4.1 AOB Journal of Free VoicesS ERVER 250 A Window to the South [—I July 16, 1971

• Photos by Reagan Bradshaw Courtesy of Texas Parks & Wildlife Department

These rocks, the Hueco Tanks, are in a state park near El Paso. According to Tigua mythology, the Wiede, the Tigua's spirit, created the Indians in the caves of the Hueco Tanks. The Tiguas lost most of their land, including that which is sacred to them. The State of Texas has returned portions of the Hueco Tanks for the Tiguas to develop as revenue-producing tourist facilities, but the Indians have filed a federal claim to regain all of their ancestral land. Please see story on page three. The coming fortnight . . .

By Suzanne Shelton JULY 10 JULY 20 TINY ALICE — Someday someone will do MORE FLICKS — Alley Theatre continues its JULY GRAB BAG "Alice in Wonderland" with just the right touch summer film festival with a week of "The of madness; maybe it will be Trinity University's Cinematic Comedians," including the great one, WESTERN ART — Selections from the Amon Children's Theatre in this musical adaptation W. C. Fields, in "The Old Fashioned Way," July Carter Museum's permanent collection, including directed by Paul Baker; also July 13, 15, 17, 20, 20-21; Charlie Chaplin in one of his greatest three new acquisitions — Georgia O'Keeffe's 22, and 24, 2:30 p.m., Ruth Taylor Theatre, films, "The Circus," July 22-23; and Fields "Ranchos Church, Taos, New Mexico," William Trinity University, San Antonio. teamed with Mae West in the famous "My Little Harnett's "Front Face," and Martin Johnson Chickadee," July 24-25, Alley Theatre, Houston. Heade's "Marshfield Meadows, Mass;" through JULY 12 JULY 23 Sept. 12, Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, FIESTA — La Fiera de las Flores, sponsolud Fort Worth. PIANO RECITAL — Summer Piano by League of United Latin American Citizens, Performance Workshop for High School Students features girls in elaborate costumes representing presents selected participants in public recital; 8 ONE MAN SHOW — H. Dixon Bennett each section of Central America plus mariachis exhibits paintings, drawings and prints, which p.m., Music Building Recital Hall, University of and the works; through July 18, La Villita Texas, Austin. have won him regional and national awards; Assembly Hall, San Antonio. through July 25, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. CAMELOT — Valor and schmaltz in the days (Calendar events may be submitted to The SOUTHWESTERN SHAKESPEARE — The of King Arthur, with John Davidson as the Globe of the Great Southwest's third unlikely hero, in Dallas Summer Musicals Coming Fortnight, Texas Observer, 600 W. 7th Shakespeare Festival features "The Merchant of production of "Camelot;" through July 25, 8:15 St., Austin, 78701.) Venice," "The Tragedy of Julius Caesar" and, for p.m. nightly except Mondays, also 2:30 p.m. variety, Moliere's "The Miser," playing Saturdays and Sundays, State Fair Music Hall, alternately Tuesdays through Saturdays; through Dallas. August 10, Globe of the Great Southwest, Odessa. JULY 13 After the fact of Kent FLICK FEST — The fourth week of Alley TEACHERS TURN — The teaching staff of Theatre Cinematic Classics is titled "The There are four students dead Parkcrest Gallery exhibits its own works in Cinematic Spine-Titiglers" with "Night of the Ready for their pagan rite "Exhibition '71," with samples by Marjorie Living Dead," science-fiction account of ghostly Thousands of their former kind Miller, Don Berkman, Lynda Lael McCullick and mutations due to atomic testing, July 13-14; Marshall Toliver; through July 18, Parkcrest Had aging thoughts last night Simone Signoret in the nerve-wracking The V-P bravely steps up to Gallery, 5408 Parkcrest, Austin. "Diabolique," July 15-16; and a double-bill, Salvador Dali's "Un Chien Andalou" and "The The insistent microphone TOTEM POLES — "Out of the Silence," Cabinet of Dr. Caligari," by Robert Wiene, both To let the men of business know• photographs by Adelaide de Menil, focus on silent films, July 17-18; 8:30 p.m. with weekend What they have always known disappearing art of the totem pole in Pacific showings at 7:30 and 9:30 p.m., Alley Theatre, "Those who turn to violence Northwest; through Sept. 5, Amon Carter Houston. Are the cause of tragedy." Museum of Western Art, Fort Worth. They brought it on themselves MOVIES — Cinema 40 continues its summer JULY 14 They got what they deserve. schedule with these oldies-b-g: Jean Renoir's GIACOMETTI — If you're a fan of the long He paused, 'Perhaps,' I thought, "Rules of the Game," July 13; "Dinner at Eight" and lean in art, see "Giacometti Graphics;" `To watch his words bounce back upon with a young Clark Gable and Jean Harlow, July through August 29, South Garden Gallery, Himself and all who work at Dow, 16; "The Tenth Victim," a Marcello Mastroanni Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Lockheed, Rand, and the Pentagon. movie, July 20; and "The Night of the Iguana" And perhaps he'll recognize with Richard Burton actually acting, July 23; TEXART — Twenty-fourth Texas Painting and His own guilt and he'll confess 7:30 and 9 p.m., Texas Union Theatre, Sculpture Competitive Exhibition presents And will kill himself in view University of Texas, Austin. selective survey of recent work by resident Texas artists, juried by New York artist Ray Parker; Of hungry T.V. cameras.' KIDDIE ART — "To Delight a Child" is an through Sept. 5, Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, For those who live by violence exhibit of oils, drawings, stoneware and sculpture Fair Park, Dallas. They bring it on themselves by artists in the gallery collections of Cornwell They're the cause of tragedy Galleries, Dreyer Gallery, David Gallery and the THOREAU ENCORE — In case you missed They get what they deserve? Alfred Lee Gallery; through July 30, Jewish the Alley Theatre's production, the Trinity But he sucked in a breath Community Center, 5601 South Braeswood, University Drama Department tries its hand at And exhaled more words designed Houston. "The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail," chronicle of To pull contributions from Henry Thoreau's refusal to pay taxes to support The uneasy business minds an immoral war (sound familiar?); through July JAPANESE ART — Woodblocks by And the four unlearned students contemporary Japanese artists; through August, 17, also July 20-24, 8:15 p.m. Ruth Taylor Marjorie Kauffman Graphics, Houston. Theatre, Trinity University, San Antonio. Used to registration lines Waited patiently a day JULY 9 JULY 15 For funeral ceremony time. SUMMER DRAMER — "Shoot If You Must TEATRO CHICANO — In dramatization of La, la, la, la la laaaa This Old Grey Hair, but Don't Knock Over My Mexican-American point of view and life in the La, la la la, la, la, laaaaaa Beer" is the title of the classical drama of barrios, Teatro Chicano presents cultural dances aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa antiquity offered by the dedicated dramatists of and songs; Zilker Hillside Park, Austin. Haaa, ha, ha, ha Corpus Christi; through July 10, 8:30 p.m., Little Don Sanders Theatre, Corpus Christi. JULY 18 ROCK FEST — Sonar Productions (which Berkeley ON HIS OWN — Stephen Stills of Crosby, consists of three UT students) brings folk groups, Stills, Nash & Young, Hemisfair Arena, San solo artists and rock groups for an all-day Sanders is a folksinger now living in Antonio. rockeroo; 2 to 9 p.m., Fiesta Gardens, Austin. Houston. The Wiede at Hueco Tanks

By Don Walden Few women work, however, because they The 33 who dropped out provide a have children and no marketable skills. sobering contrast to the hope that the Alton Griffin, the state's superintendent El Paso college candidates inspire, and they may be Joe Sierra started kicking where a for the tribe, emphasizes the need for more typical of the Tigua experience. handful of brown, dried leaves were vocational education for both men and Griffin says that these children dropped women especially in the Indian crafts work out for the same reasons that affect half-buried in the sand. He uncovered a etc. dark, carrotlike root three or four inches minority children everywhere. Their For the Tigua's economic situation to long and held it up. "This is what they parents, not convinced of the value of improve, both Pedraza and Griffin agree, used — canagria." He broke it open; it was education, do not provide the motivation they must have better education. reddish-orange, and he ran his thumb they need at home, and overcrowded, poor Fifty-eight percent of the people are under across the break to show how easily the housing does not provide the atmosphere 21, a fact which represents a great for studying. Many do not get to high color came off. "They mixed it with opportunity for improvement through almagre. It'll never wear off." school until they are 17 or older, and when education. So far, however, the Tigua they do they feel too inadequate to We were standing in front of the Cueva experience with education has been de las Mascaras continue. (the cave of the masks) at disappointing. There were 439 persons in Hueco Tanks. Joe is a state park attendant; Several solutions to these problems have the community in February. Of 184 over been proposed. Pedraza speaks of a school he is also an alquacil (constable) of the 21, the average number of years of school for Indians only. He says that their Tigua Indian Community of Ysleta. He is was four, but more ominously 20% of also a.council member of the Tiguas. language would not be a problem. In these have no formal education at all. Of addition they could be taught their culture, The Tiguas are the most recently the people between 11 and 21, 15 were in recognized tribe in the state despite the and they would not have to compete with high school; 61 in grade school; but 33 had fact they are its oldest identifiable ethnic Anglo and Mexican American children, dropped out of high school. Of the 142 group, having been brought to this area in who have a better start. Griffin mentions persons under 10, all those of school age an Indian-oriented preschool and early 1680 by the Spanish fleeing from New were in school. Mexico during the Pueblo Revolt. They are grade to prepare children for public Four Tiguas graduated from high school schools. In the meantime the state provides a poor people trying to better their this May, and all four want to go to the Iriclian children with school lunches, economic situation and still remain Indian. college. There are plans for them to go to clothes and shoes to encourage them to go Today they live in the borderland's unique the University of Texas at El Paso so they to school. adobe-walled poverty. They, being poorly can live and eat at home. Records show educated for the most part, suffer from only one Tigua has gone to college, and she DESPITE THEIR problems the unemployment and poor paying jobs. dropped out after two years to return Tiguas are optimistic. Miguel Pedraza says According to a survey made during home and go to work. She is now working that none of them know the meaning of February of 1970, 91 families made up the in the superintendent's office and has wealth and therefore do not miss it. He community. Of these, 32 families had an married a Tigua. personally is "glad to be walking around earned income of less than $1,000 per