (except let

Reprimand in All subor- 1 Pvts ..... 1 Pvts ...... Pv~!~)...... 1 Pvts ...... 1 Pvts ...... 1 Pvts ...... 1 Pvts ...... I •••••••••••••••••• ranks dinates Publish repri­ Pvts, Conscript Pvts, Conscript All subordinates ... All subordinates mand NCOs,& offi­ NCOs & officers cers Delay discharge. 1 wk for 2 wks for 3 wks for Pvts, 1 4 wks for Pvts, 6 wks for Pvts, 4 6 wks for Pvts, 4 Pvts Pvts wk for Con­ 2 wks for Con­ wks for Con­ wks for Con­ script NCOs script NCOs script NCOs script NCOs Extra fatigue 1 for Pvts. I 2 for Pvts 4 for Pvts, 2 for 6 for Pvts, 4 for 8 for Pvts, 4 for duty Conscript Conscript Conscript NCOs NCOa NCOs Arrest ...... 3 da for Pvts ... 5 da for Pvts ... 10 da for Pvts, 5 15 da for Pvts, 10 20 da for Pvts 20 da for Pvts & da for Conscript da for Conscript & Conscript Conscript NCOs, NCOs NCOs NCOs 15 da & 25% of pay for time of ar­ rest or 10 da & I ::a 50% of pay for ',; .:;! Regular NCOs ";'1 Report to Com­ Pvts and con-I Pvts and Con- Pvts and Con­ Pvts and Conscript ~ rades' Court script NCOs script NCOa script NCOs NCOs 15 da for all EM, 10 15 da for officers ~. Forbid leave .... 3 da for all EM ... ' 5 da for all EM, 3 10 da for all 15 da for officers UP,b,iti da for Plat EM,S da for da for officers up up thru Asst thru Regtl Comdrlt , Comdrs Co officers thru Bn Comdrs Regtl Comdrs Reduce in rank .. Conscript NCOs Conscript NCOs, 1 '~ grade for Regular NCOs Co officers ,:,:," Transfer to re­ Regular NCOs ...... serves 15 d. up fu," ... Confine to quar­ 3 da for all EM ... 1 5 da up thru Plat 8 da up thru Co 10 da for Co officers, 15 da for Co offi­ A~: da up thru Asst cers, 10 da up Regtl Comdrs "m""" ten Comdrs officers 5 Regtl Comdrs thru Asst Regtl ;"~ Comdrs Relieve from Co officers in Up thru Bn Comdrs Up thru Regtl Up thru Bn Comdrs';~:'~ E; emergency in emergency Comdrl' in emer­ normally, up thru "~ command gency Div Comdrs in emergency Report to Offi­ Up thru Bn Up thru Asst Regtl Up thru Asst Up thru Regti cers' Court of Comdrs Comdrs Regtl Comdrs Comdrs Honor Fine ...... Co officers fogies for Up thru Asst Up thru Asst Regtl 3 mos. Regtl Comdn Comdrs fogies for 6 fogies for 3 mos. mos.; up thru Regtl Comdrs; fogies for 3 mos.

Delay promo- I ••••••••••• I •••••••••• I •••••••••••••••• I •••••••••••••••• I •••••••••••••••••• I •••••••••••••••••• I •••••••••••••••• I •••••••••••••••••••• Up thru Regtl tion Comdrs for 1 yr.

Figure 10. Persons entitled to impose disciplinary penalties. ~ ~ ~ ..:t~ Q TM 30-430 ~n.l\ 15 May 46 Absence without leave is interpreted a8-ll't~a~h~~~~ -J5yM1litary Tribunals, as an offense against military disciplinary regulations or as desertion subject to criminal law. military criminal law on the basis of duration of Absence without leave and desertion are regarded absence, evidence of willful desertion of duty, and as deliberate offenses and violations of regulations or the existence of a state of war or emergency. Nor­ law, regardless of the intent of the offender. Inten­ tion to desert, though forestalled by arrest, is punish­ mally, unwarranted absence of an enlisted man for able as is desertion. Railroad tickets and similar more than 24 hours, or of an officer or noncommis­ indications are accepted as evidence of intent. sioned officer on voluntary extended duty for more Absence of enlisted men without leave is punished than 6 days, is termed desertion. almost as severely in wartime as is desertion in time Punishments for absence without leave vary with of peace in that it is always regarded as a violation the length of absence and with the degree of guilt of of law. In the zone of combat, during war, any the offender. They are imposed by commanders as absence without leave, of whatever duration, is re­ disciplinary measures. Desertion always is punished garded as desertion.

Punislunent Grade Offense In peace In war

Enlisted men .. Absence without leave as a Consignment to Comrades' disciplinary offense. Court or punishment under disciplinary re~lations. Absence without leave as a Consignment to enal Battalion, Imprisonment, 3 to 7 years. military criminal offense. 6 to 24 months. Desertion ...... Imprisonment, 5 to 10 years .... Death and confiscation of property. Officers ...... Absence without leave as a 2 or more years' imprisonment, Death and confiscation of military criminal offense. with or without confiscation property. of property. ( Desertion ...... 2 or more years' imprisonment Death and confiscation of with confiscation of property. * property.

*This provision was retained from an earlier code. Because it provides a milder punishment for desertion of officers than for enlisted men, courts are instructed to consider the offense in the light of other legal emphasis on the responsibility of officers. Figure 11. Punishments for absence and desertion_

Section II. SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM particularly in their relationship to military Com­ manders, the political machine always has been 1. POLITICAL SUPERVISION IN RED ARMY and still is an integral part of the Red Army and a. General. The functions of the political ad­ an important force within it. In October 1942, ministrations, branches, sections, and offices of the the military Commanders were freed of direct Red Army are as follows: political control, but the actual influence of the Supervising of Communist Party and Kom· Communist Party in the Red Army is still great, somal members in the Red Army. as it is in every phase of the Soviet system. The bolstering of morale of all Red Army Party membership carries extra responsibilities troops. in the demonstration of qualities of leadership, self­ Indoctrination of Red Army personnel. sacrifice, and heroism. From the point of view Political surveillance of commanders and of officers, Party membership often eases the path staffs. to promotion and decorations. However, member­ Propaganda against the enemy. ship is not easily obtained and proof of genuine All of these functions or objectives are included enthusiasm for the Communist ideology, reliability, in the term, "political work." and conscientiousness are required from candidates. Although the position of Party representatives Candidates must pass through a probationary within the Army has undergone numerous changes, period. Recruiting has been maintained at a high

