TUE CHOUTEAU LIMESTOWE IN CENTRAL r;rnrn otJR I •

by

Olive L., Hoffme.n,A:.-B,, University of. Kansas, 1925.

Submitted to the Department. or Geology and the F~culty ot the Graduate School of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the i 1 equi1··ementa for the degree of Master of Arts"'

Approved by:

<~11··'.(~ ~~··· fient{ ~r. Cniilirmfih7I'/vepartment

(;,./:·I/.. ~ . {·... ·· ' / . ,· . '

May 30, 1927 ~ COllTENTS

Page CHAPTER I IlPl'RODUOTION 1 Statement of Problem 1 General Geology of the Region 1 Definition of the Chouteau limestone 3 Location of the .Area 3

Topograpby of the A~ea 5 Drainage of the Area '7 Culture of the Area 8 Field-viork and Methods 9 Acknowledgments . 10 CHAPTER II HISTORY OF GEOL<.nIO_ INVESTIGATION IN CENTRAL MISSOURI AND ADJOINING AREAS 11 CHAPr.IER III THE CHOUTEAU LIMESTONE CF THE THESIS AREA 21 Definition 21 Areal Extant 21 Description 22 structure 37 stratigraphic Position 38 OHAP'JER IV FAUllA OF THE CHOUTEAU LIMESTOUE 41 QHAPTER V OONOLUSIOMS AND GEOLOGIC RESUME' 54 · CHAP'I'ER I

Statement of the Pr.oblern T11e Ohouteau limestone has been studied in detail in central Missouri where it crops out from around Sedalia in Pettis county northeastward to the town of Louisiana on Mississippi River.. South of sedal.ia only a few outc1.. ops have been located and the formation is not well lmotvn. The writer, therefore, undePtook as he:r problem a detailed study of the Chouteau. limestone south or Sedalia.. The problem resolved itself into the following points: - . 1. To t~ace the fo~mation southward from Sedalia. 2. To study its litholog1o, stratigraphic, and structural aharacteristies. 3. To study its fauna. 4. To malte a coniparative study of the Chouteau 11meetone of the region to the south ot Sedalia with that to the north.

General Geo~

Few feet Blue shale

Fe~ruslnoue sandstone

15-20 tt .. Chert present ltsbt ehnle 0·150 tt ~1eto111ne

1 I) I t limestone n. U 11.H!U l .. , '11 n r I .,,. Chouteau . ao-ao tt Sylntno;re ·Ot" Phelps

! I! t mn.ii 1 111111tr Iii i • • .. 15·30 tt Herd dove* colored limestone Cbonehoidsl ~'")re.otutt~

I; Ill I ...... ·.• I 1111ne g.?a1ne4 .· ';,'111te send stone

3ette~aon · 200-500 Gray dolomite c1·tv Roubidoux 100.200 Gray c~etallina Dolmnite

p r l I I . r I I I Ill I u1-. I ' ' I I •I• HT ••t mr 1 I I m 300 nolcm1te and eandstov.a 60 Gra:1 Do1om1 te 3.

Table II· classification d Kinderhook.Formations in Missouri· southwestern ... Central : r~or£beastern I~issour1 • l~issouri . Missouri : • Pierson ...• ..• Chouteau Nortnview Chouteau : Hann!f5a1 ohJ:>uteau Louisiana ... t Eurelra or .• Syle.more : Eave:rton Noel. with : or Phelps • . end . Sylamore ! . Grassy Creek :

Definition Whe Chouteau. limestone was defined and named as eat'ly as 1853 by P:r.ofesso:r swallow; wh.od;'ound 1 ts beds well devel- . 1 oped at Chouteau Springs in Cooper county. Swallow recog- nized two divisio-ns of the Qhouteau limestone. The upper division consists ar forty to fitty feet of thick-bedded, brownish-gray, e111oo-rnagnesian limestone which contains I very few tos.sils. At nisny places in central Missouri this upper portion is entirely absent. Thelower part is a fine- gre.ined, compactt blue to drab limestone which breaks with a conchoidal fracture and occurs in irregular, thin beds. This lo.ver division is present throughout most of central Missouri and is often quite tosailiferous, containing a char-

acte~istic Kinderhook fauna. Location of the Area The area examined by the writer inolud.es parts or Pettis, Benton, Henry, st. Olai:r, Polk. and Green counties in central Missouri, and extends nearly to the southern bound.a.ry of the state. See Plate I. ~

1. Swallow, G•. c., ,~ Geology of Missouri: '111e 1st and 2nd Annual Reports ot the Geological Survey of L1'1ssouri, p. 101-103, 1855. PLATE I

LOCATION ·oF THE THESIS AREA WITH RELATION TO THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES

.---, Thesis area l..---' s.

Topography of the Are~ Most o.f the area lies within three plateau regions. namely, the Scarped Plains, the Springfield Fla.in and the Central Plateau. !'late I shows the relation of these phys!ographic provinces both to the area studied and to 2 t~e other divisions or the Ozark Highland. The scarped Plains ie the westernmost province of the area. See Plate II. ot the three pro-vinces, thia 1s the 10\Vest, with a general elevation at 800 to 850 feet. It is underlain by rocks of Mississippian and Pennslyvanian age, the former outcropping mainly along the ee.ste?*n edge, and forming the Burlington escarpment. ·on the Sca.xaped Plains which are still fn their topogi»aphic youilh, the reli~t in general is low. ranging.from 100 to 200 feet. Because of this low :relief, outcrops ot the Chouteau limestone are difficult to find except where one or two or the larger streams, as Teboe Creek and its t~1bute.r1es, cut deeper into the plateau surface. The Springtield Plain occupies the western part of the lower half of the· area. Its general elevation· var1ea from 1, 000 f'~eet in the northern pa.rt to 1,.300 feet in its southern portion. Around Sp:ringtield. the surface of the plain is level, but becomes more and more dissected north- ward as ·Osage River is approached. Much of the Springfield Plain is maturely dissected and the ?Use1ss1pp1an rocks which~v.re present in most of the a:rea a.re· thus well exposed.

2. Sauer, c. o. ,_ The geography ot the Ozark highland. of Missouri: "Geogr'aphfc_a1·· So'ciety of Chicago, Bull. 7, p. 62. 1920. PLATE II. ,.I

RELATION CF PHYS~RAPHIC PROVINCES TO THE THESIS AREA. 7. The third prov·1nce which forms the western part of the Central Plateau is underlain mostly by Ordovician and younger rooks, It is the most highly dissected of the three regions and has a relief of 250 to 300 feet. Rocks of Miss- issippian age are present in that part or the region which is west of Warsaw and of Pomme de Terre River. Because ot the mature dissection ot the region, outcrops are numerous.

\ Drainage of the Ar~~ The greater pa:rt of the area is drained by Osage River and its tributaries. Osage River flows through st.

Olai~ and Benton counties and on into the hill1 country to the east where 1 t joins l\!issouri Ri vex- just bey-ond Jefferson City. ·Grand River and one of its tributaries, Teboe Creek, drain a consid.erable area. in Hem"y and western Benton counties. Extending through the canter of the area in a north and south direction. the Pomme de Terre sende. the d.rainage northward to tbe Osage. ~be Weableau is a smaller t~ibutary which drains the Ge~ster-weableau district. In Greene county the Sac River is the Ohiet stream.• Only one exception to the Osage River system or any importMce is encountered in the "a!'e~."-· Flat Creek dr~ins the southern part of Pettis county and tlows northward to join !t!1saour1 Rivet' by a more direct route than if it were to flow southward and join the Osage. To approach any of the rivers or $treams mentioned, except Flat Greekt ie to get at once into a very rugged country where bluffs are numerous and outcrops abundant. .8· . CUlture of the Area The area. is traversed by the follav ing railroads: The Missouri, Kansas and Texas; the Kansas City, Clinton arid Springfield; the st. Louis and Soutbeast.ern, and two branches of the M1ssour1 Pao:lfic. All of these railroads qre confined to the northern and western parts of the area and m.uob o~ the interior of the tregion cannot be reached except by other means. The gl'eater pwt ot the area is now becoming quite accessible by the new roads which are being built all over the ·state. Highways connect Sedalia with Warrensbu~g and Kansas City on one side, and witb St. Louis on the other. Sedalia is also connected with Springfield b'S" two good gravel roads,· one leading southwest to Clinton and Osceola, the other more direct through Bolivar. Moe t or the smaller towns are .connected by roads that are at lea.st passable. The Missouri Highway Commission issues annually num- bered highway maps which should be secured before going into the region •. The highways usually follO'JV the divj.des,. thus avoiding the rougher country. It is often necessary, therefore, in locating outcrop~ to leave the main road. When this is donet information concerning the roads should be secured by asking more than one person if possible. llotel and tourist accomodations are fair, varying with the locality. It is highly advisable, hoviever, to 'be pre- pared for camping at all times, especially when leaving the highway. Es~en provisions are hard to obtain in some or the more·secluded districts. 9. Field work and Methods The field work which forms the basis for th1e report was done during July and August, of 1926 e.nd July, 1926. The trips were made in an ordinary Ford ca:r equipped with a

one-ton truck body which was ar~anged conveniently for camp- ing w1 thout a tent. A Truxel axle or t•Mountain Gem:a 0 was

added to the eq~1pment· of the car during the J~econd field~ season. '!'his added gea~ proved <:L considerable help 111 olimbing the steep, rough and. numeroue hills in the region. Due to the roughness or the flint covered roads, extra tubes and spare tires had to form a major part of the accessory equipment of the car. The work was begun by ·obse:rving the Kinderhook section

in the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad quf~rry at Sweeney. titteen miles northeast of Sedalia. At this locality the entire central M1seolll'1 Kinderhook series with its strati- graphic relations to the Bu:rl:tngton limestone above and the Devonian formations below is exposed in the quaPry f aoe one- bundred and twenty feet high. At Seda11a the Chouteau lime- stone was located and traced southward. During the.second. sum.mer tbe type section at Chouteau Springs was also visited. In tracing the Chouteau limestone southward :r:rom Sed- alia, as man:r outcttops as· possible were located. A combined use was made of the state Highvmy map, the topographic quad- ranges or the area and the la~ge areal geologic map ot M1asouri, issued in 1922 by the Missouri Geological Survey. The relation between roads. topography, and areal geology was in this way determined. Wben an outcrop was once located, 10,

its thickness was measured by rueru'ls, . t a band level or rule; notes were taken on the lithology, thickness and structure, and fossils were collected from each bed and labelled. with

the co~responding bed number~ The specimens were packed im- mediately in ca;rdboard boxes or sacks and given a locality name. As soon as .possible a wooden box was secured, the material packed, and. shipped direct to the le.bora.to17. '!'his

kept the load as ligh~ as ~ossible on the c~f and insured the safe keeping of the specimens. P.. cknowledgments The writer is indebted to Dr. R. O. 1i!oor·e of the Itansas State Geologica 1 surve7 tor suggesting the p!loblem presented in this theaia, for advice 111 planning the field work. and eepeoially for aid in the identification of the fossils. The wr1 ter> is . also indebted to Dr. WalteF H. Schoewe. A.esoc:ta.te Profeaso?' or Geology at the University ot Kansas, tor the many sugges .... tions and helpful critioiams 1n the writing or this repovt. Special thanks are due also to the w1~iter' s tether who ac- companied her into the field and made it possible to carry on the ~eoessary field wor-k. OHAPT:&.it II

HISTORY Qi' GEOLOGIC n~trESTIGATIO!! IN

CENTRAL li!BSO!JRI· AND· ADJOIM;i:~G AREAS

.ln one ot the earliest reports of the Missouri Geol- ogical SU?'vey, Professor G. o. swallo\v described a sucees- e1on or strata which he found best developed near- Ohoutee.u 1 Springs, in cooper County. 'ro these strata he gave tlle name 0

Me.rion, Coope~, Boone, Moniteau, Benton, St. Clair and l'olk 2 counties.