working." Part of their satisfaction is due year, but more sobering than this fact, 15 to their Catholic religion. Asked where his of the 32 families had no income at all and treasure is, Pedraza points his thumb lived on some type of welfare. Thirty-three upward and asks, "Don't you know?" other families have incomes below the national average, and 26 families have Nevertheless the Indians want to get incomes ranging from $3,000 to $6,000 more of the luxuries of this life. per year. Joe showed me the kind of car he wants — a white Chevrolet with bucket seats and MIGUEL PEDRAZA, governor of four on the floor. the tribe, says that when he was a child Why a downtrodden people obstinately they had enough, but today conditions are refuse to be depressed is an enigma to more crowded, and his people have a white people, but the answer, at least for harder time finding work. Miguel is a Tiguas, is in their pride in their heritage. tough, sinewy old man with a face like Joe says that someone born an Indian will dark leather. He has already retired from die an Indian. Perhaps one reason for their one job as a school bus driver and now pride is that they still have their traditional takes his place as a coordinator and ceremonials regularly. They have their supervisor on the tribe's building project original tribal drum and ancient batons of office. Their kachina restoring an old Indian building at the masks are still preserved, but only Indians can see them. Ysleta Mission. The care and responsibility for the drum Most of the men who have jobs work in and ceremonial regalia is that of the war the building trades. Eleven men work in captain, Trinidad Granillo. the projects at Mainstream, as Manpower Another source of pride is Hueco Tanks. trainees and are paid by Project Bravo with Three low mountains of low grade granite, U.S. Department of Labor funds. A few are one of which rises 500 - feet above the employed at Hueco Tanks State Park, and greasewood desert, Hueco Tanks look some women and girls, like Joe's wife, gnarled, broken and bent like something work in clothing manufacturing plants. awful happened there. Joe says the Indians piled the rocks there. The writer is associate editor of the Photo by Reagan Bradshaw

Texas Parks and Wildlife magazine. Pictographs near Hueco Tanks July 16, 1971 3 The Wiede. (meaning spirit) live at Hueco They have a claim filed' with the 'passed, to take effect 60 days after passage. Tanks, and the Tiguas believe that the government for the loss of their land. There was suddenly a mad rush to buy Wiede created them at Hueco Tanks. For Unraveling this claim requires going into .Ysleta's land, and within one month of that reason and because rain water collects Tigua history. The Tiguas are Pueblos. passage of the repeal, 254 deeds were in natural cisterns in the top of the rocks, When the Pueblos rose in revolt in 1680, transferred. By Mr. Griffin's count, out of Indians have visited it for centuries. They sweeping the Spanish south to El Paso del 20,040 acres, 333.65 acres went to Indians. left a record of their visits: 2,000 Norte, the Tiguas, who were confirmed Presently, only 3.61 acres of this land is pictographs dating back several centuries Christians, went too. They called their new owned by Indians at Ysleta today. and including some very recent ones. A settlement Ysleta del Sur because it was In their petition, they claim that the Tigua Myth is that the Wiede created them south of their original pueblo which was United States did not fulfill its obligations in the caves at Hueco Tanks. also called Ysleta. under the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo• in It is now a state park, but the Indians After the revolution was finally quelled, that it failed to protect the tribal lands of feel especially close to it. • Joe says he Spain" began to issue grants to each pueblo, the tribe. A hearing was held by the U.S. would like to explore it all the time, and he defining the grant by taking a central point Indian Claims Commission in Washington, has a spontaneous enthusiasm for showing and running one league in the four D.C., in November of 1970. visitors the pictographs. directions. In most respects these grants This hearing closed with the were comparable to United States commissioner of Indian claims acting as THE TIGUAS have their own reservations. They denied the Indians the judge, advising that after briefs had been government, which helps them maintain right to rent or sell any part of their land. filed by attorneys for the plaintiff and their Indian traditions. The tribal In 1758, the Tiguas received a grant too, government, a decision would be made no government is Congregational: all centered at their church, which is still used. sooner than 100 days thereafter. When Texas entered the United States, important matters are resolved by the The claim has now been consolidated Pueblo Junta (meeting of the people). The the United States and Mexico went to war over territorial boundaries. In Article VIII with claims of the Kiowas, Comanches, Tribal Council consists of five elected and Apaches and some other Indian tribes. of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the ordained members. The alquacil enforces The Tiguas include in their claim the United States guaranteed the rights of tribal rules and the governor judges minor aboriginal title to all of El Paso and private landowners whose lands were offences. The cacique, a ceremonial or Hudspeth and most of Culbertson granted them by the Spanish or Mexican religious patriarch is chief of the tribe. He counties, this being the area they say they calls the junta together and names who he regimes. once controlled and used for hunting. • would have elected or nominated. (The Then, in 1871 the situation changed junta elects them.) The governor, drastically. The Texas Legislature passed a They ire especially concerned with lieutenant governor and alquacil are law incorporating Ysleta and defining the Hueco Tanks. They not only fought responsible for the secular affairs of the town's boundaries according to the original marauding bands of Apaches, Kiowas and tribe, and the cacique and war capitan are Spanish document and a trade that had Commanches there, but they have a very responsible for the ceremonial affairs. been affected when the United States took close religious affinity for the place where The economic betterment of the Tiguas over the teritory. Most importantly this their ancient ancestors lived. While the is intimately bound up with government corporation was empowered to sell the Tiguas were somewhat disappointed that actions. In the script that has become land. Subsequently, it was discovered that this area was not turned over to them to common for relations between the United the constitution of 1868 denied the develop, they realize the economic States and Indians, the Tiguas once had a Legislature the power to incorporate advantage to them. First of all this reservation, but they have none today. towns, and in 1874 a repealing act was furnished about $23,500 to them in the

EDITOR Kaye Northcott CO-EDITOR Molly Ivins GENERAL MANAGER THE EDITOR AT LARGE Ronnie Dugger C. R. Olofson OFFICE MANAGER TEXAS Irene Gaasch Contributing Editors: Bill Brammer, Gary Cartwright, Lee Clark, Sue Horn Estes, Joe Frantz, Larry Goodwyn, Harris The Observer is published by Texas Green, Bill Hamilton, Bill Helmer, Dave Hickey, Franklin Observer Publishing Co., biweekly from OB SERVER Jones, Lyman Jones, Larry L. King, Georgia Earnest Klipple, Austin, Texas. Entered as second-class Larry Lee, Al Melinger, Robert L. Montgomery, Willie matter April 26, 1937, at the Post Morris, Bill Porterfield, James Presley, Charles Ramsdell, Office at Austin, Texas, under the Act el'he Texas Observer Publishing Co. 1971 Buck Ramsey, John Rogers, Mary Beth Rogers, Roger of March 3, 1879. Second class postage Ronnie Dugger, Publisher Shattuck, Edwin Shrake, Dan Strawn, John P. Sullivan, Tom paid at Austin, Texas. Single copy, 25c. A window to the South Sutherland, Charles Alan Wright. One year, $7.00; two years, $13.00; A journal of free voices three years. $18.00; plus, for Texas We will serve no group or party but will hew hard to the addresses, 5% sales tax. Foreign, except truth as we find it and the right as we see it. We are dedicated APO/FPO, 50¢ additional per year. Vol. LXIII, No. 14 July 16, 1971 to the whole truth, to human values above all interests, to the Airmail, bulk orders, and group rates rights of man as the foundation of democracy; we will take on request. Microfilmed by Incorporating the State Observer and orders from none but our own conscience, and never will we Microfilming Corporation of America, the East Texas Democrat, which in turn overlook or misrepresent the truth to serve the interests of 21 Harristown Road, Glen Rock, N.J. incorporated the Austin Forum- the powerful or cater to the ignoble in the human spirit. Advocate. 07452. The editor has exclusive control over the editorial policies Change of Address: Please give old and contents of the Observer. None of the other people who and new address, including zip codes, Editorial and Business Offices: The are associated with the enterprise shares this responsibility and allow two weeks. Texas Observer, 600 W. 7th St., Austin, with her. Writers are responsible for their own work, but not Texas 78701. Telephone 477-0746. for anything they have not themselves written, and in Postmaster: Send form 3579 to publishing them the editor does not necessarily imply that Texas Observer, 600 W. 7th St., Austin, 741311.0.V. she agrees with them, because this is a journal of free voices. Texas 78701. form of immediate jobs for Indians during and includes a modern office building, a cultures that clashed here—the Indians, the 1969-70 fiscal year alone and will be a house, storage warehouse and another large Spanish, Mexicans and Anglos that source of employment for their people U-shaped building that will be converted struggled to dominate the land. The beauty hereafter. into an arts and crafts production center. of the Southwest lies in the joining of these In 1966 many Tiguas faced dispossession Formerly the property was headquarters cultures, and hopefully more and more of their small homes because they could for Western Gas Co. which sold to people are learning that cultures can exist not pay taxes on them. This was brought Southern Union Gas Co. Mr. Gaither side by side. It would be a loss for all of us to the attention of the Texas Legislature acquired it from Southern Union for this if the Indians were submerged in the great through the efforts of their tribal attorney, purpose. society, and the Tiguas are a challenge to Tom Diamond, the El Paso legislative The history of the Southwest is Texas' ability to incorporate different delegation and many other interested intimately tied up with the story of the types of people. 