INTERSPEECH 2015

Perception of Italian Liquids by Japanese Listeners: Comparisons Spanish Liquids

Tomohiko Ooigawa

Phonetics Laboratory, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan [email protected]

Abstract liquid contrast for special words. In Japanese, the first segment of pair of geminate consonants (except nasals) is called The present research tests Japanese listeners’ perception of and the segment is usually transcribed as /Q/. Italian liquids under the framework of the Perceptual geminate liquid is found in native Japanese or Sino-Japanese Assimilation Model (PAM), a model of non-native speech words. However, in some loanwords and interjections, perception. The study examines the discrimination and the Japanese liquid can be geminated [11, 13, 14], and Japanese identification of Italian liquids (/l/, /r/, /ll/, /rr/ and /ʎ/), while /Qr/ is usually realized as [lː], [13]. comparing the results with those of replicated perception Although both Italian and Spanish have similar experiments of Spanish liquids (/l/, /ɾ/ and /r/). Japanese realizations of liquids, the phonological structures are different listeners showed poor discrimination performance on Italian from each other. Italian has three liquids: /l/, /r/ and /ʎ/ /l/-/r/ and very good discrimination performance on the other (coronal lateral, rhotic and palatal lateral, respectively). Italian liquid contrasts (/l/-/ll/, /l/-/rr/, /ll/-/r/, /ll/-/rr/, /r/-/rr/, Intervocalically, /l/ and /r/ have both single and geminate form, /l/-/ʎ/, /ll/-/ʎ/, /r/-/ʎ/ and /rr/-/ʎ/). The listeners perceptually and /ʎ/ is always geminated [15-17]. Therefore, the five assimilated Italian /l/ and /r/ to Japanese /r/, Italian /ll/ to liquids (/l/, /r/, /ll/, /rr/ and /ʎ/) are contrastive in Italian. On Japanese /Qr/, Italian /rr/ to Japanese /rur/, and Italian /ʎ/ to the other hand, Spanish has no single-geminate contrasts, and Japanese /rj/. The findings indicate that PAM accounts for the has three contrastive liquids in intervocalic position: /l/, /ɾ/ and perception of Italian liquids by Japanese listeners. /r/ (coronal lateral, tap/flap, trill, respectively) [18, 19]. Some Index Terms: Italian, Spanish, Japanese, liquid, PAM conservative speakers have another liquid /ʎ/ that is written as ll. However, the contrast between /ʎ/ and /ʝ/ (written as y) is 1. Introduction neutralized for the other speakers.

In order to identify how native speakers of Japanese perceive 1.2. PAM non-native liquid sounds, the present study aims to examine PAM (the Perceptual Assimilation Model) is a theoretical Japanese listeners’ discrimination and identification of Italian model accounting for how naïve listeners perceive non-native liquids, and to interpret the results under the Perceptual phonological contrasts [.g., 1, 2]. The model posits that, when Assimilation Model [e.g., 1, 2]. The realizations of Italian and listening to an unfamiliar non-native phone, naïve listeners Spanish liquids are similar to each other, yet the phonological perceptually assimilate the non-native phone to the most systems of the languages are different from each other. In articulatorily-similar native phoneme in their native language.

