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Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
ICA Vol. 1 (1956 Edition)
·wMo o '-" I q Sb 10 c. v. i. J c.. A INTERNATIONAL CLOUD ATLAS Volume I WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION 1956 c....._/ O,-/ - 1~ L ) I TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Preface to the 1939 edition . IX Preface to the present edition . xv PART I - CLOUDS CHAPTER I Introduction 1. Definition of a cloud . 3 2. Appearance of clouds . 3 (1) Luminance . 3 (2) Colour .... 4 3. Classification of clouds 5 (1) Genera . 5 (2) Species . 5 (3) Varieties . 5 ( 4) Supplementary features and accessory clouds 6 (5) Mother-clouds . 6 4. Table of classification of clouds . 7 5. Table of abbreviations and symbols of clouds . 8 CHAPTER II Definitions I. Some useful concepts . 9 (1) Height, altitude, vertical extent 9 (2) Etages .... .... 9 2. Observational conditions to which definitions of clouds apply. 10 3. Definitions of clouds 10 (1) Genera . 10 (2) Species . 11 (3) Varieties 14 (4) Supplementary features and accessory clouds 16 CHAPTER III Descriptions of clouds 1. Cirrus . .. 19 2. Cirrocumulus . 21 3. Cirrostratus 23 4. Altocumulus . 25 5. Altostratus . 28 6. Nimbostratus . 30 " IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages 7. Stratoculllulus 32 8. Stratus 35 9. Culllulus . 37 10. Culllulonimbus 40 CHAPTER IV Orographic influences 1. Occurrence, structure and shapes of orographic clouds . 43 2. Changes in the shape and structure of clouds due to orographic influences 44 CHAPTER V Clouds as seen from aircraft 1. Special problellls involved . 45 (1) Differences between the observation of clouds frolll aircraft and frolll the earth's surface . 45 (2) Field of vision . 45 (3) Appearance of clouds. 45 (4) Icing . -
New Edition of the International Cloud Atlas by Stephen A
BULLETINVol. 66 (1) - 2017 WEATHER CLIMATE WATER CLIMATE WEATHER New Edition of the International Cloud Atlas An Integrated Global The Evolution of Greenhouse Gas Information Climate Science: A System, page 38 Personal View from Julia Slingo, page 16 WMO BULLETIN The journal of the World Meteorological Organization Contents Volume 66 (1) - 2017 A New Edition of the International Secretary-General P. Taalas Cloud Atlas Deputy Secretary-General E. Manaenkova Assistant Secretary-General W. Zhang by Stephen A. Cohn . 2 The WMO Bulletin is published twice per year in English, French, Russian and Spanish editions. Understanding Clouds to Anticipate Editor E. Manaenkova Future Climate Associate Editor S. Castonguay Editorial board by Sandrine Bony, Bjorn Stevens and David Carlson E. Manaenkova (Chair) S. Castonguay (Secretary) . 8 R. Masters (policy, external relations) M. Power (development, regional activities) J. Cullmann (water) D. Terblanche (weather research) Y. Adebayo (education and training) Seeding Change in Weather F. Belda Esplugues (observing and information systems) Modification Globally Subscription rates Surface mail Air mail 1 year CHF 30 CHF 43 by Lisa M.P. Munoz . 12 2 years CHF 55 CHF 75 E-mail: [email protected] The Evolution of Climate Science © World Meteorological Organization, 2017 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form by Dame Julia Slingo . 16 and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Edito- rial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or WMO Technical Regulations translate this publication (articles) in part or in whole should be addressed to: An interview with Dimitar Ivanov Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) by WMO Secretariat . -
An Introduction to Clouds
Clouds National Meteorological Library and Archive Fact sheet 1 — An introduction to clouds The National Meteorological Library and Archive Many people have an interest in the weather and the processes that cause it, which is why the National Meteorological Library and Archive are open to everyone. Holding one of the most comprehensive collections on meteorology anywhere in the world, the Library and Archive are vital for the maintenance of the public memory of the weather, the storage of meteorological records and as aid of learning. The Library and Archive collections include: • around 300,000 books, charts, atlases, journals, articles, microfiche and scientific papers on meteorology and climatology, for a variety of knowledge levels • audio-visual material including digitised images, slides, photographs, videos and DVDs • daily weather reports for the United Kingdom from 1861 to the present, and from around the world • marine weather log books • a number of the earliest weather diaries dating back to the late 18th century • artefacts, records and charts of historical interest; for example, a chart detailing the weather conditions for the D-Day Landings, the weather records of Scott’s Antarctic expedition from 1911 • rare books, including a 16th century edition of Aristotle’s Meteorologica, held on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society • a display of meteorological equipment and artefacts For more information about the Library and Archive please see our website at: www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/library Introduction A cloud is an aggregate of very small water droplets, ice crystals, or a mixture of both, with its base above the Earth’s surface. -
