WflliKEli1 ,,1NfJlIl1,, 25¢ No. 106 :~))c.52J 23 April 1976

Sto,- the Stalling-Elect Strike Committees SHUT DOWN S.F. NOWI

SA;\I FRANCISCO. April 20-The reports that the Muni drivers had voted labor movement in San Francisco. a 72-hour deadline for the CLC to carry traditionally the strongest "union town" out preparations for a general strike as in the country. stands before the brink. based on a "misinterpretation." To Each capitulation. each step backward protect himself from the predictable by the weak-kneed bureaucrats heading outrage which this brazen lie will cause the craft workers' 21-day-old walkout among the membership. Martin also only emboldens the Board of Supervi­ announced that there would be no TWU sors and further isolates the strikers. But meetings held this week! at the sar.le time, a vigorous drive by the angry ranks to pull out the rest of San Demand Elected Strike Francisco labor and close S.F. down Committees could quickly turn the tables on the This morning several hundred strik­ bosses and open the road to victory. ing craft workers and supporters from The city's rulers are determined to the TWU and other unions blocked implement the notorious Proposition B buses entering the AC Transit terminal passed last November and force 30 for 45 minutes. State police maced percent pay cuts on 1.900 municipal several militants, and, after the police craft workers. If this strike is defeated. had threatened arrests, self-appointed the Board can confidently look forward picket captains dissolved the line and led to pushing through its Propositions 0 the workers over to picket City Hall. and E in June. These viciously anti­ This action demonstrates both the labor city charter amendments provide continuing militancy of many strikers for immediate and mandatory firing of and the lack of a competent and an.' city worker who strikes. determined leadership on the lines. In a pathetic disp;,,) of impotence, tho> craft union misleaders took down picket While the CLC refuses to defend the lines yesterday at the opera house. lines from a position of strength. the school bus yards and Laguna Honda handful of transit workers associated Hospital "to show good faith" and back with the Concerned M uni Drivers. a up their plea for federal mediation. group backed by the Maoist Revolu­ Quentin Kopp, head of the Board of tionary Communist Party. offers the dead end of adventurist confrontations Supervisors. arrogantly re~ponded that this concession was "not material" and . with the cops. On Monday a proposal that mediation was "not in the picture" that the fewer than 50 strikers assembled unless all the strikers went back to work. at strike central attempt to shut down The dwindling and largely ineffectual AC Transit was defeated by cooler picket lines. like lhe cra\en call for heads who argued that a mass picket line federal intervention. underscores the was necessary to carry out such a vacuum of leadership in the strike. militant action. which now hangs in the balance. The broad support for an elected The San Francisco labor brass is strike committee evident at a meeting running scared. While the Central held today in strike headq uarters Labor Council (CLC) tops plaintiwly demonstrates the rank and file's grow­ ask each other why there is so much ing consciousness that. unless they take scabbing. they provide no day-to-day direction of the struggle out of the hands direction of the strike. Pickets are of the treacherous labor fakers. they face imminent defeat. Among those mobilized and dispatched by an ad hoc San Francisco city workers picket City Hall last Wednesday. group of strikers operating out of the backing such a proposal was Howard Plumbers and Pipefitters' union hall. Keylor, a longtime waterfront union An April 5 leaflet issued by Keylor in city services and victory for the city The bureaucracy apparently gave its activist and co-editor of "Longshore and other supporters of the "Longshore workers; it could win 100% COLA. high tacit approval to the efforts of rank and Militant," an oppositional newsletter in Militant" and the Local 6 "Warehouse wages. and a shorter work week at no loss in pay for the entire area labor filers to maintain some strike activity in Local 10 of the International Long­ Militant" pointed the way forward for shoremen's and Warehousemen's Union movement. It would turn the tide the hopes that this would keep some the embattled city workers through a against the bosses' offensive and keep minimal pressure on the supervisors (ILWU). revival of the kind of active labor San Francisco a strong union town." (and allow militants to "blow off Keylor was roundly cheered when he solidarity that turned the 1934 San Unionists backing the craftsmen's steam") while the labor fakers negotiate urged that the ranks elect a picket Francisco general strike into an historic struggle had their first taste of arrests a sellout. committee, send a delegation to the victory for the American working class: and police attacks at an April 14 strike The possible shape of such a sellout Thursday night meeting of Local 10 and "With the warehouse contract coming support rally in front of City Hall. was indicated this weekend when issue a call for a mass meeting of all San up June I, and a major Pay Guarantee Although initial news reports described Laborers union chief George Evanko­ Francisco labor unions to plan an Plan crisis facing longshoremen July I. the time is ripe for the IL WU to call for the rally as sponsored by the TWU and vich told television news reporters that immediate city-wide general strike. He a general strike. Such a call would find the Service Employees International he had offered to take a IO percent pay pointed out that his Local had approved an immediate response from militant Union, cfficial endorsements were cut for the laborers, who are a majority a strike support motion last month, and Muni drivers who once again-to a disavowed after several hundred mili­ of the striking city workers. I n another that the strikers would have the long­ man-have honored the craft workers' tant workers took steps to "educate" particularly crass display of cynicism. picket lines and whose own contract shoremen's backing in shutting down expires July I. scabs intent on crossing the lines. Larry Martin. head of Transport Work­ the waterfront if they threw up lines at "An I L WU-initiated general strike Shattering the myth of cops as "fellow ers (TWU) Local 250A described the docks. could not only assure an end to all cuts continued on page II International Campaign Launched to Save Mario Munoz ..... 3 ~ Muni Drivers Demand General Strike Now!

SAN FRANCISCO. April 17-Nearly The TWU bureaucrats have been Martin was being paid during the strike" and to "publish a Strike Bulletin 1.000 drivers of the S.F. Municipal carefully probing the militant ranks for walkout, and why the International was for the people of San Francisco to Railway (Muni) met today at a special signs of anti-strike sentiment in order to not providing strike benefits. Martin at counter the lies and distortions put out union meeting of Local 250A of the start a back-to-work movement. Larry first ducked the question by saying that by the company-owned news media." Transportation Workers Union (TWU) Martin. president of Local 250A, issued "Well. I didn't receive my check on To Chee and his supporters. who have at the Marine Cooks and Stewards Hall. a press statement prior to the meeting, Friday." But as virtually the entire the backing of the Socialist Workers After a lengthy floor discussion. the announcing that the Local executive crowd demanded to know the answer, Party, the strategy to win the strike is an membership voted overwhelmingly to board would take a neutral stand on Martin, to the hoots and jeering of the education campaign about the evils of continue respecting picket lines of continuing the walkout. Martin lament­ crowd, said that he was still being paid the Board of Supervisors! striking craft workers and to demand ed to the assembled press: "Our mem­ because he was still at work. The next speaker proposed to amend that the Central Labor Council (CLC) bers have been holding out pretty well Roosevelt Watts. International the executive board resolution by implement a general strike within 72 but their pockets are getting kind of secretary-treasurer of the TWU. told the calling on the TWU to issue a public hOllrs. light." members that no local of the TWU has statement demanding that the Central The meeting occurred as the S. F. At the meeting, however, Martin strike funds and that the International Labor Council implement its own Board of Supervisors. Mayor Moscone briefly presented an executive board has the responsibility for raising bene­ motion for a general strike within 72 and the Bay Area media intensified a recommendation to continue respecting fits. Asserting that the Muni drivers hours. The initiator of the amendment, back-to-work campaign pressuring the picket lines. Nonetheless, Martin's were only engaged in a walkout and not Curt Schneider, had issued a leaflet Muni drivers to abandon their shut­ subdued tone contrasted starkly with his a strike, Watts claimed-to boisterous calling for the strike to be intensified or down of the city's buses, trolleys and flamboyant hour-long speech at the last heckling-that the International cannot called off. and calling on M uni drivers cable cars in support of the tradesmen. local meeting of April 9. Martin made it justify raising money from other locals! to return to work if the general strike Unwilling to make good on their clear at today's meeting that if the Speaking first from the floor, Milton wasn't implemented. Under pressure halfhearted call for a general strike, the membership wanted to cross picket Chee enthusiastically put on the floor from the membership. he withdrew the bureaucrats of the CLC have spent the lines, he was ready to acquiesce. the executive board recommendation. threat to return to work. After initially last week pleading for the intervention During the subsequent floor Ignoring the genuine dissatisfaction denouncing the general strike call. Chee of a federal mediator. discussion, the mood of the membership with the ineffectiveness of the strike. found himself isolated and reluctantly The supervisors. knowing that the reflected the anger and frustration with Chee asserted that the strike was accepted the amendment. bureaucrats' sabotage of united strike Martin and the Central Labor Council's effective. claiming a dip in sales and the This amendment does put more action has given them a position of cowardly leadership of the· strike. projected layoffs of the Emporium. a pressure on the CLC. However, it is a strength. have arrogantly demanded the Almost twenty union members spoke, downtown department store. double-edged weapon. since it also takes return to work of Muni drivers as a only one of whom advocated a return to In a leaflet distributed before the the heat off the TWU bureaucracy. precondition for any federal mediation! work. Speaker after speaker insisted meeting. Chee and his supporters Martin & Co. will clearly use the failure As the shutdown of Muni has been the that M uni drivers should not be stand­ conspicuously omitted any mention of a of the CLC to act within 72 hours as a only action to give the strike any social ing alone in support of the strike, and general strike or any criticism of the basis for motivating a back-to-work weight, a vote to cross the lines would demanded increased labor solidarity. bureaucracy. Instead, the leaflet's sole movement. have been a fatal blow to the craft Discussion became most heated when demand was the call for a strike Supporters ofthe"Muni Defender." a workers. a speaker demanded to know whether committee to "extend the impact of the continued on page 9