0 people. The Tiguas were recognized as a Texas Indian tribe by the 60th Legislature and placed under the Trusteeships Administration of the Texas Commission for Indian Affairs. At the same time a small appropriation of $35,000 was made to the commission with which to employ a superintendent and institute state programs The plot curdles for their assistance. Sources in both Washington and THE STATUTES charge the • Commission for Indian Affairs with the Austin are now reconfirming the Political responsibility for developing the human "top down" theory of the latest Texas and economic resources of the Tigua political developments and suggesting a new political wrinkle in the SEC case Indian Community as well as trusteeship Intelligence bargaining. In the July 2 issue of the over any physical assets that may be Observer, acquired for them. The Legislature doubled we reported the theory that John Connally's allegedly sudden decision Smith's staffers are completely convinced the first appropriation for the to become part of Nixon's cabinet was that the gov is not guilty of any commission's operation during the 1970-71 actually a long-planned move worked out wrongdoing whatever. They suggest he is biennum and also appropriated $80,000 among Nixon, Lyndon Johnson and the victim of appearances, circumstances for land and property, acquisition and Connally. and possibly his own stupidity and/or development. Included in the operational misplaced faith in others not so honest. programs are educational and medical Barnes' decision to go for governor rather than senator is reportedly part of But what to do? If he runs, will he get assistance as well as programs for housing hit with an indictment? Even if he can and economic development. the same plan. The plan is supposed to keep Tower and Barnes from having any prove he did no wrong, wouldn't an Just over three acres at Ysleta Mission serious opposition, help the Tory indictment finish him politically? Will Ben and a one-half acre site within the Barrio Barnes drag Smith's name through the de los Indios Democrats keep control of the state were acquired. The Ysleta party, make it easier for Nixon to carry mud in the campaign even if he doesn't_ Mission property was an ancient adobe Texas and keep open the possibility that get indicted? If he doesn't run, won't the building of considerable size and is being Connally will be on the Republican ticket people simply assume that he was forced restored to its original dimensions and in '72. A heavy plan. to leave office because he's under such a appearance. It will house a small museum Washington so_urces now suggest that cloud? How can he prove he's innocent and arts and crafts sales area. A larger the same plan is at work in the SEC case. and prove to himself that the people meeting hall for the Pueblo Junta and a When it was first announced that Frank believe he's innocent if he doesn't run large kitchen have been completed. again? Truly a depressing fix. Approximately 1,500 persons attended Sharp had turned state's evidence, the most commonly reported theory, held by The ultimate conspiracy theory has it the dedication of the building June 12. Preston Smith among others, was that it that the Texas Democrats, in exchange The next day four times that many for not being bothered over the Sharp people gathered at a field mass for the was part of Republican plot, most likely fomented by Will Wilson, to let Sharp off mess, are supposed to not do' much to Tigua's Fiesta de San Antonio. (San help the Democratic nominee in '72, thus Antonio is the tribe's patron saint.) As is in exchange for nailing the Democratic politicians involved. helping Nixon carry Texas, which is what the Tigua's custom, they fed everyone the Republicans have wanted all along. who came to the fiesta. Now it seems that something more subtle may be involved. When the Better to carry Texas for Nixon than to In addition to these acquisitions they Houston grand jury investigating the nail Democratic hides to the door, the will receive a land grant at Hueco Tanks to Sharp case was reported to be considering Republicans are supposed to be thinking. be used as land for tourist facility and violations of federal bribery statutes, other concession operation at that point. some Democratic politicians in Austin The Horizon Properties Corp. has donated went into cold sweats. But there are The Gonzalez changes a 20-acre archeological site lying between Washington sources who now say they Cong. Henry Gonzalez has been the Sabinas and Hueco Mountains near • would be very surprised indeed if any making some remarkable charges Hueco Tanks. Democratic pols were indicted. Instead, This is where Pueblo Indians lived as late lately. Gonzalez suggested in the they expect some low-level banking Congressional Record that the deal made as 1200 A.D. This also will be developed as examiners to be indicted for accepting a tourist attraction for tribal revenue and with Frank Sharp was actually made to bribes from Sharp. It is further believed protect Asst. Atty. Gen. Will Wilson. jobs for Indians. that Preston Smith is being — no, not Charles C. Gaither, president of the Gonzalez accused the Justice Department threatened, no not pressured — but having of trying to conceal the fact that Wilson, Citizens State Bank of Ysleta, and his it, uh, well, suggested to him that if he family gave 2.47 acres of land and many while a member of the Texas Banking doesn't run for re-election, he really Commission in 1960, voted to charter the useful buildings lying just across Old needn't worry about this Sharp mess. Pueblo Road from the Ysleta Mission Meanwhile, Smith's people and the property. This gift is valued at $120,000 governor himself are in a terrible twit. July 16, 1971 5 Alas, the moss-cutter. Rep. Ben Z. and 1,300 other Texans that was Sharpstown State Bank, that he • represented Sharp and that he handled Grant of Marshall, an endearing, supposed to help free our boys in North the negotiations through which Sharp amiable liberal, wanted a moss cutter for Vietnam. It seems that no one over there acquired control of National Bankers Life a gummed-up lake in his district. He wanted to talk to them. Insurance Co. In a statement rebutting worked for it and explained the moss Gonzalez' charge, Wilson confirmed all problem to skeptical colleagues and three facts brought up by Gonzalez and finally got an appropriation for his moss TPA fiddles said that he had once owned stock in cutter. He was embarrassed to find that NBL, but sold it before coming to the House appropriation for it was while Zenger burns Washington. Wilson said the innuendos $220,000: while Grant was happy to help While the New York Times and the Gonzalez had made from the facts were the home folks with the moss problem, • "entirely false." even he felt that $220,000 was amazingly Washington Post were in mortal much for a moss cutter. He was happier combat with the Nixon administration Gonzalez also charged on the House • with the appropriations conference over the future of freedom of the press, floor that U.S. District Judge John committee version which assigned what, you may well ask, was the Texas V. Singleton, who granted Sharp $150,000 for the purchase of a moss Press Association doing? It was, we immunity from further prosecution after cutter with a provision that the thing be answer, meeting in Austin 400 strong to giving him a light sentence on minor used all over the state. Then Grant, like honor Phyllis George, the reigning Miss charges, had once been Frank Sharp's other members of the Dirty Thirty, got America, as TPA "Texan of the Year." attorney and should have disqualified hit with the redistricting plan, which pairs "We recognize and commend Phyllis himself from the case. The charge turned him against Rep. Fred Head of for her great spirit in • exemplifying the out to be almost entirely without Henderson. Grant wryly summed up his very finest in Texas citizenship," said foundation. At one time Singleton did session by saying, "I got mah moss cutter, TPA President Ellie Hopkins. work for the Houston firm of Fulbright, but I lost mah district." Now Ben Z. has Among the other up front activities at Crooker, Freeman, Bates & Jaworski. lost his moss cutter too. Governor Smith the group's 92nd annual summer During the time Singleton worked there, used a line item veto on the moss cutter convention: Frank Sharp was represented by the firm, during his appropriations paring process. A discussion of "Equal Pay and Equal but Singleton said he handled no work Opportunity" by a Department of Labor for Sharp and said he never met Sharp official; during that time. Singleton left the firm Clifford J. Carlson of the Medford in 1954. Who's No. I? (Wisc.) Star News speaking on "Profits There were some raised eyebrows when Lyndon Johnson, according to the from Want Ads"; the Sharp case went to Singleton because • San Angelo Standard-Times, of May A luncheon speech by the public of Singleton's friendship with Lyndon 15, predicted in Brownwood that Lt. information officer of Bergstrom Air Johnson. Those prone to see Johnson's Gov. Ben Barnes, in the words of the Force Base; fine hand in all matters found the newspaper "would before long be No. 1 A luncheon address by Heloise Reese, circumstance suspicious. However, such in state politics." The story quoted author of "Hints from Heloise"; cases are docketed on a rotating basis: the Johnson directly as having said, "He And last, but not least, a tour of the case fell to Singleton entirely by chance. [Barnes] may be No. 2 now, but he's LBJ State Park. number one in my book and yours too." Grinds and weenies Worst News Judgment of the Month A United Press International poll • Gentlemen scholars, all. The 62nd Award goes to The Houston Post • • conducted in late June showed for its firm and perspicacious action in Legislature has created 167 interim Barnes as the leading Democratic committees to study state problems and the face of The New York Times gubernatorial contender at that time. In publication of the secret Pentagon papers report to the 63rd Legislature, all study answer to the question, "If you could costs to be borne by the taxpayers, who and related events. Post readers didn't see vote today for one of the following four a single word about the biggest breaking will get for their money one House study persons for governor of Texas, which one of no-fault auto insurance, one Senate story of the year until four days after the would you vote for?", 31% said Barnes, Times printed it. Good work there, fellas. study of no-fault auto insurance, one 22% Preston Smith, 22% Ralph House-Senate study of no-fault insurance Yarborough, 4% Dolph Briscoe and 21% Luce Memorial and two separate House studies of all • The Henry undecided. Mind-Boggler Award goes this aspects of the insurance industry. Also for The story on the poll did not reveal your money you get a House study of month to Newsweek magazine. Right the number of persons surveyed or the there in black and white on page 37 of state aid to private schools and a method by which they were selected. House-Senate study of state aid to private the June 28 issue of the world's most According to Gayle McNutt of The quoted newsweekly it says: "Barnes, universities and possibly a separate House • study of state aid to private universities. Houston Chronicle, "There are however, has never been anything but The world's longest-running, strong indications" that Briscoe, the candid about his [financial] holdings, and permanently-established floating study of Uvalde rancher-millionaire, may opt to so far, his critics have yet to hint at the use of computers in processing bills is run for lieutenant governor or U.S. political shenanigans." senator rather than governor, now that