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Spring Break Trip 2019 University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown Department of Energy and Earth Resources SPRING BREAK TRIP 2019 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT JOHNSTOWN DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Ecuador!! TABLE OF CONTENTS LOGISTICS AND BASICS ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Flight ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Ecuador Basics ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Basic Spanish .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Things you should bring ........................................................................................................................................ 3 BRIEF ITINERARY ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Day 1: Saturday, March 9th, 2019 – Board flight ................................................................................................ 4 Day 2: Sunday, March 10th, 2019 – Quito City Tour, the Equator, and Pululahua Crater ............................ 4 Day 3: Monday, March 11th, 2019 – Otavalo and Cuicocha Crater .................................................................. 5 Day 4: Tuesday, March 12th, 2019 – Hiking and Biking at Volcan Pichincha ................................................. 5 Day 5: Wednesday, March 13th, 2019 – Rumiñahui, Cotopaxi, and Baños ...................................................... 6 Day 6: Thursday, March 14th, 2019 – Biking to RioVerde and Hiking around Tungurahua ......................... 6 Day 7: Friday, March 15th, 2019 – Tungurahua, Chimborazo, and Quilotoa .................................................. 7 Day 8: Saturday, March 16th, 2019 – Quilotoa and Quito .................................................................................. 7 Day 9: Sunday, March 17th, 2019 – Fly back to DC ............................................................................................ 7 BASIC ECUADORIAN BACKGROUND INFORMATION ................................................................................ 8 Random Factoids ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Important and Interesting Facts about Ecuador ................................................................................................ 9 Climatic Conditions of Ecuador in March ........................................................................................................ 15 Ecuadorian Food .................................................................................................................................................. 22 Ecuadorian Drink ................................................................................................................................................ 29 Ecuador in Popular Culture ............................................................................................................................... 30 GENERAL GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 31 Tectonic Configuration........................................................................................................................................ 31 Geologic Events and History ............................................................................................................................... 38 Andean Orogeny .............................................................................................................................................. 38 Geologic Events ................................................................................................................................................ 39 Geologic and Physiographic Provinces .............................................................................................................. 44 Physiographic Provinces ................................................................................................................................. 46 Volcanoes and Volcanology................................................................................................................................. 56 Basic Igneous Petrology ................................................................................................................................... 56 Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ................................................................................................................... 61 Plinian Eruptions ............................................................................................................................................. 63 Andean Volcanic Belt ...................................................................................................................................... 64 Northern Volcanic Zone .................................................................................................................................. 65 DETAILED ITINERARY ....................................................................................................................................... 69 Day 1: Saturday, March 9th, 2019 – Board flight .............................................................................................. 69 Day 2: Sunday, March 10th, 2019 – Quito City Tour, the Equator, and Pululahua Crater .......................... 69 STOP 2.1: Quito................................................................................................................................................ 70 STOP 2.2: Mitad del Mundo ............................................................................................................................. 74 STOP 2.3: Pululahua Crater ............................................................................................................................ 75 Day 3: Monday, March 11th, 2019 – Otavalo and Cuicocha Crater ................................................................ 84 STOP 3.1: Otavalo ............................................................................................................................................ 84 STOP 3.2: Cuicocha Crater .............................................................................................................................. 85 Day 4: Tuesday, March 12th, 2019 – Hiking and Biking at Volcan Pichincha ............................................... 86 STOP 4.1: Volcan Pichincha ............................................................................................................................ 86 STOP 4.2: Cotopaxi National Park .................................................................................................................. 90 Day 5: Wednesday, March 13th, 2019 – Rumiñahui, Cotopaxi, and Baños .................................................... 92 STOP 5.1: Volcan Rumiñahui ........................................................................................................................... 92 STOP 5.2: Volcan Cotopaxi .............................................................................................................................. 93 STOP 5.3: Baños ............................................................................................................................................. 102 Day 6: Thursday, March 14th, 2019 – Biking to RioVerde and Hiking around Tungurahua ..................... 104 STOP 6.1: Biking to Rio Verde ....................................................................................................................... 104 STOP 6.2: Volcan Tungurahua ....................................................................................................................... 105 STOP 6.3: Hot Springs of Baños .................................................................................................................... 112 Day 7: Friday, March 15th, 2019 – Tungurahua, Chimborazo, and Quilotoa .............................................. 113 STOP 7.1: Volcan Tungurahua (again) .......................................................................................................... 113 STOP 7.2: Chimborazo ................................................................................................................................... 114 STOP 7.3: Quilotoa Region ............................................................................................................................ 120 Day 8: Saturday, March 16th, 2019 – Quilotoa and Quito .............................................................................. 121 STOP 8.1: Quilotoa Crater Lake .................................................................................................................... 121 Day 9: Sunday, March 17th, 2019 – Fly back to DC ........................................................................................ 124 GLOSSARY OF GEOLOGIC TERMS .............................................................................................................. 125 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................................................
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