Chamber of Commerce's massive prop­ aganda barrage against the S. F. city ILWU Local 6 craft workers strike. In this adverse climate, only determined action by the union, bringing its full resources to bear. Workers Strike will be able to win the strike. Mass picketing to keep the scabs out in Berkeley and to defend the lines is an urgent necessity. Already there has been one incident of violence on the picket lines when a company salesman hauling a trailer deliberately grazed the union's chief steward. On April 19, ILWU Victory to members from the union hiring hall came down to picket Victor. With about 65 picketers on the line. 15 Berkeley cops were there to escort the scabs into work. One picket was arrested, although the Victor charges were apparently dropped. This incident clearly points out that unless mass picket lines are initiated and militantly defended by IL WU Local 6 against the scabherding, the strike will Strikel be smashed. According to the chief steward, who was interviewed by WV, militants in the BERKELEY -Office workers belong­ union are advocating measures to WV Photo ing to Local 6 of the International extend the strike. For instance, the ILWU Local 6 pickets at Victor California headquarters in Berkeley. Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's "Warehouse Militant" (\2 April) calls Union (ILWU) have gone on strike for picketing the eight other Victor retail against a vicious union-busting assault outlets in northern California, and for a ranks by the IL WU, such as during last here by Victor California, a manufac­ "major effort ... to immediately bring year's KNC Glass strike in Union City, turer and retailer of gas welding and office workers in these other outlets into have met with success. "Warehouse W".Kflts cutting equipment. The workers, virtu­ Local 6." The newsletter also calls for Militant" editor Bob Mandel, a member ally all women, narrowly voted to join picketing Teamster warehouses which of the Local 6 general executive board, "",,,,,, the union last July. Yet nine months supply gas cylinders to Victor played a key role in the organizing drive later they are still without a contract and customers. at Victor California and in retaliation Marxist Working-Class Weekly the company has made clear its determi­ Previous appeals to the Teamster was "laid off' by Victor from his of the Spartacist League of the U.S. nation to drive the union out. warehouse job over ten months ago. Four pro-union workers have either BERKELEY, April 20-Cops The Victor strike is an important test EDITOR: Jan Norden case for Local 6, whose master contract been "laid off' or fired, while others today again escorted scabs PRODUCTION MANAGER: Karen Allen (together with that of Teamster ware­ have been subjected to continual threats through picket lines at Victor. CIRCULATION MANAGER: Anne Kelley of company discipline. In response to housemen) expires June I. The other Angered by this blatant scab­ employers are watching Victor's tactics I' EDITORIAL BOARD: Liz Gordon (Chairman), the strike, the company has hired scabs herding and the unwillingness of Chris Knox (Labor), James Robertson (AdVI­ from "temporary" agencies in order to closely. The company is a subsidiary of sory), Charles Burroughs (Editorial Staff), the Local 6 leadership to mobi­ Pacific Lumber Company, a notorious­ Joseph Seymour (Midwest), George Foster augment the strikebreakers from among lize enough union members to (West Coast) those who originally voted against ly anti-union outfit which runs one of stop the scabs, two dozen mili­ the state's few remaining company Published weekly, except bi-weekly in August union certification. While most Team­ and December, by the Spartacist Publishing sters are honoring the lines, the com­ tant pickets marched to the towns (Scotia) with an iron fist. Pacific Co., 260 West Broadway, New York, NY Berkeley City Manager's office Lumber has also played a major role in 10013. Telephone: 966-6841 (Editorial), pany has hired one of the Bay Area's 925-5665 (Business). Address all correspon­ many non-union truckers, Hydro where they staged a sit-in. The the rape of California's redwood forests. dence to: Box 1377, G.P.O., New York, NY Trucks Inc., to run scab cargo. In the Victor strike, Pacific has made 10001. DomestiC subscriptions: $5.00 per year. pickets were informed by the Second-class postage paid at New York, N.Y. The viciousness of the company liberal city administration that no pretense that it cannot afford to Opinions expressed in signed articles or attack is fueled by the current wave of escorting scabs was their sworn grant the strikers' demands. It has made it clear that it aims to keep unionism, letters do no/ necessarily express the editorial anti-strike reaction sweeping the Bay duty! viewpoint. Area as " result of the San Francisco continued on page 9 2 WORKERS VANGUARD International Campaign Launched to Save Mario Munoz NEW YORK, April 20-As Argentine Argentina. Until the recent coup which in Chile continue to provoke world­ thousand could find refuge in the police with orders to "shoot on sight" overthrew the Peronist government, wide outrage and have even forced embassies. "People's China" immediate­ continue their pursuit of Chilean revolu­ Argentina served as a last refuge for tens several West European governments to ly slammed shut the gates of its legation, tionary workers leader Mario Munoz, of thousands of South American trade refuse to renegotiate Pinochet's foreign and within a matter of weeks recognized an international campaign of pressure unionists and left militants forced to flee debt. Anxious to avoid this image for the junta ."regime. The United States, and protest to save his life is quickly brutal military dictatorships in their themselves, the generals in Buenos Aires which found room for thousands of gathering momentum. Only days after homelands. Now there is nowhere for are demagogically posing as democrats. landlords and pimps fleeing from the the "Urgent Appeal for Solidarity to them to go. Mouthing words like "moderation" and victorious North Vietnamese army, has Save Mario Munoz" was published Munoz, a Chilean miners'leader, fled "legality," they are at the same time to date accepted exactly 19 (!) Chilean (WVNo. 105,16 April), scores of trade to Argentina following the bloody coup assembling the apparatus to ruthlessly refugees! unionists, socialist, labor and civil in 1913 to escape capture and certain stamp out the slightest expression of Some made their way to Mexico, libertarian groups and prominent indi­ death at the hands of Pinochet's independence by the workers. Canada and Europe, where they now viduals have rallied to his cause. butchers. Founder and leader of the Long before the March coup, the subsist on meagre government handouts In Chicago on Saturday, April 11, Interprovincial Union of Workers and Argentine armed forces acted as a law and church aid. But the vast majority of more than 125 people picketed the Contract Miners of Aconcagua, Valpar­ unto themselves; in recent months tens those who reached the borders alive Argentine consulate, demanding asy­ aiso and Santiago, he took the lead in of thousands of leftist and labor made the trek across the Andes moun­ lum and safe conduct out of Argentina forming cordones industriales (local militants were detained on political tains on foot. They kept to the high for Munoz and his family. In New York, councils) of workers and peasants in charges. Several thousand were cut passes in order to avoid guards on the a united-front demonstration has been Aconcagua and Valparaiso to resist the down in cold blood by the infamous Chilean side who would arrest or shoot Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance them on the spot, and guards on the (AAA), a cover for the secret police Argentine side who would send them working together with a wing of the back to certain death or torture. Some Peronist movement. died on the way from starvation and Though the apologists for· the exposure; the survivors now live in the Argentine junta hypocritically deny it, Argentine border provinces-most this massive rightist repression has without work, all of them in fear of intensified. Detention centers are being bloody repression by the new junta. set up around the country. The 4 April Many are housed in pitiful UN New York Times reported that the refugee camps which recall the post­ bullet-ridden bodies of 15 people were World War II "displaced persons" found in ditches and empty lots around camps, except that the material condi­ the capital. the victims of right-wing tions here are far worse. Others migrat­ death squads. According to Le Jlonde ed to the slums of Buenos Aires where of 15 April, following the coup each of they joined more than 500,000 Para­ the three military services launched its guayans escaping the horrors of the own dragnet. regime of Nazi-lover General Stroess­ "The navy," reported Le Monde, ner; the tens of thousands of Uruguayan "which has no need of lessons from leftists and unionists forced to flee "state anyone as far as witchhunts are con­ of siege" conditions imposed by the cerned, no doubt led the army further thinly disguised military dictatorship of than its commander would have liked. Bordaberry, and the numerous Brazili­ The latter was hard put to restrain his ans escaping the feared esquadras de 'hawk' generals, Ramon Diaz Bessone morte (death squads). and Luciano Menendez, who often do These are the flower of the Latin what they please as heads of the second American proletariat, the nameless and third military region (Cordoba and victims of the AAA and the Argentine Santa Fe). Three weeks after the coup generals. These are the masses Mario d'etat ... the general staffs even fight Munoz sought to inspire and defend in over certain prisoners such as Lorenzo their difficult years of exile. These are Miguel, leader of the Metal Workers, the militants he sought to infuse with a one Of the '62 Peronist organizations,' will not only to survive, but to struggle whom the navy 'stole' from the army." again, to sweep away the torturers and hangmen of the Pinochet dictatorship Chileans in Exile with a powerful workers movement. These are the "crimes" of which Among the first targets of the junta's Mario Munoz is accused. Because he repression are the worker and peasant has become a symbol of the will to refugees who earlier fled from the struggle of the persecuted Chilean barbarous repression in Chile. Unlike worker and peasant refugees, he is now deposed Latin American presidents who being hunted down by troops carrying fly off to retreats on Spain's Costa machine guns and orders to shoot to Brava, the more1han 100,000 Chileans kill. It is not only to save Mario Munoz WV Photo in exile live a life of abject misery. Since and his family that all socialists and CHICAGO-Chanting "Chilean Workers' Leader Must Not Die!" and Pinochet seized power on II September "Videla/Pinochet-Hands off Mario Munoz!" over 100 people picketed the militant trade unionists must take up his 1913, it is estimated that over 30,000 cause. It is the lives of tens of thousands Argentine consulate here April 17. Participating were contingents from the militants have been murdered by the Spartacist League/Spartacus Youth League, Trotskyist League of Canada, of Argentine, Chilean, Uruguayan, junta. More than 2 percent of the Brazilian and other Latin American International SOCialists, Revolutionary Socialist League, International country's entire adult popUlation has Workers Party, the Labor Struggle Caucus of UAW Local 6 and a militants that are at stake! representative from the Black Students Organizing Committee of the passed through the torture centers and University of Illinois. concentration camps that dot the countryside and cities of Chile, from the Committee Plans Action northern deserts to antarctic islands. called for April 22 by the Committee to Today the Argentine generals pretend rightist mobilization during the last Even now, more than two years after Save Mario Munoz. This Committee is to be democrats; tomorrow they will try months of the Allende popular-front the Allende regime was smashed, junta sponsored by the Partisan Defense to assassinate thousands in their anti­ government. troops regularly sweep through the Committee (PDq and the Europe­ communist crusade. Their victims are Munoz is now being hunted by the shanty towns of Santiago and Valpara­ based Committee for the Defense of the potential leaders of socialist revolu­ Argentine n~tional police as a living iso, rounding up thousands of people at Imprisoned Workers and Sailors in tion in Latin America, whose fate is symbol of resistance to junta terror. His random and forcing them to stand for Chile, who are jointly conducting the infinitely precious to socialists the world family has been brutally beaten by hours in the broiling sun while leftists international defense campaign to save over. government forces in a vain attempt to and militant unionists are ferreted out Munoz. This is the importance of the call by force Munoz' wife to reveal his where­ for "questioning." Despite UN condem­ the Committee to Save Mario Munoz, abouts. The interior province of San At a New York meeting tonight, nation, the torture continues unabated. to "Free all victims of right-wing Juan has been sealed off and interpro­ called by the Committee to Save Mario Accounts of how courageous residents repression in Chile and Argentina," vincial transport is being stopped and Munoz to prepare for Thursday's of the slum communities protected their stressed Partisan Defense Committee searched to track him down. demonstration, John Sharpe spoke for leaders from this witchhunt recall the spokesman Reuben Shiffman at the the international Spartacist tendency Generals Unleash Repression heroic actions of those who hid Jews April 20 New York Committee meeting. stressing the urgency of bringing world­ from the Nazi butchers in Axis­ Shiffman noted that a defense must be wide attention to Munoz' plight and The ruling Argentine military junta of occupied Europe. built not only for working-class leaders that of thousands of other Latin General Jorge Videla is well aware that For those who escaped the grasp of continued on page II American refugees now trapped in the mass murders, torture and atrocities Pinochet's secret police, only a few 23 APRIL 1976 3 c::J c::J c::J c::J c::J c::J c::J c::J c::J c::J c::J D c::J D c::J c::J c::J c::J 11M - .. D - -1)- - Mao vs. Teng'vs. Hua- '-vs . Chiang vs. Chouvs. Li ...... ~ ...... -......

