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World Bank Document FILE COPY Report No. 502-IND A Framework for Regional Planning in Indonesia (In Three VoluMes) Public Disclosure Authorized Volume II: Spatial Aspects of the Economy August 15, 1974 I-ast Asia and P'a(if( Regional Office Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the International Bank 'or Reconstruction and Development Public Disclosure Authorized International Development Association This report was prepared for orli, ,,l'd§}Qw1i CrGrop I ma. n0f be published quored or-ited ..SCIUwkank CrTh'r.; Bar,. Croup does not accept responstibility for tfie or contile1 1 0 lb? repic.ri CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS 1 US$ 3 Rupiah (Rp) 415 1 Rupiah = $0.0024 Rp 1 million - $2,400 Rp 1 billion - $2,400,000 This report is based on the findings of a mission, which visited Indonesia during November, 1973, consisting of: Colin Bruce - Economist (Mission Leader) (c) Brian Berry - Economic Geographer/Regional Planner Wolfram Drewes - Geographer/Physical Planner Joseph Goldberg - Economist Irfan ul Haque - Economist (c) Koichi Mera - Regional Economist (c) Gerard van de Goor - Agriculturalist (c) - Consultant A FRAMEWORK FOR REGIONAL PLANNING IN INDONESIA VOLUME II: THE SPATIAL ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMY Page No. I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY .................................... 1 Backgrotnd .................... .... I Climate ........................... 1 Geology and Minerals .................. 2 Soils and Land Capability ................ 7 II. IIUMAIl GEOGRAPHY ....................................... J1 Population .1 Employment .13 Urbanization .15 Economic Wellbeing .16 Regional Discrepancies in Educational Development .20 Health and Family Planning .21 Transmigration .22 Migration and the Growth of Jakarta .29 III. SPATIAL IMIPLICATIONS OF SECTORAL DEVELOPMENTS .37 Introduction .37 Minerals .40 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing .47 Apriculture .47 Forestry .55 Fisheries .57 Industrv ..... 58 Transport, Communications and Trade. 59 Education. 72 Health Services .73 Tourism .74 Public Finance and Regional Development .75 Spatial Aspects of Recent-Trends: Summarv .83 IV. THE IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT POLICIES .85 APPFENDICES A. Cartographic Appendix B. Statistical Appendix C. Review of Mineral Production D. Highway Needs of Java LIST OF MAPS IN TEXT OF THE REPORT Page No. Figure 1: Administration and Population ..... .............. 9 Figure 2: Surface and Air Transportation ..... ............. 66 TABLES IN THE TEXT Page No. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Table 1: Area by Region and Type of Terrain/Soil .... ...... 6 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 2: Population, 1930, 1961, 1971, Average Annual Growth Rate 1961-1972 and Population Density, by Region and Province ..... ...................... 11 3: Population, Labor Force and Employment - 1961-1971 ................................... 13 4: Employment by Major Economic Sector, Urban and Rural Areas, Indonesia, 1961-1971 .... ........ 14 5: Average Annual Rates and Distribution of Employment Change by Major Economic Sector, Indonesia, 1961-1971 ............ .. ............... 15 6: Per Capita GDP of Selected Provinces, 1969 and 1971 .................. .................. 17 7: A Rough Estimate of Net Movements of Population Between Regions, 1961-1971 .... ........ 23 8: Number of TransmiE;rants Settled Since 1950 .... ... 26 9: Planned Transmigration in 1972/73, by Province ... 28 10: Population Growth of Cities Over 250,000 .... ..... 30 11: The Distribution of the Origin of Migrants Into Jakarta and the Propensity to Migrate During 1961-1971 ................................... 31 12: Educational Attainment of Urban and Pural Population and Migrants to Jakarta .... ........... 33 13: Approved Projects UJnder Domestic Investment Law to be Located in Jakarta from NZovember 1968 to Mav 1972 ................... ................... 34 14: Approved Foreign Investment Projects to be Located in Jakarta from January 1967 to July 1972 .................... .................... 35 15: Share of Jakarta in Indonesian Economy .... ....... 36 - iv - Page No. SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS OF SECTORAL DEVELOPMENTS Table 16: Real Growth Rates of Sectors by Province from 1969 to 1971 ....... ......................... 3s 17: Approved Investment Projects by Provinces .... .... 39 18: Indonesian Mineral Production .... ................ 41 19: Export Receipts from Hard Mineral Products ....... 4 t 20: Harvested Area and Production of Principal Farm Food Crops in Java and Outer Islands, 1971 ....... 49 21: Imports and Exports into Different Islands, 1967-71 ........... ............................... 61 22: Number of Cars, Buses and Motorcycles by Province and its Average per 10,000 Population, 1971 ....... .......................... 