10.21437/Interspeech.2015-631 order to better understand the perception, compare the results If know the perceptual assimilation patterns of non-native obtained from Italian liquids with the results in replicated tests phones, PAM can predict the discrimination difficulties of of Spanish liquids. non-native phonological contrasts as follows: Very good to 1.1. Liquids excellent discrimination is predicted for Two Category (TC) assimilation, in which the two non-native phones are According to [3], the term liquids includes laterals (l-sounds) perceptually assimilated to acceptable tokens of two different and rhotics (r-sounds). Laterals share a common manner of native phonemes. Poor discrimination is predicted for Single articulation (i.e., lateral) except for vocalized realizations in Category (SC) assimilation, in which the two non-native some languages such as English and Portuguese [4, 5]. Rhotics phones are perceptually assimilated to equally good or poor are still not known to share any common articulation or tokens of the same native phoneme. Intermediate acoustic cues. The only commonality of rhotics is to be written discrimination is predicted for Category Goodness (CG) with the letter “r” that is derived from the Greek counterpart difference, in which the two non-native phones are “P (rho)” [3, 6]. Cross-linguistic phonological commonalities perceptually assimilated to tokens of the same native phoneme, of liquids have been discussed in a few studies, such as [7] and but they differ in goodness of fit to the tokens of the native [8]. However, to my knowledge, no study has shown any phoneme. convincing phonological commonalities of all liquids of all languages. 1.3. Previous studies In Japanese, the phoneme /r/ is usually realized as [ɾ], yet Although Japanese has no lateral-rhotic contrast, naïve the phoneme has various phonetic realizations, including Japanese listeners can discriminate some non-native liquid rhotic and lateral sounds [9-12]. In addition, Japanese has only contrasts very well. PAM can account for the following a single qualitative liquid contrast, the plain-palatalized perceptions: Japanese listeners assimilate both English /l/ and contrast (/r/ vs. /rj/). The language also has a quantitative /ɹ/ to Japanese /r/ [20, 21], although it depends on the position