11-38 )i

15 May 46 RfSJftfGJED TM 30-430 level. Since December 1941, entry to the Party units. Much of this material is read aloud and has been made easier for members of the Red discussed at meetings. Army who have distinguished themselves in battle. Libraries are found at company level, although Their three sponsors now need not have known they often are lost during marches. Divisions and them for an entire year as was required previously. higher formations publish a variety of pamphlets Also, the probationary period is only 3 months, and posters. Division pamphlets containing both instead of a year. military instruction and general material, are de­ Party members are expected to be exemplary sol­ signed to foster patriotism and to explain the prin­ diers. Whenever a military operation is planned, ciples the Red Army defends. the political agency of each echelon involved is re­ e. Motion pictures. Each -division has a mo­ sponsible that Party members are placed in respon­ bile motion picture unit, which is said to exert a sible positions and that they know exactly what is powerful influence. In conformity with the general expected of them. The instruction of Party mem­ trend of Soviet internal propaganda, the films shown bers often bikes the form of meetings, where lectures largely are of a historical-patriotic character, such and discussions are used to coordinate their work. as the films Alexander Nevski, The Rainbow, At higher levels, senior Party officials and agitators Kutuzov, etc. The Red Army also produces films. attend conferences in Moscow, where they are ad­ Its film studios process the material collected by dressed by Party leaders on tactics and Party policy. Red Army cameramen attached to each army Mobile Party commissions are attached to fronts. group. They carry libraries and offer expert advice on all f. Propaganda against the enemy. Propa­ phases of political work. ganda against the enemy is conducted by means of h. Propaganda and agitation. Propaganda leaflets and loudspeakers in all the languages used addressed to officers and Communist Party mem­ by troops fighting against the U. S. S. R. Advice bers largely is concerned with Communist theory. to desert to the Red Army is the principal theme _Other ranks, who are not Party members, are in­ of the propaganda. On 11 June 1943, for example, structed chiefly on the practical problems of the the Red Army high command issued an order offer­ U. S. S. R. When training in the rear, units nor­ ing extra rations, accommodations in special camps mally receive 2 hours of daily political instruction, in good climate, preferential treatment in the choice by companies. Enemy atrocities and heroic deeds of an occupation, priority in forwarding of letters of Soviet personnel are frequent subjects. to Germany, and an early return to Germany or c. Leisure and cultural activities. Each divi­ another selected country after the end of the war as sion and higher formation has a club, which in­ special inducements to deserters. Another recur­ cludes a mobile motion picture unit and a cultural rent theme is the strength of the U. S. S. R. and group. The cultural group arranges dances, con­ her allies, the superiority of Red Army leadership and equipment over that of the enemy, the weak­ certs, and other forms of entertainment. Regiments nesses of enemy strategy, enemy atrocities, and the have officers' clubs, where concerts and amateur strength and aims of U. S. S. R. political groups. theatricals are presented. A number of clubs for - German troops were supplied plentifully during Red Army personnel are run by the Main Political W orld War II with information and propaganda Administration and by the Central Theater of the concerning the League of German Officers and the Red Army in Moscow. ( Free Germany Committee organized under Soviet d. Literature. Each battalion daily receives supervision. more than 100 papers for distribution, including g. Organization. Headquarters, at all levels Pravda, Izvestia, Krasnaya Zveda (Red Star), and down to division, include political offices as an in­ the paper published by the army group or army. tegral part of the administrative machinery. Com­ In addition, each division publishes a paper several manders of tank and mechanized corps and rifle times a week. Regiments and battalions publish divisions, as well as regiments, battalions, and other weekly wall-newspapers. Radio news bulletins and equivalent units, have assistants for political affairs. orders of the day are duplicated and distributed to The subordination of political offices is similar to

11-39 )"

TM 30-430 that of other sections of llie he.dBtS lIImtld olli" 00'-. It woo ,"n::~:': the Political Division at an army headquarters re­ Central House of the Red Army in Moscow. ceives instructions concerning policy and technical ARMY GROUP POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION. Each guidance from the Political Administration at army army group has a Political Administration, which group headquarters, although it is under the orders is part of front headquarters and is organized into of the army commander and technically responsible branches similarly to the Administrations of the to him. Main Political Administration. The Chief of the One of the most important activities of the politi­ Political Administration, always a general officer cal system is its operation asa reporting channel. of long party standing, is a deputy to the army group Complete and confidential information is collected Commander for political matters. He also is a mem­ concerning the political and ideological records of ber of the Military Council. The deputy of the Party members, in particular, and of all command Chief of the Political Administration is the Chief of and staff personnel insofar as their actions can be the Propaganda and Agitation Branch. given political interpretation. The function of the Political Administration is to MAIN POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION. The Main issue general directives and to supervise all political Political Administration of the Commissariat of work within the army group. This includes psycho­ Defense is both an offshoot of the Central Committee logical warfare and political work among Partisans of the Communist Party and an agency within the and the civil population in enemy-occupied areas. Peoples' Commissariat of Defense. It is headed by The Political Administration publishes pamphlets a senior member of the Central Committee of the for the use of propagandists and agitators and of the Communist Party. The following is an approxi­ individual newspaper of the army group. mate list of the subdivisions of the Main Political Periodic reports are submitted by the Political Administration: Administration of each army group to the Main Po­ Organization and Training Administration. litical Administration of the Red Army. ( Political Propaganda Administration, with The Political Administration has a pool of instruc­ branches for: tors for the training and guidance of unit and forma­ Propaganda and agitation in the Red . tion political workers. There are believed to be: Army. Instructors for organization, whose primary Morale in the Red Army. duty is to advise political workers concern­ Psychological warfare. ing their spheres of responsibility in re­ Propaganda for Partisans and occupied lation to the unit or formation commander. territories. Instructors for agitlttors, who instruct junior Motion pictures. agitators and Komsomol agitators in their Press (with printing facilities) . duties and hold meetings and demonstra­ Supply of cultural and education mate- tions to raise morale and to instill "hatred rial. of the enemy." Information Administration. 'Propaganda instructors, who instruct Party Inspecting and reporting service (probable). members, Komsomols and non-Party of­ Komsomol Administration. ficers in the art of distributing propaganda Party Administration, with branches for: to troops. ( Personnel and recruiting. Instructors for information, who probably Records. are inspectors of the reporting system. Finance. There also is a Party Commission for the army The Main Political Administration operates the group, which supervises the work of all the Party Lenin Political War Academy for the training of organizations within the front, administers repri­ senior political staff officers; operates a number of mands when necessary, and is generally responsible military-political schools, such as the Engels Mili­ for Party discipline. Its members visit, in an ad­ tary-Political School; and operates various exten- visory capacity, the formations of the army group.