Swallow. in his ~eport tor the south-western branch or the l'aoif io railroad published in 1859, mal-tes no mention or the Chouteau lime.stone, but reports the occurrence of· the . \ Chemung group in St .. Louis, Webster. Green, Taney, Stone, 3. LawFenoe> Mewton and McDonald counties. l. swallow, G. c., The let and 2nd Annual Reports of the Geo leg i cal survey of ?tii ssou.ri, p. 102, 1955 o 2. ibid, P• 103. 3.· $v1allow,- G. o., Geological Report

they referred to the group or~ to the formation.

It is in Broadhead's report also, t~at doubt is thrown on the Ohemung agtl of these formations, including the Chouteau 11 limestone·. Broad.bead does 'not commit himself' on the matter

of age. but me~ely states that paleontological work eeeme to t11r0Vi.r .doubt on the assumption that the Chemung G:roup of Missouri is.equivalent to the Chemung series of New York.

4. Broadhead, G. C.,.Reports on the Geologioe.l Survey of the State of L~iasour1, 1855-.71, P• 45, 18'13. · · 5. Ibid, P• 141. 6-. Ibid, P• 174. 7. Ibid, p. 295.

8. Broadhead, G. C.,·Report o~ the Geological Survey of the State of Missouri for 1873-74, p. 67,. 1874. 9. Ibid, P• 182 p. 10.Ibid,' ,, 26 11.Ibid, P• 26. 13. The pale.ontological work mentioned was that of Meek · and Worthen which had been done sometime previous to this; in 18Gl. Not only had they changed the name of the group from Chemung to Kinderhook, but had also expressed the 12 opinion that these strata. wette Lower Carboniferous 1n age. Between 1995 and 1905, a. number ot studies were ma.de on the fauna and stratiSI'aphy of the strata included. in the Kinderhook group. The men most active ·1n this werk were Williams, Rowley, Keyes,. and Weller. As the various Kinder- hook formations are very local, and as these men were· studying the succession at various places, there was much controversy on the subp ct.· Rowley devoted himself mainly to studying the taunas of these beds, and comparing them \Vith the fauna. of the 13 Burlington limestone, .1ust above,. which he also stucUed. He describes a number of new gene:re. and species f'rom the Chouteau limes.tone and related formations, but of most im- portance al'e his determinations of the ranges ot some or the toss~l!J•

12. Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H., Illinois Geological Survey: Vol. 1, P• 108-110, 1866. 13. Rowley, R. ·R•, Rnnge ot Chouteau fossils, American Geologist: V~l. 121 p. 49 .... 50, 1893. Two new genera and some new species of fossils from the Upper Paleozoic Rocks of Missouri, American Geologist: Vol. 27, P• ·343.. 355, 1901. New species of fossils from the sub- Oarboniterous rocks of no:rtheastern Missouri, ·Amer- ican Geologist; Vol. 29, P• 303•310, 1902. Missouri paleontology (descriptions , or Echinodermata and other fossils), .American Geologist: Vol. 35, P• 301-311• 1905. . 14. In collaboration with Keyes, Rowley made a study of 14 the faunas at Louisiana, Missouri. In the paper present-· 1ng their results, the importance or studying separately the faunas of the sepa~ate beds of the Kinderhook gl!'Oup, is 15 emphasized. This was an important step rorward in studying the relationships of the Ohouteau limestone) as formerly collections had been made very carelessly from miscellaneous beds. some attempts at correlation ftnd of age detex-minnt1ons tor the whole Kinderhook group were also made. Keyes and Rowley proved to their own satisfaction at least? the carbon.. iterous age of the Chouteau limestone. They believed, however; that the other members of the Kinderhook group were Devonian in age, end thus seemingly verified the previous conclusions 16. . ot swallow and others. That tb.eywere wrong in this- lattel.'1 assumption, .is due ms.inly to a misinterpretation or the ev1· denoe presented. About this time Keyes was State Geologist ot Miss~i and under his direction studies of the geology or various 1'7 18 counties in Missouri were made by Bl'oadhee.d, Marbut, shep- 19 a.rd and others. 111.he Chouteau limestone and the Chouteau o.r

14. Keyes, c. R. and Rowley, R. R., Ve1ttical Range ot Fossils at Louisiana (Mo.); Iowa Academy of Science; Pr.4,p 26 ... 40, 1897 15. Ibid, P• 37. 16. Ibid, P• 40. I 17. Broadhead, G.c., Reports on Boone Count1 and the Ot.'S.~k up-· lif:t, Pii1ssour1 Geological survey; Vol. 12, pt 3, p380t 1898. 18. Marbut, O.F., Description of the Calhoun sheet, Missouri Geological survey; Vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 160, 1898. 19. Shepard, E. M., A Report on Greene county, Missouri ·Geol- ogical survey: Vol. 12. pt.·1, p. 13-245• 1898 15.

the Kinderhook group are both mentioned in these reports. By ·this:time :the entire group had been recognized by most geologists as being Lo.var Carboniferous in age, thus confirming the opinion expressed by Meek and Worthen in l8Gl . 20 . and reaffirmed by.1.ftbem in 1665~ Shapard at this time made

an ~xtensive study or the geology in Greene county and found tile Kindel-hook succession there apprently quite different 21 · trom the .Kinderhook farther north. lTeanwhile, W1111e.ma and Weller had not .been idle. In 1855• Weller published an article on the fauna of the Kinde:r- 22 hook. The term Chouteau is used in the article, but this term as Welle:r explains is considered by h:im to be inter .. ·Changeable with the term Kinderhook and the taune. of the entire Kinderhook gl.1oup ia discussed as a unit in the paper.

~:ellev, e.s had.. Keyes and Rowley in their study at Itouisinna, came to the coriclusion that the Kinderhook fauna was Devon-

1an in age. -and that v~hile it is not equivalent to the 23 Chemu.~g ot New York, is reall7 contemporaneous with it.

20. Meelt, F. B., and Worthen• A. H., Illinois Geological SW?vey; Vol. I, P• 1oa... 110. 1866~ 21. Shepard, E. )l., A report on Greene county, Missoutti Geological Suttvey: Vol. 12, Pt. 1, P• 13·245, 1998. 22. Weller, Stuart, 'A. Circum-insulal'i Paleozoic fauna; Journal of Geology: Vol. 3, P• 903·91'7; 1895. 23. Ibid, P• 916, 1895. 16. The following year this conolus1on was refuted very euacesafully by Williama, who proved conclusively that tbe 24 fauna is Carboniferous in affinities rather than Devonian. Williama made few eontributions·t~ the study of the Chouteau limestone and this is the most important one. but it alone ie invaluable. This paper caused the change in opinion al?'eady mentioned as to the age or the Kinderhook group. Weller also was convinced of the ..carboniferous age Of the ·series, for in his paper on "The Olassification of the M1esiss1pp1an Series" published in 1898, he includes the Kinderhook group OF series as the basal member ot his Mississippian • . Two year a later; Weller published the first of am 1m· 26 portant eeries of studies on the Kinderhook formations. These studies 1vere probably a dix•ect result of the recognition of the fact .that the K1nde:rl1ook fauna· 1s not a single fauna . . 27 but 1a composed of, several faunas. Although no certain one of these' studies' was. e'onoerned witl1 the fauna of the Chouteau

. 24. Williama, H. s., On the Origin or the Chouteau Fe.tme., Jourx1al of Geology:, Vol. 4, p. 285, 1896. 25. Weller, . Stuart, Classification of the Mi ssiss1pp1an Series, Journal of Geology: Vol. 6, P• 303-3141 1898. 26. Weller, Stuax-t, Kinderhook Faunal Studies. I. St. Louis Academy of Science: Tr. 9~,:!i P• 9;;i5lt-?.(:l899•'·'.. II~ St. Louis Academy of Science: . 'fr. 10, p. 57•129, 1900-. III. st. Louis Academy of Science: .Tr. 11, P• 147-..Sl4t l~Ol~ IV. St. Louis Academy of science: Tr. 16, P• 435-471, 1906. v. Geological society of America: Bullo 201 . P• 265-332, 1909.

27. Weller, Stuarti Kinderhook Faunal Studies I• st~ Louie Academy of Science: Tr. 9, P• 9, 1899. 1'7. limestone, the general relations of the Kinderhbok eer~es' I were much better understood after their publication~Cor- relat1ons on the basis of fauna mainly are made inj'these· papers between various members or the Kinde~hook;f.n diff e~ent J' local1 tie a. New genera and species typical cf ,/the Kinderhook, i / and some o.f the Chouteau limestone are described. A Ehort discussion of the Chouteau limestone is included in the study 28 · of the Fern Glen tauna. In this discussion, Weller points out particularly that the Chouteau limestone cannot be re- garded always as merely the uppermost member of the Kinderhook series. In central Missouri it actually comprises most of the Kinder-hook series. Sea Table II. Up until this time much error in t"t1e use of the word Chouteau bas been prevalent, part of 1 t being due to the above tact which was not undei-- stood. By his faunnl study of the Kinderhook, Weller cleared · up many points of stratigraphy and of correlation which had troubled students of the 'Kinderhook for years. He had attempted ea:rlier to correct the, sequence or Kinder-hook forma.tions in 29 southern Missouri as dasor1b&d by Shepard, and these faunal studies proved that his earlier interpre~ation had. been es- 30 sentially correct.

28. Weller, Stuart, ,Kinderhook FaU.ne.1 Stud.ies V, Geologioe.l Society of .America: Bull, .20, P• 321-322, 1909. ' 29. Shepwd, E. M. ,. A .Report on Green county and the Oza:rk uplift,: ?t!issoul.1'1 Geological Silrvey: Vol. 12,. P• 13, 1898. 30. Weller, Stuart, CorPelation ot the Kinderhook formations of Southwestern Missouri, Journal ot Geology:, Vol. 9• P• 130-148, 1901. ia,.

, , , "· ·- ,.,,./ ,/" since the publication of the faunal .studie~·-Of Weller, ,. . , , / ,./ . little mention ha.a been made or the Chouteau limestone in literature, although in sane of the more recent county reports or the Missouri survey, it has been described 1n those counties 31 where it occurs. In 1916, Keyes added two contributions to the liter- ature. One of these articles is more or less a review or 32 material already published on tbe Ohouteau limestone. The other is the beginning of the investigation ct an interesting problem; the determination of the extent of the· Chouteau fauna outside of the Missouri and Illinois areas and of the Kinder- 33 book fauna throughout.the world. The follaving year, Raymond ·a,. Moo!'e, tl1en n student under* Weller at Chicago, wrote a thesis on. "The Stflatigraphy ot the Kinde?'hook·group in western Illinois and Misaour1 11 in whioh the Chouteau limestone was ot course included. Thie 34 pnpe~ was published in.abstract only.

I Welle~ made one more ver1 important contribution to the litera.tur•e concerning the Chouteau limestone. In a monograph on the liisaiss~ppifln1 brachiopoda a?le included . ! '

31. Rowley, R, R.t Geology ot like County, Missouri Bureau Of Geology and ill.nee: Vol. Bi (2), P• 36, 1907. 32. Keyes, O. R•t ·Terranal affinities or the Original Chouteau limestone, Iowa Academy of Soience: Pr. 23, P• l13t· 1916. 33.· Keyes, O~il •• Wide areal extent of the Chouteau limestone,. Sc.1enc.o, n.·P., Vol. 44, p. 68, 1916. 34. lloore, R. c., "The st?•atig11>apby of the Kinderhook group in western Illinois and Misaouri, 0 Illinois Academy of Science: T?-. '91 P• 211, 1917. 19. plates and descriptions bf all of the important fossil species to be found in the M1as1ssipp1en rocks of the interior, in• 35 eluding those ot the Ohoutee.u limestone. To any student of the Chouteau fauna this book is an invaluable reference. <>The most recent mention of the Chouteau limestone has been made by Greg~ in "The Devonian·of central Missouri'* where he gives sections or the Chouteau at several localities 36 where it occurs just above the Devonian. In a bulletin pub· lished by Branson, a general summary or the relations and. . 37 characters ot the Chouteau limestone of Missouri is given.

