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Final Cover Buku 1.Cdr Lembaga Penelitian & Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ITB ISBN 979-1344-77-9 9 7 8 9 7 9 1 3 4 4 7 7 7 1 Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim Indonesia Ringkasan Majelis Guru Besar Institut Teknologi Bandung Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim Indonesia Sambutan Rektor Institut Teknologi Bandung Sebagaimana telah diketahui Indonesia terletak di tempat yang dikenal sebagai busur kepulauan. Busur kepulauan memiliki ciri geodinamika sangat aktif, yaitu kaya akan gunungapi (negara terbanyak jumlah gunungapinya di dunia) dan kaya akan gempabumi. Kedua fenomena geologis ini sering mengakibatkan bencana alam. Secara morfologis muka bumi kepulauan Indonesia terdiri dari pesisir, dataran hingga perbukitan. Sebagian wilayah Indonesia juga dikenal padat penduduknya, sehingga sebagian dari mereka tinggal di daerah pesisir yang pada bagian tertentu rawan bencana tsunami. Sebagian dari penduduk kita juga merambah daerah lereng dan perbukitan. Akibatnya mereka tinggal di tempat rawan akan bencana lereng (gerakan tanah atau longsoran). Mereka yang tinggal di dataran juga menempati daerah yang sering merupakan bagian dari dataran banjir dari sungai tertentu, sehingga berpotensi berhadapan dengan bencana banjir. Pada saat sekarang, sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia, Indonesia, yang terletak di daerah tropis, juga memiliki potensi bencana lainnya yaitu kekeringan maupun badai akibat pengaruh perubahan iklim lokal maupun global yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh kegiatan manusia, misalnya pengaruh rumah kaca. Beberapa bencana lain yang juga mungkin terjadi adalah yang terkait dengan usaha pemanfaatan kekayaan alam kita di daerah busur kepulauan, misalnya semburan lumpur Sidoarjo. Dengan demikian, seyogyanya bangsa Indonesia secara alamiah mempunyai kesiapan untuk menghadapi berbagai risiko bencana alam yang akan terjadi. Sebagai perguruan tinggi sains dan teknologi terkemuka di Indonesia, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) mempunyai himpunan kepakaran, laboratorium, serta pengalaman dalam menghadapi berbagai jenis bencana alam yang dapat terjadi di berbagai lokasi di Indonesia. Berbagai pemikiran tentang bencana alam dirangkum sebagai ringkasan eksekutif serta dua buah buku yang merupakan pemikiran para staf akademik ITB tentang bencana maupun mitigasi bencana yang dapat terjadi di wilayah Indonesia. ITB berharap buku ini maupun kedua buku tersebut dapat merupakan sumbangan yang sangat penting dari Institut Teknologi Bandung bagi penyelesaian berbagai masalah bangsa Indonesia, khususnya yang berhubungan dengan bencana alam. Selain itu, sesuai dengan fungsi serta tugasnya, melalui berbagai kerjasama yang sinergis, ITB dapat secara terus-menerus dan terencana menyiapkan sumberdaya manusia yang berkualitas serta menggali berbagai ilmu serta Prakata i Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim Indonesia teknologi baru, guna menyelesaikan berbagai permasalahan bangsa Indonesia. Melalui kesempatan ini kami sampaikan penghargaan serta ucapan terimakasih kepada Majelis Guru Besar ITB (MGB) yang telah menghimpun para staf akademik ITB, sehingga pemikiran dari ITB mengenai bencana maupun mitigasi bencana dapat dituangkan dan disumbangkan bagi kepentingan bangsa Indonesia. Penghargaan serta ucapan terimakasih juga kami sampaikan kepada berbagai pihak/lembaga pemerintah yang telah berkenan memberikan masukan dalam penyusunan buku ini. Kiranya Tuhan Yang Maha Mengetahui selalu memberikan bimbingannya kepada ITB dalam setiap usahanya ikut serta menyelesaikan berbagai permasalahan bangsa Indonesia. Rektor: Prof. Djoko Santoso ii Prakata Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim Indonesia Prakata Majelis Guru Besar Institut Teknologi Bandung Buku ini adalah pengantar dari dua buku yang bersamaan dengan ini diterbitkan, masing-masing mengenai bencana dan mitigasi bencana, yang keduanya menghimpun pemikiran dari sejumlah staf dosen ITB sesuai dengan kepakarannya masing-masing. Usaha penerbitan buku-buku tersebut merupakan kerja keras dari suatu tim yang dibentuk di bawah Komisi Permasalahan Bangsa pada Majelis Guru Besar ITB (MGB). Pada dasarnya buku pengantar ini merupakan ringkasan eksekutif dari kedua buku yang disebutkan di atas. Versi pertama dari buku pengantar ini telah diterbitkan bersamaan dengan hari peringatan 50 tahun Institut Teknologi Bandung, tanggal 2 Maret 2009. Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa Negara Maritim Indonesia terletak pada titik temu 3 lempeng utama bumi dan satu lempeng kecil, yakni: Lempeng Pasifik, Lempeng Eurasia, Lempeng Samudra Hindia-Australia dan Lempeng Philipina. Sesuai dengan konsep Tektonik Lempeng, sebagai akibatnya, di wilayah Negara Maritim Indonesia terdapat banyak sekali bencana kebumian. Sebagai contoh dapat disebutkan bahwa antara tahun 1970–2008 tercatat 20% dari semua kemunculan gempa di bumi ini terjadi di Indonesia. Sementara itu, sejak 2004–2008 telah terjadi enam gempa besar yang merusak sejumlah daerah di wilayah Indonesia, khususnya di wilayah busur depan Pulau Sumatra dan bagian Selatan Jawa yang mengakibatkan kerugian sangat besar. Selain itu, atas dasar kekhasan wilayah yang dimilikinya, terdapat pula bencana-bencana atmosferik seperti kemarau panjang, musim hujan yang berlanjut, badai, puting-beliung yang erat kaitannya dengan bencana kelautan seperti banjir, naiknya muka laut yang bercampur dengan luapan air hujan yang tak dapat lagi terserap oleh bumi Indonesia. Yang berhubungan dengan bencana atmosferik tersebut, sebagai contoh, hampir setiap tahun telah terjadi bencana, yang antara lain berupa terpaan badai bagi para pelaut Indonesia dan penduduk di wilayah pesisir, di samping bencana oleh karena angin puting-beliung di berbagai wilayah daratan maupun lautan. Hingga sekarang manusia belum dapat meramalkan kemunculan gempa. Tetapi manusia dapat berbuat sesuatu untuk mencegah datangnya bencana, atau mengurangi dampak bencana tersebut. Atas dasar latar belakang di atas, Prakata iii Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim Indonesia suatu program nasional dalam pengelolaan bencana alam yang terpadu dan bersistem sudah menjadi keharusan. Berkaitan dengan umurnya yang telah mencapai 50 tahun, yang dirayakan pada tanggal 2 Maret 2009, Majelis Guru Besar ITB telah meyiapkan sejumlah pemikiran yang komprehensif, yang dikemas dalam bentuk 2 (dua) buah buku mengenai solusi nasional yang berhubungan dengan masalah bencana yang disebutkan di atas. Buku pertama memuat berbagai pemikiran mengenai bencana kebumian, bencana kelautan, dan bencana atmosferik. Sedangkan buku kedua akan merangkum segala aspek mitigasi bencana alam dalam pengertian sangat luas termasuk masalah peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap bencana, segala kegiatan yang meliputi prevensi seperti memindahkan penduduk dari wilayah yang terancam bencana, dan memindahkan risiko ke pihak swasta, yakni asuransi. Hampir 60 dosen ITB telah menyumbangkan pikirannya dalam usaha ini, yang juga memperoleh masukan dari banyak pihak dari luar ITB. Salah satu tujuan penulisan buku tersebut adalah memberikan penjelasan komprehensif mengenai sebab musabab mengenai berbagai bentuk bencana alam dan sekaligus mengingatkan para pelaku pemerintahan agar melakukan langkah- langkah yang terencana dan nyata terhadap berbagai dampak yang dihadapi oleh bangsa Indonesia berkenaan dengan bencana alam tersebut. Pertimbangan lain dari diterbitkannya buku tersebut adalah, di ITB terkumpul sejumlah staf dosen maupun peneliti, serta laboratorium, yang sudah pula memiliki banyak pengalaman dalam berbagai bidang yang terkait dengan permasalahan bencana yang disebutkan. Atas dasar tersebut, akan sangat berarti jika kepakaran maupun pengalaman mereka dapat dihimpun dalam sebuah buku yang komprehensif mengenai bagaimana sebaiknya menanggulangi permasalahan bencana tersebut secara terpadu serta holistik. Selanjunya, diharapkan pula buku yang berisi kumpulan pemikiran tersebut dapat merupakan persembahan sekaligus bukti bahwa ITB peduli terhadap berbagai permasalahan yang terjadi pada masyarakat bangsa Indonesia oleh karena bencana alam. Melalui kesempatan ini, kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang sangat tinggi, sekaligus ucapan terima kasih kepada semua dosen ITB yang telah menyumbangkan pemikirannya. Penghargaan serta ucapan terima kasih juga kami sampaikan kepada berbagai pihak serta lembaga pemerintah yang telah berkenan memberikan masukannya dalam penyusunan buku ini. Tidak lupa disampaikan penghargaan serta ucapan terima kasih kepada Prof. M.T. Zen yang telah bertindak sebagai Ketua Tim Editor. Penghargaan serta ucapan iv Prakata Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim Indonesia terima kasih juga kami sampaikan kepada Ikatan Alumni ITB yang telah membantu banyak hal untuk dapat terkumpulnya seluruh pemikiran yang akan dimasukan ke dalam buku tersebut. Akhirnya, penghargaan serta ucapan terima kasih kami sampaikan kepada Komisi Permasalahan Bangsa Majelis Guru Besar ITB yang diketuai oleh Prof. Safwan Hadi, yang telah mengkoordinasikan berbagai kegiatan sehingga buku persembahan ITB mengenai bencana yang dikemukakan di atas dapat diterbitkan. Kami berharap kiranya, melalui buku-buku tersebut, ITB dapat mempersembahkan sumbangan pemikiran yang bermakna bagi penyelesaian berbagai permasalahan yang sedang dihadapi oleh bangsa Indonesia. Ketua : Prof. Harijono A. Tjokronegoro Prakata v Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim Indonesia vi Prakata Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim Indonesia Sambutan Dewan Editor Sidney Poitier, seorang bintang film Hollywood keturunan Amerika-Afrika, sewaktu memenangkan Oscar sebagai the Best Actor beberapa tahun lalu berkata
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