Bab Iv Sejarah Hubungan Bilateral Filipina-Amerika

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Bab Iv Sejarah Hubungan Bilateral Filipina-Amerika BAB IV SEJARAH HUBUNGAN BILATERAL FILIPINA-AMERIKA SERIKAT Setiap negara memiliki sejarah dengan dinamika tersendiri yang dapat menjadi dasar bagi arah perkembangan negara tersebut. Kolonisasi dan penjajahan misalnya, dapat menjadi faktor pembentuk nasionalisme atau bahkan ideologi sebuah negara. Republik Filipina merupakan sebuah negara yang selama lebih dari tiga ratus tahun berada di bawah jajahan bangsa asing, dari Spanyol hingga Amerika Serikat. Sejak tahun 1898, Filipina beralih dari masa jajahan Spanyol ke AS. Namun berbeda dengan Spanyol, hubungan Filipina dengan AS memiliki hubungan bilateral yang menarik pada masa penjajahan bahkan pasca kemerdekaan hingga saat ini. Meskipun hubungan kedua negara tidak serta merta berjalan mulus, namun kedua negara juga telah banyak terlibat dalam berbagai kerja sama dan perjanjian dalam bidang ekonomi & perdagangan maupun politik keamanan. Hal-hal tersebut akan penulis bahas dalam Bab IV ini. 4.1. Dinamika Hubungan Bilateral Filipina-Amerika Serikat Meskipun hubungan kedua negara telah terjalin selama lebih dari satu abad, namun pertentangan dan konflik yang terjadi antara kedua pihak tetap tidak dapat dihindarkan. Untuk itu, dalam memaparkan dinamika hubungan bilateral kedua negara, penulis kemudian membaginya dalam empat periode. Periode awal masuknya AS ke Filipina pada tahun 1898-1902, periode kolonisasi AS terhadap Filipina pada 1902-1946, periode pasca kemerdekaan Filipina 1936-1986, dan pada periode 1986-2016. 4.1.1. Periode 1898-1902 Tanggal 10 Desember 1898 merupakan sebuah awal baru bagi Filipina. Pasalnya pada tanggal tersebut Spanyol menyerahkan Filipina ke tangan AS, melalui perjanjian yang ditandatangani oleh kedua negara. Sebelumnya kedua negara berperang di Manila Bay dengan kemenangan AS di bawah komando 35 Laksamana angkatan laut AS, George Dewey. William McKinley yang adalah presiden Amerika Serikat saat itu memerintahkan militer AS untuk mengambil alih seluruh wilayah Filipina pasca penandatanganan Perjanjian Perdamaian Paris pada Desember 1898. Pemerintah AS sadar bahwa kedatangan mereka bisa saja memicu pertentangan dari masyarakat lokal, untuk itu McKinley melalui tentara AS meyakinkan masyarakat setempat bahwa kehadiran mereka bukan sebagai musuh melainkan sebagai kawan. Keberadaan para pendeta dan misionaris juga mendorong kepercayaan masyarakat Filipina terhadap keberadaan AS di wilayahnya sebagai kawan. Namun salah satu alasan AS dibalik kedatangannya ke Filipina adalah keinginan AS untuk mencapai pasar dan sumber daya alam Asia melalui Filipina (Miller, 1982, hal. 13-25). Keberadaan AS di Filipina tidak sepenuhnya membawa ketenangan dan rasa aman bagi warga Filipina. Kemunculan kembali gerakan nasionalis yang mendukung kemerdekaan nasional Filipina secara otomatis membuat militer AS secara brutal membalas penolakan warga Filipina terkait proyek kolonisasi Amerika dengan berbagai kekerasan fisik dan berbagai tekanan. Gerakan nasionalis di Filipina dipimpin oleh Emilio Aguinaldo. Meskipun Aguinaldo telah ditangkap oleh tentara AS pada Maret 1901, gerakan penolakan terhadap represi AS di Filipina terus