On April 5, a throng of 100,000 Peking, have turned to cryptology in poured into Peking's vast Tien An Men attempting to decipher the present Mao Denounces Square singing the Internationale. They factional feuding. Two republished proceeded to storm the steps of the poems by Mao have been analyzed over Great Hall of the People, turn over and and over, as have his every trite homily burn three vehicles, and assault security and enigmatic historical allusion. Each Monster Peking Rally forces in the area, all in the name of rumored snub exchanged by Mao's recently deceased Chou En-Iai. It was wife, Chiang Ching, and Teng, not to the most turbulent demonstration in mention whispers about a spat between China since the days of the so-called Chiang and her husband, has been as "Counterrevolutionary" "Great Proletarian Cultural wildly inDated. Revolution. " The last two weeks' events have This mammoth outpouring marked a provided Pekingologists with abundant dramatic turn in the intra-bureaucratic grist for their almost depleted mills. The power struggle unleashed by the death· fact that Teng was not expelled from the of Premier Chou, when his heir appar­ party, and that the Central Committee Bureaucratic ent, Teng Hsiao-ping, was suddenly declaration failed to brand him a eclipsed by the obscure Hua Kuo-feng. "capitalist roader" or liken him to Until now the so-called "anti-rightist" Khrushchev as usual· has been the campaign directed against Teng has subject of endless speCUlation. been a one-sided tirade orchestrated Most burlesque, however, was the from the Olympian summits of the exegesis applied to the epigram attribut­ Brawl Convulses Forbidden City. But during the day­ ed to Mao as the watchword of the long "fight-back" organized by Teng entire "anti-rightist" campaign: "It is supporters, the crowd went so far as to contrary to the will of the people to ransack an office of the Ministry of reverse previous verdicts." This con­ Public Security. (Hua, then acting summately ambiguous verdict could be premier, is also minister of public equally directed against Teng, accused security.) of reversing the policies of the Cultural China Revolution; against Chou, who reversed According to all accounts, the riot ·was provoked by the mysterious remov­ the purge ofTeng and rehabilitated him; al of wreaths which had been placed in or ag~inst Mao himself, whose personal Tien An Men Square the day before to authorization of the Teng purge on commemorate the late premier. Some of April 7 reversed Chou's verdict promot­ the wreaths reportedly carried tributes ing him. linking Chou with Teng. According to a The fact is that to the question of what 6 April UPI dispatch, during the stormy is happening in China today, applied to demonstration the following day the the specifics of the immediate factional! eulogy for Chou that Teng had delivered clique struggle the most honest answer at a memorial service in January was must be: "Who knows?" read aloud. The official response to the rioting Stalinism and Enforced was swift. As the protest raged, the Ignorance chairman of the Peking Municipal The lack of information is itself a key Revolutionary Committee addressed component of the Peking regime. the crowd over the loudspeakers ringing Throughout two decades of shifting the square, appealing for calm and bureaucratic in-fighting, rigid secrecy denouncing the "destructive activities" about disputes among party leaders masterminded by unnamed "capitalist and a steady diet of political primitivism roaders." Two days later the Central fed to the masses have been a constant in Committee of the Communist Party, "People's China." Even in small empiri­ allegedly acting "on the proposal of our cal doses, the truth about political and great leader, Chairman Mao," issijed a economic life is a dangerous item to the statement condemning the riot and brittle Stalinist caste, which can main­ placing responsibility for the "coun­ tain its parasitic rule atop the proletari­ terrevolutionary incident" on Teng an property forms only by depriving the Hsiao-ping, who was thereupon purged working masses of any possibility of from all party and state posts. However, autonomous political action. surprisingly, the Hsinhua news agency Mao's sycophants in the West claim account admitted that the crowd num­ that the so-called "two-line struggle" bered "about 100,000." After denoun­ now raging in China is a "mass debate." cing the "handful of bad elements," it But what are the issues in this debate? described a "majority" (not more?) as Nobody outside the Forbidden City passers-by (New York Times, 8 April). knows. And who are the protagonists? Following the unheard-of admission The Chinese masses have not been that "hooligans" could entice tens of informed. Where are the soviets, thousands of demonstrators into a through which the masses can demo­ "counterrevolutionary incident," anti­ cratically resolve political disputes and Teng forces mustered counterdemon­ then implement their decision? The strations in Tien An Men Square and Chinese masses have only the "power" throughout the city. These obviously to fill Tien An Men in carefully stage-managed mobilizations were sup­ orchestrated performances controlled posed to drum up-literally, with drums by the leading clique or intended to and gongs-support for the purge of obliquely shift the balance of bureau­ Teng and the formal inauguration of cratic power in favor of another clique. Hua Kuo-feng as premier and first vice The official "history" of the "two-line chairman of the party. Press accounts struggle" is presented as a medieval referred to the demonstrators in the morality play in order to hide its real square as "frequently sleepy looking" content and thereby prevent tht' masses and consisting "largely of school­ from mobilizing to defend their inter­ children, who obediently repeated the ests. Yesterday's "closest comrade-in­ chants raised by their monitors." arms of Chairman Mao Tse-tung" suddenly becomes a renegade whoso Through a Looking-Glass Darkly "revisionist ideas" would mean the Even though the "anti-rightist" destruction of "socialism" and restora­ campaign has now led to mass rioting tion of capitalist rule. and the purge ofTeng, the titanic power Look at Teng: for years promoted as a struggle raging within the Chinese selfless proletarian leader; then "un­ Stalinist bureaucracy remains just as masked" by Mao during the Cultural subterranean, Byzantine and elaborate­ Revolution as the "Number Two man iii ly obscured as before. Even the basic the party following the capitalist road" issues involved remain a matter of often and purged; then brought back into . Gamma bizarre speculation. power along with legions of other Wreaths commemorating Chou En-Iai at massive Peking demonstration The most well-intormed "China "repentant" bureaucrats. "But," the condemned by Mao as "counterrevolutionary." watchers," including those stationed in Chinese press announced after the 4 WORKERS VANGUARD second purge ofTeng, "once he returned coming out on top of the "moderates," to work his old sickness re-occurred." yet the outcome was unrelieved bureau­ Only the Thought of Mao can exorcise cratic domination domestically and an Local 600 Demo: UAW Tops' the "devil" of revisionism it seems, and alliance with U.S. imperialism interna­ once again Teng Hsiao-ping joins the tionally. The triumph of "radical" Protectionism Attacks All Workers political ghosts Kao Kang, Peng Teh­ Maoism meant sending tens of thou­ huai, Liu Shao-chi, Peng Chen, Lin sands of dissident youth to the peasant Piao and Chen Po-tao hinterlands for "re'-education." Chinese troops smashing strikes in K wangtung Let One Flower Bloom last year and Chinese military advisors Strike Rouge to Save Thus the latest demise ofTeng is part training CIA-led forces in Angola. of a continuing bureaucratic reshuf­ Rather than lining up behind one or fling, the seemingly continuous revolv­ the other bureaucratic clique, the task of Marxists in China is to prepare the ing door in the Forbidden Palace. In the political revolution which will elevate the Engine Plant' long run, the answer to the question of what is happening in China is, "Stalinist the working class to direct political rule through the creation of soviets and DETROIT~The demonstration called plant. "Ford Tribune," published by the business as usual." From 1949 on for April 13 by leaders of River Rouge Communist Labor Party, correctly political power has been monopolized under the leadership of a Trotskyist party. While ousting the anti­ Local 600 of the United Auto Workers denounced the protectionism of the by a privileged bureaucratic stratum (UAW) to protest the impending shut­ UA W bureaucrats, yet failed to call for ruling over the masses. But lacking any proletarian usurpers, the working class must defend tooth and nail the historic down of the engine plant was at best an strike action against the layoffs. "Time working-class tradition and based on a conquests represented by the collectiv­ uninspiring dud. Held in front of Ford to Unite," a newsletter and grouping much more backward economy than the World Headquarters in Dearborn, supported by the Revolutionary Com­ Russian degenerated workers state, the ized property relations established as a Michigan, over a mid-day span of four munist Party, called for a strike of all is acutely result of the 1949 Chinese revolution Chinese Stalinist bureaucracy hours (to attract both first and second Rouge workers, but limits its efforts to sensitive to its inability to congeal a that smashed the capitalist state. shift workers), the rally attracted at pressuring the Local 600 bureaucrats stable regime and the extreme brittle­ Two-Line "Trotskyists" most 300 participants out of the 30,000 into leading such an action. ness of its stranglehold over the employed in the giant Rouge complex. In contrast, a leaflet signed by Rouge proletariat. In contrast, the fake-Trotskyist It was held only one day after auto workers Jerry Harris, Keith Dodds and The current "anti-rightist campaign" "United" Secretariat of the Fourth baron Henry Ford turned down a Matt Prince pointed out: and the earlier "Cultural Revolution" International (USee) promotes illusions request by a dozen Congressmen to "We need a strike to prevent the layoffs have become a pattern of periodic in the so-called "radical" Mao wing of reconsider the shutdown. Despite this from even occurring! And to insure the purgatives to dissipate pressure from the the Chinese bureaucracy, just as these haughty rebuff. the UA W conducted the success of this strike, its leadership must masses not be left simply in the hands of those and smoke out potential opposi­ opportunists during the "Cultural Rev­ demonstration in a hat-in-hand, tionists. Though cloaked with phony olution" gave the Maoist Red Guards officials who have sold out before. A bended-knee fashion. A week previous­ Rouge-wide Strike Committee. com­ "anti-bureaucratic" rhetoric, Stalinist their "critical support"-bellowing their· ly Local 600 bureaucrats had begun posed of trusted militants, must be rule has not been challenged. All wings support and Whispering the criticism. In distributing buttons pleading, "Henry elected to carry out this offensive." of the bureaucracy vividly recall the a recent article (/nprecor, 18 March), have a heart." The strategy put forward by these whirlwind of criticism reaped by their the USee attempts to demonstrate that The officially endorsed slogans were militants~of consistent struggle against first exercise in "mass debate," the the Mao loyalists, while unfortunately in the same pathetic spirit. They the class collaborationism of the U A W "Hundred Flowers" campaign in 1956, not yet the "genuinely anti-bureaucratic included, "A factorv without work is misleaders-is the only way to defend and the chaos at the high point of the forces active in 1966-68," nevertheless like a graveyard,'; "Loyal workers Rouge workers from the company's have fought for "radical slogans" and demand Ford Motor Co. loyalty" and attack. attacked "bureaucratic privileges." "America is beautiful while people are -No layoffs-No plant closure! These opportunists take as good coin working." The labor fakers also at­ -For a Rouge-wide strike to prevent the Mao clique's slogans, and only a tempted to divert angry workers from the loss of a single job! residue of Trotskyist plumage (quite attacking the real enemy into backstab- -For an elected strike committee! sparse by now) prevents Livio Maitan and his acolytes from characterizing Mao's bureaucratic opponents as CORPORATE DECISIONS "freaks," "running dogs" and "Confu­ cius mongers." DON'T FEED FAM I LIES Nevertheless, without evidencing the slightest embarrassment, the USee article observes that the "radical" faction is "often rightist on foreign Sygma Hua Kuo-feng affairs." In the next breath it adds that despite "classical Maoist themes of equality and participation," the Great Helmsman is running a campaign with a "marked totalitarian bias." thus placing him "clearly to the right of his oppo­ nents, who despite their hostility to proletarian democracy favor a certain measure of liberalization ... ," The "two-line" contradiction ,-:~;\~~~~:~~'i~~ characterizes not the murky bureaucrat­ wv Photo ic power struggle in China but the Demonstration April 13 at Ford headquarters against threatened layoffs at River Rouge complex. opportunist apologetics of these pseudo-Trotskyists. Here the "radicals" hing against foreign workers. Placards are radical, there they are conservative; with protectionist shibholeths such a~ here the Maoists are egalitarian and "United we stand, Di\ided they send our SL/SYL participatory, there they are totalitari­ johs to Europe" \\ere rrorninentl~ '&l'~.. ' PUBLIC OFFICES \ an. Obviously tailing the popularity of displa:-ed. Even other UAW members f_ .. ~j:'· '$ ___ Revolutionary Literature Globeand Mai: [Toronto] Mao in the "broad vanguard" of leftist were under attack from Local 600 signs Chiang Ch'ing youth, the USec fails to draw the demanding "Ford~ork for Ford obvious conclusion that the entire workers." BAY AREA "Cultural Revolution" before Mao bureaucracy in China must be toppled Disgusted with the tepid spirit of the abruptly called it off. This time, Peking by a proletarian political revolution to demonstration. a group of protesters Friday and Radio was quick to counsel against the establish soviet democracy. broke away from the official assembly Saturday ...... 3:00-6:00 p.m. formation of "struggle groups" and to It is true that during the misnamed point-on an immense lawn several 1634 Telegraph (3rd floor) urge instead a campaign of "study." The "Cultural Revolution," the social tur­ hundred yards from the building-and (near 17th street) Oakland, California Economist (10 April) accurately caught moil set in motion by bureaucratic rallied directly in front of Ford head­ the flavor of Maoist "democracy" with manipulation from above at times quarters. The breakaway was eventually Phone 835-1535 its headline summarizing the anti-Teng assumed considerable sweep and threat­ joined by a large majority of the workers campaign, "Let one flower bloom." ened to break into independent action. present, and the action thereafter picked CHICAGO Certainly there are sharp antagon­ But at that time some of the most up somewhat in militancy. Tuesday ...... 4:00-8:00 p.m. isms and differences between various subjectively revolutionary Red Guards With the failure of the Congressional - Saturday ...... 2:00-6:00 p.m. forces contending in China today. But were among those who battled with the appeal, the UA W tops' strategy is now 650 South Clark the power struggle has nothing to do workers in Shanghai and other industri­ to direct the whole issue into contract Second floor with "radical" as opposed to "moderate" al centers where the proletariat was negotiations in the fall. "If Ford closes Chicago, Illinois p,)licies. Instead, it is more likely that mobilized by Teng & Co. to defend its the engine plant, they'll pay in Septem­ Phone 427-0003 the "rehabilitated" bureaucrats, who legitimate interests from Mao's at­ ber," the bureaucrats bluster. This is like Teng were purged during the late tempts to drive the workers' living nothing but a trap to disarm Rouge NEW YORK 1960's, fear they will again become standards down to peasant levels. workers! The engine plant closure targets of the leading clique now that Without the intervention of a (costing anywhere from 1,500 to 5,000 Monday their patron, the ever-flexible Chou, is conscious Trotskyist leadership, even jobs) is set for July. If nothing is done by through Friday ...... 6:30-9:00 p.m. gone. the most subjectively anti-bureaucratic then and the layoffs are allowed to go Saturday ...... 1:00-4:00 p.m. While their physiognomy remains forces cannot develop into a party through, then nothing will be done later. 260 West Broadway veiled at present, the factional array and capable of rallying the working masses The rally was supported by a number Room 522 rhetoric recall the divisions of the to storm the strongholds of the bureau­ of opposition groups in the VA W, but New York, New York "Cult,ural Revolution." At that time the cratic parasites who rule from· the most lacked a clear program for a Phone 925-5665 "radical" Mao faction succeeded in Forbidden City.• militant struggle to save the engine 23 APRIL 1976 5 The National uestion in Yugoslavia