A Stratus Cloud That Forms Near the Ground Is Madison
A Stratus Cloud That Forms Near The Ground Is Irritating and inertial Garey unified her subdominants leveed or splotches half-time. Richardo never Nilsondrouk anybestialising matricides queenly enervate and by-and-by, chronologically, is Alfredo she disgorgesplatinoid and her philoprogenitive rejoinders legitimise enough? prepositionally. Raining Buy her on a cloud forms near the sky and cooling Cumulus are mostly of cloud that forms near ground level of the security system of a clear blue? Recently demoted from cumulus is a stratus that near the ground is formed by vertical height from cold fronts moving into the time? Central point is that forms near ground is a fog. Towering vertical height in a stratus cloud that forms the ground is at different sorts of several methods of the known to do. Who we can form a stratus cloud that near is a wide at a warm front, portland state university of the base above the server. Individual fractus clouds of a stratus cloud that forms the atmosphere do not all time in the ground, but not the captcha? Most common on this forms near ground; normally associated with high does it cools to produce light, but stratus often produces precipitation. As the elements are stratus cloud that forms near the known to meteorologists? Occasions severe weather, a stratus cloud that forms near the rain? Can ask the cloud a stratus cloud that forms near the ground is formed by cold clouds occur with the vertical cloud? Articles to a stratus cloud forms near the ground is heated by methane in precipitation, choose your sponsorships, the air mass pushes a stratus stratocumulomutatus clouds. -
Cumulus Humilis and Virga Nicholas Travers Clouds2 Assignment – Flow Visualization 2012 University of Colorado at Boulder
Cumulus Humilis and Virga Nicholas Travers Clouds2 Assignment – Flow Visualization 2012 University of Colorado at Boulder An investigation was undertaken to observe and capture various cloud formations, the intent of which was to learn to identify different cloud types and to develop an understanding for cloud formation processes. A focus of this second investigation of clouds was to photograph and discuss the accessory cloud virga. The imaging technique used is presented and reviewed. The image was produced for the assignment titled clouds2, of the mechanical engineering course Flow Visualization1 at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The assignment’s intent is to encourage students to observe weather phenomena as embodied in the clouds, and capture them in a visually pleasing manner. Figure 1 - Cumulus humilis in foreground, and cumulus with faint virga in lower right of frame. In the foreground of the selected image (Figure 1) is a cumulus humilis cloud, while farther in the distance is a cumulus with faint virga below. Virga appear when a cloud forms precipitation which starts to fall, but evaporates before reaching the ground. This precipitation, which defines virga, forms soft descending streaks in the atmosphere that are often described as resembling jellyfish (Pretor-Pinney, 2007). The selected image was taken at four o’clock in the afternoon on Wednesday April 4, 2012 from behind the university recreation center. The cumulus humilis cloud was imaged facing north and is approximately 50 degrees above the horizon. 1 The flow visualization course website can be found at: http://www.colorado.edu/MCEN/flowvis/ 2 | Page Nicholas Travers Discussion The image of the clouds presented was taken the day after a small weather system. -
Doppler Radar Meteorological Observations
