GvtcP <,juuuvtn 11
STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Director
DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON. Chief URBANA
REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS — No. 97
CORALS FROM THE CHOUTEAU AND RELATED FORMATIONS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY REGION
BY
013 William H. Easton
PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
URBANA, ILLINOIS 5iV .o*- 1944 FRANK J. BELL GEOLOGIST CARBONDALE, ILL.
STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Director
DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief URBANA
REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS — No. 97
CORALS FROM THE CHOUTEAU AND RELATED FORMATIONS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY REGION
William H. Easton
PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
<%^^y .S" URBANA, ILLINOIS %Ok ^ 19 4 4 y' S^"^ ORGANIZATION
STATE OF ILLINOIS HON. DWIGHT H. GREEN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION HON. FRANK G. THOMPSON. Director
BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION
HON. FRANK G. THOMPSON, Chairman
EDSON S. BASTIN, Ph.D., D.Sc, Geology ROGER ADAMS, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry LOUIS R. HOWSON, C.E., Engineering WILLIAM TRELEASE, D.Sc. LL.D., Biology EZRA JACOB KRAUS, Ph.D., D.Sc, Forestry ARTHUR CUTTS WILLARD. D.Engr.. LL.D. President of the University of Illinois
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION
100 Natural Resources Building, Vrbana
M. M. LEIGHTON, Ph.D., Chief Enid Townley, M.S., Assistant to the Chief Velda a. Millard, Junior Assistant to the Chief Helen E. McMorris, Secretary to the Chief
Betty J. Westerbeek, Geological Assistant
GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Stratigraphy and Paleontology
Coal J. Marvin Weller, Ph.D., Geologist and Head G. H. Cady, Ph.D., Senior Geologist and Head Chalmer L. Cooper, M.S., Assoc Geologist L. C. McCabe, Ph.D., Geologist (on leave) William H. Easton, Ph.D., Assoc Geologist R. J. Helfinstine, M.S., Assoc. Mech. Eng. Charles C. Boley, M.S., Assoc. Mining Eng. Petrography Heinz A. Lowenstam, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist Ralph E. Grim, Ph.D., Petrographer Bryan Parks, M.S., Asst. Geologist Richards A. Rowland, Ph.D., Asst. Petrographer Earle F. Taylor, M.S., Asst. Geologist (on leave) (on leave) Ralph F. Strete, A.M., Asst. Geologist Physics M. W. PuLLEN, Jr., M.S., Asst. Geologist R. PiERSOL, Ph.D., Physicist Robert M. Kosanke, M.A., Asst. Geologist J. B. Greenwood, B.S., Mech. Engineer Robert Ellingwood, B.S., Asst. Geologist J. Donald O. Holland, M.S., Asst. Physicist George M. Wilson, B.S., Asst. Geologist (on leave) Arnold Eddings, B.A., Research Assistant (on leave) Henry L. Smith, A.B., Research Assistant GEOCHEMISTRY Raymond Siever, B.S., Research Assistant Frank H. Reed, Ph.D., Chief Chemist John A. Harrison, B.S., Research Assistant H. W. Jackman, M.S.E., Chemical Engineer (on leave) James G. McCvllough, Research Associate Mary E, Barnes, B.S., Research Assistant Elizabeth Ross Mills, M.S., Research Assistant Virginia Kremers, B.S., Research Assistant Margaret Parker, B.S., Research Assistant Coal Industrial Minerals G. R. YoHE, Ph.D., Chemist Herman S. Levine, B.S., Research Assistant J. E. Lamar, B.S., Geologist and Head H. B. WiLLMAN, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist Robert M. Grogan, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Industrial Minerals R. M.S., Asst. Geologist Robert Reynolds, S. Machin, Ph.D., Chemist and Head A.B., J. Margaret Copeland, Research Assistant Delbert L. Hanna, A.m., Asst. Chemist Oil and Gas Fluorspar A. H. Bell, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Carl A. Bays, Ph.D., Geologist and Engineer G. C. Finger, Ph.D., Chemist Frederick Squires, B.S., Petroleum Engineer Stewart Folk, M.S., Assoc. Geologist X-ray and Spectrography William H. Easton, Ph.D., Assoc Geologist W. F. Bradley, Ph.D., Chemist Ernest P. DuBois, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist Paul Luckhardt, M.S., Asst. Geologist G. Analytical (on leave) Wayne F. Meents, Asst. Geologist O. W. Rees, Ph.D., Chemist and Head James S. Yolton, M.S., Asst. Geologist Howard S. Clark, A.B., Assoc Chemist Margaret Sands, B.S., Research Assistant L. D. McVicker, B.S., Assoc Chemist. Robert F. Smith, A.B., Research Assistant P. W. Henline, M.S., Assoc Chemical Engineer William F. Wagner, M.S., Asst. Chemist Areal and Engineering Geology Cameron D. Lewis, B.A., Asst. Chemist George E. Ekblaw, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Herbert N. Hazelkorn, B.S., Research Assistant Richard F. Fisher, M.S., Asst. Geologist William T. Abel, B.A., Research Assistant Carol J. Adams, B.S., Research Assistant Subsurface Geology L. E. Workman, M.S., Geologist and Head MINERAL ECONOMICS Carl A. Bays, Ph.D., Geologist and Engineer W. H. VosKuiL, Ph.D., Mineral Economist Charles W. Carter, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist Douglas F. Stevens, M.E., Research Associate Robert R. Storm, A.B., Assoc. Geologist Ethel M. King, Research Assistant Arnold C. Mason, B.S., Assoc. Geologist (on leave) C. Leland Horberg, Ph.D., Assoc Geologist PUBLICATIONS AND RECORDS Frank E. Tippie, B.S., Asst. Geologist George E. Ekblaw, Ph.D., Geologic Editor Merlyn B. Buhle, M.S., Asst. Geologist Chalmer L. Cooper, M.S., Geologic Editor Paul Herbert, Jr., B.S., Asst. Geologist Dorothy E. Rose, B.S., Technical Editor Charles G. Johnson, A.B., Asst. Geologist Portia Allyn Smith, Technical Files Clerk (on leave) Rosemary Metzger, Technical Assistant Dorothy B. Speziale, M.S., Asst. Geologist Meredith M. Calkins, Geologic Draftsman Marvin P. Meyer, B.S., Asst. Geologist Beulah Featherstone, B.F.A., Asst. Geologic Margaret Castle, Research Assistant Draftsman Ruth E. Roth. B.S., Research Assistant Leslie D. Vaughan, Asst. Photographer
Consultants: Ceramics, Cullen W. Parmelee, M.S., D.Sc, and Ralph K. Hursh, B.S., University of Illinois Mechanical Engineering, Seichi Konzo, M.S., University of Illinois
Topographic Mapping in Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey.
This report is a Contribution of the Division of Stratigraphy and Paleontology.