In 1944-45 the Yugoslav Stalinists Ottoman yoke and united in a federal swept into power in the wake of defeated framework. In Croatia and Dalmatia and retreating Italian and German the National parties brought together occupation troops. This victory came to Serbs and Croats around an Illyrian the largely peasant-based guerrilla program. armies led by Communist Party of While the three major nations Yugoslavia (CPY) leader Josip Broz . (Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia) were all Tito only after a prolonged, bitter and South Slav, there were enormous difficult struggle against not only the cultural and regional differences divid­ Axis occupiers, but also against native ing them. Both the Croats and Slovenes fascist collaborators and the anti­ had lived for centuries under Austrian Communist Serbian nationalist­ and Hungarian rule. were Catholic in monarchist Chetniks, arm of the exiled religion, used the Latin alphabet, and consequently were "Western" in out­ look. The more numerous Serbs. mean­ Part 1 of 2 while, who had been closely tied to By­ zantium, remained under Ottoman occupation for five centuries and were pre-war Yugoslav government of King - less economically advanced than their Peter. neighbors to the west and north. The Crucial to the CPY's success in this Serb religion was Eastern Orthodox. struggle was its ability to forge a their alphabet Cyrillic. While a major Yugoslavia-wide resistance movement. achievement of the Illyrian movement Yugoslav partisans during World War II. US. Army This was no easy task. In the period was the creation of a common language between the two imperialist world wars, from major Serbian and Croatian Yugoslavia had been wracked by bloody dialects in the 19th century. this was not the new state. which during, .the latter irredentist movements among the South national antagonisms among its peo­ enough to erase centuries of otherwise half of the 19th century had gained its Slavs in Yugoslavia and their neighbors, ples. Being acutely aware of this. the radically different cultural traditions. independence from the Ottomans and justified by arguments of ethnic compo­ German and Italian occupiers had Regional differences were also been recognized as a sovereign state at sition and' or previous possession of the purposely dismembered the Yugoslav pronounced. The Croat inhabitants of the Congress of Berlin in 1878) with disputed territories. With such a con­ state and done everything in their power the Dalmatian coast were a seafaring Montenegro (a tiny kingdom whose glomeration of nations compressed in a to fan national hatreds and encourage commercial people, heavily influenced people are very closely related to the restricted area, the interpenetration of communal strife. by Italian culture. The Croats of the Serbs) and the South Slav lands from peoples frequent in border regions Overcoming these obstacles by interior were largely peasants, beholden the Hapsburg empire: Slovenia, Croat­ becomes far more than an incidental advocating a policy of equality among to the German and Hungarian nobility. ia, Bosnia-Hercegovina. When the factor. In this case, a democratic nations and by smashing the old state Montenegro, whose people are ethnical­ borders of the new-kingdom were finally solution to the national question would apparatus (such as it was) in the ly very close to the Serbs, was drawn they contained no less than 15 be found only in the context of proletar­ territories it liberated, the CPY was able populated by fiercely independent different nationalities or ethnic groups, ian, collectivist property relations which to lead the peasant masses of the various highland clans who successfully resisted including (in addition to those already provide the basis for a federative nationalities in a victorious guerrilla Turkish occupation and had their own mentioned) large numbers of H ungari­ solution free from national oppression. war against the Axis occupiers. The patriarchal; theocratic government. In ans, Germans, Slovaks, Turks and common endeavor of driving out the the province of Bosnia-Hercegovina Rumanians. Birth of the Yugoslav Communist fascists and the experience of recon­ large numbers of Slavs had converted to There were several reasons why structing the economy on a collectivist Party Islam during the Ottoman rule and national liberty, equality and fraternity basis went a long way toward defusing identified closely with the Turks. could not be realized within a bourgeois The hastily constructed "KIngdom of the murderous nationalism which had The diversity of the South Slav Yugoslavia. Most fundamentally, in the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Union plagued bourgeois Yugoslavia. The Tito peoples did not preclude a unification in period of imperialist decay, with the of South Slavs," was a tinderbox of regime quite justly points with pride to this period of capitalist expansion; such productive forces declining, the Serb, social and national discontent. While its success in putting an end to the a process occurred in the economically Croat and Slovene bourgeoisies found the Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian internecine national conflicts which more advanced but equally heterogene­ their interests counterposed rather than politicians were haggling over what plagued Yugoslavia in the inter-war ous Germanic regions. However, the compatible in the cause of building a form a bourgeois Yugoslavia should period. confluence of imperial interests in the greater nation. Like Europe as a whole, take, sharp struggles rocked the coun­ Yet while the smashing of capitalist Danubian region~where Russian, the South Slav nations could not unite try. By the end of the war the Croatian property relations and the destruction Turkish and Austro-Hungarian empires except under proletarian rule (or peasantry was settling accounts with the of the bourgeois state were necessary abutted, with both German and British through imperialist conquest). Austrian and Magyar (H ungarian) preconditions for the solution of the interests at work~dictated that this But there were other factors as well. aristocracy. A wave of mass desertions' national question, enabling the victori­ should not occur. Moreover, when a In addition to the core areas of Croatia, devastated the crumbling Hapsburg ous Stalinists to make great strides in Yugoslav state was finally born it Serbia and Slovenia, the lands which armies. that direction, these steps are not immediately exploded in bitter national became Yugoslavia contained numer­ Meanwhile, in the cities unemploy­ enough. The deformed workers state conflicts among its component parts. ous regions in which various peoples ment was great. Those few who could which issued out of the 1944-45 victory The state of Yugoslavia was created were heavily interpenetrated. Thus in find work received starvation wages. In of the peasant-based guerrilla forces has by the events of the first imperialist the post-war carve-up of Austro­ July 1919, in response to revolutionary been unable, despite its proclaimed world war. It was the product of the Hungary, Slovenia acquired areas with events in Bavaria and Hungary, a to achieve a lasting solution intentions, 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the a sizable Germany minority. The Voj­ general strike swept the country and to the national question in Yugoslavia: victorious Allies carved up the booty vodina (formerly attached to Hungary) army units, many containing ex­ the conditions of bureaucratic rule won from defeated imperial Germany was a district of intermingled Hungari­ prisoners of war from Russia, mutinied. constantly regenerate nationalist­ and the Austro-Hungarian empire. Bent an, Croat, Serb and ethnic German King Alexander was thus prevented inspired conflict, ~nd thereby nur­ upon using the shattered fragments of popUlation; a large Serbian minority is from sending troops to suppress the ture dangerous capitalist-restorationist the Hapsburgs' realm to create a belt of settled in southern Croatia, and Bosnia­ proletarian revolution in Hungary. In forces. client states as a noose around a Hercegovina has a checkerboard distri­ these circumstances the Communist Origins of Yugoslavia resurgent Germany and a cordon bution of Croats, Serbs and Muslim Party of Yugoslavia was born shortly san ita ire to seal off the victorious Slavs. after the declaration of the new king­ In the 19th-century, a pan-national October Revolution. the Allied imperi­ In addition, Italy was awarded dom. It regrouped the Serbian social movement to unite the South Slavs in an alists with France in the lead decreed the Trieste, Istria, the Dalmatian capital of democracy in toto and large chunks of Illyrian (Yugoslav) state arose. Many formation of a set of new East E uropcall Zadar and the "free state" of Rijeka­ the Croatian and Slovenian Social drew inspiration from the states including Rumania, Czechoslov­ territories which contained several Democratic parties. revolutionary-democrat, S,etozar Mar­ akia and Yugosla\ia. hundred thousand Sh)\ene;; and The young party played an important kovic, who held that the Serbs could not A constitutional monarchy with a Croats---while man~ Macedonian dis­ role in the uphea\als of 1919, but over be liberated unlc~s the neighboring Serbian king. Yugoslavia brought to­ tricts were left in Greece and Bulgaria. the next year permitted an acutely pre­ peoples threw Qff the Hapsburg and gether Serbia (the biggest component of The ba~is was thus establi~hed for bitter revolutionary Situation IU slip awa:

6 WORKERS VANGUARD through pa"ivity. Support for the CPY of the Balkans either geographically. (there \Iere fC\\ potential ri\als left free' had been passed with the Croat. Slovene ne\ertheless remained \\idespread. In politically or culturally" (Fred Single­ or ali\e). but chiefly because of his and CPY delegates absent from the "memher 1'120 the part\ came in third ton. T\\'entieth Centllrr Yligos/QI·ia. loyalty to Stalin (he \\as a protege of constituent asselllbly). Serbs comprised in \oting for a eon,tituent assemhly. 1976). But the epigones of Lenin \\ere Dimitrov) and his reputation as an the bulk of the officer corps of t he a rllled winning 59 seah. In the eleetiom it \\as prepared to go to considerable lengths extremely capable party organiler and forces and a large proportion of the the only Yugosla\ ia-\\ ide part\'. to recruit the leader of the most underground \\orker unlikely to make central government administrators. While the P,lrt\ had gone on record as influential peasant party in Europe. political trouble. Their chauvinism was often extreme. fa\oring the creation ofa Yugoslav state "'Radit' ,uhmittcd his application to thc The CPY center was transferred at and many acted as if Croatia. Slov'enia as a progressi\e step. alTording an Krc,tintern with the toll(ming ljualiri­ this time from Paris back to Yugoslavia and Macedonia were merely colonies opportunity for the South Slav proletar­ cation: that 'the CRPP will continue to despite conditions of illegality, and Tito occupied by the Serbian army. The iat to waL'.e a united struL'.L'.1e ,waimt the pur,uc its o\\n program using its O\\n began assembling a new leadership and situation was intensified in 1928 when tactics. morc or less': that the alliance or hourgeoi~ies\ of the r~gion.c it paid \\orkers and pea,anl'> in Croatia he reorganiling the party. He,l\y use \\as King Alexander abolished the historic almost no attention to the national achiC\ed by C\eryone ,impl\ joining the made of returning veterans of the prm inces and suppressed all opposi­ 4uestion in the first years of its exis­ CRPP: and that there be no representa­ Spanish Civil War (save those lito tion. The stage was set for a spread of tence. The CPY leadership viewed tive ror Yugosl,\\ia in the Kre,tintcrn. purged at Moscow's behest because of national conflagration. since his party did not recogni/e ,uch a national issues as purely hourgeois alleged Trotskyism). The party youth national unit. The Krestintcrn justiried Farly in the Axis occupation there disputes which distracted the proletariat organilation was refurhished and was to accepting these extraordinan: condi­ were murderous pogroms in Ivhich from the husiness at hand. the class tions by explaining that the state sought be the source of many of Tito's cadre. Croats and Muslims especially took struggle. bv the CRPP was 'nearest or all '-'ew circles of workers \\ere recrUited revenge against the Serb oppression Early in 1923 the Communist I nterna­ democratic republic, to our type or and attempts were made to extend the workers' and peasants' republic' ... visited upon them by the Belgrade tional prodded the (hv now illegal) CPY party's influence among the peasantry. Helmut Gruber. S(}I'iel NUllia government during 1918-41, by slaught­ tm\ard stressing the Leninist policy of but \\ ith little success up to the war. .\1aslers Ihe COlllinlern. 1974 ering several hundred thousand Serb recognizing the right to self-determina­ The CPY's policies were' above all Upon returning to Yugoslavia Radii: peasants living in Croatia and Rosnia­ tion for the constituent nations of those of the popular front. But it had an found that all Krestintern membership Hercegovina. At the same time. the Yugoslavia. But hy the Fifth World abiding problem: won him was a jail sentence. Following Germans encouraged the Serb 4uisling Congress the Comintern had gone a step "We did not found a Popular Front on the success of his party at the polls in government of Milan \' cd ic to la unch its further. and was urging the dissolution the French modcl. bccalhe dCI elop­ 1925. he broke with the Krestintern and own pogroms against non-Serb peoples of the Yugoslav state. The motivation menh in our country rollOI\cd a accommodated himself to a seat in the different pattern. We pnlpmcd to ,omc living in German-occupied Serbia. for this line \\as Stalin ZinoviC\\ Belgrade parliament. In 192X Radie was flirtation with the radical Croatian gunned down in parliament by a Republican Peasant Party (CRPP) of Montenegrin deputy associated with Stjepan Radic. which in 1924 stood for King Alexander. Alexander shortly an independent Croatia. Radii:. whose afterwards proelaimed his dictatorship. party had the following of the over­ Six years later the king. in turn. \\as \\helming maiorit~ of the Croatian gunned down by right-wing Croats (the peasantry. was assiduously courted hy Ustashi) and Macedonian nationalists the Krestintern. the dubious "'Peasant on a state visit to Marseilles. International. " While the Krestintern sank into oblivion following Radic's departure. the CPY line calling for dissolution of the Yugosl'l\ state remained with the party throughout the "Third Period." The slogan was not dropped until the Com intern switched to the strategy of the popular front against fascism. at which point CPY members suddenly became Yugoslav patriots. Yugoslavia. after all. was part of "democratic" France's Little Entente.

