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The Tigua Indians of Ysleta Del Sur: a Borderlands Community

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The Tigua Indians of Ysleta Del Sur: a Borderlands Community University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2015-01-01 The iT gua Indians of Ysleta del Sur: A Borderlands Community Scott .C Comar University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Comar, Scott .,C "The iT gua Indians of Ysleta del Sur: A Borderlands Community" (2015). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 1023. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/1023 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE TIGUA INDIANS OF YSLETA DEL SUR: A BORDERLANDS COMMUNITY SCOTT C. COMAR Department of History APPROVED: Jeffrey P. Shepherd, Ph.D., Chair Charles H. Martin, Ph.D. Yolanda Leyva, Ph.D. Howard Campbell, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Scott C. Comar 2015 Dedication This work is dedicated to my parents, Lee and Sheila Comar. THE TIGUA INDIANS OF YSLETA DEL SUR: A BORDERLANDS COMMUNITY by SCOTT C. COMAR, M.A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO May 2015 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I want to thank my advisor, Jeffrey P. Shepherd, for his inspiration and commitment to my academic progress. I also want thank committee members Charles H. Martin, Yolanda Leyva, and Howard B. Campbell. I am thankful to various people at the UTEP Library for their patient assistance. These include Claudia Rivers and Laura Hollingsed from Special Collections, Law Reference Librarian Charles “Chas” Gaunce, and Juana Rivas and Rosalba Navarrete from Media and Microforms. The antecedent research of Tom Diamond, Nicholas Houser, Rex E. Gerald, Allen Greenberg, and Mark E. Miller has greatly contributed to this project, and I want to thank the Tigua of Ysleta del Sur for making public their findings. At El Paso Community College, I want to thank Michael Mills, Elva Gutierrez, Arvis Jones, Carmen Attar, John A. Lencyk, Lucille Dominguez, Harvey Plaut, Leon Blevins, and the various other faculty and staff who have inspired me throughout the years. I am also indebted to the many faculty members at the University of Texas at El Paso who have helped me progress. Julia Camacho, Ernesto Chavez, and Cheryl Martin have assisted me in the understanding of borderlands history. Also, Sandra M. Deutsch, Sam Brunk, Manuel B. Ramirez, Paul Edison, Brad Cartwright, Charles Ambler, Yasuhide Kawashima, Maceo Dailey, Kathleen Staudt, Renaldo Reyes, Aurolyn Luykx, Barbara Shaw, David Ramirez, Steve Best, and many other UTEP faculty and staff have greatly contributed to my academic growth. I am also grateful to my family and their support throughout my educational journey. My wife Maria and my son Joseph have patiently endured the years that it has taken me to get this far. I hold the deepest gratitude for both my father, Lee Comar, and my mother, Sheila Comar. They have truly encouraged me to follow my dreams. For all the friends, faculty, and family not mentioned above, you are always with me in my heart, and I could not have done this without you. v Abstract This dissertation offers a broad community history of the Tigua Indians of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo from colonial contact to their federal recognition in 1987. Considering Tigua history in a Borderlands context, it explores the interaction between community and identity. Here I argue that the Tiguas persisted through Spanish, Mexican, and American colonization because various identity markers involving place, interaction, and shared culture enhanced their community identity as an Indigenous people. This dissertation also examines how social upheaval, migrations, and land dispossession impacted the Tiguas in various contexts, as well as some of the ways in which they adapted to change and maintained group cohesion as an Indigenous pueblo. vi Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................v Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................x List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xi Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 Objective .................................................................................................................................4 Literature Review....................................................................................................................6 Tigua History ........................................................................................................................21 Theoretical Framework .........................................................................................................27 Methodology .........................................................................................................................30 Chapter Summaries ...............................................................................................................32 Chapter 1: Origin History ..............................................................................................................40 Origin Stories ........................................................................................................................40 Archeological Research ........................................................................................................44 Social Organization ...............................................................................................................47 Colonial Contact ...................................................................................................................49 Spanish Colonization ............................................................................................................59 The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 ...................................................................................................67 Settlement in Ysleta del Sur ..................................................................................................73 The Hinojosa Grant ...............................................................................................................80 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................81 Chapter 2: Life In Colonial Ysleta .................................................................................................96 The Long Eighteenth-Century ..............................................................................................96 vii Ethnogenesis and Tribal Synthesis .......................................................................................98 Kinship and Intermarriage ..................................................................................................104 Census Data ........................................................................................................................111 Agricultural and Economic Activities ................................................................................120 Military Activities ...............................................................................................................125 Land Tenure ........................................................................................................................131 Secularization of the Ysleta Mission ..................................................................................139 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................145 Chapter 3: Land Dispossession And Sovereignty During The Nineteenth-Century ...................161 Mexican Period ...................................................................................................................163 Mexican Period Census Data and Social Environment ......................................................165 Mexican Period Land Encroachments ................................................................................167 Tigua Military Service During the Mexican Period ...........................................................170 The River Shift and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo .......................................................172 United States Settlement and Land Dispossession, 1850-1870 ..........................................177 Tigua Land Dispossession in Ysleta, 1870-1899 ................................................................181 The Salt War of 1877 and the Dispossession of Shared Subsistence Domains ..................188
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