248 63046—2500-4-44 April 1, 1944 Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive
in 2012 witii funding from
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
http://archive.org/details/coralsfromchoute97east CONTENTS
Page
Introduction o . 7
Acknowledgments . 7
Preparation and illustration . . . • . . . 8
Taxonomic procedure . . . . . 8
Stratigraphic summary 9
Locality list 11
Check list 14
Terminology . . . . .".-...". 15
Glossary 15
Plate 1 . 23
Plate 2 25
Bibliography . . . , . . 26
Systematics 29
Family Paleocyclidae 29 Genus Microcyclus Meek and Worthen 29 Microcydus blairi Miller 29
Family Cyathaxonidae . 29 Genus Cyathaxonia Michelin 29
Cyathaxonia tantilla (Miller) emend . 30
Family Metriophyllidae ...... 31
Genus Metriophyllum Milne-Edwards and Haime 31
Metriophyllum deminuthmm n. sp 31
Genus Rotiphyllum Hudson .-..•. 32 Rotiphyllum calyculum (Miller) emend .32
Rotiphyllum hians n. sp . . . . 33
Family Streptelasmidae ...... - . - . 34
Genus Pseudocryptophyllum n. gen 34
Pseudocryptophyllum cavum n. sp. . . . • 34
Family Hapsiphyllidae Grabau emend 34
Genus Triplophyllites n, gen. .,.....,...,...... ,..,...... 35
Triplophyllites palmaUu n. sp 35 Triplophyllum terebratum (Hall) 38 Triplophyllites centralis (Milne-Edwards and Haime) 39
Triplophyllites cliff ordanus (Milne-Edwards and Haime) 39
Triplophyllites exigiius (Miller) ...... 40
" Triplophyllites ida (Winchell) emend. . . . 41 Genus Hapsiphylliim Simpson emend. 42
Subgenus HapsipJiyllum Simpson emend...... , 42
Subgenus Homalophyllites n. subgen. 42 Hapsiphyllum {Homalophyllites) calceolus (White and Whitfield) 43
Hapsiphyllum {Homalophyllites) pifinatus n. sp. . 44 Genus Neozaphrentis Grove 44 Neozaphrentis tenella (Miller) emend 45
' Genus Meniscophyllum Simpson emend...... , .45 Meniscophylhim minutiim Simpson 46 CONTENTS—Continued
Page Systematics—Family Hapsiphyllidae —Continued Genus Clinophyllum Grove emend. 47
Clinophylliim chouteauense (Miller) ...... 47 Clinophyllum excavatum n. sp 47
Appendix to Hapsiphyllidae 48 Genus and species unidentified 48
Genus Amplexus Sowerby ,. 48
Amplexus rockfordensis Miller and Gurley . . . .48
Family Caniniidae 49
Genus Caninia Michelin in Gervais 49 Caninia corniculum (Miller) emend, 49
Family Clisiophyllidae 51
Genus Koninckophyllum Thomson and Nicholson 51 Koninckophyllum glahrum (Keyes) 51
Genus Vesiculophyllum n. gen 52 Vesiculophyllum sedaliense (White) 52
Family Lithostrotiontidae 53
Genus Lithostrotion Fleming 53 Lithostrotion microstylujn White 53
Family Favositidae 54 Genus Favosites Lamarck emend. Smith and Gullick 54 Favosites divergens White and Whitfield 54 Favositesf mancus Winchell 54
Genus Pleurodtctyum Goldfuss 55 Pleurodictyum expansum (White) 55
Appendix to Favositidae 55
Genus Palaecis Haime in Milne-Edwards 55
Palaeacis conica n. sp 56
Family Cleistoporidae n. fam. 57 Genus Cleistopora Nicholson emend 57 Cleistopora procera (Rowley) 58 Cleistopora ramosa (Rowley) 58 Cleistopora typa (Winchell) emend 59 Cleistopora sp 60
Appendix to the Cleistoporidae .60 Genus Microcyathus Hinde 60 Microcyathus enormis (Meek and Worthen) 60
Family Syringoporidae 61 Genus Syringopora Goldfuss 61 Syringopora harveyi White 61
Family Auloporidae 61 Genus Aulopora Goldfuss 61 Aulopora? sp 62
Genus Cladochonus McCoy . 62 Cladochonus striatus n. sp .62
Position unknown 62
Coleophyllumf greeni Rowley . 62
Plates and Explanations (3-17) S3 CORALS FROM THE CHOUTEAU AND RELATED FORMATIONS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY REGION
BY
William H. Easton
INTRODUCTION
ARESTUDY OF THE ChOUTEAU CORALS The check list included in this study is important for the following reasons. shows the occurrence of each species as de- termined by the literature. It is to be hoped 1. The coral fauna of the Chouteau lime- that detailed collections will be made from stone is larger in number of genera and spe- the (restricted) so that cies than that known from any other Car- Chouteau limestone boniferous formation in this hemisphere. the precise occurrence of the species may be known. To that end this paper is offered as 2. The species are reestablished by crit- an aid in stratigraphic studies of the Kinder- ical restudy of the available primary types. hook group. 3. The stratigraphic and geographic The original descriptions of some species ranges of the species are established by crit- are so inadequate or inexact that the species ical reexamination of previously published cannot be recognized. Most of the original records and restudy of specimens. Synony- descriptions require revision and the use of mies have been revised accordingly. modern morphologic terminology. 4. Corals are so abundant in the Chou- Some of the Chouteau genera are known teau limestone that they are definitely useful to occur in Europe, Australia, and Asia and for correlation. a few of them possess such marked peculi- 5. The Chouteau is the oldest formation arities that reasonable correlation of strata of undisputed Mississippian age and it is can be made between these distant places. therefore important as a stratigraphic key Eventually, perhaps, the coral-bearing Car- horizon. boniferous beds of America may be closely 6. Further systematic study will be aided correlated with the coral zones of western^ by clarification of inadequately understood Europe. genera and species. Some genera whose types Carboniferous corals are of undoubted came from the Chouteau are in known usefulness in stratigraphic correlation. Their Europe and the Orient. neglect for many years has probably resulted 7. The opportunity is presented to apply from the generally indispensable necessity modern systematics to a large number of of grinding one or more surfaces to ensure Lower Mississippian corals. identification. As a matter of fact, the grind- The writer has studied every available ing of a surface on a coral is commonly Chouteau coral known by him to be in in- easier than the careful preparation of the exterior interior stitutional collections. Material which is or necessary for the precise unavailable includes that not lent for study study of certain other fossils. by certain distant institutions, that stored Acknowledgments away during the uncertain times preceding the war, and that which some institutions Specimens have been lent by: E. B. have stored away because of lack of space. Branson, of the University of Missouri; If specimens are known to have been lost Guy Campbell, of Corydon, Indiana; G. or destroyed these facts are recorded. In Arthur Cooper, of the United States Na- all, about 550 specimens have been studied. tional Museum ; Carey Croneis, of the Uni-
[7 ;
CHOUTEAU CORALS versity of Chicago; G. M. Ehlers, of the or by inked photographs reduced by use of University of Michigan; Rousseau H. Farmers solution. The two photographic Flower, of the University of Cincinnati plates show growth habits, general calical and H. E. Vokes, of the American Museum features, and minor structural details. of Natural History. Winifred Goldring, of Primary type specimens of most species the New York State Museum, furnished have been available for study and they are photographs of specimens and data on oc- illustrated either externally or internally currence and disposition of specimens. The or both. If necessary to verify a species, manuscript has profited through criticisms the holotype was sectioned, but otherwise and suggestions by C. L. Cooper and J. another specimen was used. If possible the Marvin Weller, of the Illinois State Geo- calyx was carefully excavated. Thoroughly logical Survey. The writer is grateful to all silicified specimens were etched free with these people for their cooperation in this acid. study. Taxonomic Procedure Preparation and Illustration Many of the Chouteau species were based upon groups of cotypes, one specimen of Study of internal structure is generally which has now been selected as the holotype required for accurate identification of cor- in each case. Some of these groups included als. Formerly thin-sections were made, but many specimens and some of them were dis- this elaborate process is usually unnecessary. covered to contain specimens belonging to Generally a flat-ground surface or a speci- several different genera and species. If the men sawed in parts and smoothed off will cotypes are not all conspecific a specimen furnish all required data. If well calcified has been chosen as holotype which agrees material is available, cellulose peel sections most closely with the common conception can be made. of the species even though it was necessary to Some of the Chouteau corals are illus- disregard the specimen figured or described trated here for the first time and sections by the original author. Fortunately, the In- of others are presented for the first time. ternational Rules of Zoological Nomencla- Previously published sections have varied ture allow a reviser to make such a selection in enlargement but here most of them are and thus cause the least amount of confu- shown at a uniform enlargement unless this sion and do the least damage to existing would entail an unwarranted waste of classification. space or greater enlargement desirable was As many as possible of the citations listed to bring out detail. in the synonymies were reviewed. Some of The Chouteau corals are variously calca- the anomalies of stratigraphic distribution reous, dolomitic, and silicified, and it has have resulted from faulty identifications been most convenient to illustrate their in- perpetuated by failure of subsequent work- ternal structure by camera lucida drawings ers to verify previous work. STRATIGRAPHIC SUMMARY STRATIGRAPHIC SUMMARY
The Chouteau limestone in Missouri, as limestone: Prospect Hill sandstone, Mc- originally defined by Swallow (1855, p. Craney limestone, English River sandstone, 101), consists of an upper 40- to 50-foot Hannibal (or Maple Mill) shale, and thick-bedded limestone and of a lower 20- Louisiana limestone. Corals with close foot thin-bedded limestone. The type section Chouteau affinities are known from the at Chouteau Springs, Cooper County, Mis- McCraney and Prospect Hill, these being souri, was described by Moore (1928, p. the beds of the Burlington, Iowa, section 84) as consisting of an upper member 30 from which the types of Leptopora typa feet thick and a lower member 20 feet thick. were collected.
