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" I. 30 . O. "1 Ju y 1961

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I a I' ~ l of nH l~ation

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J. I.d~ r (( (Vf • Director FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin

JULY 1961 Vol. 30, No.7

CONTENTS Page Statement of Director J. Edgar Hoover 1

Feature Article: Preventive Action by Memphis Police Helps Fight Crime, by Capt. E. H. Harrison, Jr., Memphis, Tenn., Police Department . 3

Law Enforcement Personalities: Donald J. Parsons, Assistant to FBI Director, Retires 8

Scientific Aids: Sternal Ribs Are Aid in Identifying Animal Remains, by Dr. T. D. Stewart, Division of Physical Anthropology, .S. Na- tional Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 9 Correctly Obtaining Known Samples Aids Document Examiner 12

Crime Prevention: City in Miniature Is Used by Police as Crime Deterrent, by Former Chief Bruce E. Parsons, Fort Pierce, Fla., Police Department . . 26

Investigators' Aids . 28

Other Topics: Two­Part Lectern Can Be Constructed by Your Handy Man 29 Wanted by the FBI ...... 32

Identification: Good Medical Lab Identifies Dead, Causes of Death, by JOfleph H. Davifl, M.D., Chief Medical Examiner, Miami, Dade County, Fla ...... 18 WaYfl of Obtaining Good FingerprintR, Insuring Legibility 20 FBI Solves Puzzle of Identical Twins Through Footprint 25 Questionable Pattern Back cover

Published by the FEDERAL BUREAU OF I VESTIGATIO , UNITED STATES DEPARTME1'T OF JU TICE, Washington 25, D.C. Uninb .tans m~partm~nt of iJuJltir~ 1J~b~ral iilur~a1t of IInu~stigatinn lIasJ,ingtun 25, ill. Gr.

July 1, 1961

TO ALL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS:

The American public looks with well­placed confidence upon its law enforcement officers as symbols of security­­as champions in the arena of crime. In this time of violence and spiraling rates of criminality, there is, consequently, a dire need for each officer to insure that he is physically fit. It is his duty to his community so that he may safely, effec• tively, and efficiently carry out his responsibilities.

When a man accepts the badge of law enforcement, he also accepts certain challenge.s. He must be willing and able to participate in duties of a strenuous nature which involve raids, arrests, use of firearms, defensive tactics, dangerous assignments, and safe operation of motor vehicles. Poor physical condition would never suffice as an excuse should a law enforcement officer's failure to fulfill his duty cost the life of a fellow officer or an innocent citizen.

A physically sound body is just as essential a part of a law enforcement officer'S equipment as his firearm. Grit without stamina can lead to tragedy.

We in the FBI undergo annual exam~nations by physicians so that physical defects detected can be promptly corrected before they develop into serious health problems. At the same time, realistic weight standards must be adhered to by FID Agents. A 1959 build and blood pressure study by a major life insurance company disclosed that overweight people are more apt to develop diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and other life-shortening conditions than those whose weight is normal Sickly, obese, out-of-condition peace officers cannot expect to cope with the arduous exertion required in the fight against today's vicious criminals.

It is the responsibility 01 law enforcement officers to aid in building our country into a strong and respected republic, just as they have historically led the battles against other threats to our safety and security. The law enforcement officer should be respected by both adults and young people alike, and by his example of physical sturdiness, incorruptible morals, and high regard for the principles of our free land, he can do his part in preventing any dangerous trend toward a national weakness.

He owes it to his country, his community, his family, and himself. Very truly yours, Preventive Action by ~emphis Police FEATURE Mtl CLE Helps Fight Crime by CAPT. E. H. HARRISON, JR., Memphis, Tenn., Police Department

Memphis, Tenn., is fortunate that it has not ex• This camp was operated as a day camp only. perienced, as have other cities of the Nation, a. The boys would be picked up in the morning, serious problem of juvenile crime and youthful transported to the camp, and taken home in the hoodlum gangs. This has been true principally evening. On numerous occasions, the boys re• as a result of preventive work that has been done. quested that they be taken somewhere to "camp On January 1, 1958, a juvenile division was or• out." When they were asked why they wanted ganized by the Memphis Police Department. to do this, they replied they did not want to go This squad was organized not because Memphis back to the hot and humid environment in which had a serious juvenile problem, but because Com• they lived. These boys were assured that some• missioner of Fire and Police Claude Armour and how, somewhere, the following summer, they Chief of Police James C. Macdonald were of the would be taken out of town to their own camp. opinion that, in view of the alarming rise in This assurance was a formidable challenge, but youthful crime across the Nation, Memphis should it was felt that with the assistance of the people be prepared in the event the crime problem in our of Memphis and the cooperation of the Memphis city should increase. But, most important, they and Shelby County Youth Guidance Commission wisely foresaw the vital importance of a preven• and the progressive governing officials of the city, tive program. The division was not or~anized it could be done. only for the purpose of arresting juveniles, but Chief Macdonald and Commissioner Armour rather to work with them, determine the causes of have long been champions of youth and leaders their problems, and take corrective and preven• in the betterment of the youth of our city. They I tive action. both assured they were in favor of the proposed First, the many barriers between the juveniles and the police department had to be broken down and the confidence of the juveniles gained. This could be done only by close associations, assisting them in their personal problems, and convincing them that police have a genuine interest in them as individuals. It is obvious that the barriers have been broken, as evidenced by the frequency of their visits to the police department. O:f course, there are some who have not yet been reached completely, but efforts are being made daily to gain their confidence.

How It Got Its Start The Memphis and Shelby County Youth Guidance Commission sponsored a day camp for under• privileged boys during the summer of 1959, and Chief Macdonald assigned the author as director of the camp. The boys who attended the camp were principally from broken homes, and some Capt. E . H. Harrison, Jr., director of the camp, and one had actually been in trouble. of the bars.

JULY 1961 3 camp and would give their complete cooperation It had been decided to select boys to attend the and assistance. camp who were from underprivileged families After receiving the chief's approval, efforts in Memphis and, for the most part, those who were begun to locate a suitable campsite. After had actually been in serious trouble or who were having inspected several locations offered, a 142• real, potential youthful criminals. acre tract in Mississippi was finally selected. This In working out a program and schedule for the land is picturesquely located in the northern part camp, it was decided the theme would be "God of Mississippi, 62 miles from Memphis, and is and Country," and the name of our camp would adjacent to a national forest. Two beautiful lakes be "Camp Courage." and all types of wildlife are located on the site. The land was leased by the Memphis and Shelby Open lor Business County Youth Guidance Commission for $1 a year, the owner having become interested in the On Monday morning, June 13, 1960, the first program and desiring to assist. group of 30 boys, aged 11 through 13 years, The next step was to obtain necessary material boarded a bus provided by the Baptist Hospital to build a camp. No funds being available for of Memphis. Prior to the campers' leaving the construction of the camp and equipment, various city of Memphis, they had been met by a repre• business organizations of Memphis were con• sentative of a religious organization, and each tacted and the camp program explained. When camper was presented with a personal Testament the program was presented to the firms, they and also given a short briefing on how to use the immediately agreed to'help in any way possible. Bible and the benefits to be derived :£rom it. A water supply firm of Memphis installed a well. The boys, upon arrival at the camp, were as• Other firms donated lumber, electrical supplies, signed to their respective tents. All were issued cement, concrete blocks, screening, other building footlockers, cots, and blankets. They were also materials, skilled labor, heavy equipment, money given T-shirts and shorts with the camp insignia to completely furnish the kitchen and the dining on each of the garments. The boys were then hall, television, deep freeze, food, cots, mattresses, separated into two groups, "The Reds" and "The blankets, and other necessary items. Without the Whites." Each group selected its own leader, who help of these generous citizens, the camp would was held responsible for his particular group. These two groups competed against each other in not have been possible. The total value of the athletics, neatness of personal appearance, and camp at this time is estimated to be $12,000. in keeping their tents neat and orderly, as well as in their work assignments. This proved a very Marines Give Helping Hand successful arrangement. Clearing of the land which had been selected for the campsite was then necessary. The Marine Program lor the Day Reserve Unit, located in Memphis, with Lt. Col. A reQ'Ularly scheduled program was established Tom Matthews in command, agreed to clear the for the boys at the camp. Reveille was at 6 a.m. site and help build the camp. Each weekend, and taps at 9 p.m. During the time between beginning about the middle of February 1960, reveille and taps, the boys were kept busy. When volunteers from the police department and from taps were blown at night, they were ready for the Marine Reserve Unit worked on the camp• bed. The morning started off with 15 minutes site. The Marines supplied a great deal of man• of light calisthenics, after which the boys re• power, along with a much-needed bulldozer. By turned to their respective tents and got them May 1, 1960, the camp began to take shape, and ready for inspection. At 7 a.m. there was chow a month later a permanent kitchen, on a con• call, after which there was a short devotion, fol• crete slab, and five permanent decks, 16 by 32 lowed by the regularly scheduled activities for feet, screened 48 inches high and covered by tents the day. These activities included a 2-hour work loaned by the First Service Battalion, U.S. Ma• period: horseback ,riding, a I-hour lecture on vari• rine Corps, had been constructed. By June 10, ous subjects, practice in firing of the .22-caliber 1960, the camp was ready for the first group of rifle, handicraft, swimming, and, finally, at the campers. end of the day, a hike. The boys delighted in

4 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN breed collie. The campers were responsible for the care of these animals and took special delight in feeding and grooming the horses. They also made three trails for riding the horses.

