-I- Contents of Chapter-1

1.1 What is Computer ...... 1-2 1.2 Organization of Computer ...... 1-3 1.2.1 Hardware ...... 1-3 1.2.1.1 Basic Computer Hardware ...... 1-4 1.2.1.2 Optional Computer Hardware ...... 1-5 1.2.2 Software...... 1-6 1.2.2.1 General Purpose Software ...... 1-7 1.2.2.2 Special Purpose Software ...... 1-7 1.3 Classification of Computer ...... 1-8 1.3.1 Classify by Computing Methods ...... 1-9 1.3.1.1 Analog Computer ...... 1-9 1.3.1.2 Digital Computer ...... 1-12 1.3.1.3 Hybrid Computer ...... 1-13 1.3.2 Classification by Size & Power ...... 1-14 1.3.2.1 Supercomputer ...... 1-14 1.3.2.2 Mainframe Computer ...... 1-16 1.3.2.3 Mini Computer ...... 1-17 1.3.2.4 Micro Computer ...... 1-18 1.4 Stages of Computing ...... 1-19 1.4.1 Input ...... 1-19 1.4.2 Process ...... 1-20 1.4.3 Output ...... 1-21 1.5 Counting Unit ...... 1-22 1.6 Integrated Circuit ( IC )...... 1-23 1.7 BIOS(Basic Input Output System) ...... 1-27 1.8 Operating System ...... 1-28 1.9 Preprocessors ...... 1-30 1.9.1 Interpreter ...... 1-31 1.9.2 Compiler, Decompiler, Language ...... 1-32 1.10 Numbering System ...... 1-34 1.11 CPU Clock Speed ...... 1-35 -II- Contents of Chapter-2

2.1 Input Devices ...... 2-3 2.1.1 Keyboard...... 2-4 2.1.1.1 Keyboard Interfaces ...... 2-4 Serial Keyboard Interface ...... 2-4 PS/2 Keyboard Interface ...... 2-5 USB Keyboard Interface ...... 2-6 Wireless Keyboard ...... 2-6 2.1.1.2 Keyboard Standards ...... 2-7 83/84-Keys Keyboard Standard ...... 2-7 101-Keys Keyboard Standard ...... 2-8 104-Keys Keyboard Standard ...... 2-8 2.1.1.3 Notebook Keyboard ...... 2-10 Numeric Keys...... 2-10 Extra Functions Keys ...... 2-11 2.1.2 Mouse ...... 2-12 2.1.2.1 Mouse For Desktop ...... 2-13 Serial Mouse Interface...... 2-13 PS/2 Mouse Interface ...... 2-14 USB Mouse Interface ...... 2-15 Wireless Mouse Interface ...... 2-15 2.1.2.2 Mouse For Notebook ...... 2-16 Trackball Mouse ...... 2-16 Trackpoint Mouse ...... 2-17 Touchpad/ Trackpad...... 2-19 2.1.2.3 Wheel VS Optical Mouse ...... 2-20 2.1.3 Bar Code Reader ...... 2-21 2.1.4 Scanner ...... 2-23 2.1.5 Optical Character Reader ...... 2-24 2.1.7 Joysticks/ Gamepad ...... 2-27 2.1.8 Other Input Devices ...... 2-27 -III-

2.2 Processing System ...... 2-29 2.2.1 CPU (Central Processing Unit) ...... 2-29 2.2.1.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) ...... 2-30 2.2.1.2 Control Unit ( CU ) ...... 2-30 2.2.2 Floating Point Unit( FPU ) ...... 2-31 2.2.3 Intel CPU Products ...... 2-32 2.2.3.1 First Generation Intel CPU (P1) ...... 2-33 2.2.3.2 Second Generation Intel CPU (P2)...... 2-34 2.2.3.3 Third Generation Intel CPU (P3)...... 2-35 2.2.3.4 Fourth Generation Intel CPU (P4) ...... 2-36 2.2.3.5 Fifth Generation CPU (P5/586) ...... 2-37 First Generation Pentium ...... 2-38 Second Generation Pentium ...... 2-39 Third Generation Pentium ...... 2-40 2.2.3.6 Six Generation Intel CPU(P6/686) ...... 2-41 2.2.3.6.1 Pentium Pro ...... 2-41 2.2.3.6.2 Pentium-II CPU ...... 2-42 Pentium-II Classic CPUs ...... 2-43 Pentium-II Celeron CPUs ...... 2-44 Pentium-II Xeon CPUs ...... 2-45 2.2.3.6.3 Pentium-III CPU ...... 2-47 SSE (Streaming Multimedia Extension) ...... 2-47 Intel Processor Serial No ...... 2-47 On-die Tharmal Diode ...... 2-48 Pentium-III Classic CPUs ...... 2-49 Pentium-III Celeron CPUs ...... 2-50 Pentium-III Xeon CPUs...... 2-51 2.2.3.7 Seven Generation CPU(P7) ...... 2-53 SSE2 ...... 2-54 -IV-