At a quarry in Sweeney, Cooper County, Near Jerseyville, Illinois, is a very thick Moore (1928, p. 85) recorded 43 feet 6 section of Chouteau limestone underlain in inches of limestone in the upper member, order by the Maple Mill shale, Hamburg which is separated by a possible disconform- beds, and Grassy-Saverton shale of J. M. ity from 25 feet 8 inches of limestone in the Weller. The Hamburg beds are presumed lower member. Previous to the appearance to be equivalent to the Glen Park lime- of Moore's paper, the upper and lower beds stone. Corals have been collected from the were sometimes distinguished but they were Chouteau limestone at a locality northwest always considered to be subdivisions of a of Jerseyville. The Sedalia limestone is pos- single formation. Moore, however, re- sibly present here above typical Chouteau. stricted use of the name Chouteau to the The Springville shale of Union County, lower beds, of Kinderhook age, and pro- Illinois, contains glauconitic limestone beds posed the name Sedalia limestone for the near the base from which corals of Chou- upper beds, which he assigned to the Osage teau affinity have been collected. It has been group and correlated somewhat tentatively considered by Weller and Sutton (1940, with the Fern Glen formation. The latter p. 766) to be equivalent to the Hannibal usage is accepted by the United States Geo- shale. logical Survey (Wilmarth, 1938, p. 439). The Rockford limestone of Indiana is a One mile north of Sedalia, Pettis County, thin glauconitic limestone- overlain by Missouri, Moore (1928, p. 86) recorded 18 Osage siltstone and underlain by a few feet 2 inches of Sedalia limestone overlying inches of calcareous shale. Most of the col- 6 feet 5 inches of exposed Chouteau lime- lections from the "Rockford beds" were stone. Many of the original Chouteau col- made many years ago and the fossils are lections were made from the quarries near reputed to have been collected from argilla- Sedalia. ceous limestone or calcareous shale either In the river bluffs at Providence, Boone overlying or grading down into the typical County, Missouri, Moore (1928, p. 88) Rockford limestone. The thin shale under- recorded feet of Sedalia 21^ limestone and lying the Rockford limestone also carries feet of limestone. 42^^ Chouteau Many corals. fossils have been collected from this lo- The Hampton formation of Iowa consists cality. of four members in the north central part Some 25 miles southwest of St. Louis a of the outcrop area; these members are, in good exposure contains about 7 feet of descending order, the Iowa Falls, Eagle Chouteau limestone, according to McQueen City, Maynes Creek, and Chapin. In the referred (1939, p. 97), who higher sandy southeastern part of the outcrop area the shales and cherty limestones at that place Hampton formation consists of the Wasson- to the Sedalia which he considered to be ville member, underlain by the North Hill equivalent to the ''lower Fern Glen." member. The Wassonville is equivalent to Sandstone and sandy shale between these the Maynes Creek, and the North Hill is formations were identified as Northview equivalent to the Chapin. The Iowa Falls sandstone. and Eagle City are thought to be younger A composite section (after Weller, 1941, than the Chouteau (restricted), and the pp. 72, 73) based on outcrops on both sides faunas are said to be derived from the Chou- of Mississippi River near Hannibal, Mis- teau (Laudon, 1931, p. 348). The rest of souri, shows the following beds to occur in the Hampton formation is thought to be sequence below the widespread Burlington equivalent to the Chouteau. 10 CHOUTEAU CORALS
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LOCALITY LIST 11
The Compton limestone of southwestern 6 Lower limestone beds of Springville shale, Missouri contains a fauna of Chouteau affin- Darty Creek, Illinois. ity. It is overlain by the Northview forma- 7 Lower part of Chouteau limestone (un- tion which Moore (1928, pp. 126, 127) restricted), near Sedalia, Missouri. equivalent in part to the considers to be 8 Chouteau limestone (unrestricted), Pet- Chouteau (restricted) and to be perhaps tis county, Missouri. a clastic phase of the Chouteau. 9 Upper part of Chouteau limestone (unre- of the Chouteau corals leads to A study stricted), near Sedalia, Missouri. several conclusions 10 Thin gray-green shale below Rockford 1. Chouteau limestone (restricted) The limestone, 1.5 miles southwest of Hen- contains essentially the same fauna through- ryville, Indiana, where road crosses out a large area and presumably it is every- Caney Fork. where of the same general age. 1 Thin gray-green shale below Rockford 2. The Chouteau fauna contains ele- limestone, 4 miles east of Underwood, ments occurring in formations as old as the Indiana, on the John Keener farm. Louisiana limestone and as young as the 12 Rockford limestone (unrestricted), Rock- Burlington limestone. ford, Indiana. 3. Although the Sedalia and Chouteau 13 Kinderhook beds. Valley, limestones contain many species in common, Lake New Mexico. they may be differentiated. 14 formation, 4. The ''Rockford beds" of Indiana con- Fern Glen Kimmswick, Mis- tain species known from the Chouteau; souri. these strata are presumably equivalent to 15 Fern Glen formation, Monroe County, some part of the Chouteau. Illinois. 5. Limestone beds at the base of the 16 Orophocrinus conicus zone of Hampton Springville shale contain corals of Chou- formation, Le Grand, Iowa.
teau and Rockford affinities ; the thin lime- 17 Burlington limestone, Springfield, Mis- stones may therefore be equivalent to the souri. Rockford limestone and to some part of the 18 Burlington limestone. Sulphur Springs, Chouteau limestone. Missouri. 6. The Fern Glen species are almost all 19 Keokuk limestone, Springfield, Missouri. distinct from those in the Sedalia and Chou- teau limestones; the existing tentative cor- 20 Chouteau limestone (unrestricted), Knox County, Missouri. relation of the Fern Glen and Sedalia is therefore questioned. 21 Hills near Louisville, Kentucky. (Prob- 7. Among the most peculiar Carbonife- ably New Providence shale at Button rous coral genera are Palaeacis and Cleisto- Mold Knob.) pora; because Palaeacis is known most abun- 22 Chouteau limestone (unrestricted), near dantly from the European faunal zones K Warsaw, Missouri. through C2 and Cleistopora from Zi and 23 Chouteau limestone (restricted). Pan- Zo, it seems probable that the Chouteau cake Hollow, north of Hamburg, Cal- limestone is similar in age to some of the Z houn County, Illinois. beds of British stratigraphers. 24 Chouteau limestone (unrestricted), Ben- Locality List tonville, Missouri.
1 Chouteau limestone (unrestricted), near .25 Chouteau limestone (unrestricted), Cur- Sedalia, Missouri. ryville, Missouri.
2 Probably upper Chouteau limestone (un- 26 Oolitic limestone near base of McCraney restricted), bluffs of Missouri River, limestone, Burlington, Iowa. Providence, Missouri. 27 Prospect Hill sandstone, Burlington, 3 Kinderhook, in railway-cut 3 miles north- Iowa. east of Morning Sun, Iowa. 28 Chouteau limestone (restricted), in small 4 Fern Glen formation, Illinois. quarry along south branch of hollow 5 Shale below Rockford limestone, Rock- east of Hamburg, Calhoun Countj^ ford, Indiana (now inaccessible). Illinois. 12 CHOUTEAU CORALS
29 Upper Chouteau limestone, 3 miles north- 49 Chouteau limestone (restricted). Dog- east of Curryville, Missouri. town Creek, Calhoun County, Illinois. 30 Cyathaxonia arcuatus zone of Chapin 50 Chouteau limestone (restricted), near member of Hampton formation, Iowa. Sweeney, Missouri. 31 Product us sedaliense zone of Maynes 51 Chouteau limestone (restricted), 4 miles Creek member of Hampton formation, north of Lisbon, Missouri. in abandoned quarry 1 mile west of 52 Chouteau limestone (restricted), on Clear Chapin, Iowa. Fork, southwest of Montgomery City, 32 Chonetes multicosta zone of Maynes Missouri. Creek member of Hampton formation, 53 Probably upper Chouteau limestone (un- on north bank of Maynes Creek in restricted), on Smiths Branch, south NW. Yx s^^' 21, Reeve Township, of Montgomery City, Missouri. Iowa. 54 Compton limestone, in abandoned quarry 33 Spirifer striatiformis zone of Maynes on Little Sac River, 8 miles north of Creek member of Hampton formation, Springfield, Missouri. in upper reaches of Spring Creek, 55 Chouteau limestone (restricted), Kiesin- northwest of Hampton, Iowa. ger Bluff, on Osage River, north of 34 Spirifer platynotus zone of Iowa Falls Warsaw, Missouri. member of Hampton formation, near 56 Sedalia limestone, near Sweeney, Mis- Iowa Falls, Iowa. souri. 35 Spiriferina solidirostris zone of Hampton 57 Sedalia limestone, Kiesinger Bluff, on formation, Le Grand, Iowa. Osage River, north of Warsaw, Mis- 36 Fern Glen formation, Sulphur Springs, souri. Missouri. 58 Pierson limestone, along Springfield-Buf- 37 Kinderhook (probably Fern Glen forma- falo highway in valley of Little Sac tion), Jersey County, Illinois. River, Missouri. (restricted), 38 Chouteau limestone Snake 59 Sedalia limestone, in Missouri River Den, Knox County, Missouri. bluffs, near Easley, Missouri. 39 top of limestone (unre- Near Chouteau 60 St. Joe limestone, 2 miles southeast of stricted). Providence, Missouri. Reeds Spring, Missouri. 40 Wassonville member of Hampton forma- 61 Sedalia limestone, Clarksville, Missouri. tion, Iowa. 62 Sedalia limestone, Hannibal, Missouri. 41 Productus sedaliense zone of Maynes 63 Sedalia limestone, on Noix Creek, near Creek member of Hampton formation, Bowling Green, Missouri. in abandoned quarry 3 miles northeast 64 St. limestone, in Truitt quarry, south of Hampton, Iowa. Joe of Elk Springs, Missouri. 42 Productus sedaliense zone of Maynes 65 "Bed 7," Burlington, Iowa. (Prospect Creek member of Hampton formation, Hill sandstone.) on south bank of Beaver Creek, sec. 32, Washington Township, Iowa. 66 St. Joe limestone, 1 mile south of Noel, Missouri. 43 Chonetes multicosta zone of Maynes Creek member of Hampton formation, 67 St. Joe limestone, 1.5 miles south of Noel, in abandoned quarry on south bank of Missouri. Spring in Creek northern Hampton, 68 Burlington limestone, Huston quarry, Iowa. Hannibal, Missouri. 44 Pachylocrinus genista zone of Hampton 69 Burlington limestone, on Noix Creek, formation, near Le Grand, Iowa. near Bowling Green, Missouri. 45 Louisiana limestone, Louisiana, Missouri. 70 Lower Burlington limestone, Dark Hol-
46 Hannibal formation. Pleasant Hill, Illi- low, near Fulton, Missouri. nois. 71 Burlington limestone, east of Rocheport, 47 Hannibal formation, Rockport, Illinois. Missouri.