Boys Grow Spiritually As an illustration of the spiritual activities at the camp, one Sunday representatives of a religious organization came to the camp and gave the boys a very stirring religious message. The boys en• joyed the singing immensely and, at the conclusion of the message, were asked whether any of them would like to dedicate his life to God. It was an extremely inspiring sight to witness all of these boys stand up and dedicate their lives to God. (The Catholics among the group were provided means for attending Mass in a nearby town.) The campers were fed three times daily, and there were never any complaints about the food. The boys were never hungry when they left the messhall. Nobody lost weight, and several gained a few pounds. They volunteered to giYe thanks at Chief l ames C. Macdonald. each meal. Nobody began eating until thanks had been given. It was heartwarming to hear some of their prayers. They never failed to thank God long hikes at night, and this seemed to be one for the many beauties of nature and for the won• of the most popular activities at the camp. Each derful people who had made this camp possible. day, the American flag was raised in the morning Knowing these boys personally-and their back• and lowered at night, in ceremony, and a for• grounds-made the progress at the camp a mation held. rewarding sight. To witness a boy who could be The Marine Reserves conducted classes in small• a serious delinquency problem stand up before a arms firing for the boys, each boy being allowed group of his buddies and unashamedly give thanks to fire a .22 rifle on a firing range constructed at to God was most gratifying. the camp. Each camper, before firing, was given It was also gratifying to observe the improve• a briefing as to range safety and procedure. This ment in the characters and personalities in the program proved to be a tremendous success. At boys. It was necessary at Camp Courage for the the end of each 2-week camping period, it was boys to reply to the adults "Yes, sir" and "No, sir." evident that each boy was conscious of the fact The importance of courtesy and respect was ex• that a gun could be extremely dangerous if plained to them, not only in their youthful years handled carelessly. but in the years to come. There was also a strict Mississippi conservation officers and U.S. forest but fair disciplinary program. The boys them• rangers visited the campers and instructed them selves acted as judges and dealt out punishment regarding various kinds of ·wildlife and trees in to those who did not properly conduct themselves. the forest and how the forest played such an im• They were constantly expressing their apprecia• portant part in the everyday lives of people. tion of the people who had made the camp possible The boys planted a garden consisting of toma• for them. Each one took a personal pride in the toes, corn, radishes, and lettuce, as well as water• camp, and a great number of them requested to melons, but the deer ate the plants as soon as they stay extra weeks. grew to any size. The boys finally succeeded in A tremendous change in the appearance of the getting corn and tomatoes for their meals. campers took place. When they arrived, they had There were se\'en horses, one Shetland pony, pale complexions; but when they left, they had one jenny, nine Bantam chickens, and one mixed- fine, healthy, tanned appearances. Not a single

JULY 1961 5 boy was sick during the 2% months of camp life, Although the real benefits of Camp Courage and there were only two minor casualties: One, a will never be known, it is felt that a majority of small cut on the head requiring no stitches, and the the boys were reached. In years to come, great other, a broken arm. dividends will be reaped. One of the most im• On Saturday morning, June 25, 1960, at 11 portant things imparted to the boys was that this o'clock, after the boys had cleaned their tents and camp was not something given to them just because policed the area, they boarded the bus for their re• they were poor, but, instead, the privilege of at• turn trip home. Each boy, as he boarded the bus, tending the camp would be paid by them not in expressed his gratitude for a wonderful time and money but by their work to help build the camp experlence. so that other boys in the future would have an The final request made of them was not to for• even finer place to spend their summers. The boys get the promise they had made to God and for were given love and understanding which they each of them t.o attend church regularly. do not receive at home. They were made to under• stand that God helps those who help themselves. Others Take Their Place The boys were taught that even though they might believe they did not have a chance and that every• On June 26 and July 16, two more groups of 30 one was down on them, somebody, somewhere, boys, aged 11 through 13, arrived to follow the was willing to lend them a helping hand. same routine as the first group. Since spending 2 weeks at the camp, the boys On August 13, 1960, 34 boys, aged 14 and 15 who have previously been in trouble realize how years, arrived at Camp Courage. The majority precious freedom is to a person. These boys we of these boys had been in serious trouble a good will continue to assist by helping them in any way many times. After these "tough" boys learned and making the juvenile division of the Memphis that this was their camp and that they were on Police Department a place where they may find the honor system, they pitched in with vim and friends who will listen to their problems. vigor and really tried to do everything they could It is hoped the entire summer of 1961 will find to improve the camp. They took their turns at Camp Courage even more successful and that this KP and any other detail assigned to them with program will be carried on indefinitely for the an excellent attitude. The majority of these boys betterment of the young people of Memphis. were much larger than the average boy who had In carrying out a definite followup program of previously attended the camp and had to be keeping the personal interest of the boys and re• handled differently from the smaller and younger taining their friendship and respect, arrangements boys. One thing observed was that the older boys with Memphis State University were effected for seemed to be much more willing to volunteer for the boys to witness all home football games and the details than the younger ones. other athh#c events. A Boy Scout troop in one

Spiritual instructions and lectures are part of the camp Boys receive firearms training on rifle range from u.S. program. Marine Corps Reserves.

6 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN of the housing areas has been organized, and and regard for law enforcement. He is making several hunting trips on weekends during the an excellent record in school. There has been such winter months were planned. Other similar a marked improvement in this boy that it appears activities are carried out in maintaining a close he has been saved from a certain life of crime. personal relationship with the boys. Personal Another boy had been arrested six times since contact is being maintained with each of these May 30, 1958, including arrests for burglary and boys and his progress followed. They frequently larceny. The identity of this boy's father is un• call the Memphis Police Department for help in known, and the boy's mother has indicated no in• working out personal problems in their homes, terest in him and does not want him. He is now a such as lack of proper clothing, food, etc. ward of the juvenile court of Memphis and lives in Mothers also now call, requesting talks with the the juvenile home. He is attending school regu• boys when they begin to falter, because the mothers larly and is making a good record. He also has know the boys will listen to the representatives of kept out of trouble since attending Camp Courage. the juvenile division. A third boy had a serious criminal record in It has also been most gratifying to receive re• Nashville, Tenn., and was at one time confined to ports from principals of the schools where some the reformatory at Nashville. He is now a mem• of the older problem boys attend. In each case, ber of a Sunday school class and attends regularly. the general attitude ·and conduct and the class• He is also a regular attendant at school and an work of these boys have decidedly improved. outstanding football player. This boy has been An illustration of the benefits of this program in no trouble since attending Camp Courage and is the case of one lad who, since September 1958, frequently visits the juvenile division of the Mem• had been arrested on eight different occasions phis Police Department. for burglary and attempted burglary. He is the It is highly recommended to any police depart• product of a broken home. His father is an al• ment, club, or civic organization that they build coholic; his mother lives in another State. As camps of this type for the youths who are less a result of the program, this boy has been placed fortunate than others and who need love and un• in the home of a relative and is now attending derstanding that are so important in a young per• school regularly. He has been in no trouble since son's life. This is one of the most rewarding attending Camp Courage and has a high respect adventures that could ever be undertaken.

Weird Remains Are Given $2,055 Funeral Early in June 1959, a car was found smashed.> and The funeral had been held, however, and the burned in a dense forest in a southwestern State. mortician, wishing to collect his bill for the fu• In the car were some charred bones which were neral expenses, a total of $2,055, sued the "dead" believed to be those of the driver. man for the amount, who countered saying that A coroner's jury declared the occupant of the the professional employees at the mortuary should car officially dead, and the remains were buried have been able to tell that the remains which they with appropriate funeral arrangements. buried were only some old dried bones and a dead A few days after the funeral, the man believed porcupine. The embalmer and the employees of to have been burned (and buried) stumbled into the mortuary contended that they were brought a box containing some remains and were told they a logging camp some miles from where his car had were those of the man believed to have perished been discovered. He said when he wrecked his in the wrecked car and burned beyond positive car he had jumped from the vehicle, struck his identification. Believing them to be as repre• head, and didn't remember anything until he ap• sented, they gave them the customary burial. peared in the logging camp. On June 17, 1960, the local district court ruled State police learned that the "remains of the in favor of the mortician, stating that he was not driver" which had been buried with funeral cere• negligent in carrying out the burial of a bag con• monies were ancient human skull fragments, some taining fragments of a skull, calf bones, and a dead calves' bones, and a dead porcupine. porcupine.

JULY 1961 &~ b ods t;.O - u~~ 7 ~ "yb.5-L/.;27~~62 · k. (k"d LAW ENFORCEMENT Donald J. Parsons, Assistant to FBI PERSONALITIES Director, Retires

After 27 years of loyal and conscientious service the interest of other employees so that a productive with the FBI, Assistant to the Director Donald research program was carried forward. J. P'arsons retired on June 1, 1961. On November 2, 1947, he was made Scientific A native of Washington, D.C., Mr. Parsons Chief of the Laboratory and on January 1, 1949, attended The George Washington University and in addition to maintaining his position as Chief, was awarded a B.S. degree in chemistry. was designated Supervisor of the Physics and Mr. Parsons was employed with the FBI on Chemistry Section. On September 12, 1954, Mr. February 23, 1934, and served as a laboratory aide Parsons was named Assistant Director of the FBI until April 21, 1936, on which date he became a in charge of the Laboratory Division. Special Agent. In addition to serving in the Lab• Mr. Parsons, as one of the pioneers on the tech• oratory, Mr. Parsons was also assigned to special nical staff of the Laboratory, made significant squads in the field on many of the Bureau's major contributions to the Laboratory's growth, its in• cases. On September 14, 1943, he was made con• creased importance, and its national and interna• sulting engineer in matters of chemistry, physics, tional prestige. He also maintained contact with and other laboratory sciences. The following leading scientists in all parts of the United States year, he was designated consulting engineer of and in many other countries to insure that the the Laboratory to supervise research and teclmical Bureau was completely cognizant of every scien• procedures. With a broad background of scien• tific advancement that might enhance the efficiency tific knowledge, he was unusually 'well suited for of the Laboratory in carrying out its work. He this assignment and was successful in stimulating contributed greatly to the enviable reputation en• joyed by the FBI in the field of scientific crime detection. He is currently a member of Alpha Chi Sigma professional chemical fraternity, the American Chemical Society, and the Chemical Society of Washington. Mr. Parsons was placed in charge of the Train• ing and Inspection Division as Assistant Director on November 18, 1959, and the following month was designated Assistant to the Director in charge of the Domestic Intelligence, Investigative, and Laboratory Divisions. In February 1961, the In• vestigative Division was split to form the General Investigative and Special Investigative Divisions, and both were placed under his supervision. In his letter to Mr. Parsons concerning his re• tirement, Mr. Hoover stated, "Through sheer force of merit you have worked your way to a very high level of responsibility in the FBI, and your great capabilities will certainly be missed. You have performed with high competence in a variety of demanding assignments, and your contribution to our organization's success over the years has been significant indeed." Mr. Parsons resides with his family at Granvue• Donald J. Parlon•• on-the-Potomac, Lorton, Va.

8 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN Sternal Ribs Are Aid in Identifying SCIENTIFIC AIDS Animal Remains

by DR. T. D. STEWART, DiAJision 01 Physical An• thropology, U.S. National Musewm, Smithson• ian Instiflution, Washilngton, D.O.