Tito and the Popular Front From the late 1920's on. the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was an obedient servant of the Kremlin bu­ John Phillips/Photo Researchers reaucracy. Like many of its sister parties From left: CPY partisan leaders Vladimir Bakaric, Edvard Kardelj and in Central and East Europe, it saw large Marshal Tito in July 1944. numbers of its cadre fall victims to parties that we should found a Popular Tito's success in creating an all­ Stalin's purges. At one point (in 1938), Front ... but some of the bourgeois Yugoslavia partisan movement is all the parties had become too involved with the Stalinized Comintern considered more remarkable considering that the John Phillips/Life dissolving the CPY, as it did the Polish the great powers .... Consequently. they Dra:ta Mikhailovich was tried in 1946. rejected all suggestion of cooperation. uprising against the fascist occupiers CP, branding it a "nest of imperialist even a Popular Front. fearing it would began among the peasantry of western spies." be dangerous to them." Serbia. Consequently, early in the war During the Fifth World Congress. Josip Broz Tito was to assume - Vladimir Dedijer. Tiro. 1953 partisan units were composed chiefly of which put out a call for a Balkan leadership of the CPY in late 1937 when The CPY was acutely embarrassed by Serbs, the "oppressor nation," forced to federation of worker! peasant repub­ he was appointed caretaker general the Stalin-Hitler pact of 1939 but operate in regions of mixed nationality lics, Radic journeyed to Moscow to join secretary of a central committee com­ dutifully fell into line. Invasion of the where the anti-Serb pogroms had been the Krestintern. When he arrived, he pletely vacated by Stalin's latest purge. USSR by Hitler's armies relieved it of particularly intense. told his hosts: "The Croats are not part Tiio inherited the post partly by default the intense contradictions between popular-frontist impulses and its fealty The mobilization of thousands of to the Soviet Union. contradictions that­ peasants who only a few weeks or had become trebly acute with the months before had engaged in or been successful German invasion of Yugo­ the victims of fratricidal pogroms was slavia in April 1941. Upon receiving not without its difficulties. In Hercego­ confirmation of the Nazi invasion of the vina, a center of the Ustashi-Ied massa­ USSR, the CPY immediately launched cres, victimized Serbs rose up with fanatical determination to exact "an eye a call for a general uprising against the for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." The Serb Axis occupation. This was to be its first step on the road to victory in 1944-45. masses attacked the Muslims-accused of joining the Croatian fascists in carrying out the bloodbaths-with The Partisans and the National appalling ferocity, also killing Com­ Question munists who sought to stop the wave of blind revenge and protect endangered During the-'war the Communist Party villages. Vladimir Dedijer, Tito's biog­ had to pay special attention to the rapher, wrote of the early days of the national question. While from the partisan war in Hercegovina: outset adopting the position of Yugo­ "Communist workers from Orvar slav patriots bent on expelling the ,helped the rebellious peasants dispel invaders and restoring a united country, this grave psychological trauma, but the ,~'."-"\ CPY propaganda took special care to greatest achievement along these lines denounce the old Belgrade government was recorded bv the Partisans at Kozara ~osovo':\ ... Mountain. On-the very first day of the '.,. and its Serb chauvinism. The CPY METOHIJA /" uprising there, 10 percent of the units f"' demanded recognition of the national were Muslims and Croats, their number rights of all the peoples of Yugoslavia rising to 35 percent by war's end. The and called for a Balkan federation of all fact that the insurgents did not perpe­ the South Slav peoples including the trate reprisals against the innocent Muslim and Croat popUlation made it Bulgarians and Macedonians. easier to persuade the people to join the Ihe Yugosla\ia of the inter-war Partisans." - V. Dedijer. Hislurr of Yl.Igos­ period had heen a mini-prisonhou,e of fal'ia. 1974 nations. dl)minated by a thinly disguised In rnid-1942. when the parti~ans were Serb government sitting in Belgrade. CUI/lit/lied on j)(lge 9 '.\'\j The con,titution \\as strongl~ unitary (it