35. Welier,. Stuart,, Monog1'apb of the l!issiseipp:lan B:raoh101:>oda. of the Mississippi valley basin, Illino~a Geological Survey. '.Monograph IJ .1914. 36. Greger, D. K., Devonian of, central ?"!issour:t, American Jourr1al o~ S,?1ence: Vol. 50, P• 20-24, 1920. 37. Branson, E. B., Geology of Miaaouri, Missouri University Bulletin 19, Mo. 15, P·• 66,. 1918., CHAPTER Ill THE ·CHOUTEAU LIMESTONE CF THE· 'l!HESIS AREA

Definition The Chouteau limestone or central ~issouri ma7 be de- fined as a buff to blue. fine-grained, dense, hard limestone from 30 to 50 feet thick. It occurs in thin irregular beds, and contains a characteristic Kinderhook faunao At some local1tiee this formation :is divided into an upper and lower member. Immediately overlying the Chouteau limestone 1a the Bt.Jlilington limestone. The latter is a massively bedded, coarsely crystalline limestone, and is easily identified by the abundance of 'crinoid remains of which it is me.inly composed.

The Chouteau limestone ~eets oonformably upon the Phelps

ro~mation which 1a a thin and variable bed of light green sandstone that at some places grades into a conglomerate or the same 00101?. Areal Extent The Chouteau limestone ex-ope out along the eastern edge o:r tlle Sea.1"ped and Spl"ingi'ield. plains. The outcrop forms an ·

irregular nar1"0W belt around the edges of these upland areas

and is never more than a mile o~ two wide in an east-west

~'.direction. PLATE III.

PLATE III. LOCATION OF SECTIONS Section 1 - Dresden section 2 Flat Creek . t1 3 - Leesville -t' .. 4 - Warsaw "1l 5 - Avery 5 - Gerster "11 7 - Weableau n 22.

The Chouteau limestone can be traced southward from

Chouteau·springa in Coope~ county to Weableau in Eickorr county~ Outcrops oec~ in southern Pettis. eastern Henry, southern Benton, easte:rn st. Clair, and central Hickory counties. See Plate III. The,upper member is absent at the Plat Creek exposure, at Leesville, and at Warsaw. It 1s present, but not well exposed at Avery and Gerster. The lower member is present at all of the localities. Description

The Chouteau limestone of cent~al Missouri consists of two members. The upper of these is a buff colored, massively bedded, magnesian limestone which is usually un- tosa111feroue, but which contains eherty concretions, geodes, and veins or calcite, or nodules of iron pyrites. This mem- ber is moat typically developed near Sedalia and is locally ·1 known as .the Sedalia limestone. The lower member·. is a blue to butf, fine-grained, pure, and highly fossilif erou~ limestone mich oooura in thin

~rregular beds. Numerous shale partings a:t'e usually p1--eaent and irregular lenses or bands of chert are common. outcrops of the Chouteau limestone are extremely dif- ficult to find. •. It usually occurs at the base of nearly vertical cliffa formed b1 the weathering of the massive Burlington limestone, and is often covered by the talus slopes

1. Moore, R. o., Stratigraphy of the Kinderhook Group 1n western Illinois and Missouri - unpublished manuscript. 23.

formed from the.la?'ge amount of chart weathered out of the

higher fo~mation. Where the Chouteau limestone is the sur- face formation, it forms low rounded hills o:r benches with a deep soil covering.

The Chouteau limestone decreases gradually f~om 60-70 feet in thickness in northern Pettis county to less than 20 feet in central Hickory oounty. Before tracing the Chouteau limestone routhwnrd f'rom Sedalia, the type locality at Chouteau Springs and the

Mi esouri. Kansas and Teaas quurrj" .nt SvveEmey we~e vis1tedQ A description of the sections observed at those places is included in the text tor purposes of compnr-ison and correl- ation with other sections found •

.[~~tion a~-c~outeau·sE~ing~ •At Chouteau Springs both members of the Chouteau limestone are present, the formation reaching a total thickness of 70 feet. The upper member is the typical buff colored nmgnesian limestone and is ba.r:ren or tossils,. The lower member. however, is ext:remely rossil- iferoue. Only the lower beds of the uppeP membeJ:J and a part of the lcw er. membeP were observed by the write?', and the nature ·of the contacts ia not known. These beds have been fully 1 desOl"ibed by $wallow.

~action at ~~eenex - south or the type locality, at Sweeney, over sixty feet of Choutea~ limestone is exposed 1n the face

o! the MiseoUJ:l1a l\a.nsae and Texas quarry. The beds are similar l.Swallow, G. c., lat and 2nd Annual Reports, Missouri Geol- ogical survey, p. 101. 1853. 24. of those at Chouteau Springs, but can be observed more in de- tail than at the type locality where the only exposures are scattered along the atren.i"n bedse

'11he upper member is 3'7 feet thick. Al though it is usually unfossiliferous, sane highly fossiliferous aha.le partings of 1/4 to.l/2 inch in thickness were found between the maso1ve 11mesto1"le bads. Here the upperi me~ber passes quickly into the lower one. Tbe lowe?l meml,er is me.de up of a number of beds of varying charac·ter, · the upper ones characterized by shale pa:etings end a somewhat magnesian·composition, the lower ones by the presence of chert seams and lenses, and a more massive bedding~ The.lower beds.are separated from the dove· colored Devonian limestone by 2 to 5 inches of Phelps sandstone~ l ·section at ik.ieeney Mfssouri · Feet Inches Burlington limestone: TJimestonc, bluish.;. gray, coarsely crystal- line~ crinoidal, very ~aesively bedded 35 L:i1r1estone, light blue, magnes:ie.n, middle part shaly 5 Sedalia limestone: r,,imestone, light blue, magnesian, f1ne- g1'1S.lned, vo~y massive, chert in bands 37 6 Chou·teau limestone: L:trnestone, bluish clrab, slightly mottled, compact, with sharply oonchoida.1 fracture .. Bods thin, i1odular, sepa1~ated by wavy shale partings · 2 Limestone, d.1,,.ab• fine, -granule:r, fracture sub-conchoidal, bea.s rather massive, slightly nag~esian 3

Limestone, bluish gray~ oompact,.with sharply conchoida.l fracture, .•.,,1th thin nodular 1Jeds, chert in disoontinuoue bands. Persistent shale seam 3 ft. 9 ino from base 8 1. Moore, R. c., Stratigraphy or the Kindei-hook Group in western Illinois and Missouri - unpublished manuscript. 25. Chouteau 11mesto~e (contd.) -Feet Inches Limestone, ·grayish brown, fine granular, mottled witll small elongate patches of dark bluish gray~. probably organic in origin. Chert seam at top._ l 7 Limestone. brownish drab, darker than above, dense compact with sharply conchoidal fracture. Thin uneven layers with wavy shale p~tings, occasional calcite vein~ e.nd ~1llings. l 5 Limestone, brownish gray, tine-grained, dense, rather massively bedded. Persistent chert band at top. 8 Limestone. light buff to gray, tine grained, chara.oter!zed by rather uniform, even bade, 2 to e inches in thickness which a.re ae}l- arated by thin shale parting. Persistent prominent shale bands at top and bottom. 5 ,6 Phelps sandator1.e: sandstone, .light green, calcareous, ehaly, rathe~ uniform textu~e and very persistent 1 . Devonian limestone: Limestone, b:rowniah drab, very compact, dense, with sharply conohoidal fractu~e, massive. A lighter, more dove-colored rook\ than the Chouteau limestone. 19

Section at~ 'Dre·sden • West of Sedaliat near Dresd'en.- 'the Chouteau limestone was ·ob:served along the banks of Big Muddy . Creek. Both members a.re present and are typ1c8.lly developed. The tt>p of the uppel:l member is ver"f oherty here, and a special feature of interest at this locality is the presence of many · ·large chert geodes filled with crystalline calcite and a tarlike substance resembling petrolemn residue. The upper 6 to 9 fee.t of this member was observed underlying 2 teet ot red soil oontaining numerous fossil eorale and a large e.mount of chert. A little to the north of this exposure and at a higher elevation is an outcrop or Burlington limestone. /~;:::::::::~-...... '( 26 ..; "~-~.-·~ _____ ,,...

An outcrop of the lowe~ member of the Chouteau lime- stone occurs at the base.of the same bill near the top of which the. uppe:r member is exposed. Only _a to 10 feet .of the· lower member crops out in the bed of the stream, the rest being covered by slide and soil fo~ming the hill slope, but it 18 probable that nearly its maximum thickness is present here.

The lower membe~ is a dense hard, fine-grained limestone weath- ering to a·buff or g:ray, and :resembles very closely similar ' outcrops in the _stream beds in the vicinity of Chouteau Springe.

All·of the lowe~ beda exposed are very fossiliferous. The fos- sils, as are those at Chouteau Springs. are filled with crys- talline calcite. so that they often break along the calcite cleavage planes when an attempt ia made to extract them from the au)riounding harder rock. The section at Dresden is e.s follows:

Section at Dresden Feet Inches Burlington limestone: ---- Limestone, blue, coarsely c~~stal11ne, even-grained, composed of crino1d remains 5 6 Chouteau limestone: Upper member: Limestone, hard, flinty. buff to blue with very oherty portion. The top beds contain large chert nodules filled with crystal- line calcity and a tarr7 substance resemb- ling petroleum residue. Fossils absent 6-8 Soil 20·25 Lower Member: Limestone; hard, pure, blue to gray, in thin irregular bed.a. Highly fossiliferous 27.

section on Flat ~eek - Eight or nine miles south of Dresden, on Flat Creek, ·is another outcrop or Obouteau lime~ stone. Onl1 the lower tv10 or three feet of the lower member is exposed, overlying the same Devonian limestone that 1e present at Sweeney. The Phelps sandstone was not observed, but as it is generally very thin in this pa~t of the country, ' ' it is probably cove!'ed by the foot or so of soil which sep~ a.rates the exposed beds of the Chouteau limestone from the top ot the Devonian limestone. The lowest beds exposed are ver:y hard, dense and blue, and are fairly fossiliferous, although .the toss1ls are not so abundant as at Dresden. Above these lower blue beds is exposed a foot or so of gray, ooaree- gra 1ned limestone containing an abundance of erinoid stems.