bangkit khususnya di wilayah Luzon Utara dan Tengah. Bangkitnya gerakan nasionalis kemudian mendorong semakin besarnya tekanan yang datang dari tentara AS. Perlawanan yang dilakukan oleh gerakan revolusi atau gerakan nasionalis di Filipina dimulai pada tahun 1896 di bawah bendera Katipunan1 1 Katipunan merupakan sebutan singkat untuk Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan (KKK) yang merupakan sebuah organisasi yang didirikan di Manila pada tahun 1892, dengan tujuan memperjuangkan kemerdekaan bagi Filipina dari bangsa Spanyol. Emilio Aguinaldo hadir sebagai presiden Katipunan pada musim semi tahun 1897 pada usia tujuh puluh tujuh tahun. Gerakan ini menguat ketika pada saat itu 200.000 tentara Spanyol ditahan di Kuba dan Madrid tidak mampu membayar biaya perang di Filipina. Pihak berwenang Spanyol menawarkan Aguinaldo sebuah deklarasi perdamaian dan memindahkan kepemimpinan revolusioner ke Hong Kong dengan memberikan jaminan perdamaian sejumlah uang tunai yang tidak disebutkan nominalnya. Aguinaldo kemudian menggunakan kesempatan ini untuk membeli senjata yang kemudian dapat diseludupkan kembali ke pejuang revolusi di Filipina. Aguinaldo kemudian dikembalikan ke Filipina pada tahun 1898 ketika Spanyol menyerah terhadap AS dan menyerahkan Filipina (Philippines History, The Katipunan Finally Starts a Revolution, 1 Maret 2017, http://www.philippine-history.org/katipunan.htm, diakses pada 29 September 2017). 36 dengan beranggotakan sekitar 20.000 orang Filipina yang melakukan pemberontakan melawan represi koloni Spanyol (Constantino, 1975, hal. 161-163). Bergantinya rezim Spanyol ke rezim AS membangkitkan kembali gerakan revolusioner KKK dan menciptakan perlawanan terhadap keberadaan bangsa Amerika di berbagai wilayah di Filipina. Gerakan perlawanan terhadap AS dipimpin oleh Emilio Aguinaldo sejak 1 November 1899. Tahun 1899-1902 merupakan periode konflik yang memakan korban sekitar 4.234 tentara AS, 200.000 warga sipil Filipina dan warga yang menjadi anggota kelompok pemberontak, serta 20.000 tentara Filipina (Shackford, 1990, hal.117-119). Selama kurang lebih empat tahun sejak masuknya AS ke Filipina hingga peresmian Filipina sebagai negara koloni AS, ada beberapa peristiwa penting yang perlu diperhatikan. Penulis kemudian mengurutkan peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut ke dalam bentuk tabel untuk memaparkan hubungan kedua negara pada masa awal pendudukan AS di Filipina. Hal ini akan mempermudah pembaca untuk memahami dinamika hubungan Filipina-AS pada periode 1898-1902. Tabel 4.1 Timeline peristiwa penting pendudukan AS di Filipina 1898-1902. Tanggal Peristiwa 15 Februari 1898 Sebuah ledakan menenggelamkan kapal perang USS Maine di Pelabuhan Habana, Kuba. 25 April 1898 Amerika Serikat menyatakan perang atas Spanyol. 1 Mei 1898 Pasukan Angkatan Laut AS yang dipimpin oleh Komodor George Dewey mengalahkan armada Spanyol di Teluk Manila. 24 Mei 1898 Jenderal Emilio Aguinaldo menciptakan sebuah pemerintahan sementara di Filipina. 37 12 Juni 1898 Filipina menyatakan kemerdekaan. 30 Juni 1898 Pasukan sukarelawan militer AS tiba di Filipina 12-13 Agustus 1898 Spanyol dan As menandatangani Protocol of Peace yang berisi ketentuan untuk menciptakan sebuah perjanjian damai. Pasukan Spanyol menyerah kepada militer AS di Manila. 