SSE3 ...... 2-53 SSSE3 ...... 2-53 2.2.3.7.1 Pentium-4 Desktop CPUs ...... 2-55 Williamate ...... 2-55 Northwood ...... 2-55 Prescott ...... 2-56 Prescott 2M ...... 2-57 2.2.4 Intel CPU Sockets ...... 2-58 Socket-1 ...... 2-60 Socket-2 ...... 2-60 Socket-3 ...... 2-61 Socket-4 ...... 2-61 Socket-5 ...... 2-62 Socket-6 ...... 2-62 Socket-7 ...... 2-63 Socket-8 ...... 2-63 Socket-370 ...... 2-64 Slot-1 ...... 2-64 Slot-2 ...... 2-65 ...... 2-65 ...... 2-66 Socket 775 ...... 2-66 ...... 2-67 /604 ...... 2-68 2.2.5 Additional Info About CPU ...... 2-69 2.2.5.1 Basic Instruction Cycle...... 2-69 Fetch Instruction ...... 2-69 Decode Instruction ...... 2-69 Execute Instruction ...... 2-69 -V-

2.2.5.2 Execution Speed ...... 2-70 CPU Execution Speed ...... 2-70 FPU Execution Speed ...... 2-70 2.2.5.3 CPU Modes ...... 2-71 Real Mode ...... 2-71 Protected Mode ...... 2-72 Virtual Real Mode ...... 2-72 2.2.5.4 CPU Manufacturer ...... 2-73 Intel ...... 2-73 AMD ...... 2-73 Cyrix/ Via-C3 ...... 2-73 Motorolla ...... 2-74 Other CPU Makers ...... 2-75 2.3 Output System ...... 2-77 2.3.1 Monitor ...... 2-77 2.3.1.1 CRT Monitor ...... 2-78 Disadvantages of CRT Monirot ...... 2-79 2.3.1.2 LCD Monitor ...... 2-80 Notebook LCD ...... 2-80 Flat Panel Desktop LCD ...... 2-81 Benefits of LCD ...... 2-81 2.3.2 Printer ...... 2-83 2.3.2.1 Dot-Matrix Printer ...... 2-84 2.3.2.2 Laser Printer ...... 2-86 2.3.2.3 Inject Printer ...... 2-87 2.3.2.4 Other Types of Printer ...... 2-88 Plotter ...... 2-88 Network Printer ...... 2-89 -VI-

Multi-function Printer ...... 2-90 2.3.3 Speaker ...... 2-91 2.3.4 Other Output Devices ...... 2-92 2.4 Memory ...... 2-93 2.4.1 Primary Memory ...... 2-93 2.4.1.1 Register ...... 2-94 2.4.1.2 CPU Cache ...... 2-94 Internal Cache (L1 Cache) ...... 2-96 External Cache (L2 Cache) ...... 2-96 2.4.1.3 Random Access Memory (RAM) ...... 2-97 How Computer Use RAMs ...... 2-97 2.4.1.3.1 Static RAM ( SRAM ) ...... 2-98 2.4.1.3.2 Dynamic RAM ( DRAM ) ...... 2-99 2.4.1.3.2.1 DIP (Dual In-line Package) ...... 2-100 2.4.1.3.2.2 SIPP (Single In-line Pin Package) ...... 2-101 2.4.1.3.2.3 SIMM ...... 2-102 2.4.1.3.2.4 DIMM (Double In-line Memory Module ) ...... 2-104 SDR-SDRAM(Single Data Rate SDRAM ) ...... 2-105 DDR-SDRAM ...... 2-107 DDR2-SDRAM ...... 2-109 DDR3 SD-RAM ...... 2-110 Rambus DRAM ( RDRAM ) ...... 2-112 2.4.1.4 Read Only Memory ( ROM ) ...... 2-114 2.4.1.4.1 Mask-ROM ...... 2-115 2.4.1.4.2 PROM ( Programmable ROM)...... 2-116 2.4.1.4.3 EPROM ( Erasable PROM ) ...... 2-117 2.4.1.4.4 EEPROM(Eliectically Erasable PROM)/ Flash ...... 2-118 -VII-

