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Matična Ploča

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Matična Ploča Matična ploča • Format matične ploče odnosi se na fizički oblik i dimenzije, kao i na konektore koji se nalaze na njoj. Od njega zavisi u kakvo kućište matična ploča može da se ugradi. Neki formati su standardni, što znači da matične ploče tog formata mogu međusobno da se zamjenjuju, dok drugi formati nisu dovoljno standardizovani da bi matične ploče mogle međusobno da se zamjenjuju. • Zastareli formati matičnih ploča: o Baby-AT; o Full size AT; o LPX (poluvlasnički). • Savremeni formati matičnih ploča su standardni formati i to garantuje zamjenljivost u okviru jedne vrste (ATX ploče mogu se zamjenjivati drugim ATX pločama, NLX ploče mogu se zamjenjivati drugim NLX pločama,...): o ATX: standardni stoni, mini-visoki i visoki vertikalni sistemi; trenutno najčešći format; najprilagodljivija konstrukcija za manje servere/radne stanice i kućne sisteme više klase podržavaju do 7 priključaka za proširenje; o Mini-ATX: nešto manja verzja ATX koja staje u isto kućište kao i ATX; podržavaju do 6 priključaka za proširenje; o Micro-ATX: srednji stoni i mini-visoki vertiklni sistemi; o Flex-ATX: najjeftiniji mali stoni sistemi ili mini-visoki vertikalni sistemi; sistemi za zabavu i kućnu upotrebu; o NLX: korporacijski stoni i mini-visoki vertikalni sistemi; o WTX: radne stance srednjih do visokih performansi i serveri (više nije u proizvodnji). • Vlasnički dizajn (Compaq, Pacard Bell, Hewlett-Pacard, notebook, itd.) – sve što se ne uklapa u neki od standardnih formata. • Dijelovi savremene matične ploče: o Podnožje ili slot za CPU; o Skup čipova; o Super ulazno/izlazni čip; o ROM BIOS; o Podnožja za SIMM/DIMM/RIMM; o Slotovi ulazno/izlaznih magistrala; o Naponski regulator napajanja za CPU; o Baterija. 1 A. PODNOŽJE ILI SLOT ZA MIKROPROCESOR • Mikroprocesor se ugrađuje u podnožje ili slot, zavisno od vrste mikroprocesora. • Počevši od mikroprocesora 486 Intel je uveo mogućnost da sam korisnik može da ugradi ili zamjeni mikroprocesor. Za podnožja i slotove mikroprocesora Intel je razvio standarde koji omogućavaju korišćenje različith modela istog osnovnog mikroprocesora. o Socket 1: 486; o Socket 2: 486; o Socket 3: 486; o Socket 4: Pentium I; o Socket 5: Pentium I; o Socket 6: 486; o Socket 7: Pentium I; o Socket 8: Pentium Pro; o Socket 370: Celeron/Pentium III; o Socket PAC418: Itanium, Itanium 2; o Socket 423: Pentium IV; o Socket A (462): AMD Athlon/Duron; o Socket 478: Pentium IV; o Socket 603: Xeon (P4); o Slot A: AMD Athlon; o Slot 1 (SC242): Pentium II, III, Celeron; o Slot 2 (SC330): Pentium II, III Xeon; • U početku svi mikroprocesori bili su ugrađeni u podnožja. Sa pojavom mikroprocesora Pentium II Intel je prešao na pristup zasnovan na slotu. Mikroprocesor Pentium II imao je keš memoriju u vidu posebnih čipova, i svi zajedno (CPU + keš memrijski čipovi) bili su smješteni na zajedničkoj štampanoj ploči (kartici) zatvorenoj u kaseti od metala i plastike, koja se ubacivala u slot. Mikroprocesori zasnovani na slotu bili su skupi u poređenju sa prethodnim verzijama sa podnožjima. • Sa pojavom mikroprocesora koji su u na istom čipu pored samog procesora sadržavali i keš memoriju, trend pakovanja mikroprocesora vratio se na podnožja. Svi savremeni mikroprocesori sada koriste oblik sa podnožjem. • Sva navedena podnožja za mikroprocesore imaju nultu silu umetanja mikroprocesora u podnožje i nultu silu vađenja mikroprocesora iz podnožja (ZIF – zero insertion force). 