4 Februari 1899 Perlawanan kelompok naisionalis Filipina terhadap pasukan militer AS. 6 Februari 1899 Senat AS meratifikasi Perjanjian Paris. 12 November 1899 Jenderal Guinaldo menyebarkan tentara Filipina dan menyatakan perang gerilya melawan pasukan AS. 13 Maret 1901 Pasukan AS menangkap Jenderal Guinaldo. 4 Juli 4 1901 AS membangun sebuah pemerintahan sipil di Filipina. 4 Juli 1902 Presiden Theodore Roosevelt menyatakan berakhirnya perang Filipina-AS. (Sumber: The Philippine-American War, 2004, hal. 16) Pada Juli 1902, Presiden Theodore Roosevelt menunjuk Howard Taft sebagai Gubernur Sipil Filipina setelah Kongres AS menyetujui Undang-Undang pada 1 Juli 1902 yang memberi Filipina pemerintahan mandiri yang terbatas. Walaupun masa jabatannya kurang dari lima tahun, namun ada beberapa kebijakan Taft yang menarik simpati banyak masyarakat Filipina, khususnya dalam bidang sosial. Taft meresmikan sebuah program besar untuk mengornanisir sekolah dengan ribuan guru Amerika yang menjadi sukarelawan untuk melayani di Filipina. Sekolah-sekolah tersebut mengamanatkan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar, dan para siswa kemudian diajarkan budaya AS. Sedangkan misionaris 38 Protestan mengajarkan orang-orang Filipina cara membaca Alkitab dan penafsiran menurut orang Amerika (Nadeau, 2008, hal. 42-45). 4.1.2. Masa Kolonisasi AS di Filipina (1902-1946) Setelah resmi menjadikan Filipina sebagai koloninya, AS memperluas sistem hukum di Filipina dengan menambahkan beberapa undang-undang baru seperti Civil Marriage Code dan Philippine Bill of 1902 yang mencakup ketentuan umum untuk: (1) perpanjangan Bill of Rights kepada orang-orang Filipina, kecuali hak juri di pengadilan; (2) pengangkatan dua komisaris warga Filipina di Washington, D.C; (3) pembentukan majelis Filipina yang elektif, setelah proklamasi perdamaian dengan jangka waktu dua tahun; (4) retensi Komisi Filipina (Philippine Commission) sebagai majelis tinggi, dengan majelis Filipina bertindak sebagai majelis rendah; dan (5) konservasi sumber daya alam Filipina untuk warga Filipina. Sesuai dengan instruksi Komisi Filipina untuk mendorong warga Filipina berperan dalam pemerintahan, pada tahun 1899 Gregorio Araneta diangkat menjadi hakim pertama Mahkamah Agung dan juga sekertaris keuangan. Pada tahun 1912, separuh hakim di Mahkamah Agung adalah orang Filipina dan pada tahun 1926, hanya dua dari 55 hakim di Mahkamah Agung berkebangsaan Amerika (Nadeau, 2008, hal. 54-58). Filipina mulai berkembang secara politik di bawah Amerika Serikat sejak 1906, pada saat James Francis Smith dilantik menjadi Gubernur Sipil AS di Filipina. Tahun 1907 merupakan awal kemunculan partai politik Filipina, yakni Partai Nasionalis (Partido Nacionalista –PN) yang didirikan pada Maret 1907, disusul keberadaan Partai Progresif (Partido Progresista–PP) atau yang sebelumnya dikenal dengan sebutan Partai Federalis yang mendukung rezim AS di Filipina (Shackford, 1990, hal, 121-124). Pada tahun 1913, ketika Partai Demokrat memenangkan kursi kepresidenan di Amerika Serikat, kebijakan AS bergeser untuk mendukung kemerdekaan Filipina. Francis B. Harrison menjadi Gubernur Jenderal yang menjabat sejak tahun 1913-1921.
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