2.4.2 Secondary Memory ...... 2-121 2.4.2.1 Magnetic Storage ...... 2-122 2.4.2.1.1 Magnetic Tape ...... 2-122 2.4.2.1.2 Floppy Disk ...... 2-123 Application Area ...... 2-124 Floppy Disk Format & Size ...... 2-124 2.4.2.1.3 Hard Disk ...... 2-125 Storage Capacity ...... 2-126 Hard Disk Dimension ...... 2-126 Controllers & Hard Disk Types ...... 2-127 Application Area ...... 2-128 2.4.2.1.4 LS-120 Drive/ SuperDisk ...... 2-129 2.4.2.1.5 Zip Drive ...... 2-130 2.4.2.1.6 Jazz Drive ...... 2-133 2.4.2.2 Optical Storage ...... 2-134 2.4.2.2.1 CD-ROM Disc ...... 2-134 Application Area ...... 2-134 Storage Capacity ...... 2-135 Data Transfer Rate...... 2-136 Media Types and Size ...... 2-137 File System ...... 2-137 2.4.2.2.2 DVD ...... 2-139 Storage Capacity & Dimenstion ...... 2-139 Application Area ...... 2-140 Recordable VS Re-writable ...... 2-141 DVD Video ...... 2-142 DVD Movies/ Zone ...... 2-144 2.4.2.2.3 HD-DVD ...... 2-146 Application Area ...... 2-147 -VIII-

Storage Capacity & Dimension ...... 2-147 Current Status ...... 2-148 Comparision of DVD/ Blu Ray/ HD-DVD ...... 2-148 2.4.2.2.4 Blu-Ray Disc ...... 2-149 Storage Capacity & Dimension ...... 2-149 Application Area ...... 2-150 Region Code ...... 2-151 Blu Ray VS HD-DVD ...... 2-152 2.4.2.3 Flash Memory ...... 2-152 Types of Flash Memory ...... 2-152 Application Area ...... 2-153 2.4.2.3.1 Memory Stick/ MP3/ MP4/ SD ...... 2-154 Memory Stick/ Thumb Drive ...... 2-154 MP3 Player...... 2-155 MP4 Player...... 2-156 SD Card/ Compact Flash ...... 2-157 Strength & Weakness of Flash Memory ...... 2-157 Future of Flash Memory ...... 2-158 2.5 Bus System ...... 2-161 2.5.1 Address Bus ...... 2-161 2.5.2 Control Bus ...... 2-164 2.5.3 Data Bus ...... 2-165 2.5.3.1 PC Bus/XT Bus/8-bit ISA Bus ...... 2-166 2.5.3.2 AT-Bus/ 16-bit ISA Bus ...... 2-168 2.5.3.3 Micro Channel Architecture...... 2-169 2.5.3.4 EISA Bus ( Extended ISA ) ...... 2-170 2.5.3.5 Local Bus ...... 2-173 -IX-