23 APRIL 1976 7 Hands Off Union Seniorin Rights! Integrate Chicago Schoolsl

CHICAGO, April 13~ln recent that it was the biggest step toward months the Chicago schools have been a integration they could get from the battleground for conflicts raging be­ Daley machine. A large part of the tween the· city administration, the union membership (10,000 out of teachers union. federal and state agen­ 25,000) expressed its frustration by cies. School integration, educational simply not voting. programs. budget deficits and teachers' But the Hannon plan is not only salaries have all been at issue in many­ tokenistic; it should have been opposed sided disputes reflecting the close by militant unionists because it throws association of economic and race teachers' contractually won transfer questions in the current capitalist rights out the window. This opens the depression. way to all sorts of employer victimiza­ On March 31, the Office for Civil tion and favoritism, endangering the Rights of the U.S. Department of seniority system itself-~the only form of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) union job protection CTU members N rejected a plan for faculty integration have at present. Under the plan, transfer submitted by Chicago school superin­ rights for certified teachers would be tendent Joseph Hannon, thus threaten­ frozen for three years. IIIE" ing the loss of $160 million in federal The main brunt of the plan. however. ..act funds. Then on April 8 the Illinois was to be borne by the substitute ...... ,. Board of Education put the city school teachers. Up to 1,464 "full-time-basis" system on one-year "probation" for (FTB) substitutes~uncertified teachers Hannon's arrogant refusal to even file a who are regularly assigned to a particu­ port contained some 13 recommenda­ for racial imbalance on the teachers pupil integration plan by the April I lar school~would be transferred invol­ tions. which have never been imple­ unions. it can drive a wedge between the deadline. After one year. if the situation untarily in order to achieve faculty mented. Yet 86 percent of all black labor movement and the increasingly is not corrected, state funds may also be racial balance. Day-to-day substitutes, students in Chicago still attend schools non-white popUlation of the urban cut off. in turn, previously upgraded to FTB officially classified as segregated. and centers. This is of crucial importance in Meanwhile, on March 23 Hannon status after working 20 consecutive days the patterns of racial separation are even the capitalist onslaught against the announced a plan for wiping out the in a given school, were declared ineligi­ worse in the schools than they are in municipal unions. and is a principal Board of Education's $47 million defi­ ble for such promotion if it did not housing! reason why the federal government is cit: reducing expenditures for supplies further integration. More than a century of history has pushing teacher integration schemes. and services, eliminating spring vaca­ A supporter of Substance, a demonstrated conclusively that separate Another current example is Los An­ tion pay for all school employees and newspaper published by a group of educational facilities for black and geles. where the school board reached cutting the school year by II days. Chicago-area radical substitute teach­ white students are inherently unequal; agreement with HEW on a "compro­ Chicago Teachers Union (CTU) presi­ ers, told WV that the school board has they also reinforce racial antagonisms mise" plan for teacher integration while dent Robert Healey answered this 8.5 already begun using the last ruling in a which serve to divide the working class. at the same time passing a motion percent wage cut by threatening strike broader attack on job rights. By The integ\"ation of student bodies is a precluding "compulsory busing of action if the loss of vacation pay were deliberately assigning only white substi­ necessary component in achieving students" in the city's schools. not reversed within a week. tutes to majority white schools. and only equality in education for blacks and Communists are revolutionary inte­ Healey's militant play-acting soon black substitutes to majority black other oppressed minorities; it is key to grationists. Fighting against teacher ended. however. In a ten-hour negotiat­ schools. it foils integration and circum­ any struggle for better education for aIL segregation is necessary also to combat ing session April 4, Hannon agreed to vents the requirement to upgrade steady Given the present popUlation distribu- racial divisions within the union. Teach­ restore vacation pay in return for the er militants must put forward a class­ union's acceptance of an additional five­ struggle program that not only supports day cut in the school year. Thus the busing to achieve student integration CTU leadership traded away a week's (and labor black defense guards to pay at the end of the year. .. in order to enforce it against racist attacks). but get a week's' pay now! And both the also indicates that the union would take union and the Board, who regularly necessary measures to eliminate racial mouth pieties about "quality education" discrimination in matters within its lopped more than three weeks off contro!' Thus they would demand instructional time without batting an prompt union action against teachers eyelash. Left, guilty of racist acts. Shamelessly asserting that, "If a Chicago Such a program must call for union person has absolutely no money, you Teachers control of hiring. which would enable can't ask him to pay you" (Chicaxo Union the teachers to take steps to rectify Trihune, 6 April), Healey argued that president faculty segregation without endanger­ the teachers should take their money Robert ing theirjob rights. This must. of'COllT'c. before the Board goes completely Healey; be combined with a program demand­ "bankrupt." As for the future. he and right, ing adequate funding for all schnob, so Hannon are gambling that the Illinois Chicago school that assignment to a ghetto ~chool does legislature \\ill bail out Chicago's superintendent not mean imprisonment in decaying schools by passing a special appropria­ Joseph facilities which make quality education tions bill. and that cutback-happy Hannon. impossible. Governor Walker, now a lame duck, But union militants must vigilantly will not veto it. oppose all employer and government attempts to infringe upon union gains! Forced Teacher Transfers substitutes to FTB status! tion in U.S. cities. a program for Forced transfers of teachers are an Moreover. the CTU tops' support for integrating the schools must include Several civil rights and black groups invitation to arbitrary disciplinary the Hannon plan accepts in principle substantial student busing. Marxists not denounced the Hannon teacher integra­ action by school officials. state intervention overturning teachers' . only support city-wide busing. but we tion plan as sheer tokenism. Its stated transfer rights; Healey & (;0. only want also seek to extend it to the suburbs. Oust the Bureaucrats-Break goals were to achieve a maximum 70 to scheme to see if they can give up it thus breaking down class as well as percent predominance of either white or With the Democrats! little less. A class-struggle leadership. in ethnic lines in education. non-white teachers at most (not all) of The response of several liberal black contrast, would resolutely oppose all While battles over busing in Boston Chicago's 591 schools. This fell far short leaders to the controversy over teacher interference by the bosses' government and Louisville have grabbed the head­ of HEW guidelines, which demanded integration has been to write off the in union affairs and defend union gains 'lines in recent years. the government has faculty racial balance in every school union and its membership as enemies of against attack by the state, whether the not initiated any new actions to secure corresponding (within a 5 percent lee­ black rights. The Chicaxo Defender ( 18 courts, HEW or other agencies. compliance with federal regulations for way) to the city-wide 55! 45 ratio of February), an establishment black .student desegregation. Instead it has white to non-white teachers. daily, simply dismissed the (45 percent HEW's Teacher Integration retreated from this explosive social The Hannon plan was approved by non-white) CTU as "an arrogant. Campaign question to the "safe" issue of teacher the CTU house of delegates and then by Mississippi-inspired teacher union." integration. Teacher integration alone a three-to-one margin in a referendum The Chicago educational system has The NAACP, for its part, demanded a will not destroy the fundamentally racist of the union membership. Many black been notoriously segregated under the frontal assault on teachers' job rights by and unequal character of the education­ and other minority teachers reportedly despotic reign of Mayor Richard Daley extending government-ordered forced al system; consequently, racists are voted against the plan because of its (and long before). Twelve years ago a transfers to the entire CTU much less likely to get stirred up over it. tokenism, which no doubt induced some panel of "notables" indicted the city's membership. of the white teachers (and certainly the "neighborhood schools" policy as prin': But the focus on teacher integration "Black capitalist" PUSH operator CTU leadership) to support it. Others, cipally responsible for maintaining has another great advantage for the however, may have voted for it figuring massive segregation. The Hauser Re- bourgeoisie: by placing responsibility continued on page 10 8 WORKERS VANGUARD Proletarian Brigades. He complained in a peremptory telegram to Tito that this Yugoslavia ... move gave credence to the Allied Muni ... Victor Strike ... (continued from page 7) imperialists' claim that the partisan (continued from page 2) (continued from page 2) movement was "taking the road of encircled by the German army in the sovietizing Yugoslavia." Instead, thun­ newsletter put out by the Communist which found its way into Victor ware­ Kozara Mountain liberated zone, it was dered the Great Organizer of Defeats, Labor Party, suggested that the Muni houses several years ago, out of the above all their support for national the present task was to "unite all anti­ workers close down other local trans­ offices. equality that enabled the predominantly Hitler forces." portation service by picketing BART, The attack on Victor California Serb CPY -led forces to successfully Throughout the war, Tito gave ample AC Transit and the Southern Pacific workers is part of an employer offensive carry out a harrowing 3OO-kilometer evidence of his willingness to limit the Railway. Martin ruled these proposals probing the union's defenses on a series march to the largely Croat and Muslim struggle to the bounds of capitalism. He out of order on the grounds that the of key issues. In recent months, Local 6 Bosnian March district. Tito admon­ tried to form a united command with the recent court injunction prevented such members and even entire house steward ished the shock troops as they prepared Chetniks-even offering the supreme picketing. This is the most incredible committees have been fired for resisting to break out to "carry the nag... of command to Chetnik leader Draia servile legalism! The picket lines which open attacks on the seniority systerrrand brotherhood and unity of our peoples Mihailovic. When people's liberation Muni workers are presently respecting attempts to impose production quotas through new regions of Yugoslavia ... " committees were set up in Montenegro are also "illegal," as would be the and mandatory overtime. (G. Prunkel and A. Ruhle, Tito, 1973). following early success against Italian general strike Martin says he supports! The IL WU leadership, tied by a This march led to the mobilization of occupation troops, these "soviets" were However, the "Muni Defender" group thousand threads to the Democratic tens of thousands of non-Serb partisans dissolved on orders from the CPY did not protest this bureaucratic outrage Party machine and committed to a and made it possible for the first time to leadership. In response to pressure from and simply sat down. program of conciliating the bosses, has link up with the resistance units in Churchill and Stalin, as late as 1944 he Other rank-and-file oppositIOn done virtually nothing to defend the Slovenia and Dalmatia, thereby giving agreed to add representatives of the groups were critical of the do-nothing union from these attacks. Local 6 the struggle a Yugoslavia-wide scope. exile Yugoslav monarchist government attitude of the TWU bureaucrats but president McClain's response to police to the provisional government pro­ were equally unable to counterpose an scabherding against the strike currently The Emergence of a Deformed claimed in the liberated areas. effective class-struggle strategy. Con­ underway at Clinical Specialties in San Workers State But in November 1941, in the middle cerned Muni Drivers (CMD), which is Francisco was to plead (unsuccessfully) of a large-scale German offensive, the with S.F. mayor Moscone's new police A major role in the fighting was supported by the Revolutionary Com­ Chetniks attacked partisan headquar­ chief to stop protection of scabs! Such played by special workers battalions. munist Party, called vaguely for Muni ters; later the royalists openly collabor­ reliance on the "good will" of the police While the peasants often succumbed to drivers to take the strike into their own ated with the Italian army. Simply in or capitalist politicians can only lead lethargy once the Ustashi or occupation hands. However, a CM D leanet distri­ order to survive, it was necessary for IL WU members to defeat, whether at troops withdrew, the worker partisans buted to the meeting advised that "in the Tito to destroy the Chetniks. (This did Victor or during the upcoming master were more disciplined, could be easily meantime all drivers should know we not, however, stop Radio Moscow from are entitled to special unemployment contract dispute. moved to new battlefields and were a proclaiming M ihailovic leader of the powerful force in overcoming the assistance and food stamps." This petty Yugoslav resistance, nor the U.S. social workerism only underlines the The union membership must rally to narrow ethnic hatreds of the peasantry. Communist Party from raising funds the defense of the Victor strikers! Early in the fighting, a workers battali­ willingness of CM D to capitulate to the for the monarchists~ which it presented TWU bureaucracy. Organizing the unorganized is of vital on at U iice, the center of the uprising in to King Peter during his trip to importance to the entire labor move­ western Serbia, held out to the last man Supporters of the Progressive Labor America!) For the same reason, Tito Party condemned Martin and the CLC ment. Organizing among women work­ against a German surprise attack, had to maintain the Proletarian Bri­ brass for stalling around, but could only ers is particularly important since the enabling the partisan command to gades or perish. suggest that Muni workers volunteer for social isolation of women often allo-\\,~ escape; and among those who withdrew, The CPY found itself compelled 10 picket duty and circulated an "unofficial them to be used as a drag against the majority were also workers. boot out the local representatives of the strike committee" sign up sheet. Isolated working-class militancy. As the "Ware­ Tito concluded from this experience old state apparatus in liberated areas actions by a handful of workers at­ house Militant" put it: the need for special Proletarian Bri­ because of their ties to Mihailovic or to tempting to substitute themselves for . "Organizing will prevent the employers gades as mobile shock troops if the the various quisling occupation regimes. from playing lower-paid workers off partisans were to survive the intensive the membership are no solution. against higher-paid ones, inhibit runa­ In its place the Communist-dominated Rather than capitUlating to Martin's ways to lower-wage areas and greatly onslaught by German, Italian, Ustashi, Anti-Fascist Council of National Liber­ Chetnik and Serbian puppet troops. In legalism and simply continuing to strengthen labor's general ability to ation of Yugoslavia (A VNOJ) was passively respect picket lines, union fight." the bulletin of the partisan command of created. While Stalin was warning, "Do February I March 1942, a directive militants must demand that the TWU not raise, at this stage, the question of officially enter the strike. The presence Office workers are notoriously under­ establishing these units included among abolishing the monarchy; do not pro­ their aims: "3. The Proletarian Brigades of the 2,000-member TWU on the picket paid, and women workers on the claim a republic," Tito wrote in Septem­ lines, presently maintained by a force of average receive wages amounting to are a guarantee for the successful ber 1942 that people's liberation com­ struggle against the occupiers and their 1,900 craft workers, would have an only 60 percent of men's salaries. mittees should no longer be considered important impact on the strike. Putting Victor's is no exception. The workers native servants, for the successful provisional, but rather as "organs of struggle against national enslavement the TWU on the lines could force the have neither health nor vision care, nor power and as the nucleus and basis of and economic oppression." CLC to implement the general strike call do they have even the minimal job the future people's power" (quoted in within 72 hours. TWU militants should protection afforded by seniority. Start­ As could be expected, Stalin reacted Tito). violently against the formation of the also demand that the slogans of a ing wages run as low as $500 a month, By 1945, AVNOJ had decreed the general strike include no pay cuts, and workers with over 20 years' employ­ nationalization of all property confis­ victory to the craft workers strike, ment make as little as $700 a month. SPARTACIST LEAGUE cated in the course of the war, all enemy abolish Proposition B; reopen all city Current union demands would bring LOCAL DIRECTORY property, all the property of collabora­ workers' contracts: for a big pay boost the office starting base pay to $655 per tors, war profiteers and "absent per­ with full cost-of-living protection and a month, still a full $100 below the ANN ARBOR ...... (313) 995-9645 c/o SYL. Room 4316 sons." Together this included over 80 shorter workweek with no loss in pay; starting union scale for Local 6 office Michigan Union, U. of Michigan percent of all Yugoslav industry. The and for the right to strike, abolish all the workers in other shops, and $300 below Ann Arbor, MI 48109 new regime constituted the de facto tlt:RKELEY / anti-labor charter amendments. the scale for warehousemen. While OAKLAND ...... (415) 835-1535 government throughout the country Muni drivers have been the backbone union recognition is the key demand in Box 23372 Oakland. CA 94623 and commanded an army of over of the present strike; without their this strike, a militant fight by the entire BOSTON ...... (617) 492-3928 300,000 men and women. Except for a support, it almost certainly would have union could sharply raise wages for Box 188 (617) 436-1497 token handful of bourgeois politicians M.I.T. Station collapsed by now. The San Francisco Victor office workers, striking a blow Cambridge, MA 02139 who served for a few months as window strike continues to hang in the balance. against the super-exploitation of wom­ CHiCAGO ...... (312) 427-Q003 dressing for the federative republic of A decisive demonstration of militancy en workers and setting an important Box 6441. Main P.O. Chicago, IL 60680 Yugoslavia, the country's pre-war rulers by the Muni workers could turn the precedent by winning parity with the CLEVELAND ...... (216) 371-3643 remained in London. The local bour­ tide .• warehouse section.• Box 6765 geoisie, which had almost universally Cleveland, OH 44101 collaborated with the hated occupiers, DETROIT ...... (313) 881-1632 Box 663A, General P.O. had ned. Real power was in the hands of Detroit, MI 48232 the Communist Party, and Tito had HOUSTON Box 26474 emerged from the war with his own Houston, TX 77032 ddormed workers state. LOS ANGELES ...... · (213) 663-9674. Box 26282, Edendale Station [TO BE CONTINUED] Los Angeles, CA 90026 MADiSON...... (608) 257-4212 c/o SYL, Box 3334 Madison. WI 53704 YOUNG SPARTACUS .'111(1111 NEW yORK ...... (212) 925-2426 monthly paper of the Spartacus Youth Box 1377, G.P.O. New York, NY 10001 League, youth section of the PHILADELPHIA · .... (215) 667-5695 Spartacist League Box 25601 ,,,/I"AIII) Philadelphia, PA 19144 SAN DIEGO Name ______P.O. Box 2034 Name Chula Vista, CA 92012 Address Address ______~ ______SAN FRANCISCO ...... (415) 564-2845 City ______Box 5712 Sar> Francisco. CA 94101 State/zip City/State/Zip 106' 106 TROTSKYIST LEAGUE 12/11 issues· OF CANADA includes SPARTACIST TORONTO ...... (416) 366-4107 Box 222, Station B Make payable/mail to: Toronto, Ontario Spartacus Youth Publishing Co. o Enclosed is $5 for 48 issues (1 year) VANCOUVER...... (604) 299-5306 Box 825 Canal St. P.O. o Enclosed is $2 for 16 issues (4 months)-INTRODUCTORY sub Box 26, Station A . Vancouver, B.C. New York, New York 10013 order from/pay 10: Spartacisl Publishing Co'/Box 1377 GPO/NY, NY 10001