Copyright © 2015 ISCA 3135 September 6-10, 2015, Dresden, Germany of the liquids in a syllable [22]. The assimilation pattern of One male native speaker of Italian (25 years old, from the English liquids by Japanese listeners is generally SC. The province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Italy), and one male native discrimination is predicted to be poor, and they do perform it speaker of Spanish (32 years old, from Madrid, Spain) poorly in tests [e.g., 22, 23, 24, 25]. In the case of French participated in the recording. The speakers had grown up in a liquids, Japanese listeners assimilate French /l/ to Japanese /r/, mono-lingual family. They asserted that they had no and French /ʁ/ to Japanese /h/ or /ɡ/, although it depends on difficulties in speaking and hearing. The stimulus materials the phonetic realization of French /ʁ/ [21, 26, 27]. The consisted of bi-syllabic words /ˈpaLa/ (“L” stands for “liquid”). assimilation pattern of French liquids by Japanese listeners is The words had a stressed /pa/ in the first syllable and a liquid generally TC. PAM would predict very good to excellent followed by /a/ in the second syllable (see, Table 1). The discrimination, and experimentation bears this out [21, 27, 28]. carrier sentence in Italian was Scriva “_” per favore. /ˈskriva In the case of Spanish liquids’ perception, Japanese listeners “_” per faˈvore/ ‘Write “_” please.’ and that in Spanish was assimilate Spanish /l/ and /ɾ/ to Japanese /r/, and Spanish /r/ to Diga “_” por favor. /ˈdiɡa “_” poɾ faˈboɾ/ ‘Say “_” please.’ In Japanese /rur/ (i.e., double /r/) [25]. The assimilation pattern of both sentences, the target words were placed between a mono- Spanish /l/-/ɾ/ by Japanese listeners is SC, and the patterns of syllabic word ending with /a/ and a mono-syllabic word Spanish /l/-/r/ and /ɾ/-/r/ are TCs. The discrimination of starting with /p/. The speakers were asked to produce the Spanish /l/-/ɾ/ is predicted to be poor, and the discriminations stimuli with the carrier sentence in a soundproof room, and to of Spanish /l/-/r/ and /ɾ/-/r/ are predicted to be very good to read the sentences along with some distracters in a random excellent. These predictions are consistent with the results of a order at least five times. The utterances were recorded onto a discrimination test in [25]. Russian has a four-way liquid digital recorder (PCM-M10) through a microphone (ECM- contrast (/l/, /lj/, /r/ and /rj/). According to [29], Japanese MS957) and digitized at 48 kHz with 16 bits. The target word listeners perform very well in discriminating the Russian tokens were extracted from the carrier sentences. For each plain-palatalized contrasts (/l/-/lj/ and /r/-/rj/), while they target word, the most clearly produced two tokens were poorly discriminate the lateral-rhotic contrasts (/l/-/r/ and /lj/- selected from the recorded materials as stimuli. j j /rj/). Japanese listeners assimilate Russian /l / and /r / to Table 1 shows the words used in the present research. A Japanese /rj/, and they assimilate Russian /l/ and /r/ to pseudo-word “palla /ˈpaʎa/” was recorded as a Spanish Japanese /r/. The assimilation patterns of the Russian plain- stimulus, but most of the tokens perceived as [ˈpaʝa] by the palatalized contrasts should be TCs for Japanese listeners, and author. According to the speaker, was not conscious of the those of the Russian lateral-rhotic contrasts should be SCs. contrast between /ʎ/ and /ʝ/. As mentioned in section 1.1, the To my knowledge, there has been no study on Japanese contrast between /ʎ/ and /ʝ/ is neutralized for some speakers. listeners’ perception of Italian liquids, except [30]. This study As the term liquids includes laterals and rhotics and lateral was on the perception of Italian single and geminate sounds share the same articulation named lateral (not central consonants, including not only liquids but also other fricative), /ʎ/ was not regarded as a Spanish liquid in this consonants. In the test of the study, Japanese listeners were paper. Therefore, this paper does not report the results of palla asked whether the stimuli were perceived as words including in Spanish. However, the two tokens of Spanish palla were sokuon (i.e., Japanese geminates), or not. In most cases, Italian used as distracters in the experiments. single liquids (/l/ and /r/) were judged as Japanese single /r/, and Italian geminate liquids (/ll/ and /rr/) were judged as Table 1. List of the stimuli. Japanese geminate liquid (/Qr/). However, the study did not deal with the discrimination of Italian liquids, and the Italian Spanish identification of Italian /ʎ/, which has no single-geminate /ˈpa.la/ [ˈpaːla] /ˈpa.la/ [ˈpala] contrast, because this study focused on the perception as /ˈpal.la/ [ˈpalːa] /ˈpa.ɾa/ [ˈpaɾa] sokuon. In addition, the options of the identification test were /ˈpa.ra/ [ˈpaːɾa] /ˈpa.ra/ [ˈpara] only three (i.e., /r/, /Qr/, and others). Therefore, in order to /ˈpar.ra/ [ˈparːa] /ˈpa.ʎa/ [ˈpaʎa] or examine more detailed perception of Italian liquids by /ˈpa.ʎa/ [ˈpaʎːa] [ˈpaʝa] Japanese listeners, I conducted the experiments of the present research. 2.2. Procedures 2. Experiment Both discrimination and identification tasks were conducted in a Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) classroom In order to examine Japanese listeners’ perception of Italian in a university in Japan. Praat Version 5.3.39 [31] was used as liquids, discrimination and identification tests were conducted. an interface. The listeners were asked to complete each task I compare the results with those of replicated perception wearing headphones (CZ530-A). In the tasks, the stimuli were experiments of Spanish liquids. presented in random order. For the discrimination test, an AXB task was conducted. 2.1. Listeners and stimuli In each trial, the participant listened to three stimuli (i.e., AAB, ABB, BBA or BAA) that were different tokens, but the second Fifty-seven mono-lingual native speakers of Japanese (18-20 stimulus was the same word as the first, or the third stimulus. years old) participated in the experiments. They were Japanese The listeners had to judge whether the second stimulus was university students, were born in Japan, and had never stayed more similar to the first, or to the third stimulus. The abroad for more than one month. They had never majored in experiment included 64 trials: 40 (Italian 10 contrasts × 4 any foreign languages, and had never studied Italian and AXB triplets) and 24 (Spanish 6 contrasts × 4 AXB triplets). Spanish. The listeners had no difficulties in speaking and hearing. After the discrimination task, the listeners were asked to complete a closed identification task. In each trial, the participant listened to a stimulus and had to judge which