once more in full swing. Rep. Tommy Poorest Sport of the Month — the Shannon of Fort Worth, Gus Mutscher's Barnes is in the race. • Dallas school system. The May 17 choice for speaker pro tern, led an Others thinking about trying for the issue of Newsweek magazine contained an inveterate group of legislative fact-finders state's second spot are State Sens. Joe article on the use of corporal punishment up to Wisconsin and Minnesota to take a Christie of El Paso, Charles Herring of in Dallas schools. The article cited some look at computerized bill processing in Austin, Wayne Connally of Floresville grim examples of excessive physical that part of the world. (John's brother) and Secretary of State Martin Dies, Jr. Sen. Ralph Hall of punishment of school children, but also And we are going to get a new, reported the point of view of those Dallas improved study on revision of the State Rockwall and Houston Post Editor William P. Hobby are already in the race. educators who think swatting is a Penal Code. The last one took five years. necessary disciplinary tool. As a result of Aw. Ben Barnes has cancelled the the article, both the Dallas school people 6 The Texas Observer • proposed trip to Europe by himself and Newsweek have received a great deal of mail, most of it critical of the swatting cities and seven military bases. The charter amendment extending the practices. Approximately 100 of those in the life of the corporation from July 6 to No Dallas official has questioned the organization are active duty GI's. February 6, 1972, was not approved by accuracy of the article, according to Jerry VVAW's plans for Texas include the U.T. regents. Footlick, Newsweek's education editor. extensive Winter Soldier Investigations Former regents chairman Frank Erwin However, on May 31 the Dallas schools describing war crimes which members termed Dies' charter extension a "blatant cancelled their subscriptions to have either committed or witnessed, mock political move ... an obvious play for the Newsweek. The magazine went to 44 search and destroy missions through 18-year-old vote in Mr. Dies' future school libraries in the system. Mrs. Ruth populated areas in an attempt to bring political plans." Moore, library director for the Dallas the war home, an educational The Texas Civil Liberties Union is schools, wrote Footlick: "We have lost • speaker/film tour featuring national forming a chapter in the Rio our confidence in Newsweek as a reliable VVAW figures and investigations of the Grande Valley. TCLU President Ralph source of news." VA hospitals, drug rehabilitation, Texas Estes writes the Observer: "People are Mrs. Moore also wrote, "School State Veteran's regulations and benefits killed fairly regularly down there, while librarians in Dallas do not hold with and special veteran's problems. beatings, intimidation and other forms of censorship, but ..." O.K., so make up Anyone interested in joining or helping brutalization are so common they aren't another name for it. the VVAW should write to the regional even news. Other civil liberties problems coordinators Larry Waterhouse and Terry The Dallas County Educators in the Valley arise from UFWOC • DuBose, P.O. Box 12986, Austin, Tex. organizing efforts and the reaction, the Legislative Council, whose 78711. letterhead says it is "Working For Better Texas Rangers, the Border Patrol and Education For Texas Youth," has decided voting irregularities. It is probable, in fact, it doesn't want Sen. Birch Bayh to speak UT anti-women? that more civil liberties violations occur at the district ten convention of the per capita in the Valley than anywhere • The Women's Law Caucus has filed Texas State Teachers Association afterall. a complaint with the U.S. Labor else in Texas or possibly even in the In a letter to. the senator, Jack F. Department against UT-Austin charging whole country. This is why we're Gibson, Jr., president of the district ten that the university practices sex organizing down there and this is why TSTA, explained, "At a recent meeting of discrimination in the hiring and we'll be putting in a special effort to my executive board, several members employment of female employees. build a strong ACLU presence there." expressed the sentiment that, because of The complaint alleges a pattern of sex • Fagan Dickson, the Austin lawyer your involvement in the criticism of the discrimination at all levels of the who ran for Congress on a "Bring Dallas Police Department, they would university community. Women's salaries, Lyndon Home" platform before Lyndon prefer that I withdraw my invitation to the caucus says, average $2000 a year less decided to come home, has been elected to you to be our speaker." than men's within the same department the board of the prestigious Center for the Bayh had asked the Justice Department and at the same rank. There are only two Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa to look into the police's mistaken raid on women department chairmen out of 53 Barbara. the home of Tomas Rodriguez in which major departments and almost no women SAVE YOUR PAPERS — Capitol Paper and Rodriguez and his pregnant wife were in top administrative and policy-making Stock Co., 309 E. 4th St., Austin, is now buying seriously injured (Obs., March 26 and positions. The complaint also accuses the newsprint at thirty cents per hundred pounds. April 9). university of discriminatory nepotism and maternity leave policies. July 16, 1971 The men the police actually were The after for the murder of three university, which receives deputy sheriffs were sentenced to death approximately $25 million in federal The Austin Times by a jury in Belton, Tex., June 29. The contracts annually "may be subject to Box 3485 — Austin, Texas 78704 jury took 55 minutes to make its loss of these funds and suspension of deliberation. further contract negotiations unless action Yes I want to receive The Austin Times is taken to end sex discrimination," each week in the mail! according to the suit. Viet Vets Name The University of Houston has The Vietnam Veterans Against the • followed UT — Austin's lead in • Address War have come to Texas. VVAW providing students with legal assistance. became nationally prominent through But instead of actually allowing students City Dewy Canyon 111, A Limited Incursion to have a real lawyer, the U of H is Zip into the Country of Congress, during the providing "legal counsel." According to a first week of antiwar protest in U of H news release, "The service will $6 for 24 mos.; $3.50 for 12 mos.; Washington D.C. in April. offer free assistance concerning job $2 for 6 mos.; $1 for 10 weeks Recalling the words of Tom Paine of discrimination, wrongful eviction and the "summer soldier" and the "sunshine other problems relating to student patriot" who left their Revolutionary welfare. ... The Legal Information Army during the disastrous winter at Counsellor cannot represent the student Valley Forge, the Viet Vets see in court, but he provides initial guidance #rilatz' themselves as the winter soldiers of today. and refers cases to the Houston Lawyer's Since 1866 "We will not give up the struggle," said Referral Service." the call to Dewey Canyon 111. "We will The Place in Austin fight on continuing the effort to bring an Secretary of State Martin.Dies, Jr., immediate end to the war in Indochina, a • granted a seven-month extension of GOOD FOOD revamping of veterans' benefits and the present Texas Student Publication hospital care and a restructuring of Inc. charter less than a week before the GOOD BEER priorities that will make this nation what 50-year charter was due to expire. This our forefathers intended it to be." decision virtually insures that the battle 1607 San Jacinto The Texas VVAW was organized in for control of The Daily Texan will wind 477-4171 May and now has 550 members in 80 up in court. The Mayday Tribes

and for a protracted period of massive By Michael Eakin American air power based in Thailand and Auitin Okinawa and various places in The thoughts herein will be devoted to Indochina." 2 the war, that largest tragedy of our ailing land. The problem is still with us and shall THAT THE NIXON remain so until we abolish it, it must be administration is reducing the number of attacked with courage and intellect. We draftees should come as no surprise with must escalate the struggle until the battle is the massive deployment of land troops won. now widely recognized as a costly mistake. Most likely the primary reason that the "A more classical pattern of colonial war" war is still with us, and more tragically, still is now thought in order "relying more on with Asians, is that the people of this mercenaries and native forces . • . while country, all 73% of them who supposedly continuing to employ the fantastic oppose the war, have not raised their voices firepower of the air and helicopter forces loud enough and long enough to force an and the new techniques of surveillance and end to the slaughter. destruction provided by American On reflection it is easy enough to technology".3 Our leaders, it seems, will go understand why this is so. The good people to any lengths to retain the Indochinese of this country historically have avoided puppet military regimes. social movements, which are in large part Our inability on the left to force an end re-education projects, and, sadly, most to this genocidal and apparently endless people are slowly re-educated. The young war is due most largely, I think, to the in the antiwar movement are not exactly limited number of options which we what one would call a disciplined People's thought we had. The options generally Army for Peace; thus the 20,000 that so recognized these past two years have been clamorously strode the streets of Austin in reduced to two: the bombing or like the aftermath of the Cambodia invasion destruction of property directed against have long since faded into the woodwork. those corporations or governmental bodies Despite the American majority's directly responsible for the war, an opposition to the war it seems willing to alternative which I shall reject out of hand allow the government's vaunted plans for as an unviable and undesirable tactic, and "Vietnamization" to run their destructive massed, legal protest. Both tactics, it seems course. President Nixon had a secret "plan to me, are dead end tactics. for peace in Indochina", we were told A look at the dual preparations for the shortly after his inaugural, which included LBJ Barbecue held in May illustrates the a gradual reduction of ground troops with tactical bankruptcy of the old U.S. Out an escalation of the technological war, Now legal march. Those planning the primarily from the air, and a more efficient counter-raucus roast were two: the Legals usage of "native," i.e. mercenary troops. and the Illegals, the Student Mobilization The president has delivered on all Committee and a coalition composed of of close to half a million stirred scarcely a counts. Since Mr. Nixon took office some Direct Action, Vietnam Veterans Against ripple in the stagnant pool of the mass 2,593,743 tons of bombs have been the War, the Armadillo Mayday Tribe, mind. dropped in Indochina (more than were various and assorted pacifists and other dotonated during the Johnson Organized, legal antiwar marches have crazies. become, in short, as commonplace as figs, administration and a greater amount than In their axiomatic quest for legality and dropped by the United States in all of as American as apple pie. Such things are respectability the SMC accepted a parade no longer "newsworthy" to the media with World War II.) The air war has been permit from the city to march banners high the result that denunciations, exposes and escalated steadily in Laos and Cambodia down Guadalupe six blocks from the with "ample evidence that in both marches against the war, though valuable makers of war, out of sight and sound. It enough educational tools, no longer have countries the rural population is the prime massed a fearsome 60. target". 