Retweeting Through the Great Firewall a Persistent and Undeterred Threat Actor
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Internet Surveillance in China
The Architecture of Control: Internet Su rveillance in China James A. Lewis , Center for Strategic and International Studies July 200 6 Security concerns shape China’s official internet and information technology strateg ies . Th ese include concerns shared by many cou nt ries: promoting a strong and growing economy , providing information assurance , and defending against foreign intrusions into China’s information space . Most importantly for the Chinese, information security include s a political element not foun d in many other nations – c ontrol by the party and the state over communications and the flow of informa tion . The rapid spread of internet access and mobile communications pose a serious challenge to this goal. In response, China’s security apparatus is reorienting its informational defenses. In the past, the emphasi s was on blocking access - the “great firewall.” In the future, the emphasis will be on the monitoring and surveillance of online activities. China’s primary objective in internet securi ty is political – preventing IT from eroding the regime’s authority. Information security is defined in China as “a comprehensive concept understood in a broad sense, and it involves political, economic, cultural, ideological, media, social and military l evel or field. ” It includes “data, system, network, infrastructure .”1 Chin ese officials worry about the potential of the Internet to contribute to the loss of state secrets , offer new avenues for organizing dissent and opposition , and spread “harmful inf ormation. ” This makes controlling access to "harmful network information” and the ability to monitor and intercept communications top priorities .2 For China’s leadership, one particular set of event s demonstrated the risks of not securing networks. -
Effective Censorship: Maintaining Control in China
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 2010 Effective Censorship: Maintaining Control In China Michelle (Qian) Yang University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Yang, Michelle (Qian), "Effective Censorship: Maintaining Control In China" 01 January 2010. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/118. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/118 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effective Censorship: Maintaining Control In China Keywords censorship, china, incentives, Social Sciences, Political Science, Devesh Kapur, Kapur, Devesh Disciplines Political Science This article is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/118 Effective Censorship: Maintaining Control in China Michelle Yang April 09, 2010 Acknowledgments My initial interest in this thesis topic was generated during the summer of 2009 when I was interning in Beijing. There, I had found myself unable to access a large portion of the websites I’ve grown so accustomed to in my everyday life. I knew from then that I wanted to write about censorship in China. Since that summer, the scope of the topic has changed greatly under the careful guidance of Professor Devesh Kapur. I am incredibly grateful for all the support he has given me during this entire process. This final thesis wouldn’t be what it is today without his guidance. Professor Kapur, thank you for believing in me and for pushing me to complete this thesis! I would also like to extend my gratitude to both Professor Doherty-Sil and Professor Goldstein for taking time out of their busy schedules to meet with me and for providing me with indispensible advice. -
Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual
CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2016 ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 6, 2016 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 21–471 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 19:58 Oct 05, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\AR16 NEW\21471.TXT DEIDRE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Cochairman Chairman JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma ROBERT PITTENGER, North Carolina TOM COTTON, Arkansas TRENT FRANKS, Arizona STEVE DAINES, Montana RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois BEN SASSE, Nebraska DIANE BLACK, Tennessee DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio GARY PETERS, Michigan MICHAEL M. HONDA, California TED LIEU, California EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS CHRISTOPHER P. LU, Department of Labor SARAH SEWALL, Department of State DANIEL R. RUSSEL, Department of State TOM MALINOWSKI, Department of State PAUL B. PROTIC, Staff Director ELYSE B. ANDERSON, Deputy Staff Director (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 19:58 Oct 05, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 U:\DOCS\AR16 NEW\21471.TXT DEIDRE C O N T E N T S Page I. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 5 Recommendations to Congress and the Administration .............................. -