23 APRil 1976 9 Witness' Sworn Statement Tells Story' of Bribery' and Intimidation How Desmond Trotter Was Framed Free Trotter Now! which Desmond Trotter was eventually and I became fearful. dressed and left A.s.P. Joseph. and the Deputy Com­ charged. I answered 'NO'! ... with him for the Airport. I arrived in missioner of Police. Who stated that I Desmond Trotter continues to rot in 16. I was then told by CI.D. Police Dominica the morning. had done a good job. jail on the tiny, impoverished West Officer 'Toulon'. "Look \ want you to 50. Whilst in Dominica and before I 60. At the time of my departure I was Indian island of Dominica. The 2]-year­ do something for us': \ asked him. appeared in court at the trial: I was given a cheque of $75.00 by A.s. P. old political activist was/famed up and 'What! He said. '\ want you to make a called into one of the Police Offices and JOSEPH of the cm and told that \ found guilty of the murder (~( a lI'hite statement saying (hat you heard Des­ a group of policemen began to question would received a further cheque at the tourist during the carnival season ()( mond say he shot a white man.' \ asked me. end of the case which I never received. 1974. But the storr o(his arrest and trial him. 'how am \ going to make such a 51. I was asked if it was true that 61. \ make the above statements makes abundantir ~'Iear that Troller's statement when I did not hear him say Hyacinth Francis and \ had given a knowing the same to be true to the best "crime" was to oppose Patrick John, the so'. statement to Lawyer Kendall. \ replied. of my knowledge and belief. tinpot dictator who runs the island o( 17. Officer Toulon then said. '\ will 'yes'. I was then told. that I would be 72,000 inhabitants \\'ith an iron f"ist. write it. read it to you and then you will charged with perjury. so must tell the Trotter was sentenced to d~ath by sign.' \ said. '\ cannot do that as \ do not Court I did not give a statement to the "her majesty's court" in this "associated know the man.' He said. "You can make Lawyer: It was Hyacinth who gave the Desmond Trotter remains behind state" of Britain, and Britain's privy some good money". \ will show you the statement. bars. On~\" massive international protest council refused his appeal. Nevertheless, man on the day of identification: and if due to a grounds well ~( international you do that you will be paid and sent protest, earlier this month Troller's home the following day.' \ continued to death sentence was commuted to li(e protest. Officer Toulon then said to me. u: THE u'r'tr:R of \be PriVJ ~\UlCu. imprisonment by John. 'if you don't sign it. \ will lock you up in o~ A,peal {rca thO W.'< lI>dU~ ...oc""· su"" An important part ~( the defense the cell and pluck out your nails. \ suprome Court ,0< APp·r . activities to save the li(e ()( Desmond became very afraid for my life. The '''. !" ---..... Officer Toulon then wrote the state­ Bf.'j""ffi:::ll: 1 Troller was the work ofan international "hi te as" 4·~8 '"" ro> ',,",ch "" """'h'n. 0 ", th S 0 0 trembling all over from fright when he "'·.r•• '/(0', '"h, P "on. ">""'r '" .....' 'h " •• 0,. elel'enth-hour allemptto sal'e him/fom /.'';~~ ~~J.f\;'~:-'C~. oo continued to insist that I must sign: and 'I I (\\.'; .D2 !';ON" rHO'II; , ol,c, or"c,> th ""'y Chare'd the hangman's noose. The prohlem was 75. Oh, p' R ""d on, ROr ""'SO/( "n a'k' " tr I 10,0 • I ",-.; " 1''::''''''''';-1,y--I d hO\\· to prol'e that a /fame-up had heen I did sign the statement. '0 m, __ H, OI,.c, orf,c.> 'b'n b " '6,co I ac.' ,", • 00, perpetrated. This meant exposing the "\:~~;,~c.' "'0 . "", '''''·''n. ?'-o.;."" '0 d"'r", ,. or NO' * * * * * "'" h '°"6 '" 'h. "F.,>" •• , • 'r '0 r,,,, h' 10;' t., "r,oc. political I'endetta o( the pettr trrant I, CM!Z:.LA rruu"'S!S of 3 ' ~:: 'h,o ('.,~; >. ro, ."Ror "'00.0 0, d",,> K~ ,''''d " Patrick John and his plantation "'-a­ 21. The following day at 9:00 o'c1ock S.n the 1e1.9.%11. of An '6. I on ""SOo." ""d 'or, ,'0,""0 , 'h "'d by 0.1.£. POI. Roy., to hour" Partr against the young lefr-II'ing a group of boys were brought into the 1. ''In'1.t 1 a,::I. ,8 Y , .. -""", 8 organi::l:'/". Police Station accompanied by Police ..----, '95 • .@ . ." Officer 'Pestaina' and another Police , .\ The delegation was aware that the key 0 .13~A~:.::·n If~::; "'" ' •• '. t, '0" , 'Yine '"'' y," ' prosecution witness at the trial, Camella Officer whose name I do not remember. '''''' 0 0""0", '" . I ·'k,. 0'., 'h • "0,,,. D'""'nt :.:-? ' :7. orCto'r Too, "., I "d no, '<'ar h, , o .. I eo,,,< '0.'<0 they came to me and said. 'Desmond 'r5 Roeeau • "'d ""a y", ,'n 'ho., 0",., • "0, '0' Francis, had admitted to a lawrer that . __'H know "0 ll, .t"" , I' 1. "" 'r , she testified under duress. The delega­ Trotter is the fourth person in the line.' tion went first to the neighhoring island Police Officer Pestaina then told me to go into the room. I went into the room ':::':'::.::::.:. ::':::':: ane :::~o:::::,:~'::.::,:: ;::::; of Antigua, located Francis, and re­ o .:~':~ '. pro"", Ofr o'n, h ". "" fn'l .; ' .. , or .vO" d where I saw some eight or nine young ,. 0 corded her sworn testimony before the 1 b " 1 "11 lC'k po:'~r >0,, " 'h'a ':"d,o nG d,y.. ! n'on_ local Commissioner of Oaths. The men: one Mr. Joseph the A.S.P. in 'h oOu,o v'r¥ orro'd r,- • 'n 'h, o'" ""d Pi:c:" "r ~o, d'n', charge of the CI.D. said 'Miss Camella ' '''"''''n" r,.. . """'r,. Th, Ofr 0" Yo"," n"l, delegation then trm'eled to Dominica 0·'0 rro. rr'e6, 6 " and tOld m, '0 "en o"r. >O"on t". "0o" . with Francis' testimony: an emhar­ Francis you made a statement stating "'" r "'. • 'n h, 'o .."u,. . "; 1 '00 'r'>Ol . 7 """ 'h • • 'at,."",. '0 'n'le, 'h , 1.,., 'r.c, that you heard Desmond Trotter say on a rassed cabinet, faced with demonstra­ "":Gre Y.lOI'j t.i....,...... IIIi .. """' .... __ tions, an avalanche of telegrams and the the night of the 24th February 1974 he "on, IIYO"nth 'aa "'h 3§ ""d "n, '9 ", 1 h'ar. 'h . ""o'h'r POl 'n,o '" recantation of their main "witness," shot a white man at the corner of Queen • In 'h, '. "0 VO,o.o oc 0 Ofr"'r b" POl", '<'Od '"'ne POl,c, O;["er T "€ qu.,_ Mary and River Street: identify the one commuted the death sentence. ,< ''C •• P'P'r "-'d 'Oldqu"'"'er. 'o'r• 1 ·.s h" 0,,0 '0 s" .0 0, who said so.' d We puhlish below excerpts ~( "" "'1,.o c, '0 ··'ori •• [, ' b>oUe6, c. "0 6 n Comella Francis' statement taken on 22. I then pointed on the fourth 'h. .! : " ... 'h' ''''''n '0 [or 'h. d,y 'h'n '" : ,,"" or person in the line as \ was told by Police 20. I eot"O"d 'h., 0'""" • >00. n,., '0 'h," ' •• "" March]l in Antigua. Wedosonotonlr up 'h~ fOllo'le: "on", POl"., hecause the document clearlr shol\'s Officer Pestaina and the other Police ••oro"e 'h'Ok'oe 'h , Officer. A.s.P. Joseph then told me 'ask e...... :{t:_ 20. ' •• / . a I 'oUld 0, Troller's innocence, hut also for lI'hat it '-r"-a"'I-r~:" Desmond to smile'. I then asked tells ~f the police methods of capitalist j "justice." The tactics of course vary Desmond to smile. Desmond shook his from the u.s. slums to the shanty towns head. then smiled. of the West Indies, but the method will .. * * * * be immediate~r recognizahle: hrihery, intimidation, and the threat and use o( [Camella Francis and Hyacinth Fran­ 52. I went into Court and \ gave the can force his release. The Partisan torture to get witnesses for /fame-up cis gave a statement to a lawyer saying statement which Police Toulon had told Defense Committee urges that tele­ convictions. they had testified against Trotter under me to sign previously and I had repeated grams demanding the immediate, un­ duress. ] in the Preliminary Inquiry. \ was then conditional release of Trotter be sent to 49. I eventually left the next day­ asked if I gave Lawyer Kendall a Premier Patrick John, Government [After the shooting incident at the Monday. After another'~"Policeman statement, to which I answered. 'I did Headquarters, Roseau, Dominica, West end of February 1974, Camella Francis came for me around 5 a.m. I told him \ not give him a statement but \ went to Indies. (Copies should be mailed to: and her friend Hyacinth Francis were was not going. He said 'What you mean Kendall's Office to follow Hyacinth.' Committee in Defense of Desmond by you not going. anywhere? you see Trotter and Political Prisoners in picked up and brought to police * * * * * headquarters in Roseau. Dominica.] them hot cells we have down there, if Dominica, P.D. Box 231, Roseau, 14. I was asked if I knew anything you don't go, I will arrest you and put 58. \ was congratulated by the High Dominica, West Indies.) Thefight is not about the shooting of a white man for you in the cell. He began to harass me Officials of the Police Force including over-Desmond Trotter must be freed!