11-40 r"i1r,'(~ t.:'.".:x >'i~"~.Ft'f.·.·. "... 1 tL, ' /1l' t-'~ ?-. 15 May 46 i1tt~~ Jlhl~¢J TM 30-430 The Party Commission is elected by the Party Con­ sistant in charge of administration, Chief of the ference of the army group, delegates to which are divisional Party organization, Chief of the division Party members from formations of the army group_ Komsomol organization, officer in charge of party The Chief of Staff of the army group has a political records and accounts, Chief of Propaganda and deputy whose duty it is to mingle with and engage Agitation, and a Chief of Psychological Warfare. in political work among staff officers. They give At least two clerks, as well as division motion lectures and provide general background on opera­ picture operators, also are provided. tions in other sectors of the front and on current The Political Section of a regiment consists of a events. Deputy Commander for Political Affairs (a captain During World War II, the Communist Party sys­ or a major), a representative of the Communist tematically sent its best propagandists to army Party, a representative of Komsomols, and a regi­ groups. Among the Communists who voluntarily mental agitator. The regimental Party organiza­ entered this work were college instructors, profes­ tion is divided into approximately 16 cells (primary sors, and scientists. They became staff lecturers, Party organizations) . attached to the Political Division of an army. The Deputy ~ Commander for Political Affairs of With one army group for the . first 6 months of a battalion, a captain, commands the battalion 1945, the reports and lectures included, 152 on Party and Komsomol organizers, who are full-time orders and speeches of Stalin, 150 on current events, workers and are exempt from military duties. 50 on the history of the Communist Party, 16 on There is no full-time agitator in the battalion. The philosophy, 27 on the experiences of the war, 10 on battalion Party organizer is assisted by a bureau problems of military education, 4 on military his­ of five men, which meets weekly. It is responsible tory, 14 on the "heroic work on the home front", and that every Communist in the battalion is an effective 10 on bordering countries. agitator and upholds the required military standard. During this same period, lecturers of the Political The company has no Deputy Commander for Department of one army gave 98 lectures explaining Political Affairs and no full-time political officers. Stalin's writings, 121 on the history of the Com­ The company Commander, though he need not be a munist Party, 37 on philosophy, 144 on current member of the Communist Party, is required to give events, and 76 on the work of the home front. a certain amount of instruction aBd to supervise ARMY POLITICAL DIVISION. All the features of morale. In these matters, he is supervised by the the Political Administration of an army group are battalion Deputy Commander for Political Affairs. incorporated, on a smaller scale, in the Political Company Party meetings are held frequently. The Division of an army. The Chief of the army Politi­ Party leader of the company may hold any rank, cal Division normally is a major general, who is and is most frequently a senior lloncommissioned required to have a minimum of 5 years of Party officer. He is required to fulfill normal military membership. duties in addition to his political work. A Komso­ LOWER ECHELONS. The limited and purely op­ mol organizer also is appointed in each company. erational nature of the rifle corps headquarters, as illustrated by the skeleton strength and function 2. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE SYSTEM of the corps Political Branch, scarcely is adequate The Counterintelligence System of the Red Army for more than political work among headquarters was a branch of the Commissariat of Internal Affairs personnel. Political Branches at mobile corps (NKVD) until 1943, when the NKVD personnel in headquarters are somewhat stronger and are similar the ranks of the Red Army were transferred from to the Political Section at division level. the jurisdiction of the NKVD to that of the Main The Deputy Commander for Political Affairs, Administration of Counterintelligence of the who commands the Political Section of a division, Commissariat of Defense. The administrations, has the same rank as the Deputy Commander for branches, sections, and agents of the counterintelli­ Operations, usually that of a lieutenant colonel. He gence system at all echelons down to company level must be a Party member of at least 3 years standing. are responsible exclusively for the security and loy­ The Political Section of a division consists of an as- alty to the nation of all Red Army personnel and for RESTMmD ll-41 TM 30-430 -CONFtlPVALj 15 May 46 the discovery of enemy elements which' !wlvj} wil) --sonnel -Jdministration. The screening process is trated into the ranks or the area for which each emphasized, particularly, in reoccupied areas of the headquarters is responsible. U. S. S. R., where enemy agents are certain to report The NKVD has not been excluded completely from for conscription to the Field Rayon Military Com· Red Army affairs, however. It is responsible for missar appointed by the army group. screening persons due for conscription, but consid· In the combat zone, the Red Army's own counter· ered prejudicial to Army security because of their intelligence services collaborate closely with the records with the local police (NKVD). It also is counterintelligence agents of the Commissariat of responsible for supplying full information about all State Security (NKGB) in the apprehension of inducted persons to the various agencies of per· enemy agents outside the ranks of the Red Army.

PART V. TRAINING Section I. OBJECTIVES AND Although very elaborate tests exist for qualifica­ METHODS tions for the various levels of officer and noncom­ missioned officer training, the demand for command I. OBJECTIVES personnel exceeds the supply to such an extent that The objectives of military training in the U. S. S. R. -the required qualifications practically are meaning­ are to produce highly qualified permanent cadres less. All graduates of universities, and nearly all and a large reserve for use in event of war. The graduates of high schools and technical schools are professional cadre of officers and enlisted men is given officer training. procured by a system of selection from a broad Thus, in order to have sufficiently trained per­ base, competitive examination at each level of train­ sonnel to meet the requirements of modern warfare, ing, and intensive programs for the improvement of the Red Army has to maintain an extensive educa­ the military and general educational level of all tional program. Schools are established in every personnel. Thorough political indoctrination of all independent command and in every military district. ( candidates for command positions in the Red Army, Correspondence and night courses are offered to all and constant political supervision over their activi· officers. ties are deemed essential. Although the entrance requirements to schools for Steady growth of a large body of reserve officers officers are of necessity low, admission to the higher and enlisted men is assured by the universal mili­ branch schools and academies is progressively more tary service law and by the automatic transfer to difficult to obtain.. Candidates for these institu· reserve status of all company grade officers who are tions must improve their military and general edu­ not promoted to' field grade by their fortieth birth­ cation to a higher degree by taking advantage of day. Political indoctrination and surveillance of re­ the educational opportunities offered by the Red serves is conducted during their period of active Army. The fact that higher education in the duty and after their transfer to reserve status. U. S. S. R. is difficult to obtain creates keen competi­ 2. BASIC PROBLEMS tion for assignments to the higher military schools. Thus, the average educational level of the Red Army The low educational average of U. S. S. R. popula­ is low, but that of the field and higher grade officers tion presents the most serious military training much higher. problem in the Red Army. Analysis of 2,300 Red World War II forced the Red Army to reduce Army pay books shows that the average is 4 years ( considerably the length of training periods and time of school for privates, 7 years for noncommissioned officers, and 7 to 10 years for officers. This handi· allotted to courses in army schools and academies. cap is mitigated somewhat by the State Labor Re­ This did not, however, imply any ~erious lowering serve. Boys between 14 and 17 years of age are of the quality of instruction. The acceleration was trained by the state for skilled trades. This pro­ achieved by greater condensation of courses, rather vides a pool of 85,000 technicians annually which than by omission of important phases or subjects, may be drawn upon by the Red Army. particularly for the training of officers. The over-all