1 A similar report by Sen. Thomas their intended effect, which is to mobilize Eagleton indicates US Generals Weyand By contrast, the 2,500 or so situated Americans against the war. and Milloy informed him in briefings last immediately down the hill from the Biggies An examination of administration logic month that "the plans under which they served, despite tactical blunders, to inform serves, I think, to show how the march were operating called for a residual a nationwide teevee audience that the tactic actually has been used to the benefit American force indefinitely into the future ruling elite could not congregate in cowboy of the government. It is the cynical country (Hippies even in Texas, Martha!) calculation, Noam Chomsky says, of the without the gendarmerie to protect them. Nixon-Kissenger administration that the people of the United States will permit the Mr. Eakin is a junior English major at INVOLVED in anti-war destruction of Indochina to go on the University of Texas at Austin. He is a THOSE protest, it seems, have a growing intuition indefinitely. To carry out this plan it will past member of the Student Mobilization that mass, organized marches are a dead be necessary to "cool America", 4 a Committee and now works with the tactic. The 300,000 good souls at development often heralded by the press Armadillo Mayday Tribe. Washington in 1969 garnered highly visible which had in fact happened until the press coverage and stirred many to action recent activities in Washington. If it is the 8 The Texas Observer nationwide; the recent April 24 gathering case that the antiwar march is no longer A model for militant non-violence

That so many who did make Mayday are Which brings us to myth number two, so unaware of the significance of the that life was peachy with the locals occasion is due largely, I think, to their properly outraged at the ragged, wretched acceptance of the media line, a line replete ragmuffins. Such was not the case, most with factual distortions, omissions and especially from the Washington black untruths. The line (with the possible community. The various Mayday Tribes exception of Newsweek, which gave the were fed, housed and monied by black IF OUR only reasonably accurate account of the churches and a host of individuals who activities) went something like this: After actively aided the lawless enemies of weeks of peaceful, legal antiwar protest a society. From the wide smiles by PEOPLI1 hardcore group of militants attempted to pedestrians to power-to-all-the-people lay siege to Our Nation's Capitol and clenched fists from cab drivers, I judged disrupt governmental functions but failed that the black people were overwhelmingly FIGHT OHM dismally, thanks to the tactical brilliance of helpful and friendly. They did not stop Chief of Police Jerry Wilson and the their cars in solidarity with the tactic TRIBE AT attorney general. It was another triumph because, as they explained, they did not for law and order over the forces of feel that they could miss their work, understandable enough behavior from a MIN , ALL disorder. people largely dependent on marginal and len 14 BE subsistence incomes. There was a third distortion perpetrated KILL g Do 0 0 VON HOFFMAN from the Post, by much of the media (though not by an unusual journalist to understate the Newsweek or CBS): that law enforcement case, gives us an alternate portrait of the in the Capitol City was restrained and, as President Nixon termed it, "laudable." events. Though generally not acting like their BUT IF 'sin The Marines were securing the Washington Monument and turning it into infamous counterparts in Chicago, the iroiN Team.= Firebase Martha; there were troops on the Washington's Keystone Kops did conduct bridges across the Potomac; the police themselves in blatant disregard for the law. 4sisnil MILL were zipping and zooping around town in The city, as the ACLU put it, was under a the squad cars chucking tear gas cannisters state of de facto martial law with most out of the windows, and the Newzak, constitutional rights suspended. Such MAY3 A all-news radio station was reading should serve as sufficient warning to triumphant official communiques liberals and civil libertarians who have not roxREFUL proclaiming the government had been yet perceived that America is becoming a saved, the Republic yet stood and the flag still flew. The President would not be police state for those who actively oppose FIST, deposed by some 19-year-old college the status quo as well as for John Q. freshman from Teaneck, N.J. Citizen who may himself already be in the The nature, composition and intent of omniscient Army computer files. the freaks making up the foot soldiers in Thus briefed on the Maydays, the reader the Army of Peace was widely and wildly will perhaps more readily understand why newsworthy or of much interest, then I misunderstood. The reactionaires were the writer feels the event to be a think, America is cooled, much to the loss yelling that the shaggy-frizzier were in historically important one with cahoots with Hanoi, which was true consequences and of the Indochinese peoples. enough but beside the point; the liberals long-reaching Point proven, some will say and then were, as is their wont, being reasonable implications. will confess to know no better option. and complaining how this hadn't changed As Von Hoffman wrote: Madame, and you sir, as the salesmansays, anyone's mind; while the bums, crumbs, These are the people who kicked let me show you this nifty little item of loafers and dirty, permissive ne'er-do-wells Washington in the pants, people with nonviolent but determined disruption of of the People's Army were cast down exams to take, jobs to go to, with families because they hadn't stopped the traffic to love, with all the same drives that make the Capitol. If the government won't stop and shocked because they system had the rest of us curse politics and the the war (which it will not ever, unless it is reacted just as their main people had government for absorbing so much of our forced to) then the people will have to stop predicted it would. time, money and energy. They differ only the government. Nicholas von Hoffman The misleading impressions, then, left by in degree from the government worker in wrote in the Washington Post, May 4: the media were many, but boiled down to the straight suit and the attache case at 19th and Pennsylvania who couldn't What was lost was that in this land three primary ones. where we have to beg people to register to control himself and suddenly began Myth number one was that life in our helping the crazy filthies drag trash cans vote, 7,000 persons, count 'em 7,000, had nation's capitol was undisturbed and gone out and incurred arrest for something out on the Avenue to block the road. they believe in. In addition, they'd turned peachy. Witness Von Hoffman that life What's happened in Washington the this capital city into a simulated Saigon those days was plenty unusual, not to say past few days has been more than with the choppers flying all over, the existential, and that the good citizens of enough to show the intensity of a armed men everywhere, and the fear that D.C. knew why they had been visited, to growing number of people's feelings. It at any moment something worse, wit, because their government is daily has also demonstrated that if these people come back in yet larger numbers something bloody might happen. They'd committing criminal acts in an illegal and caused chaos in Georgetown, the opulent they can paralyze this city, or at least unpopular war. Many of them, probably a turn it into pancake batter. gathering place for so many of the majority of them, agreed with us on that powerful and influential people who made July 16, 1971 9 this war or failed to oppose it. point. from their mistakes, shook their bourgeois THE MAYDAY TRIBES, in short, concerns with legality or illegality and attempted to provide a model for militant THE IMPETUS for ending the made plans to nonviolently disrupt as a but non-violent anti-war action for use in war, then, shall have to come from outside pointer to that much higher criminality of the system, and, if it is to succeed must Washington and for their sisters and those who refuse to end the war. brothers in the movement to follow again contain a considerably greater mass thrust Not every part of the country is tightly than the present legal marches are capable and again until the social cost of the war is organized, nor has everyone who came of delivering. That greater thrust should raised too high for the ruling elite to justify here been part of a self-disciplined group, it. start at the Capitol. A second action is now but where you got it, in Texas, Michigan, being planned as an escalated summer and Those involved in the Mayday Upstate New York, the Boston area, you experience felt a good many material fall struggle begins to take priority for the got stamina and the restraint that put the People's Armies. benefits were accrued which will be requirements of tactics above the acting manifested for some time to come. Not out of anger. 5 Though I would hope that all potential members of that group could shed their unimportantly the vision of things possible Thus the scenario for the coming year as was raised considerably. Group solidarity worries of arrest and retaliation, I realize the Mayday Tribe envisions it: that will not be the case. Those who grew progressively as the people learned . . Organizational work continue and cannot and will not bring themselves to spread, the activist element of the Peace participate in the politics of disruption, Movement will be able to carry out a kind of antiwar Tet Offensive in the Capital. should not be absolved from the need, nay necessity, to come up with their own 10 The Texas Observer They will be in a position to sneak in thousands of people to live in sympathetic determined efforts to end the war. A local homes and conduct harassing scene too often enacted is that of the ATHENA Leo Nitch, Director operations over a period of days or weeks dyed-in-the-wool liberal failing to MONTESSORI in order to bring about a crisis. participate in dissent because, as the SCHOOL A crisis is what they seek, a crisis that cliche goes, he supports our ends but not will put the government in the kind of All or Half Day — Ages 2-10 our means. bind that will force it to respond in some SUMMER PROGRAM This is, in brief, a cop-out. Those more important way than arresting people. disenchanted with a tactic only rarely 7500 Woodrow 454-4239 It is a volatile kind of politics, loaded with potential danger; that thousands of people provide the alternate tactics and active would play it is a sign of what leadership by which the struggle will be Johnson/Nixon have brought us to. carried on. For those of us who want peace but There are many courses of action one shrink back from such things, we ruminate might take. The Joint Treaty of Peace, MARTIN ELFANT that the people arrested for blocking already ratified by the cities of Detroit and traffic here have already spent nearly as Berkely and the state of Massachussets, Sun Life of Canada much time in jail as Calley has for Mylai. 