48 Chouteau limestone (restricted), Lincoln 72 Lower Burlington limestone, near Swee- County, Missouri. ney, Missouri. LOCALITY LIST 13
73 Lower Burlington limestone, west of Os- 93 Basal 50 feet of New Providence shale, ceola, Missouri. abandoned Columbia pike, on east side Pulaski County, Ken- 74 Burlington limestone, Springfield, Mis- of Fishing Creek, souri. tucky. shaly of Logan 75 Reeds Spring limestone, on Shoal Creek, 94 Morris Mountain member of Berea, Ken- east of Crane, Missouri. formation, 8 miles east tucky. 76 Keokuk limestone. Lime Quarry, Pierce City, Missouri. 95 New Providence shale at Kings Moun- tain tunnel, Lincoln County, Kentucky. 77 Keokuk and Upper Burlington limestones shale in miles in old quarry northwest of Mt. Vernon, 96 New Providence road IM Missouri. southwest of Parnell, Kentucky. 78 Chapin member of Hampton formation, 97 Grand Falls chert member of Boone for- in southwest corner sec. 29, Ross town- mation, 10 feet below Short Creek sec. N., ship, Missouri. oolite, in SE. ^ 34, T. 28, R. 31 W., near mouth of Jones Creek, 79 Burlington limestone, Burlington, Iowa. near Joplin, Missouri. 80 Kinderhook limestone, on east bank of 98 St. Joe limestone, St. Joe, Arkansas. West Fork of Des Moines River, in southwest part of Humboldt, Missouri. 99 Thin limestone (Boone), San Saba, Texas. 81 Kinderhook limestone, on south side of river near bridge, Rutland, Missouri. 100 Boone limestone, Siloam Springs quad- rangle, Oklahoma. 82 Saverton shale, Louisiana, Missouri. 101 Osage limestone and chert (Upper Bur- 83 Louisiana limestone, Louisiana, Missouri. lington?), sec. 25, T. 20 N., R. 19 E., 84 Lower Burlington limestone, Louisiana, Oklahoma. Missouri. 102 Upper Boone limestone, Carrollton, Ar- 85 Chouteau limestone, Louisiana, Missouri. kansas. 86 Upper Burlington limestone, Louisiana, 103 Upper Boone limestone, 9 miles north-
Missouri. , east of Fayetteville, Arkansas. 87 Upper Burlington limestone, Greene 104 Boone limestone, near Eureka Springs, County, Missouri. Arkansas. 88 Ft. Payne (Keokuk) limestone, 0.5 mile 105 Chert from Boone limestone, near Sul-
north of Cruddup, Alabama. ' ._' phur Springs, Arkansas. 89 Basal Ft. Payne limestone, 1 mile NW^ ^ 106 Loose chert (Boone) 0.5 mile southeast of Calvary, Kentucky. of Sulphur Springs, Arkansas.
shale, . 90 New Providence Kentucky. i_ 107 New Providence shale. Whites Creek
91 New Providence shale, Kenwood Hill, 5 ' Springs, Tennessee. miles south of Louisville, Kentucky. 108 Chouteau limestone, Annada, Missouri.
92 New Providence shale, in railroad-cut 1 109 Chouteau limestone, east of Curryville, mile south of Petrolia, Kentucky. Missouri. 14 CHOUTEAU CORALS
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1
o cr :3 u 'c 0- t_ E E E 0. E re •E E E <_ '> E re re t? '^ N re E Q, re re re E E J- *s > tr bj re pi c 'e > 0, re 1 1 _5 'e C Q. ^re c: C C- C '"> m £ X % !^ > 1 *x X f: a, a, :^ 1 T re 4: re s- 0. re E Q, E E re 'e re a. c re >^ C 1 E c E c Q, 0, 5 or E E > E c .2 J .C > 1 .| E re t/ re 're ' '> s -. c i C -. > C c c c C % > c re X 0. E E '> >< a: c c % > c c c ^ C c c t? i '1 'c7 c c 1/ c c c ^1 c c 'E 5; re I 11 1 H Cin C 'I J _^ CL a; a. ^ 'J7 d 1 'c >J c c T T T < < c c c C 1 i Pi pi h e- > C GLOSSARY 15
TERMINOLOGY Jeffords (1941), but some of these compila- tions are only incidental and none was Terms describing Paleozoic corals in more intended to be complete. The following list or less common English usage have not been likewise is known to be incomplete, but it assembled previously in any one publication. does contain all terms in more or less cur- Hill's (1935) compilation of British ter- rent usage. For those who wish more de- minology is the most authoritative list to tailed morphologic discussions, the reader is date, but it is far from complete. The com- referred to Hill (1935), Grabau (1922), pilation presented here includes most of the and Sanford (1939). terms used since about 1900. Definitions are worded as simply as possible. Words Most of the terms included in the follow- describing fleshy parts and post-Paleozoic ing list are morphologic, but a few refer to corals are not included. ontogenetic and evolutionary stages. Some There has never been an accepted Amer- have had more than one meaning and some adjectives to modify different ican system of morphologic terms, probably are used as nouns. Synonyms are italicized after the because corals have been less studied in definitions and are listed sepa- America than in Europe; moreover, an homonyms rately and numbered. Previously published "American terminology" is not needed. It definitions have been drawn upon freely is necessary, however, to provide American students with an adequate index of available without acknowledgment. terms. Partial lists published by Americans Each student has his own preference in include those by Robinson (1917), Grabau terminology within reasonable limits. In (1922, in a Chinese journal), Sanford the following glossary, some obsolete terms (1939), Twenhofel and Shrock (1937), are indicated and others which the writer Moore (1933), Grabau and Shimer does not recommend are indicated by as- (1909), Grove (1934), and Moore and terisks (*).