63 23: Passenger Traffic Studies for Selected Area Railway Systems ....... ........................... 65 24: Length of Trunk Roads and Railway Track, 1970, by Region ....... ........................... 67 25: Composition of Provincial Budgets, 1972/73 ....... 77 26: Development Expenditure of Provinces .... ......... 80 27: Planned Development Budget by Provinces, 1962-72 .......................................... 81 HE SPtAILiASC?ES CF COZAOJXY CHAPTER I PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Backgr.a.k ;ndonesia, Lne world's second largest unitary state, is aiso tho world's largest archipelago. Straddling the equator, it extends some 3,400 miles (5,110 kilometers) from northwestern Sumatera, wesz of the Malay Peninsula, to and including West New Guinea (Irian Jaya). 2. The total land area of the more than 3,000 islands that compose the archipelago is some 779,000 square miles (2,020,000 km2), making it the third largest country in Asia, after China and India. 3. Many of the country's ceve±opmental problems arise from its size and from the fact that it is an archipelago. Other problems are to be found in the great diversity of the islands. Thus, a recurrent theme in govern- mental thinking is that of the need to achieve national unity while respecting socio-cultural diversity related to the great regional differences. 4. Many of these differences reside in the country's geology and climate. Mountainous spines and swampy coasts limit the agricultural potential of many of the islands. In earlier geological periods the eastern and south- eastern regions of Asia went through several stages of folding which can be discerned in two long mountain systems which intersect each other in Sulawesi and Halmahera. The first, which is a continuation of the western Burmese chain, runs through Sumatera, Java, Bali and Timor and curves sharply back in a semicircle through the southeastern islands to Ceram and Buru to Sulawesi. The second arc runs southwest from Japan, through the Philippines into eastern Indonesia - hence the complexity of the mountain structure and the peculiar shape of Sulawesi and Halmahera, which have ranges running north-south and east-west. 5. The hills and mountains of Sumatera follow the west coast and are intersected by short but rapid streams which water the narrow western coastal plains; to the east the mountains level out to broad expanses of lowland cut by sluggish streams which run through the interminable marshes to the Strait of Malacca and the Java Sea. In Java, too, the mountains lie close to the shoreline of the Indian Ocean, but, less continuous than those of Sumatera, they allow frequent access from nortn to south which has facilitated the development of a network of roads and railroads. Climate 6. Tne Indonesian climate is tropical, moderated only by the situation of the islands between LwU Large continentai land masses and by wide differ- ences in elevation. The climate of the lowlands is marked by heavy rainfall, low winds, high temperature and very high h.umidity. Because of its position astride the equator Indonesia has no seasox.s as underscooG in the temperate zones; the days and nights are each twelve hours long; there is less than 20F. variation between the warmest and coolest months, and humid_ry aveiages over 80 percent the year round. Temperatures never reach excessive levels; t-.e daily maxima and minima range between 86'F. (30- C.) and 68"F. (20C.), at the lowest 66eF. 7. Rainfall, although naturally ir.i:_encec vy tr.e o r z_- creasing with altitude, is nowhere less than 40 inchez (',Ca ia; a 7ea:. In the equatorial rain belt which covers most of Sumarera, Kalimantan arnd Sulawesi, 90 to 100 inches (2,286 - 2,540 mm) annually are regu.arly re- corded. In this region rainfall is fairly evenly diszributed throughout the year; cloud covering is often heavy; thunderstorms, frequent. Bogo;, south of Jakarta, regularly has thunderstorms on more than 300 days a year. However, there is a progressive lessening of precipitation towards the southern and eastern parts of the archipelago as the rainfall map In the cartographic appendix reveals. The climate is drier in Java, Sulawesi and the Nusa Tenggara Islands than in the larger islands of Sumatera and Kalimantan. Typical differences between drier and wetter areas (at sea level) can be illustrated by average rainfall for Padang, on the west coast of Sumatera of 187 inches (4,760 mm) and Kupang in Timor to the east with 57 inches (1,460 mm). (See Appendix Table A.1.) 8. The wind pattern and the only two recognizable seasons--"wet and dry"-- are determined by the monsoons. The southeast wind carries dry air from the interior of Australia during the "northern" summer, giving a com- paratively dry period of about 4 months--June to October--to eastern Java and Nusa Tenggara. At the same time warm, humid air from the Indian Ocean denies relief
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