11-42 CONFIDENTIAL RESTRICTED 15 May 46 R£S¥.fD TM 30-430 improvement in the educational level of command group, is repeated until the required technique is personnel, which already was appreciable in the mastered. The maneuver is repeated under varied years before World War II, made it possible to conditions. Basic and refresher training often is eliminate a considerable amount of the general educa­ conducted on the front line during inactive periods. tional instruction which had previously been found A critique at the end of each training period is necessary. Another ameliorating circumstance was required. The critique, generally conducted by the a direct result of World War II itself. Battle experi­ officer in command of the exercise, assisted by the ence soon indicated which elements of instruction participants, covers the mission of the exercise, required greater emphasis and which could be lessons learned, and the degree of proficiency eliminated safely. attained. h. Individual training. The teaching tech­ 3. TRAINING METHODS niques by which the Red Army trains the individual a. Characteristics. The Red Army training soldier are the same as those used by teachers every­ methods are characterized by thorough planning, where.' Methods used include explanation, demon­ realism, repetition, and constructive critiques at the stration, imitation, repetition, and examination. end of each training period and each engagement. Sometimes the best, and at other times the slowest, Thorough planning and preparation of training student is used as an example. The monitor system material is practiced at all levels from the Commis­ is also in extensive use. sariat of Defense down to the individual training In group instruction of the individual, and in group. Examples of long-range training policies are small unit training, the over-all problem, as well as the schedules for civilian and pre-conscriptive train­ the problem of each individual or of an individual ing; the courses of military schools and academies, group within the unit, is explained to all partici­ which are planned for 2 or more years in advance, pants. The critique of such a training problem even in time of war; and the lists of subjects, pub­ includes the discussion of the detailed as well as lished in advance, which are to be discussed by the the over-all problems. publications of the arms and services. The training Instruction in the use of a weapon includes its programs for fixed installations are prepared in great relation to the firepower of the unit, theoretical dis­ detail, leaving little to the initiative of the individual cussions of its trajectory and capabilities, actual Commanders and instructors. Training in the field firing (preceded by dry runs), maintenance, and and replacement units, however, although governed emergency repair. Officer students of the technical in over-all scope by higher authority, is left largely arms and services are required to learn how to dis­ to the initiative of the Commanders. assemble, repair, and assemble their particular Realism in training is emphasized equally in time pieces of equipment. For this purpose, training of peace and of war. It is achieved by conducting frequently is conducted in factories. from 85 to 90 percent of all tactical training under A feature of Soviet training technique is the at­ field conditions. Training camps are so constructed tachment of students to field training units. Such that they may be moved by the unit training in the students may not be used by the unit commanders area. Such moves often are made during a tactical as part of their complement of personnel. Their problem to simulate the confusion inherent to com­ progress is checked by instructors, who similarly bat. The training in use of weapons, observation, are attached. Officer students from the General control of fire, and staff work also is accomplished Staff Academy and from the higher academies of under field conditions. While the unit's rear in­ the arms and services often are attached for train­ stallations are being set up, convoys move through ing to field units in combat during war, and the area and simulated enemy counterbattery fire is technical officers often are sent directly to factories. used to imitate combat confusion. At the end of such a tour of duty, each student Repetition of a military technique until correct is required to prepare a report. Some of these re­ reaction to a given situation becomes automatic is ports are used as a basis for reorganization of units, another characteristic of Red Army training methods. changes in tactical concepts, or rearrangement of A maneuver, whether by an individual of a small assembly lines and other processes at industrial

r· ~.~ rCQNfOOTJAL 11-43

J TM 30430 RESTRlW·. 15 May 46 plants. Thus, the higher academies are responsible ices. If the formation concerned is sufficiently large, not only for training, but also for military research the same procedure may be repeated at a lower as an essential part of higher military training. echelon so as to include all the staff officers of each c. Unit training. Unit training in the zone of major component of the larger formation. the interior and in the rear area of an army or an After the combined planning and instruction has army group (front) compares closely with that in­ heen completed, the maneuver or exercise is con­ stituted by an army group prior to a major opera­ ducted as planned. tion, but is of suitably smaller scale and of longer The same groups of commanders and staffs join duration. The conduct of unit training generally in critiques immediately after completion of the is the same regardless of the size of the unit. The maneuver. Their findings become the basis for sub­ preparation and execution of a problem or training sequent training plans or are applied directly in t.he maneuver by a formation or unit is organized so next training problem. that every phase, including the preliminary planning, d. Training prior to combat. Whenever pos­ is a training exercise for appropriate personnel at sible, units and formations about to engage the every point in the process. enemy, whether in the line or in rear areas, conduct Unit training problems are supervised and di­ comprehensive battle rehearsals. The scope of the rected by the most competent officers available, usu­ rehearsal and the period allowed for preparation ally including the Commander or Chief of Staff. and execution is determined by the Commander. The planning of a training maneuver is a A whole army group (front) may be ordered to training process in itself. The staff is joined in this conduct extensive training, including intensive phase by the staffs or representatives of the staffs courses for officers in staff work, coordination, of all component units or elements, including officers reconnaissance, and control of combat. Intensive from elements as much as four echelons below that of basic training and training in the use of new the highest staff concerned. The commanders of weapons is conducted by all subordinate organiza­ artillery regiments, for example, join an army group tions. Assault groups rehearse their missions in staff in planning training maneuvers involving the terrain similar to that which is to be found in the entire army group. actual operation. All training and rehearsals are The organization, capabilities, and armament of carried out both in daylight and at night. The each component are reviewed in great detail. The same procedure is executed by organizations down subject matter of such reviews is prescribed in ad­ to combat patrols. Formations and units which vance and is as exhaustive as time permits. In this already are in action conduct such training in shifts. process, commanders are thoroughly familiarized On quiet sectors, some formations allot as much as with the capabilities of other arms and components 40 hours for training during a 2 weeks' period. as well as their own. e. Training aids. The training aids used by The group then studies the latest directives from the Red Army consist of those normally employed higher echelons concerning the employment of arms, in conjunction with military training. They in­ equipment, and elements, and the latest tactical doc­ clude sand tables, training films, obstacle courses, trine. It then turns to the intelligence branch or prepared assault houses, maps, charts, and training section of the headquarters staff for a complete sur­ periodicals. Although the quantity of training aids vey of the organization, equipment, and capabilities at lower echelons is insufficient, it is believed to be of the real or hypothetical enemy force. The latest adequate in officer and technical training schools. trends in enemy tactical practice are discussed. The Soviet training films are realistic and well­ operations section or branch of the staff then reviews planned. Training films follow general instruc­ the basic training principles for all arms and ranks, tional practice by presenting the over-all problem as appropriate. This phase is followed, finally, by before describing the particular subject or phase a careful detailed presentation of the particular of training. maneuver. Detailed missions are defined for each The official journals of the General Staff, of the operating component of the force, with particular Inspector of Infantry, and of the arms and services, emphasis on the coordination of the~arms and serv- and the official newspaper of the Red Army, "Red