only minimally from the Hannon plan! refused to defend substitutes' interests through massive layoffs, wage slashing This is just one more example of or fight for more teachers and reduced and cutbacks in vital social services. Jackson's de facto alliance with Daley class sizes and teaching loads. He also Arguing over which section of the Chicago Schools 'forces. "counseled" the Board of Education exploited and oppressed must sacrifice (conrmued from page 8) While the misleaders of Chicago's that it might finance the contract in order to jack up profits is a dead end. black community engage in virulent settlement bv dropping a proposed $5 The fight for racial integration, better Jesse Jackson injected a nationalist union-busting. the callous CTU bu­ million increase in the city's oHmgual job conditions for teachers and quality twist, opposing the stiffer HEW guide­ reaucracy refuses to champion the just education program. It is hardly surpris­ education requires a militant struggle lines because they would do away with cause of oppressed minorities. CTU ing, therefore, that there is anti-CTU against capitalism by teachers in alli­ black faculty majorities in any school. officials confirmed to WV that the sentiment among the black and ance with the rest of the labor movement Jackson said such a solution "would end union has no position on busing or Spanish-speaking population. and that and the masses of working and poor black teacher self-determination and it integration, and has no intention of many substitutes were prepared to scab people. It is only by breaking with the would also be unworkable because taking one! The Healey leadership is on a possible strike this spring. bourgeois politicians such as Daley and white teachers don't want to be assigned concerned simply to pre!>erve the posi­ The attacks on the Chicago Teachers ousting their labor lackeys like Healey to black schools" (Chicago Tribune. 30 tions of tenured teachers. its voting base Union are part of a nationwide that the road can be opened to united March). Jackson suggested a scheme in the union. government-sector "austerity" program class struggle to put an end to the permitting a 65/35 predominance of In the contract negotiations and aimed at unloading the burden of the exploitation and social oppression of either race, a proposal which differs strike last fall. for instance, Healey capitalist depression on working people capitatist rule .• 10 WORKERS VANGUARD had hl.:eded its calls to demonstratl.:. At mark and Saturday's attack on the t\\O city \\orkns' wages (not the bloated that march. O\\ens (\\ ho had earlier \1 RIA driH'rs. deht payments to the banks) for soaring Boston ... called for an ad\enturist march hv The Spartanst League Spartacus taxes. the supl.:nisors may soon attempt (continuedFom paRe 12) blacks from Roxhury through South Youth Ixague h,ld announced inten­ to deliver a death hi ow to the strike. tion of their ranks around a program Roston. the hotbl.:d of racist mohili/a­ tions to form a contingent marching Salami Tactics which could really enforce husing and tion) deliherately sought a confronta­ undn the hanner of e.\tend the husing. The local bourgeoisie is employing stop racist attacks: lahor hlack defense. tion with the Roston police. Bdll11d him no reliance on troops cops for hlack "salami tactics" to isolate the craft Cops. courts and federal troops'were thl.: se\eral thousand marchers \,ere hottled lahor ddl.:nse to stop racist attacks. unions not only from other city workers "answer" of the reformist SWP. up in narrow strl.:ets and with no defense HOWI.:VCL with the liberal politics of the but also from other local labor disputes. Putting forward the same program as preparations had the cops dl.:cilkd to march. and gi\en the present extrenll.: While Muni workers have kept most black liberals. these fake-Trotskyists charge. racial tension in Roston and lack of public transportation shut down tight. tailored their "independent" mass pro­ This time the SWP ~SCAR ha\e community support for the march. it the treachery of Teamster officials has tests to the availahility of hig-name maneu\erl.:d themsehl.:s into a perilous would be irresponsible to urge militanh kept taxi cabs on the streets. A dispute sponsors who could lend thl.:m the situation by their belief that they could to participate in the April 24 march. between the Yellow Cab Company and desired respectahility. In 1974. its corral an ~AACP endorsenKnt The key to defense of the rights and a thousand Teamster drivers was tem­ December 14 march was huilt around through pressure tactics. Confident that safety of black people in Boston is not porarily "settled" with the help of the black Democrat Bill Owens. a Massa­ they could extract support from com­ crawling after the liberals. It is. rather. a bureaucracy and a federal mediator. chusetts state senator. Two months later munity black organi/ations. the spon­ political struggle centered in the trade For several months. the union has been it founded the National Studl.:nt Coali­ sors of the April 24 march scheduled a unions. to build working-class support attempting to collect $1.2 million in tion Against Racism (NSCAR) with a march route heginningat Franklin Park for desegregation and racial equality. back payments owed to the pension and keynote speech from Boston NAACP in Roxbury and winding for several and to forge unbreakable links between health and welfare funds. On April5 the head Tom Atkins. who also highlighted miles through the black community the cause of labor and the struggles of Teamsters obtained a legal order to a second pro-busing march in May before ending at city hall. oppressed minorities. This can only be collect out of the company's receipts, 1975. But as we go to press. the April 24 done under banners which draw the but when a sheriffs agent arrived, Already at the 14 Deeemher 1974 march has received no endorsements class line between the battles of the Yellow Cab responded with a lockout. demonstration. the SWP's tailing after from any significant black organi/a­ oppressed and the armed fist of the Rather than fight on their own behalf demagogic liberal "celebrities" had tions in. Boston. Meanwhile. racial oppressor. Support busing. extend it to and in solidarity with beleaguered city drawn it into dangerous situations tensions in the city have escalated the suburbs! Not cops or troops. but workers, last week the union brass beyond its control and in \\ hich it was dramatically as a result of the vicious labor. black defense against racist accepted a "partial agreement" that unprepared to defend the marchers who assault against black attorney Lands- terror! • forces drivers back to work with a pay cut. Meanwhile, directors of the Golden Gate Bridge District have taken a hard line against the sudden strike' of their Committee to Save Munoz ... bus drivers for a new contract. In the (continued from page 3) latest vote the Golden Gate directors decided to withdraw their last offer and Mario Munoz and militants, but all those whose start negotiations "from scratch." The In the United States, the Committee to Defend the Worker and defense is in the workers' interest. link between this action and the city Sailor Prisoners in Chile and the Partisan Defense Committee including students, artists and even strike was made clear when it was army officers who pledged to defend revealed that S.F. supervisor John are co-sponsoring a Committee to Save Mario Munoz. Among Allende's Popular Unity government Molinari is also a Bridge director. the endorsers of the campaign in the U.S. and Canada are: against the go rita plotters. Shiffman When asked if the directors were All-African People's Revolutionary Party Committee' rejected the call to "free all political taking a new hard line, Molinari Antoine Andrien. member Haitian Fathers' Longshore Militant, ILWU Local 10'. SF prisoners," a bourgeois liberal demand responded, "Absolutely." The cowardly JarP.es Bond. City CounCil of Atlanta. Ga.' Conrad Lynn, Atty. Anne Braden" Staughton Lynd, author which would encompass a defense of the leadership of the Amalgamated Transit Fred Branfman Militant Caucus. ILWU Local 6'. SF likes of Adolph Eichmann or the Union responded by pushing through a Stokely Carmichael. All-African People's Militant-Solidarity Caucus. NMU' Revolutionary Party Militant Solidarity Caucus. UAW Local 906' aspiring Pinochet of Portugal. Antonio motion to take down all their picket Joe Carnegie. Dir. Brooklyn Fight Back' Mark Naison. Mid-Atlantic Radical Historians John Carroll, Esq .. Southern Poverty Law Society' de Spinola, who should be imprisoned. lines, which had halted ferry service for Center' National Alliance Against Racist and Political Shiffman outlined plans for future several days. Although the buses across Chileans for Democracy Repression, Chicago chapter N.o:un CbomsLtV National Jury Project demonstrations. delegations, press con­ the bridge will remain idle, well­ Communist Cadre National Lawyers GUild. Massachusetts chapter ferences and a telegram campaign. organized car pools, encouraged by free Robert Cowan, Math Dept., Queens College' Richard Newhouse. Dem .. III .. State Sen. Comlte Pro Defensa de los Derechos Humanos Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers Union. District Among those who have endorsed the tolls, have maintained the flow of en la Republica Dominlcana Council 8 Dave Dellinger Dr. Philip Oke, U.N. Rep .. Christian Peace campaign to save Mario Munoz are I. F. commuters into the city. Desmond Trotter Defense Committee Conference' Stone, Dick Gregory. Martin Sostre, Frank Donner. Gen. Counsel. U.E .. member Rank and File Coalition, UAW Local 6'. Chi Stop the Stalling! ACLU' Revolutionary Marxist Organizing Committee Stokely CarmichaeL Noam Chomsky, Despite the apparent success of the Ecumenical Program for Inter-American John Rodriguez, Member of Parliament, New Tom Hayden. John Rodriguez (]'\;ew Communication and Action Democratic Party of Canada' capitalists' "divide and rule" scheme, the Alexander Erlich, Prof .. RUSSian Inst.. Columbia Norm Roth. former Pres .. UAW Local 6' Democratic Party member of Canadian U.· Richard Rubenstein, Prof. of Pol. Sci .. Roosevelt city workers strike can still be won. At Eugene Genovese, Prof. of History, Rochester U.· parliament). Richard Newhouse (De­ every workplace strike committees must U.· Jay Schulman. National Jury Project mocratic state senator. Illinois). the OiL Dick Gregory DenniS Serrette, Pres., Coalition of Black Trade be elected to broaden the leadership of Burton Hall, Atty Unionists' Chemical and Atomic Workers Cnion. the strike, oversee its conduct and insure Harlem Fight Back Martin Sostre District Council R. and the ;\iational James Haughton. Harlem Fight Back Spartaclst League the mass participation necessary to win! Tom Hayden Spartacus Youth League Alliance Against Racist and Political The cringing labor "leaders" have Nat Hentoff Stan Steiner. author La Raza Repression (Chicago chapter). International Socialists, Chicago local I. F. Stone abdicated all responsibility except to International Workers Party Walter Teague, Friends of Indochina Dale Johnson, Prof. of Sociology, Rutgers U • Studs Terkel. author All supporters of the campaign were plead for some face-saving device like E. Roy John. MD. RIp Torn. Actor/Director urged to send telegrams to Congressmen mediation to allow them to call off the Sanford Katz. Atty. Women and Revolution Florynce Kennedy. Atty. Women's Coffee House Collectors, Ltd. calling on them to telegraph the Argen­ strike. Elected committees could lay the Friends of Indochina Bernard Wiltshire, Desmond Trotter Defense tine government to demand the witch­ basis for a general strike by organizing Rose Kirk. Chief Steward. OCAW Local 7507' Committee Pat Knight. Pres. SSEU Local 371' (verbal) Howard linn hunt be called off and safe conduct out militant mass picket lines at all major Labor Struggle Caucus, UAW Local 6'. Chicago of the country be guaranteed to Munoz. city workplaces and transportation League for the Revolutionary Party 'Organization listed for identification purposes Gerald Lefcourt. Atty. only In addition, the Committee demands centers, and building a mass meeting of John Leggett. Assoc. Prof. of Sociology. Rutgers U.' "Demonstration only that Munoz be granted UN refugee the entire San Francisco labor move­ Sidney Lens, labor leader and author status a,nd his life protected against the ment by sending official delegations to Ben Levy, Democratic Socialist Organizing Partial listing junta .• all area trade union locals. Individuals and organizations who wish to endorse the Muni drivers' TWU Local 250A, in campaign to save Mario Munoz, work with the Committee particular, must vote to join the strike and/or contribute financially should fill out the blank below and and take the lead in reviving the strike momentum. City workers saddled with send to: Partisan Defense Committee, Box 633, Canal Street S.F. ••• (continued from page 1) last month's disastrous agreements must Station, New York, NY 10013. Earmark for "Committee to Save demand that their contracts be re­ Mario Munoz." unionists," the notorious S.F. "T AC" opened and that they be accorded squad lined the steps of City Hall and substantial wage increases with full cost­ escorted the scabs inside. Also attempt­ of-living escalator clauses and a shorter D I endorse' ing to prevent picketers from blocking workweek at no loss in pay. The entire D My organization endorses' entrance to the building was Stanley San Francisco labor movement must be the international defense campaign to save Mario Munoz, organized around Smith, head of the S.F. Building and mobilized in a general strike to defend the demands: Construction Trades Council. One the craft unions and to smash all anti­ Hands off Mario Munoz! righteously indignant militant shouted labor propositions!. Chilean Working-Class Leader Must Not Diel at Smith: "We've been laying down for Free all victims of right-wing repression in Argentina and Chile! two weeks. You see where it got us." r SAN FRANCISCO .... Stop the Manhunt! By ramming through last month's Name ______rotten sellout of the majority of city Public forum: Bust the Union Busters! Organ ization ______workers, the bureaucracy paved the way Address ______for t!1e massive scabbing by lower-paid, Guest speaker: unskilled city workers which is under­ Bob Mandel, editor of mining the craftsmen's strike. Now the Warehouse Militant o I am willing to work with the Committee to Save Mario Munoz. CLC's back-pedaling on its April 6 vote Time: Friday, April 23, 7:30 pm C I pledge $~_ to help save Mario Munoz. (Make payable to Partisan to prepare a general strike encourages Place: Buchanan YMCA. Geary and Defense Comm.) the Board of Supervisors in its intransi­ Buchanan Sts., San Francisco gent stance. Armed with a sweeping For information and transportation. call 'Endorsement indicates willingness to permit your name or your organization's name to be used to (in San Francisco): (415) 922-1865 internationally publicize the campaign of the Committee to Save Mario Munoz. court injunction and backed by a (in East Bay): (415) 835-1535 frenzied petty-bourgeoisie who blame \.. ...) 23 APRIL 1976 11 W'RKERS ""'"IIRIJ

NSCAR March in Boston For LaborIBlack Defense to Smash Racist Attacksl

BOSTON-The April 24 march on Boston takes place in the context of a steady escalation of racist violence. The paramilitary wing of the anti-busing movement is growing bolder every day.

On April 5 prominent black attorney --,-...," -",,§,l .... Theodore Landsmark was brutally r beaten by a white mob in City Hall

Plaza under the very eyes of Mayor '.',~ Kevin White. Then on April 17 two t -,,,,~,,,\-,'. • G black bus drivers were set upon at a South Boston bus stop by a half-dozen ~~1\ 'v~) ~S\~ thugs. Without warning. the racist pack attacked the drivers. screaming racial epithets. kicking them and beating them with a car antenna. Three white fellow workers bravely came to their defense ~~~i~tc~A1t and were also injured. 4( t!' Such brazen assaults occur virtually .-- :;.k~· every day; only the most outrageous are ~t/~S ~~~ \::~h\. ever reported in the bourgeois press. One of the two black drivers beaten last Saturday told reporters: "Every day it's the same when I drive through South Boston. I get stoned in my bus and spat on" (8oston Globe. 18 April). Carloads of white hooligans have even driven through predominantly black Roxbury on several occasions. hurling rocks and smashing windows. Since the commencement of court­ ordered busing in Boston in September 1974. the Spartacist League has struggled for a mass mobilil

12 23 APRIL 1976