Recently the FBI asked me to identify a large Later I showed the radiograph to a forensic mass of fatty tissue in which were embedded parts pathologist who had come to study in my labora• of several ribs, part of a sternum, and what was tory, and he. too was puzzled by the appearance thought to be and certainly superficially resem• of the ribs. It was he who gave me the idea bled a clavicle. This specimen was the third sub• that I should write up this case and emphasize the mission in a murder case involving two women, significance of sternal ribs for identification in aged 18 and 40 years, whose bodies had been dis• much the same way as I had done for bear paws membered and the parts scattered. The skeletal (1959) .3 parts in the first two submissions had not shown distinctive age changes and therefore could not be attributed to a particular victim. However, A.nimal Ribs Differ high expectations were held for the third sub• Many people think of all animals as having ribs mission due to the well-established fact that the of the human pattern; that is, as long, slender, clavicle and sternum offer aging criteria until well paired bones attaching in parallel to the vertebrae after the age of 18 years (Stewart, 1954 a and b).1 2 and curving forward to end in cartilages. The On closer inspection the orientation of the only thing wrong with this concept is -that quite "clavicle" with the sternum could not be reconciled a few animals have additional distinct bony ele• anatomically, and palpation quickly revealed that ments in front replacing the costal cartilages and the mass having this shape was an artifact con• sisting of a rib embedded in soft tissue. Actually, as soon as one thought of this mass as a rib, instead of as a clavicle, it was apparent that the piece of sternum was from the distal rather than from the proximal end of that bone. Yet what was a rib doing in such a position ~

Clavicle Illusion Destroyed Working in my laboratory at the time was a pro• fessor of human anatomy, and it was he who destroyed the illusion of the clavicle by means of palpation. However, when a radiograph of the specimen was made, he was completely mys• tified by what he saw (fig. 1). Apparently he had never heard of sternal ribs; hence, would not readily accept my opinion that we were dealing with one of the domestic animals. He became con• vinced of this only after I took him to see the mounted skeletons in the hall of comparative osteology in the U.S. National Museum. He then agreed that we were probably dealing with part of the anterior thorax of a sheep. Dr. T. D. Stewart.

JULY 1961 9 595711 0-61-2 tween the sternal and vertebral components of the whole rib. Here the sternal rib presents a somewhat pointed end to the squared end of the vertebral rib. Presumably, this joint consists of fibrous tissue. True ribs are seldom of much help in distin• guishing human from animal remains. As a rule, they must be whole or at least have their verte• bral ends intact to enable one to say with any cer• tainty that they are, or are not, human. And even then rib variation is so great, as between different individuals and different parts of the thorax, that much caution must be exercised in making positive identifications from a single bone. Naturally, this is all the more true of fragments of ribs. Usually in such cases, it is necessary to report "not identifiable. "

Sternal Ribs Identifiable Identification from sternal ribs is a different mat• ter. When well formed, sternal ribs can be said almost certainly to belong to one of the herbiv• orous, hoofed animals (ungulates), which include pigs, sheep, deer, and cows--the sources of much of our meat and also of stray bones. The quali• fication "almost certainly" is used here because some rare Australian animals (monotremes) also have sternal ribs. Moreover, the meat-eating ani• mals (carnivores) -dogs, ca;ts, bears, seals, etc.• have feebly ossified ribs. Of all the mammals, Figure I.-Radiograph of a specimen submitted to the only man and the other primates lack all signs of FBI for identification in connection with a case of mur• der and body dismemberment. The presence of well• ossification in these areas, except in pathological formed sternal ribs indicates an ungulate. Note the dif• states which, however, do not lead to bony growths ference in texture between the two sternal ribs retaining that could be mistaken for sternal ribs. Thus, the articulation loith their vertebral ribs (lower right). presence of sternal ribs automatically rules out From this vielo, it would not be suspected that the sternal man and identifies the remains as animal, and ends 0/ the sternal ribs are broad in the anteroposterior direction and are saddle shaped (compare fig. 3). Ar• usually (in the United t.ates) as an ungulate rows indicate cut edges. animal. The reason many medical doctors and specialists in skeletal identification are unaware of the exist• connecting the true or vertebral ribs with the ence of sternal ribs is that they concentrate on sternum. Not surprisingly, these separate bones human anatomy, and textbooks on human anat• are lmown as sternal ribs. omy do not treat the subject of ribs in a broad Figure 2 shows the two types of ribs in the comparative fashion. Even some textbooks on thorax of a domestic sheep. Figure 3 is a draw• mammalian osteology fail to mention sternal ribs ing of the left seventh sternal rib from the same or to point out their distribution. Yet the facts specimen, showing the anteroposteriorly widened have long been known, as is evident from the full and saddle-shaped sternal end. The smootlmess information provided in 1870 by William Henry of the sternal end of this rib indicates the pres• Flower while he was curat.or of the Hunterian ence of a synovial joint; hence, a conesponding Museum of the Royal College of urgeons in Lon• depression in the side of the sternum. There is no don. 4 I have used this source for some of the above such conformit.y in shape at the site of union be• statements. Flower says also that vertebral ribs

10 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN bone, thalt of the vertebral ribs being smooth and that of the sternal ribs being pitted and coarse looking. In the radiograph, the difference is even more apparent.

Typical Bizarre Object Returning to the specimen from which figure 1 was made, I think it is worth noting that this is rruther typical of the bizarre things which are found when a search is made for missing human bodies in areas of human habitation. In this case, foreknowledge that murder had been committed and that two bodies had been dismembered made any loose piece of bone and/or flesh suspect. In such a setting, indications of cutting naturally en• hance the interest in these stray parts. There is no way of knowing how often portions of animal ribs become misplaced, but since these parts figure among the waste products of butchering, it may be rather frequently. The important question is how to eliminate from further consideration as rapidly as possible all such extraneous material. A greater awareness of sternal ribs may be part Figure 2.-Part of the right side of the thoracic skeleton of the answer. of a domestic sheep showing the presence of well-ossified sternal ribs. Note that these ribs have somewhat pointed ends in this view and that this is in contrast to the References squared ends of the vertebral ribs to which they are joined. It is interesting also that the sterrwm is seg• 1 Stewart, T. D. (1954a) : Evaluation of Evidence FI'om mented. All of these features are present in the radio• the Skeleton. Ch. 17 (pp. 407-450) in "Legal Medicine," graph of a specimen associated with a murder case (see edited by R. B. H. Gradwohl, St. Louis. fig. 1). (Photograph courtesy of Smithsonian Institu• • Stewart, T. D. (1954b): M etamorphosis of the Joints tion.) of the Sternum in Relation to Age Ohanges in Other Bones. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, n.s. vol. 12, No.4, pp. 519-535. ossify a:long the surface of the primary cartilage • Stewart, T. D. (1959): Bear Paw Remains 010sel1l ( ectostosis) , whereas sternal ribs ossify from R esemble Human Bones. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, vol. 28, No. 11, pp. 18-21. within the primary cartilage (endostosis). This • Flower, William Henry (1870) : An Inkoduction to the shows up in the gross 'appearance of the resulting Osteology of the lJIammalia. London. * QUOTABLE QUOTE

"Although police brutality shQuld never be con• doned, one must remember when criticizing the police that they do risk their lives daily in carry• ing out their duties toward society. 'While most of us who criticize the police have comparatively Figure 3.-Drawing of seventh sternal rib from the left safe and pleasant environments, most policemen side of the same specimens shown in figure 2. When spend every working day dealing with dangerous looked at from above, as in this view, the rib is seen to have a broad, saddle-shaped sternal end. Actually, criminals of every kind and in the most dismal sternal ribs have more gross pitting of the surface than surroundings." Chief Judge Campbell, U.S. v. the artist has represented. Ragen, 172 Federal Supplement 734, 738 (1959).

JULY 1961 11 aminations are usually made of a document to de• Correctly Obtaining termine the identity of the person who prepared it or to determine if the document is genuine. Known Samples Aids All too often the document examiner is con• fronted with poor known handwriting or hand• DocumentExaminer printing standards, sometimes because only a No two writings of one individual are exactly limited amount of known writing is available, al• the same. It is up to the document examiner to though in many instances it is due to a lack of account for all variations in the questioned and understanding of what is needed by the document known writings before he can place the proper examiner for the examination. At times, these significance on what appear to be similarities in standards are so inadequate that the examiner is handwriting characteristics. The variations not able to either eliminate or identify the suspect. which appear in the known and questioned docu• Frequently, the solution of an entire case may ments are caused by differences in writing condi• hinge on the results of the document examination, tions, in the speed at which the writing was ac• and for the purpose of securing more uniform complished, in the materials used, in the mental standards of writing, the following instructions attitude of the writer or his physical condition, and suggestions concerning the obtaining of such the motive for the writing, etc. known standards are presented. Most investigators are cognizant of the fact that the document examiner cannot usually examine Original Document Best one and only one genuine signature of a suspect Whenever possible, the original questioned docu• and determine by comparison whether that suspect ments and original documents bearing writing of wrote a questioned document which may contain known origin should be transmitted to the FBI either a signature wholly different in spelling Laboratory for examination inasmuch as the from the known standard or which may comprise original documents are far more suitable for ex• several pages of writing. Rarely is it possible for amination than photographic copies or Photostats. a document examiner to reach a definite conclusion This is especially true in altered writing and sus• under such circumstances. However, it is some• pected forgery cases, since alterations and line times possible, under certain circumstances, for an quality (touching up of the writing, retracing, examiner to compare a limited amount of known etc.) are usually not apparent from an examina• writing with a large amount of questioned writing tion of Photostats or photographs. The original and reach a definite conclusion. Then again, questioned documents are almost always necessary under certain circumstances, it is possible that an for comparisons between known and questioned examiner may have available a large quantity of typewriter or checkwriter impressions. If for known handwriting for comparison with a small some reason the original document is not available, quantity of questioned writing and not be able to the next best evidence is a photograph of the origi• reach a definite conclusion. These and other nal document. Ifneither the original nor a photo• situations may be caused by various factors, such graph is available, then the next best evidence is a as whether or not disguise is present in either the Photostat (fig. 1). When Photostats or photo• known standards or questioned writing, or both; graphs are submitted, a scale should be shown in whether the known and questioned writings are the photograph or Photostat. comparable in letter and word combinations; whether the writings were prepared under the Obtaining Known Standards same relative conditions; whether or not they were both written at approximately the same time; The ideal known handwriting standards are those etc. containing the wording of the questioned ma• A large number of examinations of evidence in terial written by the suspect from dictation. the FBI Laboratory are conducted in connection These standards should be written on the same with documentary evidence. Frequently, perti• or similar paper, card, check form, etc., with nent evidentiary items are forged or otherwise the same type of pencil, pen, or other writing fraudulent checks, deeds and wills, anonymous instrument and confined to relatively the same letters, and documents of a similar nature. Ex• space as the questioned writing.