11-44 15 May 46 TM 30-430

Star," all are used to raise the level of general and academies and officer schools of the arms. There military education and to improve the training are also a number of officer candidate schools not programs of the Red Army. specialized as to arm, extension courses for officers The "Journal of Military Thought," official jour­ of the arms and for command personnel whose nal of the General Staff, is intended for use by other training requires exhaustive knowledge of all arms military publications and commanders of forma­ and services, and a military-political academy and tions. Its mission is to raise the military education military-political schools. Special courses for the of these officers, to present current military thought periodic training sessions of reserve officers are pre­ and ideology, and to publish interesting military scribed, but are given in units rather than in sepa­ developments of foreign countries. It is published rate institutions. once a month, with a circulation of 15,000 copies. This circulation is too small to permit the distribu­ Section II. PRE·CONSCRIPTION tionof this journal to any but the highest staffs of TRAINING the Red Army. 1. GENERAL The "Military Bulletin," official journal of the The expansion of the military training program for I~spector of Infantry, is intended for the use of school-age youth represents an important develop­ commanders of formations. Its mission is to dis­ ment in the program of extending military prepara­ cuss combat lessons learned during war, and to tion to increasingly larger segments of the Soviet publish news of military developments in foreign population. countries. It is published twice a month, with a Military training for pupils in the last 3 years of circulation of 50,000 copies. secondary school was introduced first in 1929-30, "Red Star" is published daily, except on Sun­ but on a limited scale and chiefly as an experiment_ days, by the Commissariat of Defense. It has a wide The -1939 military service law, however, provided circulation, and is intended for use by all military for the military education of students in all ele­ personnel. "Red Star" contains articles of general mentary and secondary schools and their·· equiva­ interest, political indoctrination, combat lessons, lents, beginning with the fifth year of school and accounts of exploits of Soviet arms, and current occupying 2 hours of school time per week. A de­ events. Promotions and decorations of Red Army tailed program of study was established_ Instruc­ personnel and official communiques and orders of tors were provided from the ranks of the subordinate the day are released through "Red Star." and junior officers of the reserves. During World The journals of the technical arms and services War II, the Commissariat of Defense ordered this are intended primarily for the use of the com­ training extended to the first grade of elementary manders and staffs of the corresponding formations school and intensified at other levels_ and units. Their content, scope, and missions are Three distinct phases of pre-army training in­ the same as those of the "Military Bulletin," but are clude military-physical for the first 4 years of ele­ limited to the special field concerned. mentary school, elementary military training for the fifth through the seventh years, and pre-con­ 4. TRAINING INSTITUTIONS scription training proper for the last 3 years of Institutions of military study and training exist in secondary schools and tekhnikums (vocational large numbers, but they engage only in instruction training schools). Each stage of the training is of officers and officer candidates. Enlisted men planned and supervised carefully. Since August train with units only. The pre-conscription train- 1945 the military phase has started only with the ing system supplies sufficient training for both' in- seventh year. In the first through the sixth year, fantrymen and technical personnel to eliminate the the program has become one of physical training need for special institutions for basic or technical anc1 indoctrination. training of enlisted personnel. The time allotted for the military preparation of Chief among the academic institutions operated the pupils at the various levels of elementary and exclusively by the Red Army are the Voroshilov secondary education during W orId War II is shown (General Staff) and the Frunze Academies and the in Figure 12. RESlfU@JED n-45 TM 30-430 RESIRICIWrw 15 May 46 . group action, and a spirit of comradeship, and to Age at he. Number of hours CIa.. ginning of teach military drill. In the first and second grades, school year Weekly Yearly 1 hour per week is allotted for this training. In the third and fourth years, 2 hours per week are allotted. I...... 7 1 33 The discussions and readings on the Red Army II...... 8 1 33 III...... 9 2 66 for the first four grades cover the following IV...... 10 2 66 V...... 11 3 99 subjects: VI...... 12 3 99 VII...... 13 3 99 How the Red Army was born-Lenin and VIII...... 14 4 252 Stalin as the founders and organizers of the '( IX...... 15 4 *252 X...... 16 5 165 Red Army. Stalin as Soviet Leader and Chief. 1,164 Leaders and heroes in the Civil War.

*Includes 120 hours of instruction in summer camps. Heroes of World War II. Figure 12. Time allotted military preparation in Soviet Young patriots in World War II. schools. Soviet Partisans in World War II. Guards of the Red Army. As the student advances through the program, he undergoes inereasingly complex training. The type 3. ELEMENTARY MILITARY TRAINING of instruction in the final grade approaches that The program for students in secondary schools is given in regular army camps. The program aims similar to that of the military-physical preparation to train the student so that at completion of his program, with the addition of individual and unit secondary school education he is able to function training. The 3 hours per week allotted to military as an individual soldier or, as a member of a squad instruction are distributed as in Figure 14. or platoon, undertake further specialized training, or enter a school for noncommissioned officers. Girls 4. PRE-CONSCRIPTION TRAINING ( are trained as sanitation workers, medical assistants, Pre-conscription training in the eighth through and as radio, telegraph, and telephone operators in a tenth years of secondary school includes more ad­ special program which begins in the fifth year of vanced individual and unit training. In the eighth school. In the first four classes, girls receive the and ninth grades, 4 hours per week are devoted to same training as boys. this training; in the tenth year, the time is increased 2. MILITARY-PHYSICAL PREPARATION to 5 hours. The training is of five basic types as The mission of the first stage in pre-conscription follows: training is to instill a spirit ofdevofion to the mother­ In-ranks training: Individual training in land and the Soviet regime; to develop students ranks with mock arms, manual of arms, physically; to inculcate courage,perseverance, formations and drill, military gymnastics

. Hours of Training Per Sehool Year

Subject FIl'8t Second Third Fourth grade grade grade grade Total (

Tr=~ .i~. ~~~ . ~~o.~~~~~~: . ~~~s.t~~~ .~~~ . ~~i~~7. ~~~~: . 30 30 60 60 180 Use of gas masks .....•...... ; ...... 1 1 1 1 4 Discussions and readings on the Red Army ...... 2 2 5 5 14 1------1------1------1------1------1 Total ...... •...... 33 33 66 66 198

Figure 13. Time allQtted military instruction in the first four grades. n-46 .'

15 May 46 TM 30-430 attack, in defense, in reconnaissance, and Hours of Training Per School Year on patrol; topography; orientation, use of Subject entrenching tool; entrenchment; construc­ Fifth Sixth Seventh Totals grade grade grade tion of trenches; camouflage; and orienta­ ------tion on basic type of troop types by means Training in ranks (drill in of tours to military schools, airdromes, and ranks without arms; drill with mock arms; gymnas- army units. tics andmilitarr. games; Chemical training: Chemical agents; individ­ preparation for c ose com- hat; skiing) ...... 52 52 48 152 ual chemical defense; gas mask drill. Marksmanship ...... 19 19 34 62 Marching: Marches of from 5 to 12 miles. Tactical training (soldier as scout, lookout, messenger; In addition to study during the school terms, reconnaissance patrols; sol- dier in the attack and on youths in the eight and nine grades and the equiva­ the defense; action against lent first and second year in tekhnikums must spend tanks) ...... 15 16 16 47 Chemical defense ...... 3 2 1 6 2 weeks in SUDImer camps. Here, they undergo a Acquaintance with the types special program of training in formations, topog­ of troops ...... 5 5 5 15 Red Army and Russian mili- raphy, and tactics under field conditi(ms. They fire tary past history ...... 5 5 5 15 ------standard rifles and perform practical work in field Total ...... 99 99 99 297 fortifications. The 669 hours of military instruction given to Figure 14. Time allotted military instruction in the 5th, pupils during the eighth, ninth, and tenth grades 6th, and 7th grades. are distributed as shown in Figure 15.