Glossary Apex*: Pointed end of coral. Apical end. Acanthine septa: Discontinuous septa consist- Aphroid: Plocoid coralla separated by dissepi- ing of unfused trabeculae. ments only. Acceleration: Addition of more secondary sep- Apical end: Pointed end of coral. Apex. ta in one pair of quadrants than in the other. Asexual increase: Growth or spread of coral
Acrocolumella : Axial structure consisting of or colony by sending out ofFsets. See Bud- distally elevated tabulae. ding, Gemmation, Fission. Alar: Indicates lateral position or at alar sep- Astraeform: Having polygonal corallites in ta; is determined primarily by abutting of transverse section. counter septa against an alar sextum. Ab- Astraeoid: Closely packed plocoid corals with breviated: A. indefinite boundaries between corallites. Alar pseudofossula: Gap between alar septum Atavo-tissue : Tissue common to parent and counter septum. Lateral and next adjacent offset corallites. fossula. Attenuated septum: Thin throughout length. Amplexoid: Having septa withdrawn toward Aulophylloid* : Tendency toward complex periphery. axial structures. septum: Retreats from axis, lies Amplexoid Aulos*: 1 Any axial structure. upper surfaces of tabulae, and extends upon Aulos*: 2 See Inner wall. progressively shorter distances axially as Axial area: That portion of thecarium lo- distance from tabulae increases. Short sep- cated axially from inner wall. tum in part. Axial boss: Elevation in calyx corresponding Anastomosing: Joining, as in reticulate col- to an axial structure. Calicular boss. onies of Cladopora. Inosculation. Axial complex: A columella or pseudocolum- Angulo-concentric dissepiments: Similar to ella; unrestricted in usage, but inferring concentric dissepiments except in being an- pseudocolumella. gular with apex directed peripherally. Axial edge: Edge of septa nearest axis. Annulation*: Encircling depression on epith- eca. Term not recommended. 16 CHOUTEAU CORALS
of coral; may be deep, shal- Axial increase : Growth bj' addition of two Calyx: Open end or more corallites from a calyx and having low, gently concave, inverted, steep-walled. new septa and epitheca axially but continu- Calice. ing peripheral septa and epitheca of parent. Calyx walls: Lateral portion of calyx, gen- Compound calcular budding. erally consisting of inner edges of septa. Axial pit: Depression of floor of calyx at Caninpid: Corals which change from discoid position of tabularium. Calicular pit. through trochoid to cylindrical. Axial plate: Bisects axial column in cardinal- Cardinal: Indicates position of structures or counter plane, may be continuous with car- areas within thecarium; cardinal septum de- dinal septum or counter septum or neither. termined primarily by location of herring- Medial plate. bone pattern of septa on theca; cardinal Axial septum: Jointed counter and cardinal quadrants lie between alar septa and car- septa. dinal septum. Abbreviated: C. Cardinal pseudofossula*: Gap between car- Axial series: Tabulae near axis of corallite. dinal septum and next adjacent septum. Axial zone. Carina: Vertical or horizontal flange on sep- Axial tabula: One of inner series. ta; may be reduced to rows of spines. Axial vortex: Axial structure formed by Carinate: Having carinae. twisting of axial ends of septa. Streptocol- Ceratoid: Conical corals with apical angle of umella. about 20°. Axial zone*: Tabulae near axis of corallite. Cerioid: Massive corals possessing individual Axial series. walls. Basal budding*: Budding trom margm or Coenenchymal budding: Development of new from definite points near base. Marginal corallite from connective tissue in massive budding. coralla. Basal disk: Earliest portion of skeleton
Coenenchyme : Common connective tissue be- formed. Basal plate. tween corallites of some massive coralla. Basal epitheca*: Common investing sheath in Columella: Simple solid axial rod or plate massive coralla. Holotheca. extending lengthwise. Columnella. Basal plate: First formed part of exoskel- Columnella*: See Columella. eton. Complete tabulae: Extend across thecarium. Base*: Attached edge of septum. Peripheral edge. Concentric dissepiments: Have uniformly arched upper surfaces convex distally, uni- Bourrelet: Encircling expansion on wall, coarser than growth-lines. Varices. formly distributed between septa. Cone-in-cone: Bradygenesis: Retardation of ontogenetic de- Superimposed series of prox- velopment. imally tilted tabulae. Conical: Brephic stage: Ontogenetic stage in which the Cone-shaped. See Calceolid, Cera- six protosepta are formed. Nepionic stage. toid, Haploid, Patellate, Pyramidal, Tro- choid, Turbinate. Breviseptal phase: Phase characterized by short septa. Amplexoid in part. Conico-cylindrical: Conical proximally and cylindrical distally. Budding*: Asexual increase. Gemmation. See
Contiguous : Touching. Basal, Coenenchymal, Fission, Interstitial, Marginal, Septal, Stolon, Tabular budding. Continuous septum: Septum with trabeculae 1 completely fused to form longitudinal Calceolid: Conical corals flattened on one plate. side, may have operculum. Contratingent: Minor septa joined to adja- Calice: Open end of coral; may be deep, shal- cent major septa towards counter low, gently concave, inverted, steep-walled. quadrants. Calyx. Corallite: 1 Skeleton of simple coral. Corallite: Skeleton Calicinal gemmation: Budding from within 2 of individual coral in a colony. the calyx. Corallum: 1 Skeleton of a compound coral. Calicular pit: Depression of floor of calyx at position of tabularium. Axial pit. Corallum: 2 Skeleton of a simple coral.
Costa: 1 Calicular platform: Area between axial pit Longitudinal ridge on epitheca coin- and periphery. Peripheral platform. ciding in position with a septum.
Caliculum*: Simple cup-shaped individual. Term not recommended. GLOSSARY 17
Costa*: 2 (Obsolete.) Longitudinal ridge on Dissepiment: Small distally arched structure, epitheca located between septa. Interseptal convex upward, occurring next to theca but ridge. between septa, except where septa do not Costal budding: Increase from thecal region. reach theca (lonsdaleoid septa). Counter: Indicates position of structures or Dissepimentarium: Peripheral zone of dis- areas within thecarium; determined primar- sepiments. ily by parallel bordering septa; cardinal Distal: Youngest portion. quadrants lie between alar septa and coun- Endotheca*: 1 Portion of corallite encircled by theca. Thecarium. , ter septum. Abbreviated: K or CT. Counter-laterals: First pair of secondary sep- Endotheca: 2 All structures within theca ex- ta; may be grouped with primary septa. Ab- cept columella and septa. breviated: CL. Ephebic stage: Ontogenetic stage possessing Crenulate: Zig-zag or serrated epitheca of specific characters (adult). corallites in compound coralla. Epitheca: External sheath of corallites; com- Crossbar carinae: Crossbars at position of monly indicates development subsequent to septa in peripheral region if the septa are formation of primary coral wall. Outer absent. wall. Curved: Used to modify designation of shape Epithecal projection: Horizontal tube con- in simple corals, typically cardinal quad- necting adjacent corallites in fasiculate col- rants are on concave side, counter quad- onies. Fistula. rants on convex side. Everted: Periphery of calyx lower than floor. Cyathophylloid: Tendency toward radial sym- Exotheca: All structures outside of (but in- metry. cluding) theca. Cyathotheca: Inner wall formed by fusion of Exothecal scales: Small plates attached in down-turned margins of tabulae. vertical rows to septal grooves. Scales. Cylindrical: Uniform in diameter, especially Extra-calicinal budding: Increases other than in mature portions. from calyx. Cyst*: See Dissepiment or Cystosepiment. False costa*: (Obsolete.) Longitudinal ridge on epitheca between septa. Interseptal ridge. Cystiphylloid : Tendency toward abundant dis- sepiments. Costa 2. Cystocolumella: Axial structure consisting of Fasciculate: Corallites of compound corals cysts. not touching. See Dendroid, Phaceloid. Fiber*: (Obsolete.) See Trabecula 1. Cystosepiments : Large dissepiment-like struc- Fission: Separation of calyx by cleavage. tures differing from dissepiments by arising Fission budding: Extension of features of independently of septa ; not sharply differ- parent corallite into corallite (polyp entiated from dissepiments. new may be separated from parent polyp by Dendroid: Fasciculate with branching coral- closing off of area of juncture). lites. Fistula: Connecting tube between neighbor- Denticulate: Serrate axial edges of septa. ing corallites of fosciculate coralla. Epithe- Acanthine in part. cal projection. Diaphragm: 1 Transverse partition in tubular Fossula: 1 Gap formed by abortion of a sep- area of Cleistopora and Cladopora. tum. Diaphragm*: 2 (Obsolete.) See Tabula. Fossula: 2 Gap formed by shortening of a Dichotomous: Branching by pairs, as in ra- septum, also by down-warping of tabulae mose Favositidae. at same position. Siphonofossula in part. ~ Dilated septum: Thick throughout length. Fovea*: (Obsolete.) See Fossula. Diphymorph: Corallite expressing new ortho- Gemmation: Asexual increase. Budding. gentic trend within compound corallum. Geniculate: Having abrupt change in direc- Directive septa*: Cardinal, counter, and alar tion of growth. Scolecoid in part. septa. Primary septa. Genomorphic group: Diphymorphs of coralla Discoid: Button or coin-shaped. or entire genus. character- Discontinuous septa: Septum with trabeculae Gerontic stage: Ontogenetic stage istic of old age. not completely fused to form longitudinal Granulose: small granules plate. See Acanthine, Amplexoid, Lonsdale- Having very on epitheca or tabulae. oid, Naic, Perforate septa, Retiform, Septal