12 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN It is realized that frequently it is difficult to and texture and procure similar writing instru• satisfy all of these requirements, but attempts ments to the degree possible. He should also cause should be made by the investigatar to meet as the suspect to write slowly or rapidly, use script many as possible. In any event, the more known or hand printing, use the right ar left hand, standards obtained for comparison, the greater scribble, or otherwise disguise his normal writ• the possibility of a definite opinion by the docu• ing in accordance with the investigator's judg• ment examiner. ment of the conditions under which the questioned Request writings should always be made from documents were written. In the beginning, no dictation. If it is not considered advisable for suggestions should be given to the suspect when the investigator to dictate the wording of the he starts writing the dictated specimens, and he questioned documents because he does not desire should be allowed to prepare the writing in his own the suspect to know he is under suspicion, or for way. The dictation of the questioned material some other tI"eason, he should prepare in advance should include words only. No punctuation, spell• subject matter which will include as many as ing, spacing, or other information should be sug• possible of the words and phrases used in the gested to the writer, thus allowing the examiner to questioned documents, in order that the known consider the writer's manner of spelling, capitali• standards will be comparable in letter and word zation, punctuation, and spacing in conjunction combinations with the questioned writing. It is with his handwriting characteristics. All of these most important that, wherever possible, the word• points are important to the examiner. ing of the questioned writing be used in obtaining When sufficient specimens have been obtained specimens of the suspect's handwriting. in this manner, various suggestions or instruc• Under no ci.rcumstances should a suspect be tions may be given to the suspect. allowed to see or copy the questioned writing as The letter transmitting these known standards he may later claim he attempted to copy the to the document examiner should include infor• material given to him and thereby was prevented mation as to the suggestions made to the suspect from inserting into his writing his normal ha• by the investigator and on the attitude and ac• bitual handwriting characteristics. tions of the suspect at the time these suggestions In reconstructing the conditions under which or instructions were given to him. The stand• the questioned document was written, the investi• ards should be properly identified by the investi• gator should select paper of a similar size, color, gator to reflect those obtained without instruc• tions and those obtained after various instructions were given by the investigator. It must be borne in mind that if a suspect is actually guilty he will frequently attempt to ~lDhJr 1. disguise his handwriting. It is therefore essen• tial that numerous specimens of his writing be obtained since it is relatively easy for many indi• .z.u.r•• t... PU'ka $ l.CXl....OO.• ')a. bundJoed. dolbN .t. no cent. 901kllJ viduals to disguise a limited amount of writing. L . .7, zv.:' . Ordinarily when a number of specimens are written, the suspect, in the course of the writing, will often unconsciously include his inconspicuous personal writing habits. It is for this reason that the investigator should not stop when one page has been written by the suspect but should ob• tain a number of pages written one immediately after the other and each removed from the vision of the writer as soon as it is completed. If the investigator believes that an attempt is being made to disguise the known standards, he may deem Figure I.-For the document examiner's purposes, the it advisable to obtain additional standards at a original evidence is best, but a photograph of evidence later date on the theory that the suspect may (top) i. next best and far more valuable than a Photo• forget how he disguised his writing when the stat (bottom). first samples were obtained.

JULY 1961 13 As has been previously stated, it is not always possible or expedient to obtain dictated standards because it may not be desirable under some circum• stances for the suspect to know he is under sus• picion, the suspect may not be physically available to give standards, or on some occasions the suspect may refuse to furnish known handwriting stand• ards to the investigator. Under these circum• stances, and others which may arise from time to time, it is often possible to locate normal standards of the suspect's handwriting by contacting his friends and relatives in an effort to obtain corre• spondence received from him, by contacting banks for canceled genuine checks written by the sus• pect, checking with credit houses for applications made for credit, reviewing the motor vehicle bu• reau's files for auto license and car registration applications, contacting present and past em• ~ ? //1 6() :Xo. ~ ployers for business papers, and by contacting schools for themes and other papers written while -Ii ~~::::: ~~ .• --wa..U. "tJ.4J the suspect was in school or college. When stand• h"~:1 (!,,~.tI. ~. ards of this type are obtained, attempts should 1-w-o ~ HI" t:t~~----J be made to obtain those written at approximately ~~ the same time as the questioned writing, since an individual's writing habits often change with the passing of time. Standards of this type, of Figure 3.-A series of handwriting samples on the same course, are not as desirable as dictated standards; type of check as the one in figure 2 makes the docu• however, they are often sufficient for a definite con• ment examiner's job easier. clusion to be reached by the document examiner. the questioned checks at any time and no instruc• tions should be given to him concerning the man• Obtaining Checkwritings ner in which the checks should be filled out. The Most of the material set forth in the preceding contents of the questioned checks should be dic• section is applicable to the obtaining of standards tated to the suspect, and he should be allowed to for comparison with fraudulent checks. It, of place the writing on the check form in the manner course, is desirable in fraudulent check cases for to which he is ordinarily accustomed. After he the suspect to write on blank check forms similar has prepared a sufficient number of these standards to those used for the questioned checks (figs. 2 on blank check forms without instructions, the and 3). The suspect should not be allowed to see investigator should request the suspect to include characteristics in his samples observed to be pres• ent in the questioned writing such as the fact that it may have been written with a backhand motion or written rapidly or slowly. It should be remembered that as soon as the face and endorsement on the check form are completed, the specimen should be removed from the sight of the writer before any attempts are made to obtain additional writing. In addition to dictated standards, it is often Figure 2.-/n this case, the questioned document is a desirable for attempts to be made to obtain genuine check, and the investigator should obtain similar blank canceled checks written by the suspect prior to the checks on which to obtain handwriting samples from the suspect, as indicated in figure 3. time he was under suspicion.

14 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN It is always desirable and usually necessary to obtain known handwriting or signatures of the victim in a forgery case in addition to the known handwriting or signatures of suspects. These known standards of the victim should be docu• ments which were written at approximately the same time as the questioned document and should be several in number. Any information available to the investigator concerning any serious illness which would affect the handwriting of the victim should also be furnished to the document exam• iner at the time the evidence is transmitted to the FBI Laboratory. In cases involving good forgeries, it may not be possible for a document examiner to determine who forged the document because many of the Figure 4.-Method of obtaining a carbon specimen from forger's individual handwriting characteristics a suspect's typewriter. are discarded in the forging process. However, it usually will be possible for him to determine whether or not the questioned document is in fact standards should not be obtained In the usual a forgery. It is desirable therefore to obtain manner of making a carbon copy by inserting the handwriting standards from any suspect. These carbon between the two sheets of paper unless standards should be in the same wording as the the questioned writing was a carbon copy. In questioned writing and should be obtained in the this event, the usual typewriter standards should manner described in the preceding sections. also be submitted as well as carbon copy standards. In addition to the standards mentioned above, Obtaining Typewriter Data it is often desirable to type each character ap• pearing on the suspected machine with varying When obtaining standards from a suspected type• degrees of speed and pressure allowing each writer, it is not necessarily sufficient that merely character a complete line from one side of the impressions of all the characters on the machiu"e paper to the other. be submitted for comparison. The standards ob• The investigator should not overlook the pos• tained from the known typewriter should include sibility that the typewriter ribbon may not have as many as possible of the words and characters been changed since the questioned document was which appear on the questioned writing, as it is prepared and that the ribbon may contain im• from the various combinations of letters that the pressions of some or all of the questioned writing. examiner is often able to find points of similarity Some typewriters are equipped with a carbon• or dissimilarity. Whenever practicable, the ques• paper type of ribbon which is used only once tioned writing should be typed in its entirety and then discarded. The questioned material seve~al times on the suspected typewriter, using could conceivably be found in its entirety on this varymg degrees of touch in obtaining the type of ribbon. In such instances, the ribbon standards. should be removed from the typewriter and trans• It is also of assistance if a carbon specimen mitted to the FBI Laboratory. is obtained (fig. 4). This carbon snecimen should At times the typewriter may not be in an oper• be made as follows: First, the ribbon should be ating condition due to some irregularity or broken removed from the typewriter or the typewriter part. Before anything is done to the typewriter, ribbon adjustment should be placed in "stencil" it is desirable that the trouble be described in a position; then two pieces of paper with a sheet letter to the FBI Laboratory and advice requested of carbon paper on the outside of the first sheet as to how the machine should be handled. It should be inserted in the typewriter so that the may even be necessary in some cases to transmit keys of the machine will strike directly on the the typewriter to the FBI Laboratory for ex• sheet of carbon paper and leave a carbon im• amination; however, it is preferred this not be pression on the first sheet of paper. Carbon done unless advice is received to do so.

JULY 1961 15 Typewriter standards obtained in the manner ratory, the investigator should obtain a large num• set forth above should carry the notation on each ber of specimens using the same wording as the sheet as to the make, model, and serial number of questioned rubber stamp impressions and employ the typewriter, and should be signed and dated various degrees of pressure. Paper used for these by the investigator obtaining the standards. standards should be similar in texture to the paper used for the questioned document. Checkwriters Checked Proper Marking of Standards The first step in obtaining known standards from a checkwriter is to locate and use paper similar to One of the recognized methods for identifying that used for the questioned documents. N umer• known standards obtained from a suspect is to ous standards should be obtained from the check• have the writer sign his name or place his initials writer, using the amounts appearing on all of the on each sheet of known handwriting standards questioned checks or drafts. Each of the various with a statement regarding the voluntary nature amounts used on the questioned checks or drafts of the action; i.e., "This specimen of my normal should be obtained employing various speeds and writing is given freely and voluntarily and may pressure. There should never be any adjustments be used against me." Such a notation should ap• made, and the machine should not be inked before pear on at least one of the standards. Each page standards are obtained. If the machine has not should be witnessed on the back by the investi• been used for a considerable period of time and gator who obtained the standard. Under most the ribbon or inking device is dry, standards circumstances, writing, other than that of the sus• should first be obtained before any ink is applied pect, is not placed on the face of the sheet. The to the inking device. After appropriate standards foregoing, of course, pertains only to those cases are obtained in this manner, then ink may be ap• where dictated standards are obtained. plied and additional standards obtained using When normal undictated handwriting stand• various degrees of pressure in each case. ards consisting of personal letters and the like are If the machine has some irregularity that pre• submitted, it is essential that information be given vents normal operation or is broken, it would be regarding the name of the individual who can well to consult the FBI Laboratory before any definitely identify the writer of the standard. attempt is made to obtain specimens. In some This will facilitate subsequent introduction in cases it may be necessary to transmit the check• court. writer to the FBI Laboratory. Checkwriter standards should always carry the Transmittal to FBI Lab notation on each sheet as to the make, model, and serid number of the machine, and should be Information concerning the manner in which the signed and dated by the investigator obtaining the standards were obtained from the suspect, the standards. mental attitude of the suspect at the time of writ• ing, whether or not the suspect was cooperative Rubber Stamp Impressions in the giving of these standards, just which stand• ards were obtained first, and what instructions Whenever the investigator encounters a case in• were given for the remainder of the standards volving the use of rubber stamps, it is desirable are all pertinent to the examination. uch infor• that any suspected rubber stamp sets, rubber mation will be helpful if included in the letter stamps, and pads be transmitted to the FBI Lab• transmitting the evidence to the FBI Laboratory. oratory for examination and comparison. This The letter should also include the exact type is primarily due to the fact that any defects ap• of examination which is desired and should also pearing in the rubber stamp often are not recog• definitely mention which documents submitted are nizable because of variations in pressure used in questioned and which may be treated as known applying it to paper. Any rubber stamps located standards. The identity of the writer or writers which are composed of individual letters should of the known standards should always be included. not be disassembled or changed in any way. A statement should be included as to whether or If it is not possible to transmit the actual rub• not the questioned specimens submitted should be ber stamp, stamp set, or pad to the FBI Labo• treated for latent fingerprints (fig. 5) .