2.5.3.5.1 VESA/ VL-Bus...... 2-174 Limitation of VESA ...... 2-175 2.5.3.5.2 PCI Bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect) ...... 2-176 Data Transfer Rate...... 2-176 PCI Version ...... 2-177 Extra Features of PCI Bus ...... 2-177 2.5.3.5.3 AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port) ...... 2-178 AGP Spec & Data Transfer Rate ...... 2-179 2.5.3.4 PCI-Express (PCI-E) ...... 2-180 2.5.3.5 PCMCIA ...... 2-183 PCMCIA Bus Standard Types ...... 2-184 Type-I ...... 2-184 Type-II...... 2-184 Type-III...... 2-185 Type-IV ...... 2-185 2.5.3.6 USB Bus(Universal Serial Bus) ...... 2-186 2.5.3.6.1 Features of USB...... 2-186 2.5.3.6.2 USB System Components ...... 2-189 USB Controller ...... 2-189 USB Device ...... 2-189 USB Hub ...... 2-189 2.5.3.6.3 USB Versions ...... 2-190 USB 1.x Version ...... 2-190 USB 2.0 Version ...... 2-190 USB 3.0 Version ...... 2-191 USB Summary Info ...... 2-191 2.5.3.6.4 Application Areas ...... 2-192 -X-

2.5.3.6.5 USB Devices Interfaces ...... 2-193 Type-A ...... 2-193 Type-B ...... 2-193 Mini-A ...... 2-194 Mini-B ...... 2-194 Micro-AB ...... 2-195 2.5.3.7 IEE1394 Fire Wire ...... 2-196 Data Transfer Rate & Version ...... 2-197 USB Vs FireWire ...... 2-198 2.6 Power Supply ...... 2-201 ATX 20-pin & ATX 24-pin ...... 2-205 P4 12-V Connector ...... 2-207 2.6.1 Power Supply Types ...... 2-203 2.6.1.1 AT Power Supply ( 6-pin ) ...... 2-203 2.6.1.2 ATX Power Supply ...... 2-205 2.6 Power Supply ...... 2-201 2.6.1 Power Supply Types ...... 2-203 2.6.1.1 AT Power Supply ( 6-pin ) ...... 2-203 2.6.1.2 ATX Power Supply ...... 2-205 2.7 Motherboard ...... 2-209 2.7.1 Motherboard Chipsets ...... 2-211 2.7.1.1 North Bridge Chipset ...... 2-214 2.7.1.2 South Bridge ...... 2-216 2.7.1.2.1 IDE Controller ...... 2-218 Standard IDE Controller ...... 2-218 UDMA IDE Controller ...... 2-219 2.7.1.2.2 SATA Hard Disk Controller ...... 2-220 -XI-

2.7.1.2.3 RTC and NVRAM ( CMOS) ...... 2-221 Real Time Clock ...... 2-221 NV-RAM ...... 2-222 CMOS Battery ...... 2-223 2.7.1.2.4 APM or ACPI Controller ...... 2-224 2.7.1.2.5 IRQ Controller ...... 2-224 2.7.1.2.6 DMA Controller ...... 2-224 2.7.1.2.7 Bus System ...... 2-225 2.7.1.2.8 Audio Codec/ Sound Chip ...... 2-226 2.7.1.2.9 Ethernet Controller ...... 2-227 2.7.1.2.10 Super I/O Chip ...... 2-228 2.7.1.2.10.1 Floppy Disk Controller ...... 2-229 2.7.1.2.10.2 Serial Port ...... 2-230 2.7.1.2.10.3 Parallel Port ...... 2-231 2.7.1.2.10.4 Keyboard Controller...... 2-232 2.7.1.2.11 USB Controller ...... 2-232 2.7.2 BIOS Chip ...... 2-233 2.7.3 CPU Socket/ Slot ...... 2-234 2.7.4 Memory Slot ...... 2-235 DIP Memory Slot ...... 2-235 SIPP Memory Slot ...... 2-236 SIMM Memory Slot ...... 2-236 SD-RAM Memory Slot ...... 2-237 DDR Memory Slot ...... 2-238 DDR2 Memory Slot ...... 2-239 DDR3 Memory Slot ...... 2-240 -XII-