3136 button on the screen indicated the most similar Japanese significantly different from the results of all the other Italian transcription of the stimulus. When one play was not sufficient contrasts (p < .05 for /l/-/ll/, and p < .01 for the others). There to make a choice, they were permitted to replay the recording were no significant differences among the results of /l/-/ll/, /l/- up to two times by clicking the Repeat button for each trial. /rr/, /ll/-/r/ and /ll/-/rr/ (p > .05). The result for the /l/-/ll/ The experiment included 36 trials: (5 Italian liquids + 4 contrast was significantly different from the results of the /r/- Spanish liquids) × 2 tokens × 2 repetitions. On the screen, 15 /rr/, /l/-/ʎ/, /ll/-/ʎ/, /r/-/ʎ/ and /rr/-/ʎ/ (p < .01). In summary, the Japanese transcriptions in letters were presented as Japanese listeners discriminated /l/-/r/ poorly, and the other options: “ࣃࣛ /para/,” “ࣃ࣮ࣛ /paːra/,” “ࣃࣝࣛ /parura/,” Italian contrasts very well or almost perfectly. Notably, all the “ࣃ࣮ࣝࣛ /paːrura/,” “ࣃࢵࣛ /paQra/,” “ࣃ࣮ࢵࣛ /paːQra/,” contrasts including /ʎ/ showed more than 95% accuracy. “ࣃࣖ /paja/,” “ࣃ࣮ࣖ /paːja/,” “ࣃࢵࣖ /paQja/,” “ࣃࣜࣕ The mean rates of the accurate discriminations of Spanish /parja/,” “ࣃ࣮ࣜࣕ /paːrja/,” “ࣃࢵࣜࣕ /paQrja/,” “ࣃࢪࣕ liquids were about 56% (/l/-/ɾ/), 81% (/l/-/r/) and 80% (/ɾ/-/r/). /pazja/,” “ࣃ࣮ࢪࣕ /paːzja/” and “ࣃࢵࢪࣕ /paQzja/.” The According to the multiple comparisons, the significant transcriptions were selected on the basis of the results of a differences were between the results of /l/-/ɾ/ and /l/-/r/ (p preliminary test on transcription of Italian and Spanish liquids. < .01), and between those of /l/-/ɾ/ and /ɾ/-/r/ (p < .01), while The preliminary transcription test was carried out under the the result of /l/-/r/ was not significantly different from that of same condition as in the present identification test except for /ɾ/-/r/ (p = 1.0). In summary, the Japanese listeners the followings: Six participants were asked to listen to the discriminated /l/-/ɾ/ very poorly, and the two contrasts /l/-/r/ stimuli and to transcribe each stimulus in katakana letters on a and /ɾ/-/r/ quite well. sheet of paper. The listeners were permitted to replay the Generally, the Spanish liquid contrasts were more difficult recording up to five times for each trial. to discriminate than those in Italian. The significant differences were between Spanish /l/-/ɾ/ and all the Italian 3. Results contrasts (p < .01). Except for Italian /l/-/r/, /l/-/ll/ and /ll/-/r/, all the Italian contrasts were significantly different from 3.1. Discrimination Spanish /l/-/r/ and /ɾ/-/r/ (p < .05 for Spanish /l/-/r/ vs. Italian /ll/-/rr/, and p < .01 for the others). Figures 1 shows the results of the discrimination task. A one- way repeated-measures ANOVA showed that there were 3.2. Identification significant differences among the results of each contrast (F(12, 672) = 43.009, p < .01). Figure 2 shows the results of the identification task. In order to organize the results, the selections of the fifteen options were combined to six: /para/ and /paːra/ to /ra/; /parura/ and /paːrura/ to /rura/; /paQra/ and /paːQra/ to /Qra/; /paja/, /paːja/ and /paQja/ to /ja/; /parja/, /paːrja/ and /paQrja/ to /rja/; /pazja/, /paːzja/ and /paQzja/ to /zja/.