16 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN CENTERTOWN POLICE DEPARTMENT CENTERTOWN, VIRGrnlA Bad­{;heek Passer Meets 1. M. Law February 8, 1961 Chlef

Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, Oirector the FBI Federal Bureau of lnvestlpUon Wa.shington 25, D. C. Attention: FBI Laboratory For 9 months, the busy little man had blithely He: Unknown Subject - Wilbur Glass; and briskly gone his way passing bad checks, Alleged Forgery Case' C-175 first in one bank and then another, believing he My dear Mr. Hoover: was "getting away with it" until confronted by Enclosed herewith for examination Is the evidence described below: Agents of the FBI. Then visibly wilting, he Item 1. Check dated 1/17/ 61, In amount of $235.17, payable to Wilbur Glass, signed Homer J. WUson and drawn on the First National Bank, Centertown, Vlrrtnla. dejectedly commented, "Nobody knew what I was Item 2. Four genuine checks bearing known signatures of doing except J. Edgar Hoover, and apparently he Homer J. WUson, a prominent merchant in our city. Item 3. Six check forms bearIng dictated known handwrlUng knew everything." speCimens of Frank P. Jackson, a suspect. The reverse side of each check form contains a notation as to the instructions ginn to the suspect for that sample. Investigation disclosed that banks in the Los On January 18, 1961, Item I was passed at a local department store Angeles area had been victimized in some 81 by a white male, 25 to 30 years of age, blond hair, 6 feet tall, and weighing approximately 200 pounds. He used a Virginia driver's license for identification. known instances wherein forged checks were suc- It Is requested that the questioned check, Item I, be searched through the National Fraudulent Clleck FUe and that the signature thereon be cessfully cashed by a slightly built man about 48 compared with the known signatures of Homer J. Wilson, Item 2. The questioned ~:'!~~~~f ;~~ ~~ei:c~~~na~~m~.c°fu~~e:v-:tt' I~hl~ ~~~~~W~i~n!a~~son years of age, marked by a flesh­colored mole on hIS did not write the check, please compare the endorsement on Item 1 with signatures on fingerprint cards of indIviduals using Wilbur Glass as a name or alias. It is left cheek near the nose, and wearing dark glasses. also requested that Item I be t.reated for the presence of latent fingerprints. This evidence is submitted In connecUon with a criminal matter. The It was estimated he defrauded the banks of about evidence has not been examined by any other expert, nor will It be submitted to any other expert In the same technical field. $11,750 from August 1959 to May 1960. Very truly yours, The modus operandi of this thief was simple, c~. 11/ ". 1. M. Law daring, and effective. He would enter the bank in a brisk, friendly manner, present two phony checks, one for $100 and the other for $50, and a $20 bill along with a handwritten list of change Figure 5.-Sample letter showing proper method for , . .. requesting various FBI Laboratory examinations, includ• which he would request the teller to gIve him III ing a document examination. exchange for the checks and the currency, indicat- ing exactly how he wanted the change. He would then display a white cloth bag in which he would If a comparison is desired with signatures on carry the silver from the bank, explaining that fingerprint cards of individuals having names or the change was for the owner of a nearby bar. aliases similar to those appearing on the ques- Each check he presented was drawn to cash tioned evidence, that request should be set forth, and bore the false endorsements of bars or cock- and a description of the subject should be in- tail lounges located near the bank being victimized. cluded if it is available. In five instances, the teller stepped away from Evidence submitted to the FBI Laboratory the window in order to verify the signature cards should always be transmitted by registered of the checks presented before releasing the silver mail to "Director, Federal Bureau of Investiga- and currency. Knowing the teller would find the tion, Washington 25, D.C., Attention: FBI checks to be phony, the subject reached across the Laboratory. " counter seized the money not yet released to him, In criminal cases, the FBI Laboratory will fur- stuffed 'it in the cloth bag, and hastily made his nish expert testimony to law enforcement agencies exit from the premises. which have submitted material for examination Investigation revealed that in only one instance provided no other expert in the same scientific was a genuine check presented by this individual, field will be used by the prosecution. This testi- and this check with a bogus one presented at the mony' as well as the examination in the FBI same time eventually led to his identification. The Laboratory, is provided at no cost to the contrib- genuine check was passed in early May 1960 and uting agency. When expert testimony is desired, was soon to lead to the apprehension by FBI it is requested that the FBI Laboratory be notified Agents of the little man with the mole on his as far in advance as possible in order that the cheek. examiner may arrange his other commitments and He was sentenced to a term of 5 years in custody prepare the necessary photographic enlargements of the Attorney General for the interstate trans- to explain his conclusions. portation of stolen property and bank farceny. JULY 1961 !U:f~~ 17 ~ : / ~#b)LSZ7/ / Good Medical Lab Identifies Dead~ IDENTIFICATION Causes of Death

by JOSEPH H. DAVIS, M.D., Ohief Medical Examiner, Miami, Dade Oounty, Fla.

In March 1956, the Office of the Medical Examiner The initial facility consisted of an abandoned of Dade County was established under the provi• garage. Refrigeration was furnished by a rental sions of a law passed by the State legislature. truck which could hold four bodies. After several Prior to that time, there was no central or co• months, temporary housing was obtained in two ordinated medical system to investigate deaths of rooms within a small concrete block and frame official interest. With the new law, the medical building. In November 1958, the personnel examiner was empowered to investigate all sus• moved into a building designed and constructed picious, unexpected, and violent deaths occurring for the Office of the Medical Examiner. Included in the county. He was, likewise, empowered to in the one-story, air-conditioned building are a investigate all deaths where the body was to be morgue and incinerator, as well as X-ray, photo• cremated, dissected, or disposed of in such a man• graphic, toxicological, and histological labora• ner as to be unavailable for future examination. tories and adequate administrative facilities. As a result of a permanent population exceed• There is a central staff of 19 persons, including ing 900,000, plus the large annual tourist incre• 3 full-time physicians who are pathologists. Two ment, the workload has been approximately 3,000 of these are certified by the American Board of cases per year, which includes about 1,000 cases in Pathology in Forensic Pathology. which the bodies are not actually brought to the All autopsy and laboratory work is performed morgue. In 1959 there were 108 homicides, 154 by the central staff. Due to the integration of all laboratory facilities into one building under suicides, 147 traffic fatalities, and 238 other fatal the efficient control of our toxicologist, Mr. Arthur accidents. J. Fisk, chemical results are frequently completed by the time the autopsy is finished. The result has been an immediate solution to many cases which would ordinarily be unduly delayed. This work is conducted every day of the year. The various police departments in the county can thus learn the cause of death under investigation with accuracy and without delay. Such an expeditious system is also of value to relatives, funeral direc• tors, the State's attorney, and others concerned. Preliminary on-the-scene identification is usu• ally made for the police by whatever witnesses, relatives, or friends are available. This is nor• mally sufficient for purposes of immediate identi• fication. In the case of a homicide or suspicious death where a criminal trial is anticipated, an identifying witness is brought to the morgue to identify the body directly for the autopsy sur• geon. In the case of a completely unknown dead body, every effort is made to identify the victim via fingerprints, news media publicity, and in• Joseph H. Davill, M.D. tensive police investigation.

18 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN In view of the rapid growth of this area and the transitory status of many of its inhabitants, it was deemed advisable to inaugurate a routine fol• lowup identification procedure for the approxi• mately 2,000 dead bodies brought into the central morgue per year. Accordingly, it was decided to have fingerprints from these bodies processed by the Feaeral Bureau of Investigation. It was ob• vious that these cases would constitute the vast majority of local deaths where any future ques• tion by governmental or law enforcement agencies might arise. The following system is now in use. Upon admission, each teenage or adult body is placed upon a mobile tray. It is then fingerprinted, photographed, and stored in a walk-in refriger• ator. Two complete sets of fingerprints and a medical examiner's case summary are sent to the Public Safety Department of Dade County. The fingerprints are classified, and one set is sent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Bu• Ceiling-mounted, war surplus aerial camera, type K24, at reau then transmits a reply to both the Office of entrance to morgue. the Medical Examiner and the Public Safety De• partment. The medical examiner scrutinizes each The correct focal length was obtained by adjust• individual report for information which might be ing the lens to film distance. The camera carries pertinent to the case. Aliases are cross-indexed a magazine which holds fifty 5- by 7 -inch nega• for possible future inquiries. tives. Inexpensive surplus film is used. Each The camera used for initial photography is an photograph is taken by pressing a wall switch inexpensive war surplus aerial camera, type K24, button. Illumination is obtained from four pho• which is operated by a 24-volt d.c. power supply. toflood bulbs mounted in the ceiling of the morgue entrance. The camera power supply was constructed by Mr. G. Richard Czerwinski of this office. It con• sists of a full-wave selenium rectifier, two 1,000• microfarad electrolytic capacitors, and a variable a.c. stepdown transformer. This is mounted in the crawl space above the ceiling. It is not acti• vated unless the switch controlling the floodlights is in the "on" position. With these procedures, identification records of each body can be permanently retained. Should any future identification problem arise, the neces• sary evidence is present. In a recent survey of 159 consecutive adult cases, 75 percent had fingerprints on file with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and 34 percent of the total had a criminal record. Thus another aspect of our identification procedure is to afford the Federal Bureau of Investigation the oppor• In crawl space above ceiling: capacitors (left rear), tunity to complete its records in reference to the selenium rectifier (right rear), and variable trans• numerous deaths investigated by the Office of the former (foreground) constitute the camera's power supply. Medical Examiner.