cone, Septal fillets. Septal grating. Term not recommended. 18 CHOUTEAU CORALS
growth of new Growth line: Fine encircling irregularity on Lateral increase: Apparent of parent. theca. corallite from epitheca of thecarium Haploid: Simple conical coral. Left counter quadrant: Position Holotheca: Outer wall or common investing between counter septum and left alar sep- is orientated away from sheath in massive coralla. Peritheca. tum w^hen counter Horizontal skeletal element: Structure observer. axis. formed at base of living coral. Long septum: Extending almost to Horizontal bar*: See Tabula, especially in Lonsdaleoid: Having septa withdrawn from Favositidae. periphery, outer space filled by dissepiments. Horseshoe dissepiment: Domed dissepiment Recessive septa in part. against either resting on flat horizontal base near inner Lonsdaleoid dissepiments: Abut of edge of dissepimentarium. epitheca or other dissepiments because Hystero-brephic: Very early stage with pos- retreat of septa toward axis. peri- sible omission of characters in offset coral- Lonsdaleoid septum: Not extending to
lite. phery. Recessive septum. Hystero-corallite: Skeleton of offset corallite Lumen: Space within thecarium not occupied formed after the proto-corallite. by skeletal elements. Hystero-ephebic: Adult stage with possible Major septa: Protosepta and metasepta. omission of characters, in offset corallite. Marginal budding*: Budding from margin or Hystero-neanic: Early stage with possible from definite points near base. Basal bud- omission of characters, in offset corallite. ding. Incomplete tabula: Not extending across the- Massive: Compound corals with actually carium. touching corallites. See Cerioid, Plocoid, Increase: Asexual growth. Budding, Gemma- Prismatic. tion. Medial lamella: Axial plate generally in car- Infundibuliform: Cone- or funnel-shaped. dinal-counter plane. Inner wall: Solid longitudinal structure sim- Medial plate*: Bisects axial column in car- ulating internal theca. See Phyllotheca, dinal-counter plane, may be continuous with Sclerotheca, Cyathotheca, Stereotheca. cardinal septum or counter septum, or Inosculation*: Joining. Anastamosing. neither. Axial plate. Interior wall*: (Obsolete.) See Inner wall. Metasepta: Long septa resembling protosepta but in intermediate position. Secondary Intermural increase: Lateral increase occur- septa. ring in cerioid coralla at angles between Minor septa: Short septa inserted subsequent walls. to and alternating with major septa. Ter- Intermural pore: Perforation of only one of tiary septa, in part. two neighboring corallite walls in massive Mural pore: Perforation extending through coralla. epithecas of two adjacent corallites, as in Interrupted septum*: Not reaching theca. Favositidae. Lonsdaleoid septum. Naic septum: Formed in part by transverse Interseptal ridge: Vertical ridge on exterior plates connected by rods or granules of of epitheca between adjacent septa. Pseudo- sclerenchyme. septum in part, Pseudocosta, Ruga, Costa 2. Neanic stage: Ontogenetic stage between Interseptal space: Portion of lumen between brephic and ephebic stages. adjacent two septa. Neotissue: New tissue, commonly thicker Interstitial budding: Insertion of new coral- than atavo-tissue. lites in interstices between corallites. Nepionic stage: Ontogenetic stage in which Invaginated: Tabular arching in reverse of the six protosepta are formed. Brephic stage. usual manner. Offset: Corallite formed later than and from
Lamella: 1 Short axially located plate resem- proto-corallite. bling septum. Operculum: Lid covering calyx. Lamella*: 2 (Obsolete.) See Septum. Outer wall: External sheath of corallite. Epi- Lateral budding*: Budding from some point theca. in walls. Parietal budding. Outer zone*: See Dissepimentarium. Pali*: Short vertical plates located axially. Lateral fossula*: Gap between an alar sep- Lamella 1. tum and next adjacent counter septum (ob-
solete). Alar pseudo-fossula. Term not recommended. GLOSSARY 19
Palicolumella: Axial structure consisting of Prismatic: Massive corals with adjacent thickened or unthickened axial plate par- corallites in contact at all points. Astrae- tially separated from counter septum. form, in part.
Palmate : Septa in bunches with one septum Proliferation*: Increase of corallum. Budding, near the middle being generally the longest. Gemmation in part. Parietal budding: Budding from some point Prostrate: Lying horizontally or close to sub- in walls. Lateral budding. stance upon which calyx grows. of par- Parricidal budding. Involving death Protocorallite: Skeleton of initial corallite ent polyp. in colony. Patellate: Conical corals with apical angle Protosepta: Cardinal, counter, both alar, and of 120° or more. both counter-lateral septa. Primary septa 2.
Perforate septum : Discontinuous septum with Prototheca: Conical or cup-shaped embryonic trabeculae forming open meshwork. exoskeleton. Perforate septum: Having holes. Proximal: Oldest portion. Periaxial tabula*: 1 One of outer series. Pseudocolumella: Axial structure more com- Periaxial tabula: 2 Tabula between axial plex than columella. series and inner wall. Peripheral area: That portion of thecarium Pseudocosta: Longitudinal ridge on epitheca located peripherally from inner wall. not coinciding with septa. Intersepted ridge. Peripheral edge: Attached edge of septum. Ruga, Costa 2. Base. Pseudoseptum: Vertical ridge on exterior of Peripheral increase: Formation of offsets con- theca; unrestricted in usage. Interseptal sisting mainly of neo-tissue, originating ridge, in part. from dissepimentarium. Pseudothecalia: False theca formed by thick- Peripheral platform: Area between axial pit ening, fusion of peripheral ends of septa. and periphery. Calicular platform. Pyramidal: Conical corals flattened on three Peritheca: 1 Outer wall of compound coral. or four sides. Holotheca. Quadrant: One fourth of thecarium; either covering proximal por- Peritheca*: 2 Sheath cardinal or counter indicating position be- tions of colony. tween an alar and either cardinal septum Petraeoid: Addition of stereoplasm in space or counter septum. left by amplexoid retreat of septa. Radial: Radiating from axis, especially re- Phase: Part of coral differing from remainder lating to septal pattern in late stages. without ontogenetic cause. Radiciform process*: Prolongation near the Phyllotheca: Inner wall formed by bending of apex. Rootlet. septa at right angles and fusion of bent Recessive: Septa not reaching periphery. Lons- portions. dale oid septa. Phaceloid: Fasciculate with parallel coral- Rejuvenation: 1 Addition of new constricted lites. calyx smaller than parent but otherwise Pinnate: Tendency of some septa (notably in identical. Rejuvenescence in part. cardinal quadrants) to lean toward car- Rejuvenation: 2 Addition of new calyx within dinal septum. parent calyx; unrestricted usage. Platform: Flat bottom or floor of calyx. Rejuvenescence: Constriction of corallite fol- Plocoid: Massive corals without individual lowed by expansion, involving recapitulation walls between corallites. of youthful characters. Rejuvenation 1 in Polyp*: 1 Living coral. part. Polyp: 2 Fleshy part of a coral. Reticulate: Forming mesh-work. Polypidum*: (Obsolete.) Colony, especially Retiform septum: Perforate with connecting of prostrate corals. Corallum. bars between it and adjacent septa. Primary septa: 1 Cardinal, counter, and both Rhopaloid septum: Axially swollen or dilated. alar septa. Primary septa*: 2 Cardinal, counter, both Right cardinal quadrant: Portion of theca- right alar, and both counter-lateral septa. Proto- rium between cardinal septum and septa. alar septum when counter is orientated away from observer. Principal septa: Primary 2 and secondary
septa. Term not recommended. ;
20 CHOUTEAU CORALS
Right counter quadrant: Portion of thecarium Short septum: Extending only short distance between counter septum and right alar sys- axially from periphery. Amplexoid septum
tem when counter is orientated away from in part. observer. Simple: Corals which lived singly, as opposed Rootlet: Root-like prolongation near apex. to compound corals. Solitary. Radicifornt process. Siphonofossula: Deep fossula with down- Root-like process*: Proximally directed prop warped tabulae. generally confined to proximal portion. Smooth: Character of theca.