6 must be advanced so that all Americans To those who "shrink back from such understand the concrete alternative to things," I would pose but one question: If Vietnamization. Committed church and 1001 Century Building the people of this country do not force an coalition groups of Christians would seem Houston, Texas end to the war, who will? Shall the input to be compelled by the nature of their come from within the government? I think beliefs to oppose the war at every possible CA 4-0686 not. Surely the president, Quaker though opportunity. The wealthier among us he is, shall not stay awake_ nights agoniz- would do well to donate a goodly portion ing his murderous policies. One would be of their money to antiwar groups, which advised not to hold his or her breath like everyone in the movement, are grossly awaiting a court ruling on the illegality of RARE... underfinanced. In sum new and creative the war. This leaves only Congress, which ways to oppose the war may be found if A very limited supply of bound volumes has to all appearances again trashed the only they are sought out and carried McGovern-Hatfield Amendment. of the Observer for the years 1958 through. There is a great deal to be said for the through 1962 — formerly out of stock It is my own notion that sustained possibility that Congress, if left alone, may nonviolent dissent — if brought to bear — have been compiled and are offered well allow the president to do as he pleases with enough intensity on the system — for sale at $50.00 per year. These are if only he brings conscripted GI's home. could conceivably force the Congress to the years when the Observer was weekly The killing stops for Americans, but the cease all involvement in Indochina.• The and in a tabloid format. destruction aimed at Asian peasants tactic worked relatively well for the black continues indefinitely. Experience tells us people as long as it was used and could be Also available at $12.00 each year are that most congressmen (yes, even most far more effective this time around if the volumes of the Observer in its present antiwar senators) are men concerned tens of millions who oppose the war were fortnightly format: 1963 through 1970. primarily with re-election, raking off an to translate their dissent into a sustained optimal amount of the government golden moral and political action. Texas addressees please add the 5% sales egg and delivering the goods for If, on the other hand, we wait in good tax to your remittance. Volumes will be home-based private interests. It would to faith for the American people to prod sent postpaid. me be an astounding leap of faith to rely Congress we may be in for one hell of a on Congress to end the war, that is to say, long wait, too long a wait for the peoples all American involvement. of Indochina. NOTES 1. Noam Chomsky, New York Review of Books, June 17, 1971. THE TEXAS OBSERVER IDA PRESS 2. Nicholas von Hoffman, Washington Post, May 600 West 7th Street 12, 1971. 504 West 24th Austin, Texas 78701 3. New York Review of Books, June 17, 1971. Multi copy service. 4. Ibid. 5. Nicholas von Hoffman, Washington Post, May Call 477-8351 4, 1971. 6. Ibid. A Public Service Message from the American Income Life Insurance Company—Executive offices, Waco, Texas—Bernard Rapoport, Pres. THE BODY COUNT American Workers face death, debility, and disease from In-Plant Environment.

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In the past decade Black lung, Over 2.2 million more than 150,000 Cancer, suffer disabling men and women died Mental disorders, injuries annually. in the U.S. from Dermatitis, Over 250 million Industrial Accidents, Asbestosis, man days are lost, almost triple the Emphysema, ten times the amount number killed in Byssinosis, lost from work stoppages the Vietnam War. Alcoholism. and strikes. These problems are preventable. Send Checks. Donations are tax-deductable. Environmental Health Programs, Inc. 1411 K. Street, N.W. Room 1000 Washington, D.C. 20005 A case for bussing

By Chandler Davidson the only way to do that in many cases is model of what is happening throughout the through bussing." South. Like other integrationists, black and Houston In cities, blacks tend to live nearer Our era thrives on paradox. white, throughout the South, Chambers is low-income whites, and the latter are used A few weeks ago at a Washington under pressure from two sources, both of by school boards as "integration fodder" hearing on school desegregation, Sam Ervin which were represented at the hearing. The when limited zoning or pairing is required. of North Carolina, one of the Senate's black separatists believe that integration is Whether all or even the majority of perennial racists, found to his delight that a chimera. The white racists believe that if integrated whites are poor is another he was on the same side of the fence as they are recalcitrant enough, the federal matter. A sizable proportion of the stable Professor Charles V. Hamilton, a black government will give up and allow the working class and the salaried middle class political scientist who with Stokely reinstatement of Jim Crow in all its glory. is surely involved as well. If bussing for Carmichael once wrote a treatise on black It is disconcerting, therefore, to read in racial balance becomes more widespread, the Observer power and is now a separatist. (June 4) that Curtis Graves, a of course, this proportion should increase. black legislator well known in Texas And who were they lined up against? But what about the smaller cities, towns Julius Chambers, no less, the black civil politics, has come down on the side of and the rural areas, where about half of the rights lawyer from Charlotte, who won the racial separatism in the schools. South's black school children live? Charlotte-Mecklenburg school busing case Essentially, his argument goes as follows: In the Deep South especially, some before the Supreme Court this spring. parents who can afford it are setting up There has been "nothing substantive .. . Both Ervin and Hamilton were arguing segregation academies. But to date, done to integrate the schools" in the for "separate but equal" schools, although probably less than 6% of white students in South. What little integration that has with different constructions of equality in the 11 southern states attend them. After come about is between poor whites (or mind. Chambers took issue. "I don't think all, not many families can afford the Mexican-Americans) and blacks. those in power will provide the equal burden of paying public school taxes The education of blacks is getting worse, and opportunities necessary," he said. "The funds for private schools as well. Indeed, a only way I see to accomplish it is to mix primarily because of the disruption New York Times accompanying attempts to force blacks and report from Jackson, ,.i black and white students in schools, and Miss., recently indicated that officials there whites to go to school together. expect some white students to return to Graves, therefore, proposes the public schools this fall. Dr. Davidson is an assistant professor of neighborhood schools, a school So, in the smaller towns and cities, as sociology at Rice University. He is this administration and corps of senior teachers there are no suburbs to flee to, whites of summer completing a book on black reflecting the neighborhood racial every social class are sending their kids to politics in Houston and the chances for a composition and a steady three-year "progressive, biracial, class-based coalition" rotation of rank-and-file teachers from integrated schools. This is occurring in East Texas today, as it is throughout the South. in Texas and the nation. predominantly white schools to black and The sharp difference between the vice versa, thus equalizing the chances of metropolitan situation and that in the less all students in a district for the same 12 The Texas Observer populous areas can be seen from recently quality of instruction. released HEW figures. In Houston, at the beginning of the past school year, only CLASSIFIED THE ARGUMENT sounds 8.4% of the black school children were attending predominantly white schools. BOOKPLATES. Free catalog. Many beautiful plausible. Is it, however, valid? designs. Special designing too. Address: BOOK- Consider the first premise — that But in the state as a whole, the figure was PLATES, P.O. Box 28-I, Yellow Springs, Ohio nothing substantial has been done to 34.9%. Outside Houston, therefore, the 45387. integrate the schools in the South. This is percentage is even higher. simply untrue, if by integration is meant Ironically, the situation may turn out to MARJORIE ANNE DELAFIELD TYPING' blacks and whites attending the same be more progressive in these areas — the SERVICE: Complete Typing Service and Editing schools together. It is occurring today for last refuge of unremitting racism — than in Duplicating (printing, multilith, mimeo, ditto), the big cities. Willie Morris' observations Binding, Mailing, Public Notary. Twenty years the first time on a large scale throughout experience. Call 442-7008 or 442-0170, Austin. the Old Confederacy. Between the fall of on integration in Yazoo, Miss., are 1968 and 1970 the percentage of blacks in suggestive. WE SELL THE BEST SOUND. Yamaha pianos, schools with a white majority increased in guitars; Moeck-Kung-Aulus recorders; harmon- the South from 18 to 39. icas, kalimbas and other exotic instruments. In the Deep South state of Mississippi, it H AS THE educational system, as a Amster Music, 1624 Lavaca, Austin. 478-7331. went from 7% to 26%. In an Outer South result of integration, "gotten even worse state such as Texas, it went from 25 to 35. for the less affluent and the minority," as BUMPER STICKERS: Bread Tax Barnes/Ralph Graves claims? Wasn't Bought. Both 350. One 200. 613-A West A decade ago, far less than 10% of the 31st, Austin. . South's black school children were It is difficult to say. Our entire integrated. educational system is haywire, and in some McGOVERN FOR PRESIDENT button (large or But what about the integration which is respects as bad for the advantaged as the small) or bumperstickers: 50c each, 3 for $1. now, perhaps temporarily, a reality? Does disadvantaged, as writers as different in Hand-made paper mobile: $2 each, 3 for $5. it involve blacks and poor whites only? their approach as Charles Silberman and Proceeds to campaign McGovern Committee, P. I do not know of any study which Edgar Friedenberg have shown. 0. Box 472, Vermillion, S.D., 57069. So far as minority kids and poor ones Contributions welcome. analyzes the social class composition of whites attending schools with blacks. Poor are concerned, there is some fragmentary whites are probably overrepresented. But it evidence that they are not worse off now CENTRAL TEXAS ACLU luncheon meeting. is easy to exaggerate, especially if one uses than earlier. One thinks of August Spanish Village. 