Supe~ticially these beds appear to ~esemble the. Bu~lington limestone. Upon closer examine.t1on1 however, they ~e seen to weather into thin laminae, which is not characteristic of the Bu:rlington. crhe limestone is also not so coarsely cr:rstalline, and the crinoid remains a~e fine~ and smaller than those present in the Burlington limestoneo These beds are much sotte:r than the other beds of the Chouteau limestone.· The section exposed on Flat Creek is as follO\~s:

section on Flat Creek . ~Inches Chouteau limestone: Limestone, gi-ay crinoidal, with poorly pr-eserved tossils

Two beds of ha~d blue limestone in thin beds 5 Ona toot of soil (cove~s Phelps ss.?} 1 Devonian limestone: Massive, dove-colored rock, with extremely sharp conohoida.1 fracture. Calcite 29 •. Devonian contd. ----Feet Inohes crystals scattered through it.. .No f ossilfJ. Onl7 top expoeed . 5

Section at Leesville - Because of the 10\v relief in the region juat south or Sedalia. outcrops are extremel7 difficult to find~ Most of the oountr~ is very level, the soil deep, and th.e streams seldom out through this soil mantle.· Mo other out- crop or the Chouteau limestone was found until Leesville, 15 miles to the southwest, was reached. This outcrop is in the valley of ·Teboe Creek, at the base of aJmrlington Bluff. Only a small pe.~t<.of' the seot1on is exposeCl, ·and this is found in several scattered outc~ops. TWO and a halt feet or the uppel' beds of the lower member are exposed at the base of the bluff. The bottom of the au~l- 1ngton is marked b.ere by a massive yellow ledge containing an . ' abundance of typiC)a.l BU.r11ngton b:re.ohiopods. The green shale below waa not obse:rved,· but a foot of' soil intervenes between the yellow Bul'lington limestone and the· exposed portion Of the

.tfhe Ohou~eau limestone exposed is pa.rt Chouteau. limestone. or the upper ... moat bed.a of the lower member, the upper membe:r being e11tirely absent at this locality. The beds exposed nre ·of an extremel1 hard, bl:-ittle, fine-grained blue limestone in the characteristic ir:regular thin beds. Well preserved fossils .. are abundant, although rather difficult to extract because or the extreme'bardneas of the rook •. East of this exposure, in the bed or a gully five feet lowev, about two more feet of the limestone crops out. T~1.s bed is of a hard, dense, blue lime- stone with an abundance or chert in bands and lenses as is 29. present in the.lo.ver. beds at Sweeney .. Although so littla of· the section is· exposed, it .is extimated that at least 15-20 feet of the Oho~teau limestone is prese·nt in this re- gion. The . lowe~ contact was no·t round. but the beds obea:rved are typical of the Chouteau limestone of the region to the north, and it ia highly probable that.the lower membe~ is · developed heFe to nearly its average thickness. The section at Leeaville follows! Section at Leesville Feet Inches Burlington limestone: - Typical g~ay Burlington limestone in a bluff face. Lower 2 feet a heavy y~llow ledge with numerous·fossils 10 Soil (Gt'een shale not observed) 1 Chouteau limestone: Limestone. hard, blue with sharp fracture. l!"ossils well preserved· and tairily num~rous 2 Soil 5 Hard, blue limestone with abundant chert in thin irregular bands, metallic ring to weathered fragments 2 6 soil Limestone, he.rd,, blue, fossils re.re, ' fttacture sharp · l

Gray, or1no1dal ~imeetone 2·

8eot1on at Warsa\V ... Two exposures or Chouteau limestone were found at t'Jarsaw, ten miles or so ea.at of Leesville. One or theae exposures at Laird's Bluff southwest of the town of Wa~saw, is the most complete section or the lowel' member found. Here it was possible to study the Chouteau limestone bed by bed and· to obtain a complete fauna. 30.

Forty o~ fifty teet of But-lington limestone forms a nearly vertical blu.ff at the foot or which is a compa1"atiitely gentle slope to the river. ~1he base of .the Burlington is marked here as at Sweeney and Dresden by two heavy ledges of

a ve~7 hard, dark, siliceoua limestone divided by a foot or more of gtaeen·shale. The upper bed 1s light blue to tan gray in colOP, thinly bedded, e.nd contains· numerous shale partings.

~wo prominent cbe~t bands a~e present, one thl,ee f.eet below the top, the other at.the base of fue bed. A persistent she.le band was noted four feet below the top of the bed, the entire thickness of the bed being ·s feet. Below the chert band the limestone changes rapidly. This ·is the most toss111fel"ous part of the enti:re section, and also contains the most representative Chouteau fauna. In lithology this bed also resembles most closely, tb.e typical lower beds at _Chouteau: .Springs, and at J?ttesden. The limestone is lighter

in color th~ at those places, appXto£uJhing a blue-gxaay, but ia very fille•gl'ained. dense and hard with a sharp f:ractu1~e. A tnirly persistent shale band occu:r-s one foot above the bottom or the bed which attains a tbiolmees of 4 feet. A chert band

marks its lov1e~ limit. The bed immediately below exhibits gxaeat variability.

lt is a tine grained~ ebaly limestone varying oona1dera.bly in hardness. Oherty concretions in i1.. regu.lar lensing beds ar¢ present,_ and shale partings are numerous. The limestone is

dense, ·fine-grained, dark in 00101.. and contains no fossils. 31.

Several irregular beds follow in which sbnle partings are numerous. The limestone also is high in shale content, and chert bane.ls are not uncommon. ~11ese beds are sparsely fossiliferous.

The next se~ies of beds is distinguished rran the rest or the section by their crinoida 1 chal:'aoter. The limestone is blue gray., crinoidal. massive, and with numerous shale part- ings. These beds wee.the!' into thin laminae and are similar to the gray crinoidal beds ro~nd southvrnst of Sedalia. The two lowett beds of the section are of dark, fine- grained. blue limestone· a?d hnve the same general appearance as the lowel' blue beds also observed at Flat Creek. The bottom bed is iron stained, and the te.irl'y abundant fosslle are highly oxidized. The lowest.bed rests upon l to 1-1/2 inches of light g:reen she.ly sandstone., the Phelps sand.stone. Below the Phelps is a massive gray siliceous limestone of probably Ordovician age. The section at Warsaw is as follows:

Section at Warsaw ~ Inches BUrl1ngton limestone: Orino1dal. coarsely orystallina, very tossiliferous 40-50 Massive limestone, very hard and dense, blue to tan, fine grained. Typical Burlington fossils. 2-3 Green shale 1 Bed l - Massive limestone, same in appear~ ance as bed just above the green shale. Fossils a.re mingled BUrlington and Chouteau species. Transition bed. 2-3 32. Chouteau limestone: -Feet· Inches Bed 2 • Irregular thin bedded limestone, shale partings common. Limestone tan-gray, fine gztained, dense 3 Persistent chert band of dull blue to tan. Fossiliferous 4 Beds 3 and 4 - Tan-gray limestone, fine grained, sharp fracture 8 Shale band 1 Ha:rd, tan-gi-ay limestone, very tine grained, dense, with she.rp fracture 6-10 2nd chert band 3 Bed 5 .. Tan-gray limestone, irregularly bedd.ed, very f'ine grained, dense, hard, shaly in some beds. Fossils abundant and most characteristic of the Chouteau fauna. 4 Chert band 3 3 Bed 6 • Fine grained, shaly limestone, vary-. ing in hardness. ContaL~s eherty oonoretione in irregular lensing beds. Shale partings numerous.. Limestone vory dattk, dense an.d fine grained.: No fossils. 3 Beds 7 and 8 - Very muddy limestone, fine grained, soft. Fossils scarce 3 Fine :grained, tan limestone, harder than the bed above 2·1/2 to 3 ft. Chert band 4. Bed 9 - Blue limestone, fairly hard and dense. In thin uneven laye~s 3 Bed lQ - Tan•gray limestone, very similar in texture to that in Bed 9. 2 to 2-1/2 ft. Thin bedded nodular limestone, light colored, soft muddy l Bed 11 • Orinoidal limestone, but denser than the Burlington. This varies quite markedly in amount of crinoidal mr;itter present. Tan to blue, massive l 33. Feet Inches Thin shaly layer - Orinoidal limestone 2 Shaly lajer Dense orinoidal limestone 1 .shaly layer Limestone, light to dark, blue, dense, veey hard, sharp fracture l Prominent :l\hals band . Bed 12 • Limestone, gray, medium grain, dense. less orinoidal than the bed above 4-1/2 Bed 13 • Maasive limestone, dark gr!ay, dense, slightly crinoidal 1 Chert band Ohe:rty limestone, very hard, fracture sharp. Fossil from this and Bed 12 highly oxidized l to 1-1/2 rt. Phelps eandetone: Thin band ot very fine grained, light green srndy shale. Varies in thickness 3 ,Ordovician limestone: Massive gray sandy limestone. Ve~y siliceous 1

Section at Ave!'! -.: At Avery, about 7 miles due south of Warsaw, fi'Ve o~ six feet of the Chouteau l~mestone was found exposed on the banks or Pomme de Terre River. The full section is present but all of it is _not well exposed. The beds exposed are the three lower beds of the lower member. The bottom. one is a massive ledge 2 feet thick, of a dark blue to·reddish limestone which is tine grained and hard, and breaks v11 th a. oonchoidal rr-acture. Above 1 t is another massive ledge of similar texture and appearance. The third bed is or gray to buff c~inoidal limestone weathering in thin laminae. These beds correspond to the lowe~ beds at Warsaw and at Flat Creek. 34.

The lowest bed rests conformably upon the Phelps sand- s tone which here consists of a green shale,.. sand, and con- glomerate successively and is much thicker than is usual farther north. The section is as follows.

-Feet Inches Burlington limestone Chouteau limestone . Lowe:r Member: Yellow c11inoidal limestone, very . sharp fracture 6 Gray, orinoidal limestone, weathered in thin layers. Green coloring in places. 1-1/2 Massive_ ledge· 1-1/2 Chert band Massive limestone, blue, hard, dense, conohoidal fracture Phelps sandstone: Green shale, light

qonglome~ate, light green sand matrix 12-14 Sandstone, white and :mottled g:reen ?

Section at Gerster .. At Gerster 12 ... 14 miles southwest of ' Averyt the Phelps sandstone and Chouteau limestone are su.r.face formations,, the width of outcrop of the two being possibly 1/2 mile wide. Southwest of the town of Gerster and whe~e the Collins road crosses Weableau Creek, there are 20 feet of Chouteau limestone between the base ·of the Burlington and the

~ top of the Phelps. ~bese beds are not well exposed, but are ver-y similar in appearance to those found at Weo.blee.u, which are described in the next paragraph. 35.

Section at Weableau - At Weablaau about 25 feet of Chouteau limestone is exposed. The upper 18-20 feet or this is hard, butr colored. magnesian limestone. Most of it is unfoasilif- erous with tl1e exception or the1 uppermost bed which contains an abundance o.f fossil .(:corals of only one species. These massive beds grade· slowly- into the lower irregular thin beds or gray to -blue, hard limestone occupying the lower 6 or B feet.or the section. The gradation is accomplished by an increase in the shale content or the lime, ano. apparent gradual lessening of the' magnesian oontent1 t11e appenranoe or numerous or1no1d fragments, the appearance of chert in: i:r)reguler bands, and a rathei-- l"!l.pid apps arance of a fossil fauna which be?'e consists. mainly of pent:ram1 tea and crinoida. · These lower beds consist of thin bedded sha.ly limestone w1 th numerous shale bands and some ohe:rt in bands·. The lower contact is not exposed but the total thickness observed is about 25 i"eet. Probably- only a tew feet were not exposed, making the section ae much as 30 feet in thickness. The following section 1a exposed:

Section at weableau. Feet Inches Bt.Wlington limestone: . . . - TJPical c~inoidal Burlington limestone 4-5 Bluish gray mud.dy limestone at the base of the Burlington l 1/2-2 Shale, gray to green 2 HeaVJ' ledge of limestone. same as above shale 1n appearance 1 1/2-2 36. Feet·----- Inches Chouteau limestone: Upp er Member: Denae, hard, buff-colored limestone. with conohoidal fr)acture. Numerous calcite geodes and veins common. Unfossiliferous except for the top bed which contains numerous specimens or one species of smell coral 18-20 Lower t.1ember: Thin bedded limestone of transitional lithologic character Shale band Massive ledge with numerous pentremitea 3 1/2-4 Chert band Beds of similar character, slightly he.rdel'

Summarz - A study of the sect ions just described indicates · seirere.1 progressive changes in the cha!'aoter of the Chouteau limestone. The most noticeable. of these ia the decrease in thieknesa from north to south. This decrease is indicated in the follov1ing table • • Chouteau Springs '70 ft. Sweeney 60 Dresden 30-40 Flat Creelt

Leesville ·~0-25

'INarsaw 35 Avery 25-30 Gerster , 20 Weableau 25-30 87.

This thinning takes place through a gradual decrease, and that of the lowe~ member at least is due to the original deposition, and not to later erosion. At Leesville and Warsaw the beds present all appea.x- to belong to the lower membe:r. There is reason to believe, however, that the entire

section at Warsaw does not belong to the lowe~ me1nbar, but

that the upper beds which contain a slightly diffe11ent fauna may belong to the bottom of the upper member, or represent transition befis between them. The absence the fUll section ,,,,, or ma~ be due to erosion. There is a gradual increase in shale content in. the limestone. The muddy ap:p9 a.ranee· of some or the beds increases southward and more beds take ~n this aspect. At Gerster and weableau·the entire formation :ts shaly. The lower bed's become lighter in color near the southern extension of the lime~tone. due to this change in shale content, and more beds beeomeJQt•ino1da.l. •0 ' The seo't'iona correlate fairly well, , partieule.l'ly the

lower beds, those beds having simila:r li.~hologio chru:-ncter usually containing similar faunas. Structure Like all ot tbe to:rrne.tiona on the northern slope or the · Ozark highland, the· Ohouteau limestone has a regional d.ip to the .north. In Pet·tis county it outcrops at about 750 feet but fa:rthe1~ south it occurs at a slightly higher elevation. At d . most places only this slight regional dip affects the beds, which appear to be practically horizontal. 38.