5. MILITARY TRAINING FOR GIRLS and sports, grenade throwing, crawling, creeping, and jumping; obstacle courses; The training program for girls in the first four hand-to-hand combat; bicycling, motor­ grades is the same as for boys. From the fifth cycling, and jumping from parachute through the seventh grades, sanitation and hygiene towers. are added to unit training and the firing of small­ Weapons training: Automatic rifle, pistol, caliber rifles. The curriculum for girls in the last anti-tank grenades, machine guns, mortars, 3 years of secondary schools and tekhnikums in­ dry run and firing of rifles, and sniper cludes the training of sanitation workers; the technique. elementary training of radio, telegraph, and tele­ Tactical training: Squad and platoon in the phone operators; small unit drill; gymnastics; and

Hours of Training

Eighth Grade or Ninth Grade or Subject I Telthnikum II Tekhnikum Tenth Grade Totals or III (for 3 Tekhnikum years) Sehool Summer School Summer term camp term camp

T~?tical training ...... 35 61 35 64 46 241 Fmng ...... 25 40 25 37 31 158 In-ranks training ...... 45 15 45 15 60 180 Chemical training ...... 4 4 4 4 5 21 Red Army regulations •...... 3 0 3 0 3 9 A:raintance with other types of troops ...... 5 0 5 0 5 15 R Army and Soviet military history ...... 15 0 15 0 15 45 TotaL ...... 132 120 132 120 165 669

Figure 15. Time allotted military instruction in 8th, 9th, and 10th grades.

n-47 TM 30-430 15 May 46 the firing of small-caliber rifles. To facilitate the 3. FIRST PERIOD OF TRAINING 'I training of girls, coeducation above the fifth grade The first period of unit training consists of: combat was a,bolished. training, political training, physical training, ad­ The military instruction given to girls during ministrative training, sanitation, and veterinary the fifth through the tenth grades is divided as in traini~g. The soldier then takes the oath of allegi­ Figure 16. ance, usually on the Red Army Day, May 1. Since February 1939, the oath has been taken and signed Hours of Training individually, instead of collectively, to increase the Eighth sense of responsibility of the citizen-soldier to his Tenth Subject Fifth and ninth grade Total country. After taking the oath, the soldier is con· to grades and III (for 6 seventh and I, II years) grades Tekh- Tekh- nikum sidered indoctrinated, whereas more reliance is nikuIDS placed on him, and he is given greater responsibili. ------ties as he passes into the second period of training. Marksmanship ...... 48 30 15 93 Formations and gym- nastics ...... •.. 165 104 52 321 4. SECOND PERIOD OF TRAINING Specialist training .... 60 10.0 83 243 Chemical ...... 9 The second period includes, in addition to the above Red Army and Soviet subjects, study and practice in guard duty, tactical military history .... 15 30 15 60 ------training on sand tables, field practice in the prob. Total ...... 297 264 165 726 lems of the individual soldier, and tactical training

Figure 16. TiJme allotted military instruction for girls. of small infantry units. 5. ADVANCED TRAINING Section III. CONSCRIPT TRAINING Advanced training is provided for soldiers in the I. GENERAL technical arms and services. The experienced sol· Conscripts taken into the ranks of the active army dier studies combat training in companies, battal­ ( are assimilated into regular tactical units and given ions, and .regiments. There are tactical exercises, their basic training at regular posts and stations. including combat practice firing, for units and Periodic training at schools and at training centers elements. All enlisted men take examinations in for those on long-term furlough is conducted in sepa­ combat training at the end of the course. Advanced rate training units, with the exception of trial mobil­ training also includes political training, general izations. In the latter case, the conscripts also are education, disciplinary education, and participation trained in regular tactical units. in political activities. In peacetime, basic training is conducted in two periods totaling 1 year, at the end of which the Section IV. NONCOMMISSIONED soldier is considered experienced. A second year OFFICER TRAINING was spent on advanced tactical problems in battal­ ions and regiments. During World War II, the basic I. ORGANIZATION training period was reduced to 3 months. The noncommissioned officer schools are, in gen­ eral, similar to regimental noncommissioned officer 2. PROCESSING OF CONSCRIPTS schools of the U. S. Army. Upon completion of physical examination and in­ The typical infantry noncommissioned officer ( duction, recruits are issued equipment and are segre· school staff includes three senior lieutenants, one gated for 10 days. During this period the soldier lieutenant, and one political officer. The 145 se­ is familiarized with general regulations, studies lected students are organized into three rifle platoons the insignia of military and political officers of the and one machinegun platoon. Three months of Red Army and Navy, receives sanitation instruction, basic training and political reliability are prereq­ is trained in accordance with the schedule of the uisites. day, and in the care of uniforms and equipment. The students generally are selected from among Then he is assigned to duty. volunteers. Because heavy demands are made on n-48 15 May 46 TM 30-430

the trainees, and because noncommissioned officers positions; and evacuation of casualties. Training of are obligated to spend 3 years on active duty as the individual soldier in reconnaissance includes against 2 years for privates, many do not wish to preparation for reconnaissance missions, briefing, enter the school on a voluntary basis. Thus, se­ observation, action of patrols in contact with isolated lected privates frequently are required to attend. enemy elements, methods of locating enemy firing The school is segregated from the rest of the regi­ positions, night patrolling, and the, handling of ment and conditions in it are better than those for prisoners. enlisted men in the rest of the unit. All three of the above phases include instruction in gun and crew drill, sniper techniques, gunnery, 2. INSTRUCTION and grenade throwing. The noncommisioned officer training period before The Signal Communications Noncommissioned World War II was 9 months, divided into three Officer School of each infantry division may be con­ equal periods. At the beginning of the war with sidered typical of noncommissioned schools of the Germany, the instruction was reduced to 3 months. arms. It is operated in conjunction with the divi­ The working day, however, was increased from 3 sion's independent Signal Communications Battalion. hours to between lO and 12 hours; thus, the pro­ Its mission is to train radiomen, telephone person­ gram of instruction remained substantially the nel, aviation signalmen, and noncommissioned of­ same. ficers and specialists. The school is staffed by enlisted men who have Political training. completed a minimum of 6 to 7 years of school. Tactical training. Particular care is exercised in the selection of radio­ Formations. men, a specialty requiring good background and Firing. political reliability. The peacetime training term General education. varies between 3 months and 1 year. Engineering. The training program includes the following ( Red Army regulations. subjects: Signal communications. Chemical defense. Political indoctrination. Aviation familiarization. Red Army regulations. Physical training. Artillery. Drill. Medical. Topography. Accounting. Weapons training. Administration. . Engineering. Tactical infantry training includes detailed in­ Infantry training. struction in individual offense, defense, and recon­ Range firing. naissance. The offensive problems are worked out Chemical warfare training. by the Commander of the Section with every stu­ Sanitary.medical training. dent individually. They include selection of cover; Tactics. planning of routes for successive rushes to covered Special tactical training (technical radio; positions, camouflage, crawling, etc.; mutual fire telegraphy; technical study of radio, tele­ ( support in combat; attacking enemy trenches; phone, telegraph and other apparatus, throwing hand grenades; bayonet training; consoli­ switch. boards, transmitters, and receivers, dating of a position; and reconnaissance byobserva­ wiring diagrams of telephone network, tion of enemy fire. Training in defense consists of etc.; study of documents, logs, etc.; prac­ selection and organization of a firing position; visual tical work). reconnaissance and the preparation of reports; prep­ Establishing communications lines. aration of coordinated mortar fires; preparations for Construction. night harassing fires; preparation for the attack; Aviation signal training. disengagement maneuvers; defense of encircled Signaling.