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH FEDERAL METEOROLOGICAL HANDBOOK NO. 11 DOPPLER RADAR METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS PART B DOPPLER RADAR THEORY AND METEOROLOGY FCM-H11B-2005 Washington, DC December 2005 THE FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (FCMSSR) VADM CONRAD C. LAUTENBACHER, JR., USN (RET.) MR. RANDOLPH LYON Chairman, Department of Commerce Office of Management and Budget DR. SHARON HAYS (Acting) MR. CHARLES E. KEEGAN Office of Science and Technology Policy Department of Transportation DR. RAYMOND MOTHA MR. DAVID MAURSTAD (Acting) Department of Agriculture Federal Emergency Management Agency Department of Homeland Security BRIG GEN DAVID L. JOHNSON, USAF (RET.) Department of Commerce DR. MARY L. CLEAVE National Aeronautics and Space MR. ALAN SHAFFER Administration Department of Defense DR. MARGARET S. LEINEN DR. ARISTIDES PATRINOS National Science Foundation Department of Energy MR. PAUL MISENCIK DR. MAUREEN MCCARTHY National Transportation Safety Board Science and Technology Directorate Department of Homeland Security MR. JAMES WIGGINS U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission DR. MICHAEL SOUKUP Department of the Interior DR. LAWRENCE REITER Environmental Protection Agency MR. RALPH BRAIBANTI Department of State MR. SAMUEL P. WILLIAMSON Federal Coordinator MR. JAMES B. HARRISON, Executive Secretary Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research THE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (ICMSSR) MR. SAMUEL P. WILLIAMSON, Chairman MS. LISA BEE Federal Coordinator Federal Aviation Administration Department of Transportation MR. THOMAS PUTERBAUGH Department of Agriculture DR. JONATHAN M. BERKSON United States Coast Guard MR. JOHN E. JONES, JR. Department of Homeland Security Department of Commerce MR. -
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AGL - Above Ground Level AP - Anomalous Propagation ARL -Above Radar Level AVSET - Automated Volume Scan Evaluation and Termination AWIPS - Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System BE – Book End as in Book End Vortex BWER - Bounded Weak Echo Region CAPE - Conditional Available Potential Energy CIN – Convective Inhibition CC – Correlation Coefficient Dual Pol Product CR -Composite Reflectivity Product CWA -County Warning Area DP – Dual Pol dBZ - Radar Reflectivity Factor DCAPE - Downdraft Conditional Available Potential Energy DCZ - Deep Convergence Zone EL – Equilibrium Level ET -Echo Tops Product ETC - Extratropical Cyclone FAR - False Alarm Ratio FFD – Forward Flank Downdraft FFG – Flash Flood Guidance GTG – Gate-To-Gate HP - High Precipitation supercell (storm) HDA -Hail Detection Algorithm LCL -Lifting Condensation Level LEWP -Line Echo Wave Pattern LP - Low Precipitation Supercell (storm) MARC - Mid Altitude Radial Convergence MCC - Mesoscale Convective Complex MCS - Mesoscale Convective System MCV – Mesoscale Convective Vortex MESO -Mesocyclone MEHS -Maximum Expected Hail Size OHP -One-Hour Rainfall Accumulation Product POSH -Probability of Severe Hail QLCS - Quasi Linear Convective Systems R - Rainfall Rate in Z-R relationship RF – Range Folding RFD - Rear Flank Downdraft RIJ - Rear Inflow Jet RIN – Rear Inflow Notch SAILS - Supplemental Adaptive Intra-Volume Low-Level Scan SCP – Supercell Composite Parameter SRH – Storm Relative Helicity SRM -Storm Relative Mean Radial Velocity STP –Significant -
Clouds – How to Distinguish the Different Types of Clouds?
Clouds – How to Distinguish the Different Types of Clouds? When we prepare notes of ClearIAS – we always keep one important thing in mind. Our study materials should help our readers learn faster! (See Major Ocean Currents: How to learn faster?) Now, after a break, we have come up with another easy-to-understand articlefrom Geography – about Clouds. In this article, we are going to discuss Clouds – different types of clouds, the shape of clouds, altitude of clouds and so on. What is a cloud? A cloud is an accumulation or grouping of tiny water droplets and ice crystals that are suspended in the earth atmosphere. They are masses that consist of huge density and volume and hence it is visible to naked eyes. There are different types of Clouds. They differ each other in size, shape, or colour. They play different roles in the climate system like being the bright objects in the visible part of the solar spectrum, they efficiently reflect light to space and thereby helps in the cooling of the planet. Clouds are formed when the air becomes saturated or filled, with water vapour. The warm air holds more water vapour than cold air. Being made of the moist air and it becomes cloudy when the moist air is slightly cooled, with further cooling the water vapour and ice crystals of these clouds grew bigger and fall to earth as precipitation such as rain, drizzle, snowfall, sleet, or hail. What are the different types of cloud? 1/9 www.arihantcareergroup.com Clouds are classified primarily based on – their shape and their altitude. -
National Weather Service Information & Services Guide