Ruga*: 1 (Obsolete.) Longitudinal ridge on Solitary: Corals which lived singly, as op- epitheca not coinciding with septa. P^<'w^/o- posed to compound corals. Simple. costa, Interseptal r-idge, Costa 2. Spine: Outwardly directed extension on Ruga: 2 Encircling striation on epitheca theca. coarser than transverse striation. Splnulose striation*: See Septal ridge. Rugose: Corals with metasepta inserted at Squamula: Degenerate tabula terminating In four points. free edge within lumen; may overlap other Scales: Small plates attached in vertical rows squamulae (interlocking). to septal grooves and Interseptal ridges. Stereocolumella: Axial structure consisting of Exothecal scales. stereoplasm deposited In late stages. Sclerenchyme: Calcareous material of skel- Stereome: Calcareous secondary deposit upon eton. Stereoplasm, Stereome. skeletal structures. Sclerenchyme, Stereo-
Sclerocolumella : Axial structure consisting of plasm. irregularly deposited calcareous material in Stereoplasm: Calcareous secondary deposit late stages. upon skeletal structures. Sclerenchyme, Ster- Sclerotheca: Inner wall formed by densely eome. packed ring of dissepiments. Stereotheca: Inner wall formed by addition Scolecoid: Cylindrical corals whose direction of stereoplasm to skeletal parts In ring of growth Is Irregular. Geniculate In part. within thecarium. Secondary septa: Principal septa added later than primary septa but before any possible Stereozone: Portion of coralllte extensively tertiary septa. Metasepta, In part. built up by stereoplasm. Secondary wall*: (Obsolete.) See Inner wall. Stolon budding: Origination of new bud from Septal budding: Partitioning of parent calyx horizontal tube connecting neighboring
into two to four subdivisions by curving of corallites ; all three units have connected primary septa. visceral cavities. Septal cone: Hollow cones with apex (either Stolonal budding: Increase by sending out central or eccentric) directed proximally, creeping basal prolongations from which cone thinning distally. new corallites arise. Septal fillet: Discontinuous septum with tra- Straight: Used to modify designation of shape beculae fused to form band-like septa In In simple corals. horizontal bands. Streptocolumella: Axial structure caused by Septal grating: Discontinuous septa with twisting of ends of septa. Axial vortex. superimposed comb-like unfused trabeculae. Synapticula: Transverse conical or cylindrical Septal groove: Longitudinal depression cor- bar between septa. responding In position to septum. Septal Tabella: Short arched tabula located axially, sulcus. generally associated with lamellae. Septal ridge: Very short vertical ridge on In- Tabula: Transverse skeletal elements form- side of epitheca at position of septum. ing floor of calyx at each successive stage; Septal sulcus*: Longitudinal groove on theca, commonly best developed In central region corresponding to position of septum. Septal may be complete or Incomplete. groove. Tabular budding: Origination of new calyx Septum: Longitudinal plate extending In- from wall of parent but enveloped by tabula. wards from epitheca; may be acanthlne, Tabularium: Axial zone of tabulae. carlnate, thin, dilated, long, short, amplex- oid, sinuous, retiform, perforate, continu- Tachygenesis: Acceleration of ontogenetic de- ous, discontinuous. velopment. Shape stage: Portion of coral characterized Talon: Arched lateral expansion near apex. by recognizable difference in external form. Term not recommended. GLOSSARY 21
Tertiary septa: Late-formed generally short Trochoid: Conical corals with apical angle of septa inserted between neighboring prin- about 40°.
cipal septa. Minor septa, in part. Varice : Encircling irregularity on wall coarser
Thamnastraeoid: Closely packed phaceloid than growth-line ; may be expansion or con- corals without boundaries between coral- striction. Bourrelet in part. lites and with septa of adjacent corallites Vertical skeletal element. Structure formed confluent. by invagination of polyp in more or less vertical plane. Theca: External sheath of corallites; com- Vesicular*: Having dissepiments. monly of unrestricted significance. Wall*: Outer sheath. Theca, Epitheca, Outer Thecarium : Portion of corallite encircled by wall. theca. Endotheca. Yard-arm carinae: Carinae opposed in posi- Trabeculae: 1 Microscopic longitudinal spic- tion on the two sides of a septum. ular elements forming septa. Zaphrentoid stage: With axially coalesced Trabeculae*: 2 Irregularly formed skeletal pinnate septa, very large cardinal fossula, tissue characteristic of Cleistopora appear- complete tabulae possibly common to all ; ing reticulate in section. rugose corals. Transverse striation: Fine encircling stria- Zooid*: Individual coral within compound tions on epitheca. corallum. Corallite.
Term not recommended. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1
Figs. 1-3 Longitudinal sections of distal portions of corallites.
4, 5 Longitudinal sections showing types of tabulae.
6-20 Transverse sections showing types of septa.
21-26 Longitudinal sections of left half of corallites showing types of septj
27-31 Transverse sections showing types of dissepiments.
[22] Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 1
DISSEPIMENTARIUM CALICULAR PLATFORM CALICULAR BOSS TABULARIUM
CALICULAR PIT
INVERTED EVERTED COMPLETE INCOMPLETE
SHORT LONSDALEOID
13
RHOPALOID RETIFORM SEPTAL CRESTS
17 20
PERFORATE SEPTAL RIDGES CARINATE YARD-ARM CARINAE HORIZONTAL CARINAS
\ 21 1^ff^25 rV v26 PERFORATE SEPTAL GRATING ACANTHINE AMPLEXOID SEPTAL FILLETS SEPTAL CONE
! 23 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2
Fig. 1-5 Transverse sections showing types of inner walls; fig. 4 is a dissepimental stereotheca;
fig. 5 is a septal stereotheca.
6-12 Transverse (above) and longitudinal (below) sections showing types of axial columns.
13-15 Transverse sections showing types of fossulae.
16-19 Transverse sections showing appearances of various septal groups.
20 Transverse section of one corallite and portions of surrounding corallites in a phaceloid corallum.
21-24 Transverse sections of one corallite and portions of surrounding corallites in plocoid coralla.
24 Illinois State Geological Survey Report oe Investigations No. 97 Plate 2
PHYLLOTHECA sclerotheca cyathotheca stereotheca stereotheca
palicolumella sclerocolumella stereocolumella acrocolumella cystocolumella
11 ^..J.^^16
axial complex primary septa protosepta protosepta protosepta, metasepta AND metasepta AND MINOR SEPTA
23 ^^S>HC^-24
APHROID THAMNASTRAEOID
25] 26 CHOUTEAU CORALS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
of the Moorefield Bassler, R. S., 1912, The Waverlyan period of GiRTY, G. H., 1911, The fauna Bull. Tennessee: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, no. shale of Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey 1851, pp. 209-224. 439.
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, 1913, Lophophyllu7n and Cyathaxonia; Re- A. W., and Shimer, H. W., 1909, North vision notes on two genera of Carboniferous Grabau, American index fossils: vol. 1, A. G. Seller & corals: Geol. Mag., n. s., decade 5, vol. 10, Co., New York. no. 2, pp. 49-56. Grove, B. H., 1934, Studies in Paleozoic corals, , 1919, A remarkable Carboniferous coral: Pts. I, II: Am. Midland Naturalist, vol. 15, Geol. Mag., decade 6, vol. 6, pp. 436-441. no. 2, pp. 97-137. Clark, A. E., 1924, On Heptaphyllum, a new , Studies in Paleozoic corals, Pt. Ill; genus of Carboniferous coral: Geol. Mag., 1935, Am. Midland Naturalist, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. vol. 61, pp. 416-423. 337-378.
, 1926, On Caenophyllum, a remarkable new Hall, James, 1876 [?1877], Illustrations of genus of Carboniferous coral: Geol. Mag., vol. Devonian fossils; corals of the Upper Hel- 63, no. 2, pp. 85-89. derberg and Hamilton groups: New York Cline, L. M., 1934, Osage formations of southern Geol. Survey, Paleontology, 39 pis. Ozark region, Missouri, Arkansas, and Okla- Ichiro, 1936, On some North Amer- homa: Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., vol. 18, Hayasaka, ican species of Lithostrotionella: Mem. Fac. no. 9, pp. 1132-1159. Sci. Agr., Taihoku Imp. Univ. Formosa, Japan, Croneis, Carey, 1930, Geology of the Arkansas vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 47-73. Paleozoic area with especial reference to oil and gas possibilities: Arkansas Geol. Survey Hill, D., 1934, The Lower Carboniferous corals Bull. 3. of Australia: Royal Soc. Queensland Proc, vol. XLV, no. 12, pp. 63-115, (1933). d'Orbigny, a., 1849, Description de quelques corals: genres nouveaux de mollusques bryozoaires: —— , 1935, British terminology for rugose Mag. Zoology Rev., no. 2, pp. 499-504. Geol. Mag, vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 481-518.
Dybowski, W. N., 1873, Monographic der Zoan- , 1938, Eurphyllum: A new genus of Per- tharia Sclerodermata Rugosa aus der Silur- mian zaphrentoid rugose corals: Royal Soc. formation Estlands, Nord-Livlands und der Queensland Proc, vol. XLVIII, no. 2, pp. Insel Gotland: Arch. Naturk. Liv-, Esth-u. 23-28, (1937). Kurl., [1], vol. 5, lief. 3, pp. 257-414. , 1938-41, A monograph on the Carbonife- Easton, W. H., 1943, The fauna of the Pitkin rous rugose corals of Scotland: Part I, pp. 1-78, formation of Arkansas: Jour. Paleontology, 1938; Part II, pp. 79-114, 1939; Part III, pp. vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 125-154. 115-204, 1941; Part IV, pp. 205-213, 1941.