2.7.5 Power Socket ...... 2-241 2.7.6 Voltage Regulator Module ...... 2-242 2.7.7 Front Panel Connector...... 2-243 Power Switch Connector ...... 2-243 Reset Switch Connector ...... 2-243 System Speaker ...... 2-244 Power LED ...... 2-244 Hard Disk LED ...... 2-244 2.7.8 Header Connector ...... 2-245 USB Header Connector ...... 2-245 Serial/ Printer Port Header Connecotr ...... 2-245 VGA Header Connector ...... 2-247 2.7.9 Jumper, DIP Switches ...... 2-248 2.8 System Resources ...... 2-249 2.8.1 Interrupt Request ...... 2-249 2.8.1.1 Hardware Interrupt (IRQ) ...... 2-249 IRQ Priority ...... 2-254 PCI Interrupt ...... 2-255 2.8.1.2 Software Interrupt (INT) ...... 2-256 Software Interrupt Used by Microprocessor ...... 2-256 Software Interrupt used by Hardware ...... 2-257 2.8.2 Direct Memory Access(DMA) ...... 2-258 2.8.3 I/O Port ...... 2-260 2.8.4 Memory Address ...... 2-263 -XIII-

2.9 Choosing Computer Hardware ...... 2-265 2.9.1 Choosing CPU ...... 2-266 Performance VS CPU Speed ...... 2-270 Intel Core CPU Family ...... 2-271 Pentium-D ...... 2-271 Core Duo ...... 2-271 Core 2 Duo (C2D) ...... 2-271 Dual Core ( Pentium Dual Core)...... 2-272 Core 2 Quad (Quad Core) ...... 2-272 Quad Core (Core 2 Quad) ...... 2-272 2.9.2 Memory ...... 2-274 2.9.2.1 Memory Types ...... 2-274 2.9.2.2 Memory Speed ...... 2-275 2.9.2.3 Memory Brand & Chipset ...... 2-278 2.9.3 Choosing Motherboard ...... 2-279 2.9.3.1 Brand & Chipsets ...... 2-279 Brand ...... 2-279 Chipset ...... 2-280 2.9.3.2 Performance & Features ...... 2-280 IDE Controller ...... 2-280 Serial Port ...... 2-281 USB Port ...... 2-282 Floppy Controller ...... 2-282 FireWire ...... 2-282 ISA Slots ...... 2-283 PCI Slots ...... 2-283 -XIV-

PCI-E Slots ...... 2-283 AGP Bus Slot ...... 2-284 On-board Graphics ...... 2-285 2.9.3.3 Hardware Upgrade ...... 2-286 2.9.4 Hard Disk ...... 2-285 2.9.4.1 Hard Disk Types ...... 2-285 IDE ...... 2-285 SATA ...... 2-286 SCSI...... 2-287 2.9.4.2 Storage Capacity ...... 2-289 2.9.4.3 RPM ...... 2-289 2.9.4.4 Brand & Features ...... 2-290 Smart ...... 2-190 Buffers/ Cache ...... 2-291 2.9.5 Graphics Card ...... 2-292 2.9.5.1 Brand ...... 2-292 2.9.5.2 Graphics Card Types ...... 2-292 PCI ...... 2-293 AGP ...... 2-293 PCI-E ...... 2-293 2.9.5.3 Graphics Processor & Speed ...... 2-294 2.9.5.4 Graphics Card Memory Speed ...... 2-294 2.9.5.5 Graphics Card Memory Size ...... 2-295 2.9.5.6 Output Connector Types ...... 2-295 Standard Video Output ...... 2-295 TV/Out (VIVO or S-Video)...... 2-296 -XV-

DVI ...... 2-296 2.9.5.7 Cooling Fans ...... 2-297 2.9.5.8 Data Transfer Rate...... 2-297 2.9.6 Casing ...... 2-298 Desktop Casing ...... 2-298 Tower Casing ...... 2-298 Ventilation ...... 2-299 Enough Drive Bays ...... 2-299 Exsorb Fans ...... -2-299 Casing Metal Quality ...... 2-300 Front USB/ Audio ...... 2-300 2.9.7 Power Supply ...... 2-301 Power Supply Types ...... 2-301 Quality ...... 2-301 Watt ...... 2-301 2.9.8 Monitor ...... 2-303 2.9.9 Keyboard...... 2-304 2.9.10 Mouse ...... 2-305 2.9.11 Special Notes...... 2-306 3D Games ...... 2-306 3D Applications ...... 2-306 Server...... 2-307 The Best System Performance ...... 2-307 Before You Buy PC .. Hardware ...... 2-308 -XVI-