Figure 1: Correct rates of the discrimination task.

For Italian liquids, the mean correct discrimination rates were about 73% (/l/-/r/), 86% (/l/-/ll/), 94% (/l/-/rr/), 92% (/ll/- Figure 2: Results of the identification task (%). /r/), 93% (/ll/-/rr/), 97% (/r/-/rr/), 99% (/l/-/ʎ/), 96% (/ll/-/ʎ/), 97% (/r/-/ʎ/) and 99% (/rr/-/ʎ/). According to the multiple The Japanese listeners categorized Italian single /l/ and /r/ comparisons (Bonferroni), the result of the /l/-/r/ contrast was as Japanese /r/ (89% and 85%, respectively). The listeners

3137 mostly categorized Italian /ll/ as Japanese geminate /r/ (/Qr/: assimilate Italian /r/, /l/, Spanish /l/ and /ɾ/ to Japanese /r/. One 70%), and Italian /rr/ as Japanese double /r/ (/rur/: 69%). The of the common characteristics of the first segment of Japanese listeners categorized Italian /ʎ/ as Japanese /rj/ (i.e., palatalized geminates (i.e., sokuon) is to maintain the closure between the liquid) at the rate of 67%. The listeners mostly categorized articulators, the realization of Japanese geminate liquid (i.e., Spanish /l/ and /ɾ/ as Japanese /r/ (97%). The listeners /Qr/) is usually [lː], which may be very close realization to categorized Spanish /r/ as Japanese /rur/ most (47%). A - Italian /ll/. Therefore, it is natural that native speakers of square test showed that, among the eight kinds of stimuli Japanese perceptually assimilate Italian /ll/ to Japanese /Qr/. (Italian /l/, /ll/, /r/, /rr/, /ʎ/, Spanish /l/, /ɾ/ and /r/), there were 2 Japanese /r/ can be realized as [r], yet it occurs in very significant differences (χ (35) = 3190.655, p < .01) in the limited socio-/para-linguistic context [11]. A trill is unnatural frequencies of the selections from the six options (/r/, /rur/, realization as geminates in Japanese, because Japanese /Qr/, /rj/, /j/ and /zj/). According to the residual analyses, for geminates are in principle released only once. All Japanese Italian /l/, /r/, Spanish /l/ and /ɾ/, the frequencies of only geminates are articulated with a longer closure and a single Japanese /r/ selections were significantly higher than the release. Japanese /Qr/ is usually realized as a lateral, not as a expected values (p < .01). For Italian /ll/, only Japanese /Qr/ tap or trill. As a trill sound has plural releases, it may be selections were significantly higher than the expected perceived as plural short morae for Japanese listeners. frequencies (p < .01). For trill, Italian /rr/ had significantly Consequently, it is reasonable that native speakers of Japanese higher frequencies of both Japanese /rur/ and /Qr/ selections perceptually assimilate Italian and Spanish trill to Japanese than the expected values (p < .01), while Spanish /r/ had the /rur/. This identification is consistent with the result of the past significantly higher frequencies of only Japanese /rur/ study, [25], and was not indicated in [14]. selections (p < .01). For Italian /ʎ/, the frequencies of Japanese /rj/, /j/ and /zj/ selections were significantly higher than the 4.3. PAM expected values (p < .01). According to the results of the two experiments, the 4. Discussion assimilation pattern of the Italian single liquid contrast (/l/-/r/) by Japanese listeners is Single Category (SC) assimilation. 