2nd Friday every month. From 3raves's home city of Houston as the Hollingshead's description of the education noon. All welcome. of poor whites in the Midwest in the 1940's or of Gunnar Myrdal's account of Some whites, of course, fit this are marching to the cadence of black pride the education of Southern blacks in the description. But there are black teachers and heightened militance. same period. Or, to look at the problem who are unsympathetic to the needs of Add to this explosive mixture a vast from another angle, one can read James black children, too. And along with the exchange of • teachers due to faculty Herndon's account of an all-black school competent black teachers, there are a integration and the ineptitude — or, often, ten years ago in California, whose appalling number of younger white ones, some of downright malevolence — of some white conditions had absolutely nothing to do whom have been volunteers in black administrators and teachers in this new and with integration. tutorial projects during college, or who unprepared-for situation, and you have This is not to deny that serious problems have attended integrated schools sporadic and increasing violence. are arising as schools in the South themselves. Many have asked to teach in Yet, its' is not certain that the situation integrate. Black principals and teachers are integrated classrooms and want to make will automaticallyget worse. Indeed, to being fired or demoted in great numbers, a integration work. There will undoubtedly assume without question that it will may fact amply documented in June by the be more of them in the future. constitute a self-fulfilling prophecy. Senate Committee on Equal Educational We need black and whites both in Not all student disruption is the result of Opportunity. ordinary teaching jobs and in positions of racial clashes. But even where it is, there But is the solution to resegregate and administrative authority in all our schools. are enlightened measures which can be hire the blacks back in their old positions? Black kids need black role models. White taken to prevent its recurrence, as the It seems more reasonable to fight tooth kids need good black teachers and experience of many integrated and nail for their reinstatement, as the administrators to generate and reinforce communities has shown. Moreover, National Educational Association is now their acceptance of blacks in superior accoring to the Coleman report, white doing, and to make a school district's positions. children who have attended integrated criminal responsibility in this matter so schools since their early years are more costly that it will not dare do it again. C ONCERNING STUDENT likely to choose black friends than are The separatist argument seems to rest in disruption, it is a real and growing children integrated at a relatively late point part on the assumption that white teachers problem, as Graves correctly asserts. The in their school career or children who never cannot teach blacks adequately, and that hostility is easy to understand. In the attended integrated schools. black teachers can. Thus Graves writes of South, it seems to be occurring primarily in the white teacher "22 years old . . . newly integrated schools, usually at the THIS LEADS TO a final point. The teaching black history at a black high junior and senior high school level. lesson of limited school integration such as school . . . [who] had never taken a course Part of the reason for this is that white the South has so far experienced is not that in that subject. She had literally never been students who were born after 1954 and it won't work, but that mere physical close to a black person and was frightened grew up during the era of Massive proximity in a school room is not to death when she had to stand before 30 Resistance listening to their parents rail sufficient to destroy racial barriers. Or, as of them wearing Afro's." against "forced integration" are now some people put it, "desegregation doesn't mixing with black students, who in turn necessarily lead to integration." July 16,1971 13 : Capt. Allee doesn't

E::: like this poster! And we don't blame him • • • Its ugly! We haven't heard much from or Capt. Allee since he helped bust the melon strike in Starr County. 14: Except for a letter from his lawyer telling us to 'I; quit selling this poster. And we read in the payier he's being sued for slapping around a chicano grocery clerk in Carrizo Springs. As long as his kind of Texano continues to exist, somebody has a ::$ to keep telling it like it is... which is why we published the poster, and why we keep publishing our Spanish bi-weekly, iYa Mero! Give us a g hand. Posters, $1.75 + 25c handling.Subs, $2. 50 . per year. Donations gratefully accepted. ;YA ME 11EITLCO ! P. O. BOX 1044-A McAllen, Texas 78501 yf (A refund if we get enjoined is guaranteed!) Many integrationists who are now giving in to the separatist appeal have previously assumed that physical proximity alone does lead to "social proximity." Boys Stater replies Social psychologists have known for many years, however, that this is not true. Gordon Allport, in his important book, I wish to comment on the article "A The Nature of Prejudice, specified four conditions which facilitated integration: Prisoner of Boys State?" which appeared in the July 2 issue of the 1) The students must enjoy roughly Observer. First I Dialogue equal status. suppose I should qualify myself as one as 2) They must be led to pursue similar able to judge Boys State as Keith Deen, the goals. subject of the article. I was one of the delegates to Boys State from Austin High I 3) The sharing of common interests and Legionnaire, whip in hand and the rather a common humanity must be emphasized. School and was elected president pro-tem one-sided description of the Boys State 4) Their interracial contact must be of the Senate during the Boys State program. I believe it to be an injustice to sanctioned by institutional supports, such program. condemn the entire program on the as law, custom and local atmosphere. During the first day or two of the demerits of one incident which drew on Creating these conditions simultaneously program I was struck by the avalanche of the worst of the Legion and Mr. Deen to is no easy task. It would be foolish to think tradition which the American Legion has produce a rather disappointing, otherwise. Even so, creating a climate in instilled, some of it rather meaningless, un-representative incident, one which which integration will work is easier than such as the T-shirts, the song and the though, should not be overlooked, should starting all over by resegregating. We have pre-dawn calisthenics. I was deeply angered also not be overplayed or emphasized. I a significant number of blacks and whites when the athletic instructor, Mr. Hanna, was proud to have been a part of Boys together in the classroom now. This is a forced the 14 boys to cut their hair and State simply because, on the whole, it was good start. sideburns. My roommate was the one of indeed worthwhile. Bussing will be required on a fairly the 14 who was given reprieve as he was I would sincerely hope that the packing to go home. extensive scale to maintain and increase Observer, as a journal of free voices, would this tentative step towards racial balance. A day later, Keith Deen began extend to me the privilege curtailed by the, circulating his editorial condemning the We must accept it and when necessary legion for Mr. Deen, and publish these hair incident and I was in complete encourage it in our own home towns, even comments. Thank you. agreement. The first most of the delegates though it may involve some personal Parker C. Folse III, 1610 Virginia Ave., heard of the Legion's treatment of Deen inconvenience. Austin, Tex. was in the papers. I do not wish to After all, as the Supreme Court pointed comment on Deen's story. Keith proclaims out in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg case, its truth and the Legion calls it an The differences 39% of all public school children in exaggeration. I do wish to comment on the The revelations in the publication of America are bussed to school now. They program as a whole. I resent being some of the information contained in a could have added that another 26% use classified as a participant in a so-called secret Pentagon study on the origins of the some form of public transportation to get "orgy of platitudes and Vietnam War, in which it is spelled out to school. And they should have self-congratulations." The article pictured rather specifically that 70% of the emphasized that although bussing has been president's purpose in prosecuting the war on the increase ever since World War II, the majority of the delegates as was his concern that the U.S. Army might only 3% is for the purpose of maintaining super-patriots blindly accepting whatever racial balance. the dictates of the Legion happen to be. suffer some type of defeat and thereby be To sum up, it would be disastrous at this Nothing could be more wrong. The embarrassed, prompted us to conduct a study of our own. juncture to give up the goal of school platforms of each party in the program integration and admit defeat. For, like it or contained progressive ideas dealing with The objective of our study was to not, it would be the "separate but equal" marijuana laws, abortion, taxing methods attempt to discover any significant interpretation of the Sam Ervins, the John and foreign policy. The ideas were differences between the most recent Connallys, the Lester Maddoxes and the intelligent, well-placed and in many ex-president, who preserved the Army's George Wallaces which would prevail in instances, in conflict with the philosophies image by putting the Vietnam Wk in gear, that event — not the interpretation of the of the American Legion. So much for the and the current president who is carrying black nationalists. participants in the program. Consider next on the battle. School integration has been at the heart the American Legion. After extensive research and intensive of our attempted second Reconstruction. Although, at times, I disagree with the study, we have discovered the significant Its dismantling, with the white bigots Legion's policies and ideas I respect them differences between Lyndon Baines ascendant, would pose problems for for Boys State alone. Each year for the Johnson and Richard Milhous Nixon, which we would like to share with you. Southern blacks every bit as serious as past several decades the Legion has The significant differences are that (1) those brought on the failure of the first expended tens of thousands of dollars so Reconstruction almost a hundred years that young men throughout Texas may Richard Milhous Nixon is president; (2) ago. have the chance to learn of the workings of Lyndon Baines Johnson used to be state and local government. They expect president; (3) Richard Milhous Nixon Are the doubtful benefits of nothing material in return for their time, doesn't have a library; (4) Lyndon Baines resegregation worth this risk? El money and effort. They instruct in the use Johnson has a library; (5) Richard Milhous of the tools of government so that the Nixon is from