In the reg~on about Weablenu and Gerster some exceptional looal . dips were obaei:-ved, the one at Weableau a.i""nounting to nearly 15 feet to the nortln,est. The strata also dip north- west at.Gerster and at about the ean:e angle. Further north the .f orimtion is elltirely undisturbed. The formation is wedge shaped, thinning gra.dunlly from 50-60 feet at Chouteau Springs to less than 20 feet at Gerster. This amounts· to a decrease or about 10 inches per mile. 'rhe upper membe~ is massively bedded and contains geodes of calcite and aherty concretions, while the lower member occu1:-s in thin ir·regular beds nnd. c onto.ins lenses and bands of ahert and aherty concretions. ptrat1[f£aphic Position The Chouteau limestone is the principal limestone of the Irinderhoolt group, . which is lower Mississippian .in age.

In cent11 a.1 Missm1ri, the formatio11 comprises all of the Kin- derhook group, except_ that represented by the Phelps sandstone at the base. The Chouteau limestone rests oonforma~ly upon the Phelps sandstone which in turn shows progressive overlap in its relation to younger beds. The top of the Chouteau limestone is separated from the Burlington limestone of early Osage time by an U..i'leontormi ty marlred by a lie-)lt green shale. These relations rema.in constant throughout central Missouri. S.ee Plate IV. PLATE IV.

GENERALIZED SECTION OF FORMATIONS

IN CENTRAL MISSOURI Series Group Th. Burlington Limestone

60'

.Chouteau Limestone Upper Member

35 1

Lower Member

Phel s Sandstone Devon 1a.n De~onian Limestone ? Ordovician Limestone ? OHAPTFR IV

THE FAUNA OF THE CIICUTEAU LIMESTOME

In making a study of the Chouteau limestone, it wae located in the field mainly by 1 ta stratigraphic position,.

.lithology, and general a.pp earance. A careful bed by bed collection of fossils waa made, however, nt each of the localities described in Ohnpter III. The purpose ot these collections was two-fold: First, to study the fauna of the Chouteau limestone in general throughout the area, and, second, to make a compare.tiv~ study of the fauna of the Chouteau. limestone found at the various localities, and for purposes . of corl'elation\Y When the specimens had been identified, 1t we.e round

that the taunal observations ohecl~ed with the field obser- vations ae to the iqenti ty of the limestone studied. Ee.ch of the taunns studied was made up mainly of typical Kinderhook species,, and contained at lea.at some of the species· which are considered as being peculiar to the Chouteau limestone. An examination of the t<>llow1ng fauna.1 lists will verify this opinion • . Fauns. at D1,.esden The following species we11e obte.:fned at, Dresden: streptorhynohus t(!lnuioosttttum Ohonetes genieulatua Pt-oduotue ercuatus Rh1p1domella missouriensis· Schizophoria. chouteauenais Oanmt1otoeoh1a tuta Mille11 oamarotoeeh1a chouteau.ens:ts Welle?' Shumardella obeolens H&:ll Diela.ema.chouteauensis Sp1rifer lousianensis Braobyth1~is peculiaris Shumard Ret1culuria oooperenais 41.

All of these species a.re conunon Kinderhook species. Oamaz.otoechia tut~ and Spirifer louiaianensis nre the only ones which range upward into the ~lington, while a numbe~ of the species, as Streptorhynchus tenuicostatus, Sabiz- ophoria chouteauensia, Oamarotoeohia chouteauensis, Shum- ardella o"t?solens Hall, D1elasma ehouteauen~is and Brachy- thyrie peculiaris are limited to the Chouteau alone. Fauna from exposure on Flat Creek From the two lower beds of the Chouteau limestone, partl1 exposed on Flat Creekt the f ollovdng fauna was collected:

Leptenne ?· (young) sp. Productus e.rcuo.tv.s Productella sp. Rhipidomclla sp. Shmnardella obsolens Hall · Shumardella misso11riensis Camarotoechia chouteauensis Spirifer ep . . Spirif er louisianensis

Fauna at Warsaw The most complete fauna vms obtained from the ex- posure of Chouteau limestone found at Laird's Bluff nea~ Wwsaw. 'I'he species found are: Leptenae anologa (Phillips) Sehellw'ienella crenulioostata streptorhynchus tenuioosta.tum Cbonetes logani Chonetes glenpa:rkensis Weller ChOnetes burlingtonensia Oh.onetea. genicule.tus Productus sampsoni Weller P~oductus sedaliensis · Produotus arcuatus Produetus ovntus Productus blairi Miller Rhipidomella ap. 42.

Schizophoria sedaliensia Schizophoria chouteauensis. Camarotoechia choutee.uensis Paryphorpynchus sp. Rhynehotetra oaput-testudinatus Rhynchotetra ovatum Shumardella obsolens Hall Dielasma ahouteauensie Dielasma fernglenansis Weller Spirite~ina subtexta White Spirifer osagensis· · Spirifer missouriensis Spiri:fer latior · Sp1r1fel' plo.tynotus Spirifer gregeri Spirifer louisianensis Rowley Braehythyris chouteauensis Brachythyiiis peculiaris (Shumard) SJFingothyris typua Syringothyris sp. Spiriferella ? sohucherti Reticularia cooperensis Oliothyridina glenparkenais? Composite.? sp •. All of the species listed are Kinderhook species except

Spirife~ gregeri and Spir1ferella sohuoberti which are lower Burlington species. Spil'if'er gregeri is often found in the Chouteau limestone, however, and Spiriferella sohuoherti was found. in tl1e top bed which contains a mingled Burl·in.g- ton and Chouteau fauna. The species most common or peoul:ta?i to the'Ohouteau limestone are nearly all present. Fauna at Leesville Only the upper beds of the lower membe:r of the Chou- teau limestone are exposed at Leesville, but a fairly re- pres~ntative fauna was obtained as follows: Chonetes logan1 Chonetes glenpnrkensis Weller Prod.tictus sedaliensis Rh1pidome11a? diminutive.. Hustedia ciroularis Miller Shumardella obsolens Hall S:o1r1£er louisianensis Braohythyris peouliaris 43.

Syringothyris sp. Retioula~ia cooperensis This is again a typical Chouteau fauna; and compares favorably with the fauna of the beds at Warsaw. Fauna e.t Averz The beds at Avery belong to the base of the Chouteau limestone. The following species were collected theret Leptenae sp. (analoga) Chonetes logani? Chonetes sp. Chonetes but'lingtonensis Chonetes glenparkensis Productus arcuatus Produotus sp. Productus sampsoni Rhipidomella sp. Schizophoria ? ohouteauensis Oamarotoechia chouteauensia Shuma.rdella obsolens Hall Spirifer pla.tynotus Brachythyris peeulia.1,is Brachythy?Jis sp. Reticule.ria cooperensis. This ia also a t7pical Chouteau fauna. Fauna at Gerster' Fossfls were much less abund.rmt at Gerster, both in · numbers and in species. The specimens found are mostly small and some or them are poorly preserved. The following fauna was collected: Leptenae analoga Ohonetes .burlingtonensis Productus arouatus Productu.s sp. (n. sp.?) Rhipidomella. sp. Productella concentrica Cliorthydina ? sp. . Eumetria perstrialis ? Rowley carrarotoechia choU-eauensis Shumo.rdella sp. Spirifer louisianensis 44. Fauna at Weableuu At Weableau fossils are not abundant and those present a:re poorly preserved, making identification difficult in several oases. ,The following species were collected: ,;-,' Leptenae analoga Chonetea sp. Produetus sampsoni Rhipidornella misaouriensis? Rhipidomella thiema? Shumardella missouriansis? Sp1rifer louiaianensis Braohytbyris sp. It should be noted that teptenae e.na.loga and Produotus sampaoni, two ·or the fossils found most commonly.in the basal .beds, are present in this fauna, and in both cases they were so well preserved that their identity is unmistakable. A comparison of ~he faunas found at the different loc-

alities is shown in the following chart. Their ~ange is indicated in the column to the right. See Plate Vo .comparative Studz: of the Faunas A comparison of the faunas just described aids in a correlation of the sections and. also indicates the probable existence of certain raunal zones. - A study of the distribution of the species at Warsaw where the most complete fauna was found, forms a basis tor comparison with the less complete sections. Plate v;, Comparison of Faunas Found · Throughout· Central Missouri.

------;+~;:;;::;·

Leptenae analoga xix? x jX IK&LB Leptenae? sp I l ' ( Sohellwienella crenul1costata x l ! K Streptorhynohuo tenuicostatum l ! c Chonetes logani x x J ~ x i l K Chonetes glenpnrkenais [ . !GP&C · Chonetes I~ ; t i Chonetes geniculatus x jx ;. i lt L Chonetes burlingtonensis x x x K Ohonet:hs sp. l :x i I Productella conoentrioa X' iK i Productella sp\. x l Procluctus sampaoni x. x !C&FG Productus aedaliensis x x l Productus arouatus x x x x x I It Produetus ovatus x !Mias Productus sp. (n. sp.) i I Productue bla.iri x x . !I :.:,· a Rhipidomella ? diminutiva x I ! I\&LB

Rhipidomella missouriensis x x \ x I L 1 Rhipidomella sp .. x. x Y..2l . \ Rhipidomella thiema ? Ix lUK Schisophoria sedalienais x ! \UC Sohizophoria ohouteauensis x x. x?; x i c Camarotoechia tu.ta x lc&:LB Camarotoeohia ohouteauet1sis x. x x I· c i K Paryporhynohus sp. x 1 ! Shun1ardella obsolens Hall x x .x x. x x.?i l 0 Shumardelln missouriensis ;x x. : \ x?i C I Dir:::lnsma chouteauensis 'x c X' l c Dielasma ferngleneneis? 'X 1FG i Spiriferina sup·texte. l x j Spirifer osagensis ! i x K Spirifer missouriensia I X l 0 Spirifer latior l c Spirifer platynotus I ~ x I K Sp1r1fer louisianensis Rowley x x x l x x I x i UK&LB' Spirifer sp. x I Spirifer gregeri I x i LB Bracbythyris ohouteauensis X· I K Bra.chythyris peculia.ris x x x '. c Brachythyria sp. x i xl Syringothyris typue ·J x I UK Syringothyris gp. . x ) x Spiriferella. ? schuch.ert:l 1 . x i LB Reticularie. cooperensis x x Ii x , x l ! K Eumetria. perstrinlia Rowley , . x : , LB IIustedia ? ciroularis x ! , I c Cliothyridina glenparkensis? ! x i FG Oliothyridina sp. , . . x i 1 l Compos 1 ta ? sp • ...... 1 ...... ·-·---'·-···---~ .. -·~----~-- ~ ...... -~-----·-·-·-L··-····~~·'.u~.~ ...... ~ ... ~-.-....J 1.:· R·angerfrom Weller, Stuart, Mi'ssissippian b:rachiopoda, 111_. Geol. su1"vey :\1onograph Iii 1913. 46.

The following chart shows the range of species found· at Warsaw.