© 2006 Vernon Preston Stanley, Idaho National Weather Service Information & Services Guide Weather, Water & Climate Pocatello Weather Forecast Office Serving Eastern Idaho Since 1895 Protecting Lives and Livelihoods, Property and the Environment from Weather & Water Hazards 2012 Edition National Weather Service Information & Services Guide Weather, Water & Climate The weather influences every aspect of our lives across Central and Eastern Idaho. Winters can vary from mild to harsh, sometimes within just days. Summers are often hot and dry, severe thunderstorms can take center stage, drop quarter-size hail and turn a slow-moving creek into a raging torrent. To live and work with such changing weather requires the best weather forecasting services available, which is what the National Weather Service in Pocatello provides. The Pocatello Weather Forecast Office (WFO) has a staff of highly trained personnel who not only forecast the weather with expertise, but also live here. They understand what it is like to live with ever-changing weather conditions in a mountainous region. This personal experience makes them the experts so many of you have come to depend upon for your needs. The purpose of the National Weather Service Information & Services Guide is to provide you with a brief description of the myriad of services available. Within the Information & Services Guide, you will find descriptions of National Weather Service (NWS) weather, water and climate products, NWS programs, weather safety information, contact information, a glossary -
Atmospheric Moisture, Air Masses & Fronts By: Neetu Singh
ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE, AIR MASSES & FRONTS BY: NEETU SINGH Atmospheric Moisture The fourth element of weather and climate is moisture. This might seem a familiar feature because everyone knows what water is. In actuality, however, most atmospheric moisture occurs not as liquid water but rather as water vapour, which is much less conspicuous and much less familiar. One of the most distinctive attributes of water is that it occurs in the atmosphere in three physical states – solid (snow, hail, sleet, and ice), liquid (rain, water droplets) and gas (water vapour). Of the three states, the gas state is the most important insofar as the dynamics of the atmosphere are concerned. The impact of Atmospheric Moisture on the Landscape When the atmosphere contains enough moisture, water vapour may condense to form haze, fog, cloud, rain, sleet, hail, or snow, producing a skyscape that is both visible and tangible. Precipitation produces dramatic short-run changes in the landscape whenever rain puddles form, streams and rivers flood, or snow and ice blanket the ground. The long-term effect of atmospheric moisture is even more fundamental. Water vapour stores energy that can galvanize the atmosphere into action, as, for example, in the way rainfall and snowmelt in soil and rock are an integral part of weathering and erosion. In addition, the presence or absence of precipitation is critical to the survival of almost all forms of terrestrial vegetation. Water Vapour and the Hydrologic Cycle Water vapour is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, invisible gas that mixes freely with the other gases of the atmosphere. We are likely to become aware of water vapour when humidity is high because the air feels sticky, clothes feel damp, and our skin feels clammy, or when humidity is low because our lips chap and our hair will not behave. -
Benevolent Ias Academy Study Materials For
BENEVOLENT IAS ACADEMY #25, Sri Nagar, Hope College, Peelamedu (PO), Coimbatore – 641004.Ph: +91422-4521607, Cell: +91-9787731607, 9787701067/9787701068. Web:www.benevolentacademy.com.E-Mail:[email protected] STUDY MATERIALS FOR GEOGRAPHY Clouds and their various types” What is a cloud? A cloud is an accumulation or grouping of tiny water droplets and ice crystals that are suspended in the earth atmosphere. They are masses that consist of huge density and volume and hence it is visible to naked eyes. There are different types of Clouds. They differ each other in size, shape, or colour. They play different roles in the climate system like being the bright objects in the visible part of the solar spectrum, they efficiently reflect light to space and thereby helps in the cooling of the planet. Clouds are formed when the air becomes saturated or filled, with water vapour. The warm air holds more water vapour than cold air. BENEVOLENT IAS ACADEMY, COIMBATORE Being made of the moist air and it becomes cloudy when the moist air is slightly cooled, with further cooling the water vapour and ice crystals of these clouds grew bigger and fall to earth as precipitation such as rain, drizzle, snowfall, sleet, or hail. Different types of cloud? Clouds are classified primarily based on – their shape and their altitude. Based on shape, clouds are classified into three. They are: Cirrus Cumulus Stratus Based on the height the clouds are classified into three .They are High Clouds Middle Clouds Low Clouds 1) High Clouds They can reach above 6000 metres or 20,000 feet.