11-49 •• TM 30-430 · RESTMMtfU 15 May 46 Section V. OFFICER TRAINING tion of learning and prepare for whatever profession they choose. 1. GENERAL The schools, each of-which has an enrolhnent of The education system for officers of the Red Army 500, accept males 10 years of age or older, for a 7- is based largely upon academies, schools, and ex­ year course. As an exception, in 1943, the Suvorov tension or correspondence courses. The Voroshilov, schools enrolled pupils from 8 to 13, inclusive. They or General Staff, Academy is the highest of the are open to orphans of Red Army men and Partisans institutions, followed by the Frunze Academy and or to sons of veterans of the Soviet·German war. the academies and schools of the arms and services. Many of the students themselves participated in The courses offered at these institutions are supple­ Partisan warfare against the enemy. mented by secondary school training in the Cadet The directors of the Suvorov Military Schools are Schools; by unit training, particularly in special major generals. Either lieutenant colonels or majors officers' courses; by training period courses for the command the separate companies which compose reserve; and by extension courses for commanders each school. The students of each of the seven main and specialist officers, given locally or by mail. classes are divided into four companies. Each com­ The officer training system is pyramidal and pany, in turn, consists of educational sections of 25 closely correlated with promotion scales. Initial students each. At the head of each educational opportunities are broad, but further advancement section is an officer-instructor, who accompanies the is highly competitive. Admission to officer candi· same group of students as it advances from one class date schools is open to men from 17 to 22 years of to another until graduation. An experienced ser­ age who have completed 8 years of school and have geant major assists the officer-instructor. passed entrance examinations. The examinations Along with general secondary school subjects, the are waived when higher educational qualifications students of the Suvorov schools study tactics, rifle can be proven. training, the Soviet constitution, Red Army regula­ Commissions are also available to personnel from tions,military history, drill, horsemanship, auto­ ( the ranks and to suitably qualified civilians, espe­ mobiles and motorcycle operation, gymnastics, fenc­ cially those with the technical training demanded ing, swimming, skiing, music, and dancing. To by one of the arms. graduate, each student must speak two foreign lan­ guages, English and either French or German. 2. MILITARY PREPARATORY SCHOOLS Neither smoking nor drinking is countenanced. Pro­ Military training modeled on the pattern of the fanity and abusive speech are banried. Military dis­ Czarist Cadet Corps recently was established in the cipline and courtesy are stressed. U. S. S. R. The reconstruction decree of 22 August During the summer months, the four senior 1943 created a Section for Suvorov Military Schools classes are sent to outdoor camps for practical ap­ in the Main Administration of Military Educational plication of the military knowledge gained during Institutions of the Red Army, and provided for the the year. establishment of nine Suvorov schools (named after The pupils of the Suvorov Military Schools wear Alexander Suvorov, the Russian 18th century army special military uniforms and observe all military leader) in the towns of regions and territories lib­ regulations. On their epaulets, they bear the initial erated from the Germans. There are now 12 such letter of their school. Food is of the highest qual­ schools. ity. The individual ration is even larger than that ( The Suvorov schools (and similar naval schools of adult workers. named for Admiral Nakhimov) have as their pri­ Although the Suvorov and Nakhimov schools rep­ mary mission the training of young boys for resent a new element in the preparatory training service in the armed forces. Students successfully of officer candidates, they merely supplement other completing the course with excellent or good grades schools which serve a similar purpose. Since 1938, and with good conduct records may enter military the Commissariat of Education of the Russian schools for officers without entrance examinations. S. S. R. has operated special artillery and military Graduates may, however, enter any higher institu- aviation schools, which prepare candidates for en-

II-50 15 May 46 TM 30-430

rollment in schools of the Red Army. These special Hours secondary schools offer 3-year courses, upon com­ Subject First Second pletion of which the students go on to regular Red course course Total Army officer schools. The Commissariat of the ------Navy also maintains naval preparatory schools for Political subjects ...... 300 230 530 Tactics ...... 300 380 680 youths from 15 to 16, which prepare them to enter Artillery ...... 350 440 790 a regular naval academy. Students in these schools Topography ...... 200 140 340 Supply u~t ?f artillery ...... 60 70 130 live and study at state expense. CommunICatIOns ...... 30 50 80 Handling of arms ...... 90 90 180 3. SCHOOLS OF THE ARMS Military-engineer work ...... 30 40 70 Line preparation ...... 40 40 80 As of January 1944, there were 123 infantry Physical preparation ...... 40 40 80 schools, 22 machine gun and mortar schools, 38 Artillery instrumental recon- naissance ...... , ...... 20 20 40 armored force schools, 9 cavalry schools, 58 ar­ Manuals ...... 20 .. 20 tillery schools, 7 chemical schools, 13 signal com­ Use of autos and horses ...... 50 60 no Chemical work ...... 20 20 40 munications schools, and 13 political schools. In Individual arms ...... 30 40 70 scope of instruction, these schools are a combina­ Sanitation ...... 10 .. 10 Russian language ...... 50 20 70 tion of the U. S. Army branch schools and the Mathematics ...... 60 50 no U. S. Military Academy. They are administered Physics and mechanics ...... 30 20 50 Chemistry ...... '.... 30 20 50 in a manner similar to that of the U. S. Military Gunnery .... ; ...... 40 40 80 ------Academy and the status of the cadets is almost iden­ 1,800 1,800 3,600 tical. Courses are of 2 years duration (lowered to Reserve time ...... 32 32 64 ------6 months during World War II) and graduates 1,832 1,832 3,664 become junior lieutenants of their respective branches. Entrance requirements are general edu­ Figure 17. Distribution 0/ study hours by subject at an cation equivalent at least to that of an eighth-grade artillery school. class, mental and physical acceptability, single tion of the Main Administration of Military Educa­ marital status, and, during Wodd War II, age tional Institutions of the Commissariat of Defense. between 17 and 22. The academies were located as follows: Those desiring a commission may make applica­ The Frunze Academy ______Moscow tion either to the commandant of the particular Lenin Military-Political Academy ______Moscow school desired or to the Military Commissar of the Dzerzhinski Artillery Academy ______Moscow Rayon or Oblast. Noncommissioned officers in the Zhukovski Military Aviation ______. Moscow Military Veterinary Academy ______Moscow army may apply to their commanders. Graduates Kuibishev Military Engineering Academy ______Moscow are assigned to units for active duty. Further Flight Command Academy, Military Air Forces_ Moscow military education is highly selective. Kirov Military Medical Academy ______Leningrad Military Medical Academy ______Kuibishev 4. ACADEMIES Stalin Military Academy of Mechanization and Officers who have been commissioned for at least' Motorization ______Moscow 4 years, who have been with troops at least 1 year, Higher Military Pedagogical Institute______Kalinin and who are not more than 35 years of age are eligible Kaganovich Military Transport Academy ______Leningrad Voroshilov Academy of Chemical Defense ______Moscow for appointment to the academy of their respective Molotov Quartermaster Academy ______Kharkov arm or service. The courses represent a combina­ ( Budenny Military Electrotechnical Academy ____ Leningrad \ tion of those of the U. S. Army advanced branch Military Juridical Academy ______Moscow schools and the Command and General Staff School. In addition to performing their primary task of In peacetime, they are of 3 years duration. Grad­ training battalion and regimental commanders for uates are assigned as battalion or regimental the various arms and services, the military academies commanders. carryon research work in their various specialties. At the beginning of World War II, there were 16 They assist in the development of new weapons, military academies and 9 military faculties attached equipment, and tactics, and are responsible for the to civilian institutes, all operating under the direc- dissemination of the latest information to officers in