JULY 1961 19 shown in figure 1 may be purchased from finger• Ways of Obtaining print supply companies. The stand is made of FingerpriRts~ hardwood and measures approximately 2 feet in Good length, 1 foot in height and width. This stand contains a cardholder and a chrome strip which Insuring Legibility is used as the inking plate. Two compartments (While much of the following article may seem used to store blank fingerprint cards and supplies elementary to ewpe?'ienced identification officers complete the stand. This equipment should be and others 'with a ~oide knowledge of fingerprints, supplemented by a cleansing fluid and necessary the some .'37,000 fingerprint cards which must be cloths so that the subject's fingers may be cleaned returned by the FBI each month to contributors before rolling and the inking plate cleaned after indicate training is still needed by rnany law en- using. Denatured alcohol and commercially forcement officers. Reprints of this a'rticle may available cleaning fluids are suitable for this be obtained in quantity by writing to Director purpose. J. Edgar Hoover, Federal Bureau of Investiga- The fingerprints should be taken on 8- by 8-inch tion, U.S. Department of JUBtice, Washington cardstock, as this size has generally been adopted ~5, D.O.) by law enforcement because of facility in filing and desirability of uniformity. Figure 2 shows The equipment required for taking fingerprints fingerprints properly taken on one of the standard consists of an inking plate, a cardholder, printer's personnel identification cards from the Federal ink (heavy black paste), and a roller. This equip• Bureau of Investigation. From this illustration, ment is simple and inexpensive. it is evident there are two types of impressions in• In order to obtain clear, distinct fingerprints, it volved in the process of taking fingerprints. The is necessary to spread the printer's ink in a thin, upper 10 prints are taken individually-thumb, even coating on a small inking plate. A roller index, middle, ring, and little fingers of each hand similar to that used by printers in making galley in the order named. These are called "rolled" proofs is best adapted for use as a spreader. Its impressions, the fingers being rolled from side to size is a matter determined by individual needs side in order to obtain all available ridge detail. and preferences; however, a roller approximately The smaller impressions at the bottom of the card 6 inches long and 2 inches in diameter has been are taken by simultaneously printing all of the found to be very satisfactory. These rollers may fingers of each hand and then the thumb without be obtained from a fingerprint supply company or rolling. These are called "plain" or "fixed" im• a printing supply house. pressions and are used as a check upon the sequence An inking plate may be made from a hard, and accuracy of the rolled impressions. Rolled rigid, scratch-resistant metal plate 6 inches wide impressions must be taken carefully in order to by 14 inches long or by inlaying a block of wood insure that an accurate fingerprint classification with a piece of glass one-fourth of an inch thick, 6 inches wide, and 14 inches long. The glass plate by itself would be suitable, but it should be fixed to a base in order to prevent breakage. The ink• ing surface should be elevated to a sufficient height to allow the subject's forearm to as ume a horizon• tal position when the fingers are being inked. For example, the inking plate may be placed on the edge of a counter or a table of counter height. In such a position, the operator has greater as• surance of avoiding accidental strain or pressure on the fingers and should be able to procure more uniform impressions. The inking plate should also be placed so that the subject's fingers which are not being printed can be made to "swing" off the table to prevent their interfering with the inking process. A fingerprint stand such as that Figure I.­Fingerprint atalld.

20 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION is placed upon the inking plate and the finger is rolled to the other side until it faces the opposite direction. Care should be exercised so the bulb .____ R./~. ___ I of each finger is inked evenly from the tip to below the first joint. By pressing the finger lightly on the card and rolling in exactly the same manner, a clear rolled impression of the finger surface may be obtained. It is better to ink and print each finger separately beginning with the right thumb and then, in order, the index, middle, ring, and little fingers. (Stamp pad ink, printing ink, ordinary writing ink, or other colored inks are not suitable for use in fingerprint work as they are too light or thin and do not dry quickly.) If consideration is given the anatomical or bony structure of the forearm when taking rolled im• pressions, more uniform impressions will be ob• tained. The two principal bones of the forearm are known as the radius and ulna, the former being on the thumb side and the latter on the little finger Figure 2.­Fingerprint, properly taken. side of the arm. As suggested by its name, the radius bone revolves freely about the ulna as a spoke of a wheel about the hub. In order to take can be obtained by examination of the various advantage of the natural movement in making patterns. Itis also necessary that each focal point finger impressions, the hand should be rotated (cores and all deltas) be clearly printed in order from the awkward to the easy position. This that accurate ridge counts and tracings may be requires that the thumbs be rolled toward and the obtained. fingers away from the center of the subject's body. In preparing to take a set of fingerprints, a This process relieves strain and leaves the fingers small daub of ink should be placed on the inking relaxed upon the completion of rolling so that glass or slab and thoroughly rolled until a very they may be lifted easily from the card without thin, even film covers the entire surface. The danger of slipping which smudges and blurs the subject should stand in front of and at forearm's prints. Figures 3 and 4 show the proper method length from the inking plate. In taking the rolled of holding a finger for inking and printing a in1pressions, the side of the bulb of the finger rolled impression.

Figure 3.­Proper method 01 holding finger. Figure 4.­Proper method 01 printing rolled imprel!8ions.

JULY 1961 21 The degree of pressure to be exerted in inking one or more fingerprints on a card be found too and taking rolled impressions is important, and indistinct to interpret accurately, the prints this may best be determined through experience must be returned to the contributor since they can• and observation. It is quite important, however, not be accurately filed and therefore would be of that the subject be cautioned to relax and refrain little value for future use. Indistinct or illegible from trying to help the operator by exerting pres• prints are usually caused by one or more of the sure as this prevents the operator from gaging the following faults: amount needed. A method which is helpful in effecting the relaxation of a subject's hand is that 1. The use of writing or similar ink resulting in im• pressions that are too light and faint or in which the of instructing him to look at some distant object ink has run, obliterating the ridge detail (fig. 7). The and not to look at his hands. The person taking best results will be obtained by USing heavy black the fingerprints should stand to the left of the printer's ink, which should not be thinned before using. subject when printing the right hand, and to the This ink will dry quickly and will not blur or smear right of the subject when printing the left hand. with handling. 2. Failure to thoroughly clean the fingers or inking In any case, the positions of both subject and apparatus of foreign substances and perspiration, causing operator should be natural and relaxed if the best the appearance of false markings and the disappearance fingerprints are to be obtained. of ridge characteristics (fig. 8). Alcohol or a nonflam• To obtain "plain" impressions, all the fingers mable cleanSing agent may be used. In warm weather, of the right hand should be pressed lightly upon each finger should be wiped dry of perspiration before the inking plate, then pressed simultaneously upon printing. 3. Failure to reproduce the focal points (deltas or the lower right hand corner of the card in the cores) because the finger has not been fully rolled from space provided. The left hand should be similarly one side to the other and the bulb of the finger from printed, and the thumbs of both hands should be joint to tip has not been completely inked (fig. 9). inked and printed, without rolling, in the space 4. The use of too much ink, obliterating or obSCuring provided. Figures 5 and 6 show the correct the ridges (fig. 10). If printer's ink is used, just a method of taking plain impressions of the fingers touch of the tube end to the inking plate will suffice for several sets of prints. It should be spread to a thin, and thumbs. even film by rOlling the ink over the plate by means of The FBI maintains the largest repository of the roller. fingerprints in the world. In order to properly 5. Insufficient ink resulting in ridges too light and file the millions of fingerprints at hand, a complete faint to be counted or traced (fig. 11) . and accurate classification formula must be ob• 6. AllOwing the fingers to slip or twist, resulting in tained for each set of prints. This exact formula smears, blurs, and false-appearing patterns (fig. 12). The fingers should be held lightly without too much can only be achieved if a clear and distinct im• pressure. The subject should be instructed not to try to pression of each fingerprint is obtained. Should help but to remain passive.

Figure 5.­Proper method 0/ taking plain impressions Figure 6.­Proper method 0/ taking plain impreBSions 0/ fingers. 0/ thumbs.

22 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN I

Figure 7. Figure 10.

Figure 8. Figure 11.

Figure 9. Figure 12.

In taking inked fingerprints, the technician fre• finger blocks should be pasted on a fingerprint quently encounters situations due to permanent card in their proper sequence. Figure 13 illus• or temporary physiological characteristics which trates the use of a curved holder for taking the call for different fingerprinting techniques. These "rolled" impression of a bent and crippled finger. situations include crippled fingers (bent, broken), Worn and indistinct friction ridges or those bear• deformities (webbed or extra fingers), lack of ing numerous creases can be readily reproduced fingers at birth, amputations, and advanced age in this same manner. of the subject. Webbed and split fingers should be printed in In the instances where the subject to be finger• the same way. An appropriate notation should printed has crippled or deformed fingers, it is be made on the fingerprint card concerning any not sufficient to merely indicate on the fingerprint of these deformities. An extra digit, usually an card the condition of the fingers such as "bent," extra thumb or extra little finger, sometimes ap• "broken," or "crippled." Only in those cases pears on the extreme outside of either hand. In where the fingers are so badly bent or crippled some instances, it may be necessary to use the that they are touching the palms and cannot be process for printing crippled fingers in order to moved is such a notation appropriate. Fortu• obtain satisfactory impressions in such cases. In nately, such cases are extremely rare, and through all instances, a notation concerning this abnor• the use of special inking devices similar to those mality should be made on the fingerprint card. used for fingerprinting the deceased, it is pos• The problems encountered in fingerprinting sible to obtain clear, legible fingerprints from persons. of an advanced age are mentioned at this bent or crippled fingers. The equipment for this point for discussion purposes only. The situ• fingerprint technique consists of a spatula, small ation involving crippled fingers due to advanced rubber roller, and a curved holder for individual age can be handled in the same manner as out• finger block cardstock. This equipment is shown lined for bent and crippled fingers. Because of in the foreground in figure 1. Each crippled or ad vanced age, the fingerprint ridges are some• bent finger is handled individually, and after the times very faint, and in order to obtain legible finger has been inked and printed, the individual inked prints, it is necessary to use a very small