California and (6) Lyndon In Vietnam, ideas of the young, no matter what they Baines Johnson is from Texas. we sow the wind. are, can become tangible through the A by-product of our research and study When comes governmental process. In an age of what has been the development of several the whirlwind after? many young people consider to be adult suggestions. The first suggestion concerns a possible D. W. Robinson apathy, the Boys State program certainly Corpus Christi deserves a large degree of distinction. For further study on the subject of the this reason I am disappointed at the Vietnam War. This study, by the way, 14 The Texas Observer Observer's cartoon of the Nazi-style quite possibly could be of interest to and Ile 11111 IIII HI In 11111 IN IN IN NS ail perhaps funded by LBJ Enterprises and/or # ■ RMN Enterprises and/or the White House `Scurrilous attack' I • I and/or the U.S. Congress and/or the Your records will reflect that for years I Call. C K I Pentagon. The objective of the proposed I have been a financial supporter as well I Before You Pack. I study would be to seek an answer to the as a philosophical supporter of The Texas I FOR I following question: "How will it be Observer. The scurrilous attack on Judge II1 possible to explain to the American public John Singleton in your last issue of The 1 HOUSTON and the rest of the world, without Observer cannot go unnoticed by me. I Enjoy real money-saving I embarrassment to past and present elected It is unlike The Observer to print I value, and relax at the I officials, the U.S. Armed Forces, et. al., a gossip without labeling it as such. Your 1 pALBERT 1 war which has killed approximately one facts are inaccurate to say the least. The 1 1 million human beings, left millions of case to which you refer in this article, 1 e KI 1 people permanently phygically and "Go Judge Go," was not before a jury. It MOTOR INN mentally disabled, resulted in many other was before the Judge only and he had to 1 forms of loss of life, liberty and the pursuit make the final decision on the money as 1 3301 Southwest Freeway of happiness, wasted billions of dollars of well as the other facts of the case. He I at Buffalo Speedway other precious resources and so forth ad asked the attorneys involved to agree to a infinitum, when that war had military procedure which he outlined for them, • Color TV in every room public-relations and no other apparent and they agreed. Unknown to Judge • Restaurant & Lounge value?" Singleton, the figure offered by the • Heated Pool The second suggestion would be that the defendant was the same figure Judge American public demand that all future Singleton assessed as the damages in this • Family Plan U.S. presidents be required to read and case. It could have been more. It could • Free Parking understand the Bill of Rights and the U.S. have been less, but the fact are that the • Meeting and Convention Constitution. decision was the sole responsibility of the Facilities for up to 375 Stan Carlson, assistant chairman, Ad judge. The plaintiff was not deprived of a I ALL AT MODERATE RATES Hoc Committee to Discover the jury trial — he was not entitled to one RESERVATIONS: Differences, 2817 2nd St., Lubbock, Tex. under the type of case it was. If someone 1 79415. had wronged a plaintiff, I know that you CALL TOLL FREE 1 1 know from my reputation that I would American Express Space Bank Two abstained be the first to scream. One point of elucidation as regards Your ill-considered remark about Judge 800-AE 8-5000 Griffin Smith's article, "A handshake with Singleton's qualifications being his MI MI MN III III MO NM the Tar Baby" (Obs., July 2, 1971). friendship with Lyndon Johnson is 4°. On May 19 S.B. 659 (or H.B. 1649) absurd. He is considered by most was on the House local and consent calendar. The voice vote was indeed 144 in favor, none opposed; however, my colleague Dick Reed and t voted present and not voting. The reason I gave in the House Journal on page 4095 May 19 is as follows: 3100 N. OCEAN BOULEVARD "I wish to be shown as present and not FORT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA voting as regards the approximately 90 bills considered on the consent calendar. In effect the House passed a bill or more a. minute. There was no way for me to cast responsible votes under such procedures." Mr. Smith has been most effective in bringing this situation to the attention of your readers. Rep. F. T. Farenthold, District 45, Place 1, Corpus Christ, Tex. A political act H.B. 1649, increasing the penalty for possession of LSD (among other things), reminds me of the "Boston Strangler" resolution passed earlier this year by the Texas Legislature. Both were passed by naive politicians who didn't comprehend the effects of what they were voting upon. It is also obvious that the governor is equally naive. His signing H.B. 1649 into OPEN ALL YEAR law was a political act, not a humanitarian On The ocean • Private beach • Swim-. one. ming Pool • Palm studded lawns . • I want to thank you for bringing up H.B. Dancing — Entertainment • Games • 1649 in your newsmagazine; as before this Air-Conditioned — Heated • Luxurious Room and Apts. . . . All with balconies I have never heard of it. • Golf privileges. Gerald A. Kendrick, P.O. Box 1344, Austin, Tex. 78767. members of the Bar as one of the finest denied the plaintiff a jury trial. Nor did why the people of this state should not judges. His impartiality, fairness and he contend that the plaintiff was in any elect this man to any more positions of integrity are something that the Observer way wronged. It's just that he, and we, public trust. These lonely and tragic should aspire to. He is one of the finest were rather taken with the fact that a real women have been given one more cruel jurists in the United States and the fudge in a real court had closed a case by disillusionment (if they can be disillusioned Observer, at least, owes Judge Singleton saying, "When you're hot, you're hot. any more) just to boost Ben's political an apology. When you're not, you're not." future. Of course, it wasn't going to do any Joseph D. Jamail, 700 Houston First The Observer is sorry if the anecdote good — nothing will until we GET OUT — Savings Bldg., Houston, Tex. 77002. heated up Judge Singleton and his but they were used one more shabby time, admirers. —Ed. politically! This was CRIMINAL A shabby poke' manipulation and the man should be reminded of that at the polls in 1972, The June 18th issue pokes shabbily at Distorted cover' along with an ever increasing number of John Singleton, a Houston federal judge, others. who both personally and professionally Please, I appreciate your publication (And H. Ross Perot, will you please stop deserves much better. But, then, too much to remain quiet about the the world and GET OFF). American journalism has stayed pretty foolish and distorted cover drawing of Betty Brink, 2255 Harrison, Beaumont, much wide of the mark when praising and this July 2nd issue. Your reporting and Tex. 77701. damning judges and the judicial process. articles are now much better than in the Changing the judge's name and last seven or eight years of my reading misrepresenting the setting are tolerable and the total rationality is considerably Somebody likes us newspapering misdemeanors, but the improved. So please can't you design your C4 major qualification for the federal covers to express an equally mature and Just a short note to let you know we judiciary is a close friendship with level-headed approach? appreciate your paper. Lyndon Johnson" gouge is a fourth estate Richard Trice, 809 Ruth Lane, Hurst, Keep up the criticism of Mutscher, felony. It is much as though you had said Tex. 76053. Smith, Barnes, etc. Especially Barnes — he of former Chief Justice Warren "his portrays one image while in reality we all principal qualification was a lust for Of course our July 2 drawing was know where he really stands. victory which moved him to early support distorted. It was a parady of the covers Keep up the good work. for Eisenhower." on pulp men's magazines, the ones you John W. Wilkins, 2506 Walnut, Amarill John Singleton is a very good judge find on the bottom racks at the all-night Tex. and in time he may well be a great one. newsstands. Instead of "I was a Prisoner The threat is there. of Boys State," you often find headlines Sorrowful cancellation Warren Burnett, 310 North Lincoln, like, "I was a Captive in a Nazi Love Odessa, Tex. 79760. Camp" or "The Sordid Initiation Rites of the Hell's Angels." It is with regret that I will allow my subscription to expire after all these years. The item to which Mr. Burnett and Mr. The American Legion's reaction to Keith Deen's editorial begged for such Either I have grown too old or you have Jamail refer was what we learned in grown too young. I fear I do not suffer journalism school to call a "brite," a whimsical treatment. We here at the Observer do not feel that irony and adolescent intellectuals — as distinguished short, amusing story, usually used to from intellectual adolescents — any more break up a page of dull copy. The author parody are inconsistent with the ideals of, ahem, "A Journal of Free Voices."—Ed. gladly than I do fools. of the piece, himself a lawyer, did not I agree with some of what you say, and intend to imply that Judge Singleton completely with your right to say it; but I BB and the PTs am repelled increasingly with the way you 16 The Texas Observer often say it. There is strength in the I note than Ben Barnes has reduced the forthright use of idiomatic English; a number of invited participants, (all full-bodied oath can add emphasis. But the Prominent Texans), for the earlier highly idiom of the "hip" world, the drug scene, publicized POW trip to Moscow, Paris and is merely juvenile. And scatology is Stockholm from 1300 to 0. Well, well. infantile exhibitionism, whether on It looks like the old pros in Moscow outhouse walls or published pages. know a political opportunist when they see More in sorrow than in anger, one. Turning down Barnes' request for Mike Mooney, 1709 Vista Lane, Austin, visas for the 1300 PTs was probably the Tex. 78703. best thing Moscow has done for the prisoners to date. Things bad all over It certainly proves that ole Bedroom Ben better not run for office outside the state "This was, in all probability, one of the as his influence seems to diminish most thoroughly regressive, considerably as it leaves the confines of the anti-democratic, anti-consumer, anti-urban statehouse apartment. And poor ole Ben boondoggling and backward looking didn't even have any "contingency plans" sessions of the State Legislature in all in case his one biggie failed, (LBJ where history." were you?) Hell, the Hanoi Hilton is still These are my sentiments and standing — it didn't even tremble when Ben observations of the now done session in hollered, "The Prominent Texans are Austin. The interesting point is that I am coming!" quoting the June 9, 1971, editorial page of The trip was political of course. The the New York Times concerning the now wives and mothers of the POWs were not done session of the New York Legislature. invited. Are they not rich enough? Or Things ain't lookin' good anywhere. maybe they aren't Prominent Texans. The Hugh Foley, 5110 Bancroft #2, shame of THAT is one more good reason Houston, Tex. 77021.