ll-51 RESfRicTrD TM 30-430 15 May 46 the field. Of particular importanceR£SI.'~D is their function including operations, supply, and advanced studies of conducting and supervising the correspondence of logistics. courses for officers on active duty. This has been Academic instruction is supplemented not only by of considerable significance in raising the standards field exercises during summer months, but by real­ of officers of the arms, large numbers of whom have istic, simulated field conditions in classrooms of the received their training for higher command duties Academy. in such courses. The Frunze Academy is equipped with more than 100 laboratories and indoor ranges. The labora­ 5. FRUNZE ACADEMY tories include equipment for the study of aviation, The Frunze Academy is the oldest high-level inili­ chemistry, artillery tactics, strategy, military his­ tary educational establishment of the U. S. S. R. It tory, mechanization, motorization, camouflage, elec­ corresponds to the U. S. Command and General Staff tronics, searchlights, and hydro technics. Indoor School, and its graduates serve as regimental com­ ranges include ranges for field artillery, antiaircraft manders and division or corps staff officers. artillery, machine guns, and aircraft armament. Officers over 35 years of age rarely are admitted. The aviation laboratory includes much complex Officers are selected from all arms, and before W orId equipment. Elaborate command exercises are con­ War II were required to have served 4 to 6 years ducted in the central hall of the laboratory. The with line units of the Ked Army. Especially dis­ hall is equipped with air-to-air command posts sus­ tinguished records in their regiments, a secondary pended from the ceiling, with a moving landscape school education, and a knowledge of either English, beneath them. Simulated speed and altitudes can French, German, Polish, Japanese, Turkish or Per­ be controlled. The officer practicing command must sian are prerequisites. cope with the dictates of the changing situation Entrance examinations cover tactics, Red Army depicted on the moving landscape. regulations, topography, and general education. During World War II, the program of the They require from 1 to 2 years of thorough prepara­ Academy was modified to meet the increased de­ ( tion. Candidates are granted from 1 to 2 months mand for graduates. The length of the course, and leave for final preparation. The first part of the particularly of the training period, was reduced. examination is held at the military district headquar­ Secondary subjects were dropped from the curric­ ters in the presence of Academy representatives. ulum. Special attention was given to rapid orienta­ It is both written and oral. Examination papers tion, to accurate but rapid evaluation of military are sent to Moscow, where those qualified to take the situations and to operations against the enemy's second part of the examination are selected. The flank and rear. Increased emphasis was placed on second examination is held at the Academy and enemy tactics and on intelligence and reconnaissance lasts for about 1 month. In addition, candidates methods. Tactics in confined sectors and encircled appear before a special commission which investi­ positions also received added emphasis. Student gates their political background. After the second officers were taught to handle enemy as well as Soviet examination, candidates return to their units to weapons. await notification of acceptance. Of the new students admitted during World War Studies are pursued in the Academy under the II, more than 70 percent had previously received direction of various departments, or "faculties," university or higher technical education. The great such as the physics and chemistry faculty, the mili­ majority was less than 35 years of age. ( tary history faculty, the tactics faculty, the faculty Since W orId War II, all students of the Frunze of general military education, and the faculty of Academy have been taking part in research con­ intelligence. The tactics faculty receives the great­ ducted by the instructors. The lessons of World est emphasis. Approximately 30 percent of the War II are being analyzed and studied, and instruc­ student's time is allotted to tactics. The first year tion is based largely on tactical lessons learned in deals largely with the tactics and techniques o~ the combat. The Academy also issues a monthly in­ separate arms. The course offers all information formation bulletin, in which combat experiences of required for the conduct of combin,e.d operations, the Red Army are developed and instructional notes

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and lessons are drawn from the experiences of for­ reconnaissance of terrain; the tactical or operational eign armies. Fifty instructors and an editorial staff decision of the commander, and theoretical solutions are preparing an album and atlas describing the of the resulting staff and logistical problems; and operations of 1941-1945. The Academy has a participation in command or staff functions during special room in which the history of W orId War II the fall exercises of the field units. is displayed graphically. A series of bi-monthly There is no age qualification for assignment to conferences on major operations are conducted. The the Voroshilov Academy. The candidates for both transition from defensive to offensive strategy and the regular and special courses are appointed by the the pursuit, encirclement, and destruction of enemy military districts according to the number of ap­ forces, as illustrated in the campaigns of 1944, are pointments allotted by the Main Personnel Admin­ under particularly close study in these conferences. istration of the Peoples' Commissariat of Defense. 6. VOROSHILOV ACADEMY The assignments are approved by the Chief of Staff. The highest school for officers of the Red Army is The candidates for the regular course must be grad­ the Voroshilov, or the General Staff, Academy, com­ uates of the Frunze Academy, or of the higher acad: parable to the War College of the U. S. Army. The emies of the specialized arms and services. They academy prepares senior officers, usually general must have had at least 2 years' experience as staff officers, for duty as division and higher com­ officers of large field formations, or in one of the manders or as staff officers of armies or higher administrations of the Commissariat of Defense. The candidates for the special course are selected formations. The basic course at the academy lasts for 2 years. from the commanders of divisions and higher forma­ One hundred students are enrolled in each class. tions. They need not be graduates of higher In addition, 100 qualified officers are assigned each academies of the arms or of the Frunze Academy. year to attend special classes designed to improve The graduates of the regular course are assigned the general and military education of the general offi­ as follows: cers of the Red Army. Thus, 300 students are Chiefs of staff of rifle corps. enrolled in this academy each year. Chiefs of the Operations Division of the staff The content of courses at the V oroshilov Academy' of military districts, armies, or army is prescribed by the Chief of the General Staff, and groups. generally includes the tactical, operational, and Chiefs of the Intelligence Section of the strategic employment of large formations. In 1940, above staffs. the Chief of the General Staff, Marshal Shaposhni­ Chiefs of the Mobilization Administration kov, directed that the following subjects be empha­ or Chiefs of Signal Communications of sized in the Academy during the academic year of the General Staff. 1940-41: Chiefs of the Operations or Intelligence Di­ "Clear understanding of the nature of mod­ visions of the General Staff. ern combat and employment of massed Instructors in tactics and operations of other tanks, artillery, and aircraft; control of academies. combat involving complicated maneuver; Military research with the Voroshilov skill in preparing tactical and operational Academy. estimates; and mastery of staff techniques The graduates of the special course are assigned for large formations." as commanders of divisions and higher formations. The course of the special class covers the same In addition to its instructional functions, the subjects as the regular course but it has fewer Voroshilov Academy of the General Staff conducts theoretical, and no field problems. extensive research on military subjects, which The methods of instruction employed at the acad­ often results in recommendations for changes in emy are individual and group solution of assigned the Field Service Regulations of the various arms problems, lectures, panel discussions, and field ex­ and services of the Red Army. This research also ercises. The field exercises are conducted during forms the basis of articles published in the "Journal the summer session. They consist o:WJfjIll!!iPl1~ of Military Thought," the journal of the Academy.

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U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1946