JULY 1961 23 amount of ink on the inking plate and very little Problems resulting from the occupation of the pressure in rolling the fingers. individual (carpenters, bricklayers, cement work• In order to obtain an accurate classification, it is ers) are a definite challenge to the fingerprint necessary that missing fingers be clearly ex• technician. When it is obvious that the occupa• plained on the fingerprint card. Some individ• tion of the individual being fingerprinted has uals are born without certain fingers, and in affected or worn the ridges on the tips of the those instances, the notation "missing at birth" fingers to the point "here it is difficult to obtain should be used rather than just using the word legible fingerprints, consideration should be given "missing." A proper notation concerning this to the use of softening agents (oils and creams) situation will prevent the fingerprint card from or fingerprinting at a later date when the ridges having to be returned. If an individual's fingers have had an opportunity to re-form. It is possi• have been amputated, a proper notation to this ble in many instances to obtain legible finger• effect should appear in each individual finger• prints when the ridges are worn by using a very print block or blocks. If just a portion of the small amount of ink on the inking plate. first joint of a finger is amputated, the remaining Excessive perspiration will result in the failure portion of the first joint should be inked and of ink to adhere properly to the tips of the fingers. printed, and, in addition, a notation such as "tip When this situation is encountered, the subject's amputated" should be placed on the fingerprint fingers should be individually wiped clean and card. In situations where all 10 fingers are am• immediately inked and printed. This process putated, consideration should be given to obtain• should be followed with each finger. It is also ing footprints. possible to wipe the fingers with alcohol or some Temporary disabilities, such as fresh cuts, other drying agent which will temporarily reduce wounds, and bandaged fingers, are beyond the con• the amount of perspiration and thus permit the trol of the fingerprint technician. As indicated technician to obtain clear, legible fingerprint previously, a complete classification formula is impressions. necessary in order that a fingerprint card be re• tained in FBI files. An indication on the finger• Reasons for Return print card to the effect that a finger is "freshly cut, bandaged" will cause the fingerprint card to be The principal reason for return of fingerprint returned to the contributor since accurate classi• cards to the contributing agency is the basic prob• fication is impossible. In the event of temporary lem of accurate filing. As experienced identi• injury, the fingerprints should be taken, if pos• fication officers are a ware, it is possible to search sible, after the injury has healed. This same sit• fingerprints under unusual circumstances where uation prevails with large blisters which tempo• incomplete or approximate classications are ob• rarily disfigure ridge detail. tained; however, this procedure is extremely time consuming and can only be resorted to under exceptional circumstances. In general, if a finger• print card cannot be accurately classified and filed, the name appearing on the fingerprint card will be searched against the alphabetical files and the fingerprint card returned to the contributing agency. In addition to the technical problems encountered, fingerprint cards will be returned to the contributor because of the lack of complete identifying information, such as name, sex, race, height, weight, and notations concerning missing fingers. It is the desire of the FBI Identification Division to provide law enforcement agencies with the best possible identification information. The submission of clear, legible fingerprint cards con• taining complete information by the law enforce• Figure 13.­Use of curved holder for taking rolled ment officer materially assists in attaining this impressions of bent fingers. goal.

24 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN means of identification. At this point, the assist• FBI Solves Puzzle ance of the FBI was requested. Experts in the Identification Division had no of Identical T w ins difficulty in determining which was Robert and which was Steven. By taking inked impressions Through Footprints of their footprints and checking them with the ones made at birth, the FBI made shollt work of The identities of 4-month -old look -alike twins were the identification problem. To prevent a recur• unscrambled recently with the assistance of the rence of this incident, bands were placed on the FBI Identification Division and the babies' hos• ankles of the twins. pital footprints. Mr. and Mrs. Louis V. Keller Since a centralized file for infants' footprints of Landover Hills, Md., called on the FBI for would be impractical, the FBI has repeatedly assistance during May 1961 when the loss of an urged that infants' footprints be taken at birth identifying ribbon confused the identities of their and remain as an integral part of the hospital twin boys. record. The tiny tots, Robert and Steven, were foot• The definitive formation of the ridges on the printed as a matter of routine shortly after they palms, fingers, and feet of human beings begins were born at the hospital and given beaded identi• several months before birth and remains through• fication tags. They outgrew the bracelets very out the entire lifetime. The majority of hospitals shortly, and the mother tagged one of them with today are using footprints for identification of a ribbon. A serious problem developed when the infants in preference to fingerprints or palm child so identified lost his ribbon while being prints, because it is easier to obtain prints of this bathed, thereby leaving the parents without any surface from newborn babies.

'Special Agent Beverly Ponder takes a footprint to reestablish the identification of the identical twins held here by their mother, Mrs: Louis Y. Keller. JULY 1961 25 City in Miniature Is lJsed by Police CRIME PREVENTION as Crime Deterrent by Former CHmF BRUCE E. PARSONS, Fort Pierce, Fla., Police Deparflment program. They enable us to demonstrate actual (Since he wrote the article, Ohief Parsons has driving conditions and to give practical instruc• taken the position as chief of security, Port St. tion in automobile handling and traffic regulations, Lucie, Fla., and is no longer chief of police at Fort as well as in bicycle and pedestrian safety. Pierce.) In addition to driver training, we are teaching "Minicity" is a 2lh-acre tract located in the heart the children in Minicity the elements of self• of Fort Pierce, Fla. What is "Minicity"? It is government and civic responsibility. a miniature city sponsored by the Fort Pierce Police Department and is the outgrowth of an Buildings Going Up idea which I originated as chief of police to de• Minicity is being equipped with miniature build• velop youth training as a means of combating ings representing police department, fire depart• youthful crime. ment, and other city government offices. The Minicity represents a year of effort and accom• plishments by members of the Fort Pierce Police Department in enlisting the support of citizens of Fort Pierce and surrounding St. Lucie County.

City in Miniature Everything in the city has been built in miniature. We have constructed approximately 1 mile of roads, which incorporate all types of intersections and traffic hazards. The roadways include traffic channels and markings, stop-and-go lights, cau• tion lights, school zones, railroad crossings, and hospital zones, all designed to educate our children in road courtesy and safety, traffic signs, and sig• nals. Our aim is to train the drivers of tomorrow to instantly recognize and properly respond to any type of driving situation which may arise. Over 500 children have been enrolled in the pro• ject. Its success is attributable to the enthusiastic response of the youth in our community.

Vehicles in Miniature Too Fourteen miniature self-propelled automobiles have been donated by sponsoring citizens and business firms for use in driver training. Drivers' licenses for these vehicles are issued to the chil• dren, both boys and girls, in the age group of 11 to 15 years, inclusive. The vehicles have proved tremendously effective in arousing the interest and active participation of our children in the Chief Bruce E. Parsons.

26 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN NATIONAL FRAUDULENT CHECK FILE

In order to deal with the roving checkpasser who passes several bad checks in one community before moving on to other communities to seek new vic- tims, the FBI has had, since 1936, a National Fraudulent Check File which contains over 80,000 photographs of checks and signatures on fraudu- lent checks submitted by law enforcement agencies from all over the country. Not only does this form a central repository for such material, but information regarding check fraud cases is also readily available. Whenever fraudulent checks are received by the FBI from the various States, they are compared Miniature vehicles on the course at Minicity. with the checks already on record in the National Fraudulent Check File, and available information is supplied to the investigating agencies. Well children will elect their own mayor and commis- over half of the material submitted for comparison sioners, operate their own police department and is positively identified in this file. fire department, and perform the various admin- In addition, all names used on fraudulent checks istrative functions of a city government. are compared with signatures of known individ- We in Fort Pierce feel that it is our duty as law uals on fingerprint cards in the FBI Identification enforcement officers to devote as much effort to Division. Approximately 20 percent of such crime prevention as to the apprehension and inves- checks are identified as having been prepared by tigation of criminals. We believe that in Mini- individuals with fingerprint records. In such in- city we have an idea that will undoubtedly stances, a copy of the identified individua,l's finger- decrease youthful crime in our area. If any other print record and a photograph, if one is available, communities are interested in this type of pro- are furnished to any interested law enforcement gram, the Fort Pierce Police Department will be agency. Many of these bogus checks have been found more than happy to supply additional details and to bear a signature showing the writer to have a statistics of the project as they develop. wry sense of humor. Recently, a woman cashed a stolen and forged traveler's check in a store in the Midwest. She was accompanied by a male companion who the storekeeper thought had been in the store before. The storekeeper asked this man to endorse the check with his name and address, which he did, signing it "TAILOR." The address turned out to b(iie that of a tailor shop. ~~'- ~ S~~ ~t.-?~~ t' ,\ -It.~.

POWER OF ARREST Unlawful arrest is the biggest threat to the lib- erty of all persons, whether criminally inclined or not, and no officer will be excused for abuse of arrest power no matter how good his intentions.

Instructions are given in observing and following stop• Technically perfect arrests, eyen for the worst and­go light signals. criminzal mus1Fbel< ~vfully made iJ6ev: ry instance. (,,.,// ­. ,/ t ­7 6 C)~ JULY 1961 ~~ 27 UNIQUE DEVICE USED TO ANTIQUE CAR DODGE TRIED BY LOCATE WEAPONS IMAGINATIVE SWINDLER

Police have had to resort to many devices in their The antique car dodge is a new field of exploration efforts to loca,te weapons that have been hidden for the imaginative swindler, but the end results or disposed of after a crime has been committed, are usually the same as in most crimes-suspicion, and such efforts have frequently been time con• exposure, conviction. suming and ineffectual. One individual had a practice of telephonically One device that has been successfully used con• contacting his prospective victims offering them sists of a mirror, similar in type to the rearview an opportunity to purchase antique cars such as a mirror used in automobiles, attached to a long 1905 Rolls Royce, 1903 Ford, Stanley Steamers, rod which is then raised into the rafters of a build• or similar models. He would offer the cars for ing or lowered beneath the boards of a floor. A sale at prices of less than $100 each and would flashlight is used to light the area not visible to request that approximately one-half of the pur• the eye in the rafters or under the floorboards. chase price be sent him by wire in advance of T~e mirror reflects any object which may be con• delivery. He also had a sideline of representing cealed in either area, making it possible for police himself as an airplane salesman or buyer and to locate concealed wea,pons without having to would attempt to collect money for expenses to ~il~~aJl" fl?Ol) 0;; ceiling boards. examine the airplanes his prospective victims had ~~7~ /- / !~C for sale. He was arrested by FBI Agents in Houston, FIRE SET TO MUSIC Tex., on March 24, 1960, following a 3-month spree An unusual incendiary device was used recently during which he had swindled numerous victims by a clever arsonist to set a serious fire in a mid• of approximately $1,000, paid to him through western city. '\Vestern Union money orders. He kept his The device consisted of a common electric solder• "prices" on deals low to throw his victims off ing iron, a clock radio, and a few matches. The guard. tip of the soldering iron was wrapped with the When questioned as to the manner in which he matches- which can be tied in place by string, obtained the names of his "customers," most of tape, or rubber bands-and the cord on the iron whom were car dealers and antique hobbyists, the was plugged into a clock-radio socket designed to wary swindler replied, "Let's put it this way: If accommodate a coffeemaker. The clock was set a dope addict needs dope, he knows how to find his for the desired time, the soldering iron was placed contacts." in a wastebasket stuffed with paper, and the radio On April 8, 1960, the subject was sentenced to was plugged into a wall socket. When the alarm 6 months confinement at the Federal Correctional went off, the iron heated up, igniting the matches Institution, Springfield, Mo., after entering a plea which set fire to the paRer in the bJsket. of guilty to a one-copnt information charging 1~ , &-~c:&,~~ f ­ II­fs,o fraud by wire. ~~? 7 -'- :;;;~r0'-z ACCESSORIES FOR SALE CUTTING GARMENTS