Computational Propaganda in Taiwan: Where Digital Democracy Meets Automated Autocracy
Working Paper No. 2017.2 Computational Propaganda in Taiwan: Where Digital Democracy Meets Automated Autocracy Nicholas J. Monaco, Google Jigsaw Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 Case study ................................................................................................................... 5 Media and social media landscape in Taiwan ................................................................... 5 Overview of computational propaganda in Taiwan .......................................................... 9 Automation and propaganda .......................................................................................... 10 Fake news ........................................................................................................................ 13 Cross-Strait propaganda ................................................................................................. 15 The 2016 Diba Facebook expedition .............................................................................. 22 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 25 About the Author ...................................................................................................... 27 References ................................................................................................................ -
How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts
American Political Science Review (2017) 111, 3, 484–501 doi:10.1017/S0003055417000144 c American Political Science Association 2017 How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument GARY KING Harvard University JENNIFER PAN Stanford University MARGARET E. ROBERTS University of California, San Diego he Chinese government has long been suspected of hiring as many as 2 million people to surrep- titiously insert huge numbers of pseudonymous and other deceptive writings into the stream of T real social media posts, as if they were the genuine opinions of ordinary people. Many academics, and most journalists and activists, claim that these so-called 50c party posts vociferously argue for the government’s side in political and policy debates. As we show, this is also true of most posts openly accused on social media of being 50c. Yet almost no systematic empirical evidence exists for this claim https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000144 . or, more importantly, for the Chinese regime’s strategic objective in pursuing this activity. In the first large-scale empirical analysis of this operation, we show how to identify the secretive authors of these posts, the posts written by them, and their content. We estimate that the government fabricates and posts about 448 million social media comments a year. In contrast to prior claims, we show that the Chinese regime’s strategy is to avoid arguing with skeptics of the party and the government, and to not even discuss controversial issues. We show that the goal of this massive secretive operation is instead to distract the public and change the subject, as most of these posts involve cheerleading for China, the revolutionary history of the Communist Party, or other symbols of the regime. -
The Danger of Deconsolidation Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk Ronald F
July 2016, Volume 27, Number 3 $14.00 The Danger of Deconsolidation Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk Ronald F. Inglehart The Struggle Over Term Limits in Africa Brett L. Carter Janette Yarwood Filip Reyntjens 25 Years After the USSR: What’s Gone Wrong? Henry E. Hale Suisheng Zhao on Xi Jinping’s Maoist Revival Bojan Bugari¡c & Tom Ginsburg on Postcommunist Courts Clive H. Church & Adrian Vatter on Switzerland Daniel O’Maley on the Internet of Things Delegative Democracy Revisited Santiago Anria Catherine Conaghan Frances Hagopian Lindsay Mayka Juan Pablo Luna Alberto Vergara and Aaron Watanabe Zhao.NEW saved by BK on 1/5/16; 6,145 words, including notes; TXT created from NEW by PJC, 3/18/16; MP edits to TXT by PJC, 4/5/16 (6,615 words). AAS saved by BK on 4/7/16; FIN created from AAS by PJC, 4/25/16 (6,608 words). PGS created by BK on 5/10/16. XI JINPING’S MAOIST REVIVAL Suisheng Zhao Suisheng Zhao is professor at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver. He is executive director of the univer- sity’s Center for China-U.S. Cooperation and editor of the Journal of Contemporary China. When Xi Jinping became paramount leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 2012, some Chinese intellectuals with liberal lean- ings allowed themselves to hope that he would promote the cause of political reform. The most optimistic among them even thought that he might seek to limit the monopoly on power long claimed by the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP). -
U.S.-China Relations: Policy Issues