1· 2 3 5 11 12 13 Leptenae analoga x x x·

Sohellwienella crenulicostata x t Streptorhynohus tenuioostatum x l Ohonetes logan1 · x x I Obonet~a glenparkensis x x. Chonetes 'burlingtonensis x x Chonetes genioulatus I Productua sampson1 x x l?roductus aedaliensis x Productus arcuatus x » Productus ovatus fl x I Produotus blairi i9. x Rhipidomella sp~ x x Sohiaophoria eedaliensis x Schizophoria chouteaueneis x x x Camarotoeohia chouteauertsis . l x Ca.marotoeehia chouteaue.nsis Paryphorbynohus sp. l :x Rhynohotetrs caput-teetudinatus x x Rhynchotetra ovatum x xi shumardella miasourienais x Dielasma. cbouteauens1s t x Dielaama f ernglenensis x Spiriferina subtexta x Sp1rif e:r osagensis x Spirifer missouriensis x x Spirifer latio:r Spirif er platynotus ·1 x x x Spirifer louisianensis Rowle7 x x 'X x. x Brachythyris peouliaris Ix I x . syringothyris sp. I~ I f x. i i SpaingothyJ.?is typus ~ x . i I !f f Spiriferella ? schucherti I xi ! Reticularia oooperensie ;.. i Il x I~ ~ t Cl1othyrid1ne..glenpnrkensis'l x '1 e ! j Brachythyris choutenuensis .X x Sbuma.rdella obsolens Hall 47.

As indicated in the preceding chart. the fauna of the

uppe~ beds a.t Warsaw is distinguished by suoh species as Sohizophoris. aedaliensia, Rhynchote:tra caput-testudinatus, Rhynohotetra ova.tum, and. Spiriferelln? schucherti, ·which are

not p1"esent in .~he rest of the section at the other localitieso Spiriferelle.? schucherti is a Burlington species and is found in the uppermost bed only, which ia apparently a Burlington-

Obouteau tr~msi tion bed. Sohizophoria sedaliensis, which is an upper Chouteau species, vfas found rather abundantly in Bed 3, and is particularly interes-J:;ing because it suggests the possibility that these upper beds may be part of the upper member or the Chouteau limestone although in general character the beds resemble most those of the lower member. . . This would explain the apparent extra thickness or the lower member at this locality. These upper beds may :represent a

limestone pha.se of the entire upper member~ or wh.e.t is more probable, only the lo,Net- part of 1 t, the rest having been eroded away before the deposition or the Burlington limestone. The most oharaoter1st1o Chouteau fauna is found in Bed 5 and the fauna. obtained from 1 t is also the most complete found throughout the a.reg. The fauna of the lower beds is characterized by the presence of Leptenae ana.loga whicl1 is quite common, and. by Productua sampsoni. Wherever the lowermost beds were exposed, these species were found. Although Leptenae ane.loga is given as ranging throughout tbe Kinderhook and into the Burlington 1 by Weller, it wa.s found by the wr:ttar only in these lower beds,

1. Weller, .Stuart, Mississippian Brachiopoda, Illinois Geological survey Mon0 graph I, P• 52, 1913. · 49. and apparently does not range throughout the Lower Chouteau, although it may appear again in other Kinderhook formations. Spirifer louiaianensis ranges throughout the section · at Warsaw and·. 1naa also tound at every other locali t;r. , It is one of the most· common species in· the Chouteau as well as having the longest range. Shumardella. obaolens Hall is perhaps the most common species and also occurs throughout the section. A comparison or the fauna of the lower beds at all or the looal1~1es at which they were exposed.is shown in the i'ollo\~lng chart.

t') r"'i

~ ·~ (\) C1l r-4 ~

CORRELATION OF SECTIONS

CT'- ' ...... :r ._.). C'\1 rA '.pt. CJ'l

Sweeney

I itOOID ~ / / / . / ::c ~ l'l ~bl / (p )>' ;:pGl 2. 2 ,Q 0 m I Flat Creek

~ '-"" t)l' ~ ~ -111 .§13 Leesville I I I l I I I I I ~I _. I /.._:s t-l .A r:;:J:;; -:J' ~ oi WI C.J I I~ 0 ~---· I I

.... Warsaw

~ 01 7z 0 Avery

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ --~ Weablea.u if> :! i1J "; ~ 0 50.

Spirifer sp. ... ,... ·1r·· ..... r------r--x-r-·---·-T·-·-···-·--·-r Braohythyris peouliaris · Ii l Xi l ! I/ Bra.chythyris ohouteauensia ) l \ \ . l \ Bre.ohythyris ap. \ l , \ l x l Retioularis ooope:rensis ; x\ \ I I ,Cliothzridina sp. . I x l I On· the basis of fauna as well as lithology, correlations shown in Plate VI v1era made between the sections described in

Chapter II~ ..

Oompa~iaon .or Fauna with other Kinderhook Fauna.! The faun.a. of the Lower Membe:r of the Chouteau limestone . of central Missouri as deso~ibed in this report compares most favorably with the fau.mof the sac or "Louisiana." limestone ' 2· of aouthwestern_Missouri as described by Weller. Fauna of Chouteau limestone Fauna of Sac limestone Leptenae analoga Leptenae rhomboidalis · Leptenae an. sch.ellwienella. cl'enulioosta.ta. Streptorhynchus tenuicostatum Chonetes logani C)honetes logani Chonetes glenpa.rkensi a Chonetes burlingtonensis Ohonetes genioulatus Chonetes ep. Productus.na~psoni Produotus sedalieneis Productus aroua.tue Produotue ovntua Productus sp. Productus blairi Prod.uctus blairi Prodtlctella s nfo\ , Productella biairi Productella conoentrica Productella concentrica Rh1pidomella diminutiva Rh1pidomella tnisrow.,iensis Rhipidomella sp. Rhipidomella burlingtonensis Rhipidomella thiema

2. Weller, Stuart, Correlation of the Kinderhook fo:zamations of Southwestern Missouri, Journal of GeologytVOlo 9t P• 134-139, 1901. 51.

Sehizophoria sedaliensis Sohizophoria chouteauensis Schizophoria swallovi Cama~otoechia tuta . Cama.rotoechia chouteauensis Hustedia ciroula.ris Paryporhynohus sp. Shumardelln obsolens Hall Shumardello. misaouJ?iensis Diela.sma chouteau01isis Dielasma spo Dielasma fernglenensis ~'umetria pcrstrinlia Rowley Spiriferina subtexta Spirifer ~sagensis Spirifer trd. s souriens is Snirifer la.ti or · Spl1,ifer latior Spirifer platynotus Spirifer striatiformis Spirife!' louisianensis Row.1ey- Spir1fe:r sp. Spirifer gregeri Brachythyris ohouteauensis Bre.chythyris peouliaris Spirifer peculiaris Brachythyris sp. Syringothy1'1is typus S;rtaingothyria sp ~ · S~ingoth:JTiS misaouriensis Reticularis oooperensis Athyria prouti Athyris sp. Cliothyridina. glenparkensis Cliothyrid.ina. sp. Cleiothyris sp. · Composita sp. Cyrtina ri:rost of the spoeias described from the Sao limestone a.re typical species of the ·1ower member or the Chouteau. Those species f oUJ.'"'ld in the Chouteau limestone and not in the Sao are mainly those of the upper beds at wa:raaw. 3 The fauna of the Piersdn limestone of southwestern Missouri differs from the fauna of the Chouteau limestone me.inly PY the presence of severa1·BU!1lington species. ------Fauna of Chouteau Fauna of Pierson Leptana.e analoga Leptenae rhomboida11s Leptenae sp. Schellwienella crenulisostata Orthotetes cf. inflatus

3. Weller, e.~tuart, Correlation of the Kinderhook formations of southv1eerte:rn Missouri, Journal of Geology: Vol. 9, P• 144-145, 1901. . 52.

Streptorhynehus tenuiaosta.tum Chonetea logani Oho1i.etes logani Ohonetea glenparkensis Chonetes burlingtonensis Chonetes gen1.aulatus Chonetes spo .. Chonetes sp. Productue sampsoni. · Productus sedaiiensis Pl'loductus arcuatus. · Productus areuatus Productus ovetus Productus laevioostus Productus punctatua P"~odu e ·tus sp. Productus blairi Productella sp. Productella blairi Producte11a· concentrioa Rhipidomella diminutiva Rhip1domella missouriensis Rhipidomella sp. Rhipid.omella burlingtonensis Rhipidomella thiema Sobizonhoria sedaliensis Schizophor1a awallow1 s.chizophoria., chouteuuensis Carnarotoeohia tutu camarotoech:ta ch.outeauens:ls Oa.me.:rophoria. sp. nustedia cil"cular1s Paryporhynohus sp .. Shumardella obeolens Hall Shumardella mieaouriensis Rhynchonella oooperensis Dielamna chouteeuensis Dielasmn ap. Dielasma fell11glenensis Eumetria perst~ialis Rowley Spiriferina subtexta Spirifer osagensis Snirifer missou.riensis Spirifer latior · Spirifer lat1or Spirife:r platynotua Spirifer lou'iaianans is Spil"•if el.1 sp • Spi:rifer sp. Spirifer marionensis Spi~if er grimesi Brachy·thy;ris ehou teauens is Bl~achythyris peculiaris Spirifer peculiaris Brachythyris sp~ Syringothyris typus Syringothyi~ia sp. sp11~1rerel:la ? schuchert1 Retioularia cooperenais Reticularia cooperensis Cliothyi~idina glenparkensis Cliothyridina sp~ Compo ai ta ap. Ath~is lamellosa 53.

4 The ?1orthview shale of southwestern. Missouri contains a K1nd.etahoolt f aul'la "Nhich is particularly abundant in pelecypods. The braohippod fe.cies, hoY.rever, is pe.~tly suggestive of the Chouteau limes·tone, 5 The fauna of the Lou1sia11a limestone of northeastern ttt ssoui.,i is entirely differnt fJ:om the Chouteau fauna, most of the species found it it being 11rnitad to the Louisiana.

4o ~Yeller, Stuart, Kinde:rhook Faunal Studies I, The Fauna of the Vern1icular sandstone at Mo1~thvie\v, i/Vebste:r · County-, Missouri. St. Louis Academy of Science; Tr. 9, P• 9-51, 1900. 5. Keyes. Co R. and Rowley, R. R., Vertical Range of Fossils at Louisianfi, Miasoti.ri, Iowa AoadQlny of Science; Pr. 4, P• 26-40, 1897. OHAPTER 1V

CORQLU8IONS )\l:~D· GE a.LOGIC RESU!.:E'

The Chouteau limestone of cen'l;ral rassouri extends south\vard from Seda 1:1.a. o.a fRr as 1i/eublenu in Hickory County. It deereases 111 thickness from around 60 feet in no1.. thern Pettis County to 20 feet at Ge1--ater five miles west of Weablea.u. 'l1he beds change in lithology, becoming mo:re muddy, and in some plo.ces soft;e-r. The stratigraphic· :eelntions re- me.111 constant, hovtever, and the fauna of the lower membel:1 remains a typical Chouteau fauna. The upper member is prac- tically unrossilif erous thi~oughout the region. Relation to the southwestern Kinderhook Sootion

ld; Gerster :tn st;;. Olah~ County, the thinnest section or the centrnl T!i1ssou.ri Chouteau Y1as · observed, the lower beds are from 8-10 feet in thickness and the whole section about 20 feet. The entire series o-r beds e.1"e shaly in appearance, the upper portion grading gradually i_!lto the lower portion Which io hard, €)Te:y and· blue limesd;one in thin .il~regula.r beds, and which contains the species common to the lowest beds of the Chouteau limestone elsewhere .. Fifteen ntl.lee south of this section, at Humansville, the upper port of the typical southwester11 section V!ias ob- served. See Table II, p. 3. Here 15 feet of Pierson limestone was found immediately belotv the Burlington and resting upon 6-8 feet of' vermieular sandstone with about 4 feet of light green to tan colored shales belowo The shales ware abundantly 55. marked with caudi ga.111, and were certe.inl'Y' the 'Morthview shales of southwestern section. In northern Green County a limestone called at various l 2 3 times the Sac, the Louisiana and the Chouteau has been re- ported as occurring at the base of the Northview or "Hennib~l" shales. The fauna of this limestone as described by Weller compares very- favorably with the fauna of the lower member ot the Chouteau limestone of central 1Uasouri as was shown in

Chapter IV. This limestone. has been described4 . as being about 10 feet in thickness in northern Green County v.rhich is about the thickness of the lower membel' at Gerster. Cqnsidering these facts it appears not improbable that the two limestones are the same. the· "Louisianan or ''sac" being a southward ex- tension of the lower meinbe:r of the central Missouri region. The decrease in thiolmess from nol"th to south.observed in central Missouri is also found·in the "Louisianan o-r'the southwestern Chouteau vi1hich pinches out entirely by the time 5 Springfield is reached. l. Weller, Stuart, Correlation of the Kinclerhook formations in southwestern Missouri, Journal of Geology: Vol. 9, P• 134, 1901.