When accessories of a car are offered for sale, bear Keep bullet or knife penetrations intact when in mind tJlat the car may have been stolen. cutting garments from a body or injured person. c~~f~~~e" - IO/fpC) 28 {/ FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN Two-Part Lectern Can Be Constructed OTHER TOPICS by Your Handy Man

Police instructors find that nothing contributes The first factor to be considered in the construc• more to speaker comfort and a well-organized tion of this lectern is the choice of material. If speech than the use of a lectern. Yet, this basic only a functional unit is desired and appearance item is often missing from the lecture room, forc• is of secondary importance, ordinary plywood ing the speaker to resort to a makeshift arrange• can be used, with the finish consisting of two coats ment of chairs, tables, music stands, or some such of durable paint. If this method is used, the equipment. measurements shown on the plan may be used as In this article, the most desirable features of a indicated since butt joints will suffice. good lectern have been combined into a unit which If a furniture finish is desired, the use of wal• can be constructed by the average carpenter or nut- or mahogany-veneered plywood and hard• home-workshop hobbyist at moderate cost. wood moldings will give a more elaborate appear• The lectern as illustrated is basic. As need ance. This type of material will necessitate mi• arises or funds become available, many additional nor changes in the dimensions shown in order to features can be added without altering the basic get finished joints. The builder will be the best unit. For instance, if a public address system is judge of this as the technique varies among cab• available, it can be easily connected to the lectern inetmakers. Furniture woods are naturally more by installing microphones in holes indicated on expensive than painted plywoods, but the advan• either side of the lighting board. If recording tages to be gained in better appearance make the equipment is available, it can be installed in the expenditure worthwhile. lectern base by adding a simple shelf. A self• contained amplifier system can be installed in the Constructing the Units base with the speaker mounted on the front panel. However, if a speaker installation is contemplated Begin construction by laying out the base unit in the near future, it would be advisable to cut flange, the part that rests on the floor. For sta• the round hole for the speaker before the base is bility, this item should be made of heavy 2- by 6• assembled. A suitable grille cloth cover can be inch material. Outside dimensions of the flange installed over the hole for appearance and the are 24 inches deep and 28 inches wide. Va.riations speaker attached later. in lumberyard milling will make minor adjust• Another feature which can be added later is ments necessary from this point on. As with all a timer setup. This can be either a small clock parts, it is important that all cuts be accurate. or a simple timer, or a combination of both. More The pieces should be mitered, glued, and nailed elaborate timing devices are available commer• together at each corner, squared up, and allowed cially, but they tend to be expensive. to dry. The footboard can be added now, thus Possibly, there are other features which would strengthening the flange even more. The 2- by 2• add to the convenience of the lectern, depending by 33%-inch corner posts are made next. These upon individual needs. These are limited, of are fastened in the inside corners of the flange with course, only by the imagination of the builder. nails and glue. The 2- by 4-inch spreader rails are Note first that the lectern consists of two parts• added next, connecting the top ends of the up• a base and a console. The console is not mechan• rights. Check these members with a square to see ically fastened to the base, but simply drops over that they are at right angles to each other. Ac• it. This permits the console to be removed from curacy here is essential since the console will fit the base for use on banquet tables or other sup• over this section. porting structures and also permits the console The front and side panels ar;e then cut and fitted, section to be transported in a passenger car. and the base unit is complete.

JULY 1961 29 DETAIL CROSS-SECTION MOLDING 0

314" Ifrll2"~ 1-1"-1 IT'' DETAIL CROSS-SECTION MOLDING B I 5/8" -L 16112" ~~2'-= ' r ll2"~ I.t======:1..·[1 DETAIL TOP VIEW CROSS-SECTION- MOLDING C r 1------2!i 114"-- CONSOLE SIDE SQUARES I"

2U2"

IT 112"

IT 112"

" I ---i I I --'I 1 " 18 " ~ 1/4" PLYWOOD ' ~ SIDE VIEW - SECTION A-A FRONT AND S IDES 2" X 2" CORNER POST 't' X 6" BASE FLANGE EXPLODED VIEW

Details 01 construction work on lectern.

30 FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN The console unit must fit snugly over the base When assembly of all parts is complete, all nail without binding. This is accomplished by making holes are filled and all surfaces carefully sanded. a light frame of 1- by 2-inch material, carefully fitting it to the base unit. This frame is then fast- ened to the bottom of the console unit as indicated Finishing the Lectern in the plan. A number of excellent finishing products are avail- Now layout the sides and front panels of the console. The curves of the sides can be drawn able, depending upon the facilities available. If more easily by making a grid of 1­inch squares on spray equipment is available, the lacquer­base drawing paper and copying the layout from the finishes may be applied giving excellent results. plan. After cutting these pieces, assemble them The reading table part of the console is covered around the bottom of the console, using glue and with green or brown felt. This material is advan- nails. Now glue in the six cleats which support tageous in that it offers a skidproof surface for the reading table. Carefully cut and fit the read- papers and a glareproof surface for the viewer. ing table parts over the cleats and glue in place. The footboard at the bottom near the base flange The last item to be built is the mounting board for should be protected with a renewable material a lamp fixture. This will vary according to the such as sheet rubber since experience has shown style of lamp to be used, but be sure that provision that many speakers unconsciously rest their feet on is made for easy lamp replacement. this area of a lectern.

"Pit-a-Pat" Burglar When captured and questioned about his method of operation and the reason for the burnt matches No Longer Travels always found at the scene of the burglary, the Plagued by a series of housebreakings and ensuing prIsoner said that he was afraid to carry a flash- robberies, a police officer in a southwestern State light and would use the matches for light. He is grateful to a local radio disc jockey for his assist- went into houses only where the doors had been ance which led to the apprehension of the night left unlocked, indicating that there were enough prowler responsible for the robberies. houses left unlocked to make it ~ ~cessMY for" 4 In one month, 14 different homes were entered him to reak into a locked one. c!'P/ fz

JULY 1961 ~7? " f · /77 31 WANTED BY THE FBI A Federal warrant was issued on July 3, 1956, at Greensboro, N.C., charging Bullins with inter• state flight to avoid confinement after conviction HENRY THOMAS BULLINS, also known as Tom Bullin, Tom Bullings, Henry Tom Bullins, Tom for kidnaping. Bullins Caution Unlawful Flight To Avoid Confinement Bullins has been convicted of a kidnaping which (Kidnaping) was made at gunpoint. He should be considered armed and extremely dangerous. Henry Thomas Bullins, a habitual escape artist, is currently being sought by the FBI for fleeing Description from the State of North Carolina to avoid con• Henry Thomas Bullins is described as follows: finement after being convicted for kidnaping. Age ______49, born Aprll14, 1912, Madison, N.C. HeighL______5 feet 9% inches to 5 feet 10% inches. The Crime WeighL______150 to 164 pounds. Bulld~ ______. Medium. Bullins, an adroit and cunning fugitive, escaped Hair______Gray, may be dyed black. from Orange County Prison Camp, Durham, N.C., Eyes______Blue-gray. on June 18, 1954. This crafty artist had three COmplexion______Ruddy. times before escaped confinement. Race______White. In December 1946, while serving a 12- to 15• Nationality______American. Occupations______. Farmer, hospital attendant, laborer, year sentence for carnal knowledge, the elusive textile worker. escaper, brandishing a firearm, stole a State truck Scars and marks___ I-inch cut scar left corner of upper and kidnaped the driver. Subject was subse• lip, 5-inch vertical scar left hand quently apprehended and sentenced to 7 to 12 and wrist, 2 scars on right hip, . years for kidnaping, to commence at the expira• burn scar back of left leg, burn scar right shin. tion of his first sentence. FBI Number______1,006,309. Fingerprint classi1l.• The Fugitive cation______17 0 1 R-r 9 L 17 Ua Bullins has reportedly been associated with boot• leggers and engaged in the manufacture of illegal Notify FBI whisky during much of his adult life. He report• edly becomes violent when under the influence of Any person having information which might as• intoxicants. With an arrest record dating back sist in locating this fugitive is requested to im• to 1934, Bullins has been convicted of breaking mediately notify the Director of the Federal Bu• and entering, carnal know ledge, kidnaping, lar• reau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, ceny and receiving stolen property, manufacture Washington 25, D.C., or the Special Agent in of untaxed liquor, drunkenness and disturbance Charge of the nearest FBI field office, the tele• in a public place, and operating a car without a phone number of which appears on the first page driver's license. of local telephone directories.

INDIAN *AFFAIRS The unlawful destruction, defacing, or removal of certain boundary markers on Indian reserva• tions and trespassing on Indian reservations to hunt, fish, or trap are violations under the juris• diction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Depart• ment of the Interior, at the local level. Unusual or aggravated circumstances of these Henry Thuma. Bullin•• violatio:£.s~i~ by the FBI.

32 ~ FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:I961 0-595711 FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS

Oomplete this form and return to:

DIRECTOR FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON 25, D.C.

(Name) (Title)

(Addreas)

(Oitll) ( Zone) (State)

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IN IDS OWN JAIL HE SLEPT KANSAS CITY MASSACRE

In the 1961 March of Dimes campaign, Pat Hed• The Kansas City massacre occurred on June 17, dins, chief of police, Grand Saline, Tex., made n. 1933. An FBI Agent and three local officers were public agreement with the teenagers of Grand killed along with Frank Nash, an escaped Federal Saline that if they would raise more than $300 foJ:' prisoner, who was being returned to the U.S. the March of Dimes, he would spend a night in hi Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kans. Their own jail. The teenagers were sllccessful by rais• deaths were the result of an attempted rescue of ing $500 for the campaign, and on Saturday night~ Nash in the Union Station plaza at Kansas City. ~an~ary 2~, .1961, phief Hed ' ~~ h t, Participating in this attempt were "Pretty Boy" iJHlif3,9,wn ]a.:ti' ~ //: FI~j., Adam Richetti, and Verne Miller. ~ ~. aa.. - /~W~/ ffiY ~ /cJ.:5­:2.

EVIDENCE

TO PRESERVE LATENT FINGER PRINTS ON A GUN FOUND AT CRIME SCENE, PICK IT UP BY THE CHECKERED PORTION OF GRIPS, NOT BY INSERTING SC:>METHING INTO THE BARREL. o ® UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE POSTAGE AND FEES PAID FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON 25. D. C.

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

RETURN AFTER 5 DAYS

Questionable Pattern

c

The questionable pattern shown here is classified as a loop with one count. The delta is found at point D and the core at point C. Inasmuch as the delta and the recurving ridge that provides the only ridge count are so close together, the impression is referenced to a tented arch.