4.1. Discrimination The discrimination is predicted to be poor, and the listeners indeed do it poorly. The assimilation patterns of the other For the Japanese listeners (see, Figure 1), discrimination of Italian liquid contrasts are Two Category (TC) assimilations. Italian /l/-/r/ was difficult, and discriminations of the other The discriminations are predicted to be very good to excellent. Italian contrasts (i.e., /l/-/ll/, /l/-/rr/, /ll/-/r/, /ll/-/rr/, /r/-/rr/, /l/- Indeed, the listeners do it very well or almost perfectly. In /ʎ/, /ll/-/ʎ/, /r/-/ʎ/ and /rr/-/ʎ/) were very easy. Discrimination summary, all the predictions by PAM are consistent with the of Spanish /l/-/ɾ/ was very difficult, and discriminations of results of the present research. PAM gives a proper account for Spanish /l/-/r/ and /ɾ/-/r/ were easy for the Japanese listeners. the perception of Italian liquids by Japanese naïve listeners. The results of the present Spanish test were consistent with the However, as indicated in section 4.1, the tradeoff of the past study, [25]. durations of the preceding vowels may ease the Generally, the Spanish liquid contrasts were more difficult discriminations of the Italian single-geminate contrasts by to discriminate than those in Italian in the present task, which Japanese listeners. Even so, as the listeners showed different was perhaps because of the durational differences between categorizations between the single and geminate liquids, the Italian and Spanish stimuli. The mean duration of the Italian results of the identification test indicated Japanese listeners’ stimuli was about 524.5 ms, while that of Spanish was about potential to discriminate the Italian single-geminate liquid 270.6 ms. In addition, the Italian trill sounds ([rː]) had five contrasts without the durational tradeoff. closures, while the Spanish trills ([r]) had two or three closures. Longer durations of the Italian stimuli may ease the Italian 5. Conclusions liquids’ discriminations. Another reason why the Italian contrasts were easier to discriminate than the Spanish contrasts The present research examined perception of Italian liquids by could be the tradeoff of the durations of the preceding vowels native speakers of Japanese. The results of the discrimination between single and geminate consonants. In Italian, vowels in test showed that Japanese naïve listeners poorly discriminated stressed open syllables (such as in /ˈpa.la/) are longer than the Italian /l/-/r/ contrast and they discriminated the other vowels in closed syllables (such as in /ˈpal.la/) [15, 32]. As liquid contrasts very well or almost perfectly. According to the seen in Table 1, the preceding vowels of the single liquids results of the identification test, the Japanese listeners mostly were longer than those of the geminate liquids, which may categorized Italian single /l/ and /r/ as Japanese single /r/. The ease the discriminations of the Italian single-geminate listeners categorized Italian geminate lateral (/ll/) as Japanese contrasts by Japanese listeners. geminate /r/ (/Qr/), Italian geminate rhotic (/rr/) as Japanese double /r/ (/rur/), and Italian palatal lateral (/ʎ/) as Japanese 4.2. Identification palatalized liquid (/rj/) in most cases. Under the framework of PAM [e.g., 1, 2], the assimilation pattern of the Italian /l/-/r/ In most cases, the Japanese listeners categorized Italian /l/, /r/, contrast is Single Category assimilation, and the patterns of Spanish /l/ and /ɾ/ as Japanese /r/ (see, Figure 2). The listeners the other contrasts (i.e., /l/-/ll/, /l/-/rr/, /ll/-/r/, /ll/-/rr/, /r/-/rr/, mostly categorized Italian /ll/ as Japanese /Qr/, Italian /rr/ and /l/-/ʎ/, /ll/-/ʎ/, /r/-/ʎ/ and /rr/-/ʎ/) are Two Category Spanish /r/ as Japanese /rur/, and Italian /ʎ/ as Japanese /rj/. assimilations. Poor discrimination for Italian /l/-/r/, and very Japanese /r/ has various allophones such as tap/flap and good to excellent discrimination for the other contrasts are lateral sounds, which may be very similar to the realizations of predicted. As the experimentation bore this out, PAM offers an Italian single /r/, /l/, Spanish /l/ and /ɾ/. Consequently, it is appropriate prediction of naïve Japanese listeners’ perception reasonable that native speakers of Japanese perceptually of the Italian five-way liquid contrast.

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