2., Shape.rd, E. ?i!. ~ A Report on Greene Ot?unty, Missouri Geol- ogical Survey: Vol. XII, pt. l, P• 84• 1898. 3. Branson, E. B., Geology of Missouri, Unive:rsity BUlletin 19 #15, P• 67, 1918. ~: 4. Shepard, E. M., A Report on Greene County, :Missouri, . Geological survey: Vol. XII• pto 1, P• 85, 1899. 5. Ibid. 56.

If the lave:tt member is the equivalent of the Chouteau limestone of.southwestern Missou.ri, this leaves the possibility of the upper member being equivalen_t to the Northview shales and the Pierson limestone. Tbis might be possible by the gradual change of th~ shaiy limesto~e of· the upper·membe:i; ob- served at Gerster to the shale of the :Hannibal and the limestone of t~e . Pierson, the th.ick shale and sani accumulating rapidly near the bb:rders of the land mass. The probable relations of' the central Missoux-1 and southweetern sections indicated by the facts presented in this report are shown in.the figure below.

~ :::"' B~~ \ ~~~to-n \'nYt.e s,to-ne

p: Pie rs O'Y\ \ i "n"\ e_~t<:i ""- e H \;-\ 2.\"\'\'"Y\ 'l>o. \ s \\a\ e Ll~ : Ur \1 ~-v C"-(l \.\.-lea. u. Lc.:: Lower Chou. te-a u.

The tact that the upper member of the Chouteau limestone · in cent:ral 'Missouri is unfo:ss~liferous may- be accounted for by the high' ma~nesian content of the limeston·e which eondi ti on is always unfavorable for the preservation of fossils. 57.

Relations to section 1n Northeastern Missouri In northeastern Missouri a shale and limestone suc- cession is also found. At Louisiana, Missouri, the Louisiana limestone at the base or the section is overlain by 70 feet of shale and aandstQne. · The Hannibal shalaq1nd sandstone is very similar in appearance to the Northview or southwestern ~tii ssouri. The I,ouisiana is also similal' in appearance to the lower member of the cent~al Missouri Chout~au~ but contains \ · I .. a fauna '~hich is qiite distinct from it. The Louisiana limestone wedges out rapidly- to the south . ·'· and the Cbnutea.u ..1imestone of central Missouri decreases in thickness northward from Chouteau Springs, but, t~1at the same th~ng occurs in the north as in the south is improbable, due to the difference in forms present in the Louisiana limestone. It is not the faunnl equivalent of the lower membe:r of the Chouteau or of the Sae. It is more likely t.hat deposition took place in the north in a separate basin separated from the central basin 6 by the st. Louis~ .'.8arr1 ier. General conditions during Chouteau Times

At the beginning ·of ·K~nde!'hook times the s·ea~. advanced '7 into the Mississippi basin probably from the .west and .north'tit1est.

Throug'hout central Missouri the Phelps sandstone \1VSS deposited and in Kentucky and Tennessee the :Black shales were covered 8 by the advancing sea.

6. Branson, E. a., Geology Of Missouri, :Missouri University Bulletin 19 f/15, P• 66, 1918. 7. Grabau,A.w. Text of Geology; Vol. II, P•age, !~_g_, 1921 a. Ibid, P• 4·40. - 58.

In. early Chouteau times limestones began to be de· posited in the deeper places farthest from land and the elastics nearer shore. Central Miesouri was surrounded by land on ·three sides as shown by the depoei ti on <£ the elastics in the south and north and by the thinning of the 9 Kinderhook deposits toward the east. Deposition ot the -Kinderhook took plaoe the:refore, in a sort of embayment

whose connection with,,oute:r sea was to the- northwest 01~ west / \ a.a shovm by the Chouteau fauna present in the Madison lime- 10 stone of the west • .At the close of Kinderhook 1;ime the seas became shallower with the deposition af magnenian limestone in central Missouri and arenaceous limestone in the south. With the :rea.dvance of the seas in early Burlington time a small amount of ,magnesian a11d she.ly limestone was deposited,

then the seas cleared and the ~eat thiclmeas of pure Burlin~ton

limestone,was laid down over the entire ~eg1on.

9. Ibid, P• 441. 10. Ibid, P• 449. 59.

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1889

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1891

Keyes, C. H. • Stratigraphy of the Carbo1:d.feroua in central Iowa, Geological Society of America: Bulletin 2, p. 277 ... S92. Iflille:r, s. A., A c:escrintion of~ some lower Carboniferoue crinoids .from Missouri, Missouri Geologioa.1 Su1,vey: Bull. 4. 63. 1891 Rowley, R., R., Some observations on natural casts of erinoicls and blas.toids from the Builington limestone (Pilre County), J\rnerioa.."1. Geologist: Vol. 6, P• 66-67. Rowley, R. R., Foss 11 collecting in the Burlington limestone (Pike county), !tanso.s City Scientist: Vol. 5, P• 71 .... 72. Rowley. R. R., Description of some ·11·av· species. of Echinodermata from the sub-Cnrboniferous rocks of Pike County, !Uss 0UI1i, · Kansas City Scientist: Vol. s, P._- 97-103. . Rotvley, R. R,,, Descr1ption of some new species of crinoide and blastoids from the sub-Ca:rboniferous roeka or ·Pike and ~a.ar:to11. counties, Misoouri and Scott County, Virginie., . l~ansas Oity Seientist: Vol. 5; p., 113-118.

Williruns. II. s., Cor1relation papers: Devonian and Carboniferous, United ~tates,Geologioa.1 Swvey: Bulletin 80t 2?9 ,p. 1892 Hopkins, T.· Oo,. The Eureka. shale of ~orthern Arkansas (abstract), . American. Association: Pr.. 40, p. 255-257. Keres, c. R., Ola.ssifioation of the lowe:r Ca.rbonifer ous rocks of the Mississippi Valley; Diss. Jorai Hopkins Un:i.versity, \Vash:tngton, 24 f)P• Keyes, c .. R., The present basal line of ,determination of · the Ca?:'bo11iferous in northeaste1.,n Missouri, American Geologist: Vol. ,·po 380-384 Keyes, c. R., A remarkable' fauna at the base of the Burl- ington. liJnestone in northeastern lilissoui~i,, American Journal of Seieneo: (3) Vola 44,·p. 44?-452. l\eyes, O. R., Geological Formations or Iowa, Iowa Geological SuPvey 1st Annual Report~ p. 11-144.

Vodges, A. v~·., On ·some new Seda15.. a trilobites (M:tssou.~i) Academy of Science Sto !ouis, Tro 5, Pe .615•618e 1893 Keyes, c. R., The principal Mias ou.rian section, Geological Society of America: B'illletin 3, P• 283•300., Rowley, R·. R., Description of some nev.r species of crinoids, blastoids and br£icheopode fl'om Devonian a.nd sub- Car bonif e:roue rooks of ?Uasouri, American Geologist, Vol, 12, P• 303-309~ 64-.;; 1893 Rowley, Ro R·.·, Range of Chouteau fossils· (Missouri}, tqn'1r.:tcan Geologist: Vol·. 1? p. 49 60 1 1 7 Broadhead, Go c.,· A critical notice of the stratigraphy .of .the.. !i!issouri Paleozoic, American Geologist: Vol.· 12, ·p. 74 .. 99.· 1894

Keyes, c. R. t P.s..leontology or :Missouri, Pt. II, Missouri ... · Geological Su1--vey: Vol., 5~ PP• 266.

Keyes, Oo .R., · Paleontology of liissoutt'i Pt. I, Missouri Geolos~cal survey: Vol~ 4. p.271 PP• Bl,..oadhead., · G. o., Geologic History of the Missouri Paleozoic, . ~meric~n Geologist; Vol~ 14, P• 380-388 • . 1895 Hershey,· o. H., 'I1he Devo11ia.n series irl southwestern Missouri, Amerio~n Geologist: Vol. 16, P• 294•300. Keyes, ·o. R., superior Mississippian in western Mias ou:ri and Arkansas, American Geologist: Volo 6p 86-91., Rmvley, R, R., Deso:ription of a nevi genus and five new species of fossils from the Devonia11 .and sub.... Carbonif erous rooks or Missouri, American G·eologist: Vol. 16, p. 217-223.

Weller, Stuart,. A circum~1nsular Paleozoic fauna, tTournal or Geology: Vol. 3, P• 903-917. Williams, Ii. s., On the l'eoocurr·ence of Devonian f ossila in stJ:llata of Carbonife:voua age. 1\merican Journal of Science (3): Vol. 49, p. 94-100. 1896. Kayes, o. R., Areal geology of Missouri, Mies:>uri Geological, survey; Vol. 9, p. 11-16. Marbut, o. F •• Physical fea.tuxes of Missouri, Missouri Geological Siu~vey: Vol. '10,. P• 11-109~ ·

Williams, H. · s., On the origi11 of"" the Chouteau fauna, (rournal of Geology: Vol. 4; P• 283-290. 1897 Keyes, c.·R,, Dual character of the Kinderhook fauna., .American Geologist: Vol. 201 p. 167-1?6. Keyes, o. R., Relations or the Devonian and Carbo11if erous . in the Upper Mississippi Valley, Academy of Science St. Louis Tr.· 65. 1897 Keyes, c. R., Vertical Range of fossils at Louisiana, lliissouri, Iowa Academy or Science: Pr. 4, p. 26-40, · 1897 •. Rowley, R. R., Vertical l"a.nge or fossils at Louisiana, Missouri, !01.ua Acadeny of Scienc.e: Pr. 4, P• 26-40. Vodges, A· . W., Carboniferous trilobi tea from ruisro uri, Cnlifol'nia. ·Aonder:ry of. .Science: Pro (2): Vol. 6, p. i 197-.198. ' vVellel?, · stue.1"At, tt'l"'!o Batesville sandstone_ of i\.rkansas, Mew :;. York Aea.doiny of Science: 1rr. 16, p. 2~1-282"

Weller, Stuart, Co1~relation ·or the Devonian fauna of southern Illinois., ,Journal Geology: Vol. 5, P• 625-235. 1898 Broadeho.d, a.,o., Reports on Boone county and the Ozark Upliftt Missouri Geological Su:rvey: Vol. 12, Pt. 3, P• 373-409. Keyes, O. R., · Carboniferous formations of sout11western Iowa, P.merican Geologist: Vol. ·21, P• 346-350. Key!3S, c. R., Remarks on the classification of the Mississipp- ian series, American Geologist: Vol. 22, p. 108-113. Keyea, c. R. • Carbonif<·3rous :formations of the Ozark region, Iowa Academy of Science: PJ:i. 5, Po 55-58. Ma'.r'bu:t;, c. F., Repo1.. ts 011 a1'Jeal geology, geological des- cription of. the clinton sheet, etc., Missouri Geolo gl.cal Survey:.Vol. 1~, pt 2, p. 51-371. Shepard,. E. E., l1 report on Greene County, Miesourit Missouri. Geological Survey: Vol. 12 pt. 1, p. 13-245 •.