2 B. SKUP ČIPOVA • Skup čipova predstavlja vezu između mikroprocesora i svega ostalog u PC-u. Npr., mikroprocesor ne može da ostvari komunikaciju sa memorijom bez posredovanja skupa čipova. Skup čipova određuje vrstu mikroprocesora, brzine magistrala,... • Osnovni skup čipova: o Generator takta; o Kontroler magistrala; o Sistemski mjerač vremena; o Kontroler nižih i viših kanala za direktan pristup memoriji (DMA - Direct Memory Access); o CMOS/RAM; o Časovnik realnog vremena; o Kontroler tastature. • Većina ranijih Intel-ovih skupova čipova dijeli se na North Bridge i South Bridge: o North Bridge povezuje mikroprocesorsku magistralu sa AGP i PCI magistralama; o South Bridge povezuje PCI magistralu i ISA magistralu. C. SUPER ULAZNO-IZLAZNI ČIP • Super ulazno-izlazni čip obično objedinjuje uređaje koji se se kod starijih sistema nalazili na pojedinačnim karticama za proširenje. • Većina super ulazno-izlaznih čipova sadrži najmanje sljedeće komponente: o Kontroler disketene jedinice; o Kontroler dva serijska porta; o Kontroler paralelnog porta. • Postoje super ulazno-izlazni čipovi koji pored navedenih kontrolera imaju i kontrolere tastature i miša. 3 D. BIOS (Basic Input Output System) • BIOS predstavlja skup upravljačkih programa koji u sistemu zajednički čine spregu (interfejs) između hardvera i operativnog sistema. BIOS potiče iz 3 izvora: o ROM (Read Only Memory) matične ploče (BIOS matične ploče, ROM BIOS); o ROM adapterskih kartica (video kartice, SCSI adapteri, IDE adapteri, mrežne kartice); o Učitan sa diska. • Dio BIOS-a koji se nalazi u ROM čipovima na matičnoj ploči i na adapterskim karticama ponekad se naziva firmware, što predstavlja softver koji se nalazi u čipovima, a ne na disku. • PC sistem projektuje se u slojevima da bi operativni sistem i aplikacije mogli da rade sa različitim hardverom. Aplikativni programi komuniciraju sa operativnim sistemom putem API-a (Application Program Interface). Operativni sistem zatim komunicira sa BIOS-om. Operativnom sistemu BIOS izgleda isto bez obzira na hardver koji se nalazi iznad BIOS-a. Može da se koristi isti operativni sistem na PC računarima različitih konfiguracija (sa različtim mikroprocesorima, diskovima, video karticama,…). BIOS obavlja iste osnovne zadatke bez obzira koji se hardver koristi. BIOS se sa jedne strane prilagođava hardveru, a sa druge strane BIOS operativnom sistemu izgleda isto. Zadatak BIOS-a je da maskira razlike između različitih hardverskih konfiguracija kako bi mogao da se koristi isti operativni system, pa prema tome i aplikacije. • BIOS matične ploče obično sadrži upravljačke programe za osnovne komponente sistema (tastaturu, disketnu jedinicu, disk, serijske i paralelne priključke,…). Sa porastom složenosti sistema dodavan je hardver (video adapteri, CD-ROM uređaji, SCSI diskovi, USB portovi,…) za koji nisu postojali upravljački programi ni u jednom BIOS-u matične ploče. Da se ne bi pravio novi BIOS matične ploče za podršku svakog novog uređaja koji se ugradi u PC, upravljački programi za nove uređaje prebacuju se : o na ROM adapterskih kartica koji se izvršava u fazi podizanja sistema računara prije učitavanja operativnog sistema sa hard-diska (video kartice, SCSI adapteri, IDE adapteri, mrežne kartice); o na hard-disk, a operativni sistem se podešava tako da ih učitava za vrijeme podizanja sistema računara (ovo se odnosi na većinu CD-ROM uređaja, zvučnih kartica, skenera, štampača,…). 4 hardver BIOS operativni sistem aplikativni program Slika 1. Slojevi sistema u PC-u. • BIOS matične ploče sadrži niz programa koji se učitavaju čim se računar uključi, prije startovanja operativnog sistema. Ima 4 glavne funkcije: o POST (Power-On Self Test) – ispituje glavne dijelove računara; o BIOS Setup – Program za podešavanje sistema. Pokreće se pritiskom posebnog tastera za vrijeme POST-a. Ima menije za podešavanje matične ploče, parametara skupova čipova, datuma, časovnika, lozinke, upravljačkih programa za diskove, napajanja, množača generatora takta mikroprocesora,... Ovi sistemski podaci nalaze se u CMOS RAM-u (RTC/NVRAM – Real-Time Clock/Non-Volatile RAM). Ova memorije napaja se iz baterije koja se nalazi na matičnoj ploči; o Bootstrap loader – čitanje disk uređaja i traženje glavnog sektora za podizanje sistema. Kada se pronađe taj sektor, učitava ga i pokreće. Program u glavnom sektoru za podizanje sistema nastavlja postupak učitavanjem sektora za podizanje operativnog sistema koji učtava osnovne datoteke operativnog sistema. o Basic Input Output System – osnovna sprega između operativnog sistema i hardvera kada je sistem podignut i radi. • BIOS matične ploče nalazi se u PROM-u (stariji sistemi) i EEPROM-u (noviji sistemi). 5.
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