U.S.-China Relations: Policy Issues Susan V. Lawrence Specialist in Asian Affairs David MacDonald Research Associate August 2, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41108 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S.-China Relations: Policy Issues Summary Congress faces important questions about what sort of relationship the United States should have with China and how the United States should respond to China’s “rise.” After 30 years of fast- paced economic growth, China’s economy is now the second largest in the world after the United States. With economic success, China has developed significant global strategic clout. It is also engaged in an ambitious military modernization drive, including efforts to develop extended- range power projection capabilities and such advanced weapons as a “carrier killer” anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM). At home, it continues to suppress all perceived challenges to the Communist Party’s monopoly on power. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has described as “uncharted territory” the U.S. attempt “to work with a rising power”—China—“to foster its rise as an active contributor to global security, stability and prosperity while also sustaining and securing American leadership in a changing world.” In previous eras, the rise of new powers produced rivalry and conflict. Clinton has argued that the United States and China must find “a new answer to the ancient question of what happens when an established power and a rising power meet” because, “Interdependence means that one of us cannot succeed unless the other does as well.” The Obama Administration has repeatedly assured China that the United States “welcomes a strong, prosperous and successful China that plays a greater role in world affairs,” and does not seek to prevent China’s re-emergence as a great power. -
Les Droits De L'homme En Chine Mai 2017
LES DROITS DE L’HOMME DANS LE MONDE LES DROITS DE L’HOMME EN CHINE N° 117 MAI 2017 LE NOUVEAU HÉRAUT DE LA LUTTE ÉCOLOGIQUE : LE PLUS POLLUEUR ET LE MOINS VÉRIFIABLE La rédaction de ce bulletin s’achève alors que Autre événement d’importance en ce deux événements viennent marquer la vie début de juin : les États-Unis se retirent de internationale. Des discussions s’ouvrent les 1 l’accord sur l’environnement signé à Paris en et 2 juin à Bruxelles entre l’Union européenne décembre 2015 (COP21). Ce « délit contre et la Chine ; elles ont sans doute de l’humanité » (S. Royal) est une véritable l’importance pour les affaires commerciales ou aubaine pour la Chine dans son long combat le climat mais jusqu’à présent n’ont débouché pour défier les États-Unis et se hisser au sur aucun résultat pour le progrès des droits de premier plan mondial. Saisissant l’occasion, l’Homme. Cette absence de résultat est sans Beijing a dénoncé fermement la faute doute regrettable pour l’Europe mais les américaine et s’est déclaré pour l’application de dirigeants chinois ne peuvent que s’en féliciter : l’accord. Les effets bénéfiques ont été quasi ils ont évité une ingérence dans leurs affaires instantanés : la Chine est devenue dans les intérieures ; on les laisse affirmer leur rejet des médias le nouveau leader de la lutte pour la valeurs universelles ; les capitales occidentales planète. Sur France-Inter le 2 juin, le ministre ferment les yeux sur ce déni de leurs valeurs d’État Hulot fait confiance à « nos amis essentielles et elles s’y habituent. -
Forbidden Feeds: Government Controls on Social Media in China
FORBIDDEN FEEDS Government Controls on Social Media in China 1 FORBIDDEN FEEDS Government Controls on Social Media in China March 13, 2018 © 2018 PEN America. All rights reserved. PEN America stands at the intersection of literature and hu- man rights to protect open expression in the United States and worldwide. We champion the freedom to write, recognizing the power of the word to transform the world. Our mission is to unite writers and their allies to celebrate creative expression and defend the liberties that make it possible. Founded in 1922, PEN America is the largest of more than 100 centers of PEN International. Our strength is in our membership—a nationwide community of more than 7,000 novelists, journalists, poets, es- sayists, playwrights, editors, publishers, translators, agents, and other writing professionals. For more information, visit pen.org. Cover Illustration: Badiucao CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 INTRODUCTION : AN UNFULFILLED PROMISE 7 OUTLINE AND METHODOLOGY 10 KEY FINDINGS 11 SECTION I : AN OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL MEDIA CENSORSHIP 12 The Prevalence of Social Media Usage in China 12 Digital Rights—Including the Right to Free Expression—Under International Law 14 China’s Control of Online Expression: A Historical Perspective 15 State Control over Social Media: Policy 17 State Control over Social Media: Recent Laws and Regulations 18 SECTION II: SOCIAL MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN PRACTICE 24 A Typology of Censored Topics 24 The Corporate Responsibility to Censor its Users 29 The Mechanics of Censorship 32 Tibet and -
China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) 2018 Human Rights Report
CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2018 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is an authoritarian state in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the paramount authority. CCP members hold almost all top government and security apparatus positions. Ultimate authority rests with the CCP Central Committee’s 25-member Political Bureau (Politburo) and its seven-member Standing Committee. Xi Jinping continued to hold the three most powerful positions as CCP general secretary, state president, and chairman of the Central Military Commission. Civilian authorities maintained control of security forces. During the year the government significantly intensified its campaign of mass detention of members of Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang). Authorities were reported to have arbitrarily detained 800,000 to possibly more than two million Uighurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and other Muslims in internment camps designed to erase religious and ethnic identities. Government officials claimed the camps were needed to combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism. International media, human rights organizations, and former detainees reported security officials in the camps abused, tortured, and killed some detainees. Human rights issues included arbitrary or unlawful killings by the government; forced disappearances by the government; torture by the government; arbitrary detention by the government; harsh and life-threatening prison and detention conditions; political prisoners; -
The Chinese Communist Party and the Diaspora Beijing’S Extraterritorial Authoritarian Rule
The Chinese Communist Party and the Diaspora Beijing’s extraterritorial authoritarian rule Oscar Almén FOI-R--4933--SE March 2020 Oscar Almén The Chinese Communist Party and the Diaspora Beijing’s extraterritorial authoritarian rule FOI-R--4933--SE Title The Chinese Communist Party and the Diaspora– Beijing’s extraterritorial authoritarian rule Titel Kinas kommunistparti och diasporan: Pekings extraterritoriella styre Rapportnr/Report no FOI-R--4933--SE Månad/Month March Utgivningsår/Year 2020 Antal sidor/Pages 65 ISSN 1650-1942 Kund/Customer Försvarsdepartementet Forskningsområde Säkerhetspolitik FoT-område Projektnr/Project no A 112003 Godkänd av/Approved by Lars Höstbeck Ansvarig avdelning Försvarsanalys Cover: Vancouver, British Columbia / Canada - August 18 2019: Hong Kong Protest and Counter-Protest in Vancouver. (Photo by Eric Kukulowicz, Shutterstock) Detta verk är skyddat enligt lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk, vilket bl.a. innebär att citering är tillåten i enlighet med vad som anges i 22 § i nämnd lag. För att använda verket på ett sätt som inte medges direkt av svensk lag krävs särskild överenskommelse. This work is protected by the Swedish Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works (1960:729). Citation is permitted in accordance with article 22 in said act. Any form of use that goes beyond what is permitted by Swedish copyright law, requires the written permission of FOI. 2 (65) FOI-R--4933--SE Sammanfattning Denna rapport undersöker det kinesiska kommunistpartiets politik för den kine- siska diasporan samt säkerhetskonsekvenser för diasporan och för de stater där de är bosatta. Eftersom Kina inte accepterar dubbelt medborgarskap är en stor andel av den kinesiska diasporan inte kinesiska medborgare. -
Project Description Crystal Zhang My Project Is a Research Paper
Project Description Crystal Zhang My project is a research paper analysing direct and indirect interventions of Chinese government on internet through a feminist lense. Chinese Government has firm control on Chinese internet not only through blocking, censorship, deleting, but also through government owned newspapers and companies. I analyze how these interventions result in the general public’s misperceptions and lack of understanding on feminism in China through two case studies. The following paper is a mostly complete draft that needs further work on abstract, conclusion, precision, and apa format. The Direct and Indirect Intervention of Chinese Government on Media to Feminism Issues Crystal Zhang “There are no feminism issues in China,” a Chinese classmate claimed in a lecture of introduction to feminist studies when the professor asked on opinions on gender roles, “my mother is the decision maker in the household.” I was quite surprised to hear such a claim, even though it should not be such a surprise for me. After all, before I came to America, my understanding of feminist issues in China was restricted to desire for a male child and obsession with lineage. Before Minguo, Chinese men can have multiple wives if they fulfill the class and financial requirement which varies in different dynasties. If the main wife is unable to bear a male child before the branch ones, people will see her as lacking “morality.” Many key concepts in ancient China such as family, dynasty, and lineage are all tangled with sexist discrimination. Lineage has been a crucial part in Chinese culture, philosophy and society.