,Wellel?) stuar~, A bibliographic index. of Uorth AmeFican Carboniferous invertebrates, Un:t tad Stutes Geological Survey Buletin 153, 653.pp. · Weller, Stuart, Olassificatioi1 of the Mississippian series, Journal of Geology: Volo 6, p. 303-314. 1899 Schmitz, E. J., ..;Motes on. a. reconno.is.eance from Springfield, Missouri 5.nto .Arkansas, American Institute of Wining , Engineers: T:r:t. 28, p .. 26,1-270 •. Weller, Stuart, Kinderhook faunal studies. III The fauna of bads ://3-7 at Burlington, Iowa, 190. Academy of Science St. Louis: Tr. 11, p .• 14'7-214. 1900 lteyes, O. R., Kinderhook stratigraphy, Journal of Geology: Vol. 8, P• 315-321. Rowley, R. R., Mew species of Cl1inoids, Blaatoids and Cysto1ds from ~Missouri, American Geol.ogist: Vol. 25 11 P• 65-75. Rowley, R. R., Description of a. new apeeies of fossils from the. Devonian and sub-Carboniferous rocks of Misrouri, American Geologist: Vol. 25, P• 261-2730

Rowley, R. R., l~otes on the fauna of the Burlington limestone at Louisiana, Missouri, American Geologist: Vol .. 26, P• 245-251. Weller, Stuart, Itinderhook Faunal Studies. I The ·fauna of the Vermillion sa.ndston~ at Noz-thv1ew, Webster County, Missouri, Academy or Science S·t. Louis: Tr. 9 11 P• 1·51 11. Weller, Stuart• The succession of fossil faunas in the Kinder- hook beds at Burlington, Iowa, Iowa Geological Survey: Vol. 10, P• 59-79. if~1 eller, Stuart, Kinderhook Faunal Studies. II The fauna or the Oho11opeotus sandstone at Burlington, I~wa, Academy of Science St. Louis: Tr. 10, P• 57-129 • .Weller, Stuart, The Gurley collection of fossils, Journal of Geology: Vol. 8, P• 74-75. · 1901 Hovey,. E. o., Catalogue of the type and figured specimens in the paleontological collection of the geologioal depart- ment, American ?t1useu..m of Natm:~~1 History: Bull. 11, 500 pp. 1898-1901. Keyes, c. R., On a cl'inoidal horizon in the Upper Carboniferous, Soiencet n. s .. ; Vol. 13, P• 915-16. Keyes, c. R., Oertain faunal aspects of the original Kinderhook, .American Geologist: Vol. 26, p. 315-321. Keyes, o. Ro, A scheme.tic standard fo:r the luner-1can Carbo11iferous, · American Geologist: Vol. 28, P• 299-305. ·

Rowley, R~ R., Tho new genera and some new species of fossils from Upper Paleontologie rocks ot Missouri, American Geologist:~Vol. 27, p. 343-355. . Weller, Stuart, Oorrelation of the Kinderhook formations of southwestern Missouri, ~1ournal of Geology: Vol. 9, P• 130-148. 67. 1902 Hovey, E. o., The Paleontological·collaotion of the geological department of the American Museum of Natural History, ~Journal of Geology: Vol. 10, .. p. 252-255. Keyes, Co R., A Devonian hiatus in the continental interior, its character and. depos:i.tional equivalents, Iowa Academy of Science: ,Pr •. 9, P• 105-112. Keyes, o. R., Devonian Interval in Missouri, Geological Society of Amettica, Bullo 13, P• 267-292. Rowley, R. R., New species of fossils from sub-Carboniferous rocks of northeastern i.i1iasouri, American Geologist: Vol. 29, P• 303·310. 1903 Ball, s. u., The geology of Miller County, Mo. Bureau of · Geology and 1anea ( 2 h Vol. 1. Weller, Stuart, The Paleozoic faunas, New Jersey.Geological Survey: Pal. 3, PP• 462. 1904 Ball, s. H., The deposition of the Carboniferous formations ot the north slope of the Ozark uplif't, Journal of Geology: Vol. 12, p. :335·343. · Buckley, E11 R., The quarrying industry. in Missouri, Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines (2): Vol, 2. Keyes, Oci R., Motes on the Carboniferous fauna of the Miss• 1ssipp1 Valley in the Rocky Mountain region, Iowa Aceademy of Science: Pr. 11, ;£'• 258-259. Shepard, E. M., Table of geological formations in iilissQUili, Drury Collection, Bradley- Geological Field Station: · Bull lt P• 41·42 • .. Ulrich, E. O, Determination and correlation or formations of northern .Arka.nsas, United States Geolog1oa.1 survey, P.Po 24, P• 90-113. 1905 Girty, G. FI., The relations 'of some Carboniferous fauna.a·, Washington: .Academy of Science: Pr. 7, Po 1-26. Pe.rk, Emma J., The Hannibal formation in Greene County (Missouri), Drury Collection, Bradley Geological Field Station Bu.lletin l, P• '79·90.

R0\111ley, R. R., Miasowi Paleontology, lmerican Geologist: Vol. 35, p. 301-311. 1905 68.

Sh~pard, E. M., Key to the rocks and geological. horizons of Green County, Missouri, Drury Collection, Bradley Geological Field station: Bu.11. 1, P• 53-57 Smith, o. M•• The Pierson Creelf .rnines (Greene County, Missouri), Drury Collection, Bradely'Geologioal Field .station: Bull. 1, p.·72-79. Ulrich, E• o. and .Adams, G. I, ·Descrip·tion of the Fay~t,teville Quadrangle (Arkansas-Missouri). United States GEi'lnogica.1 survey Atlas, . Fayett.ev111·e Folio 1190

Van Hornt F. B., The geology of :Moniteau County, r~!issouri, . Bttreau Geology and Mines (2): Vol. 3,· · · Weller, Stuart, The northern and southern Kinderhook faunas, Journal of Geology: Vol. 13, P• 617-634.

Weller,· Stuart, Pa1,ophorhynchua1 . a nmv genus of Kinderhbok Brachiopod.1 Academy of Science St. Louis, Tr. 15t P• 259-264. , 1906 Keyea, o. ·R., Notes on the classification or American C&I*- boniferoue deposits, Journal of Geology: Vol.·14, P• 71-76. . _, Weller, Stuart, Kinderhook Faunal Studieso· IV The fauna of · the Glen Parlt limestone, l\cademy of' Science St. Louie: Tr. 16,, P• 435-4'71. 1907 ltarbut, o. F. • The geology of Morgan County, Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines (2): Vol. 7. 1908 Butts, Charles, The unconformity between the.Mississippian and Pennsylvanian and its bearing on questions of geological correlation (abstract), Science; n.s.: Vol. 27, P• 992-993. Rmvley, Ro Ro, The, geology of Pike County, Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines (2),.Vol. 8, 122 PP• Weller, Stuart, the Mississippian section in Illinois (abstraot), Science no So, Vol. 27, p.726. 1909 Greger, D. K., The Devonian of central lTtissou:ri·, American Journal of Science (4): Vol. 27, P• 374-378. 1909 . . Weller, Stuart, Coruelation of the middle and upper Devonian and the Mississippian faunas of llorth America, Journal of Geology: Vol. 17, p~ 25?-285. Weller, tltuart, The fauna· of the Fern Glen formation (abstract) . Science n,< s.: -Vol~ 29, · P• 636" Weller) .. Stuart, Kinderhook Faunal Studies. IV 'I'he fauna of the Fer+n Glen fo:r•mation, Geological Society of America: Bull. 20t P• 265-332. 1910 Greger, D. K., Some rare and imperfectly known brachiopods from the Mississippian, American Journal of Science · (4): Vol, 29, P• 71~?5. Weller, Stuart, Internal characters of some Mississippian Rhynchonelliform shells, Geological Society of America: . Bull~ 21, p4i 497-516. 1911 Weller, Stuart, Genera or Mississippian loop-bearing Brach- iopoda,"· Journal of Geology: Vol. 19, p., 439 .... 449 .• 1913

,. Butta~ Ohe..rles, Contributions to the black she.le nroblem (abstract), Geological Society of America: Bull. 24, p. ': 113. Keyes, O. R •• Marked unconformity between Oarbonifaroua and. Devonian strata in the Upper Mississippi Valley, American Journal of seienoe (4): Vol~ ~6. P• 160-164. 1914 Lee, Wallace, Geology of the Rolla Quadrangle, Missouri Bureau of Geology & ~Mines (2): Vol. XII, 111 pp. Wellert Stuart,' The Mississippian brie.chiopods of the iUssissippi Valley Basin, Illinois Geological Survey: Mono. lt 508 PP• if1iell0r, 8tuart* Western extension at some .Paleozoic faunse in southeastern Missouri (abstract), Geological Society of America.: Bull. 25• p·. 135-136, . 1915

Ulrich. E~ Oo, Kind.erhoolt age or the Chattanoogan series (abstract), Geological Society of America; Bull. 26, P• 96-99 .. 1916 Butta, Cho.rles, Mississippian section in west-central Kentucky {abstract), Geological Society of America: Bull. 27, P• 155-156. Keyes, c. R., Terranal affinities of the original Chouteau limestone, Iowa Academy of Science: Pr. 23, p. 113-118. Keyes, o. R., Wide areal extent of the Chouteau. limestone (abstract), Science n. s.: Vol. 44, P• 68•69.

Purdue, A. H.. and Miser, H~ D., Desc:t:iption of the Eureka Springs and Harrison quadrangles ( Arkgn sas-Missouri), United States Geological Survey Atlas Eureka. Springa- narrison folio 2020 1917

Bridge. Josiah, A, study of the faunas of the Resid.ua.1 bliss1ss- 1pp1an of Phelps County (central Ozattk region) Missouri, -.Tourne.1 of GeolOg-t/: Volo 25, P• 558-575. BU.tts, Charles, Description and correlation of the Mississippian of western 1tentucky, Kentuoky Geolo g!cal Surve~r, Mississ- ippian Fo1,.mation of Western Kentucl{\J, 119 p. Moore, R, c., The Stratigraphy or the Kinderhook group in western · Illinois and !1~1asom"i, Illinois ·Academy of Seience: Tr. 9, p. 211. 1918 Branson, E. B., Geology of ]l1issou:ri, .Missouri Unive:rsity~ Bull •.19 No. 15. Branson, E. B., Motes on the stratigraphy and faunas of the lower Kinderhookian or Missouri ( a.bstra.ot·), Geological society of America: Bull. 29, P• 93. '( Greger, D. K., Invertebrate fauna of the Grassy Creek shales of Miesoii.ri (abstract), Geological Society of America: Bullo 29. 1920 Sauer, Co o., The geography of tlle Ozark Highland of Missouri, Geogrnpbical Society of Chicago: Bu11.t1 7 .. 1921 Grabau, A. ip", Telc.tbook of Geology: Vol. II. 1923 Branson, E. B. and Tansey, v. o. and Stewart, Grace A, The Devonian of Missouri, Missouri Bul"eau of Geology & Mines, Bull. l?. 71.

1923 Hume, G. Sc>, A K1nde:rhook fauna from the Lie.rd River,. no1.,th- western Canada, Amerioan Journal of Science (5): Volo 6, P- 48 Keyes, c. R.• , Genetic elaesifieation of .American early Carbon- iferous te~ranes, Pan-A:u1erioa.n Geologist: Vol. 40, p. 690

Keyes. c~ n,' Four group arrangement Of Enr1y Carbonifel"OUS Ter:ranes,. Pon-.Ame,,ican Geologist: Vol. 39, p~ 395. Keyes, a. R., Geologic t:ltle or· :rnarly Carboniferous section of Mississippi Valley; Pan Aoerican Geologist: Vol. 39, po 390.

Keyes, OQ Ro; Taxonomy of the Mississippi series,~Pan-Ame:rice.n Geologist: Vol. 39, P• 387.

I-Ce:rea~. o. R., Devon1a.n unconformity in ltrizona, Pan-American Geologist: Volt 39, p. 70. Talrnanohoff\ 1. P.; Lowor Ca.:rboniferous fauna, Siberia, . . American JoU?inal of Science (5): Vol. 11, P• 411., 1924

Swartz. J • H., Age of the Oha ·ttanooga. she.le of Tennessee, Amo1'lieo.n Sournal of Science ( 5): Vol. 7, P• 37. 1925 . Warren. P~ s •• Kinderhook fauna from Nordegg, Alberta, American Journal of Science (5): Volo 10, P• 448,