, 1944, Revision of Campophyllum in North Hill, D., and Smyth, L. B., 1938, On the identity America:. Jour. Paleontology, vol. 18, no. 2, of Monilopora Nicholson and Etheridge, 1879, pp. 119-132. with Cladochonus McCoy, 1847: Royal Irish Acad. Proc, vol. 45 (B), no. 125-138. Etheridge, R., Jr., and Nicholson, H. A., 1878, 6, pp. On the genus Palaeacis and the species occur- Hinde, G. J., 1896, Descriptions of new fossils ring in British Carboniferous rocks: Annals from the Carboniferous limestone. II. On and Mag. Nat. History, ser. vol. 6, 1, pp. Palaeacis humilis sp. nov., a new perforate 206-227. coral, with remarks on the genus: Geol. Soc Faurot, L., 1909, Affinites de tetracoralliaires London Quart. Jour., vol. 52, no. 207, pp et des hexacoralliaires: Annales paleontologie, 440-444.
vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 69-108. Hudson, R. G. S., 1942, Fasciculophyllum Thom- GiRTY, G. H., in W. S. T. Smith and C. E. son and other genera of the "Zaphrentis" SiEBENTHAL, 1907, U. S. Geol. Survey Atlas, omaliusi group of Carboniferous corals: Geol.
Joplin District Folio, no. 148. Mag., vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 257-263. BIBLIOGRAPHY 27
, 1943a, "Gerontic" structures in the Car- Moore, R. C, 1928, Early Mississippian forma- boniferous coral Rotiphyllum costatum (Mc- tions in Missouri: Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. vol. 21. Coy) : op. cit., vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 23-29. 2,
, 1943b, Lower Carboniferous corals of the , 1933, Historical geology: McGraw-Hill genera Rotiphyllum and Rylstonia: Leeds Phil. Book Co., New York. Soc. Proc. (Sci. Sec), vol. 4, pt. 2, pp. 135-141. Moore, R. C, and Jeffords, R. M., 1941, New
, and Fox, T,, 1943, An upper Visean zaph- Permian corals from Kansas, Oklahoma, and rentoid fauna from the Yoredale beds of Texas: Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey Bull. 38, north-west Yorkshire: Yorkshire Geol. Soc. pp. 65-120. Proc, vol. 25, pt. 2, pp. 101-126, (1942). Moore, R. C, 1927, Mississippian corals from Jeffords, R. M., 1942, Lophophyllid corals from a central Kansas well: Am. Assoc Petrol. Geol- Lower Pennsylvanian rocks of Kansas and Ok- ogists, Bull., vol. 11,. no. 2, pp. 1329-1331. lahoma: Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey Bull. 41. Nicholson, H. A., 1888, On the structure of pp. 185-260. Cleistopora (Michelinia) geometrica, Edwards Kansas Geol. Soc, 1931, Guidebook, 13th Annual and Haime, sp.: Geol. Mag., n.s., decade 3, Field Conference. vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 150-152, figs. la-d. Keyes, Charles R., 1894, Paleontology of Mis- Perceval, S. G., 1876, On the discovery of
souri, Part I : Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 4. Palaeacis cuneata Meek and Worthen, in Car- boniferous limestone near Henbury, Bristol: Keyes, Charles R., and Rowley, R. R., 1897 Mag., decade vol. 268. Vertical range of Fossils at Louisiana: Proc. Geol. 2, 3, pp. 267, Iowa Acad. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 26-40. Purdue, A. H., and Miser, H. D., 1916, U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Eureka Springs- Kindle, E. M., 1899, The Devonian and lower Harrison Folio, no. 202. Carboniferous faunas of southern Indiana and Robinson, W. I., 1917, The Relationship of the central Kentucky: Bull. Am. Paleontology, Tetracoralla to the Hexacoralla: Connecticut vol. 3, bull. 12, pp. 129-240 of the volume. Acad. Arts Sci. Trans., vol. 21, pp. 145-200. Lang, W. D., Smith, S., and Thomas, H. D., Rowley, R. R., 1889, Observations on three Kin- 1940, Index of Palaeozoic coral genera: Brit- derhook fossils: Am. Geologist, vol. 3, pp. ish Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London. 275, 276. Laudon, L. R., 1931, The stratigraphy of the , 1901, Two new genera and some new spe- Kinderhook series of Iowa: Iowa Geol. Sur- cies of fossils from the upper Palaeozoic rocks vey, vol. 333-451. 35, pp. of Missouri: Am. Geologist, vol. 27, pp. Meek, F. B., 1867, Note on the genus Palaeacis 343-355. Haime, 1S60= {Sphenopoterium M. & W., Safford, J. M., 1869, Geology of Tennessee: 1866) : Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 44, pp. 419, Nashville. 420. Sanford, W. G., 1939, A review of the families Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H., 1861, Re- of Tetracorals: Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 237, no. 5,
marks on the age of the goniatite limestone at pp. 295-323; no. 6, pp. 401-423. Rockford, Indiana, etc.: Am. Jour. Sci., ser, 2, Sardeson, F. W., 1902, The Carboniferous for- vol. 32, pp. 167-177. mations of Humboldt, Iowa: Am. Geologist,
, 1860-61, Descriptions of new Carboniferous vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 300-312. fossils from Illinois and other western states: Scheffen, W., 1933, Die zoantharia rugosa des Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc, pp. 447-472. Silurs auf Ringerike in Oslogebiet: Norske vidensk.-akad. Oslo Skrift. I, Mat.-Naturvid, , 1866, Paleontology: Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. II, pp. 145-166, pp. 233-261. Klasse II, pp. 1-64. Schuchert, et al., Catalogue of the , 1873, Paleontology. Descriptions of inverte- C, 1905, brates from the Carboniferous system: Illinois type specimens of fossil invertebrates in the Geol. Survey, vol. 5. Department of Geology, United States Na- tional Musum: U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 53, pt. I, Miller, S. A., 1891, Palaeontology: Indiana sec. I. Dept. Geol. Nat. Hist. 17th Ann. Rept., pp. 1-103, advance sheets. Shepard, E. M., 1898, A report on Greene — County: Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 12, pt. 1, , 1892, Paleontology: Indiana Dept. Geol. — pp. 13-245. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., pp. 611-705. Simpson, G. B., 1900, Preliminary descriptions Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W. F. E., 1897, New of new genera of Paleozoic rugose corals: species of crinoids, cephalopods, and other New York State Mus. Bull. 39, vol. 8, pp. 199- Paleozoic fossils: Illinois State Mus. Nat. 222. Republished as Univ. State New York, History Bull. 12. New York St. Mus., 54th Ann. Rept. of Re- Milne-Edwards, H., 1860, Histoire naturelle des gents, 1900, vol. 3. coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits, vol. 3, Smith, S., and Gullick, B., 1925, The genera Paris. Fa'uosites and Emmonsia and the species Em-
Milne-Edwards, H., and Haime, J., 1850, A monsia parasitica (Phillips) : Annals and Mag. monograph of the British fossil corals, pt. I: Nat. History, ser. 9, vol. 15, pp. 116-126. Palaeont. Soc. London. Smyth, L. B., 1915, On the faunal zones of the
, 1851, Monographie des polypiers fossiles Rush-Skerries Carboniferous section, Co. Dub- des terrains palaeozoiques: Mus. Hist. Nat. lin: Royal Dublin Soc. Sci. Proc, n. s., vol. 14, Paris Arch., vol. 5. pp. 535-562. 28 CHOUTEAU CORALS
, 1909, Kinderhook faunal studies; V, The , 1928, On the index fossil of the Cleistopora zone: Roval Dublin Soc. Sci. Proc, n.s., vol. fauna of the Fern Glen formation: Geol. Soc 18, no. 36, pp. 423-430, (1924-1928). Pub- America Bull. 20, pp. 265-332. lished separately, 1927. White, C. A., 1865, Description of new species
, 1933, On Cleistopora geometrica (Milne- of fossils from the Devonian and Carbonife- Edwards and Haime), Royal Irish Acad. Proc, rous rocks of the Mississippi valley: Boston vol. XLI, B, 1932-1933, pp. 168-170. Soc. Nat. History Proc, 1862, pp. 8-33.
, 1933a, On certain Carboniferous corals , 1874, Preliminary report upon the in- with epithecal scales: Royal Irish Acad. Proc, vertebrate and other fossils, etc.: U. S. Geol. vol. XLI, B, 1932-1933, pp. 171-177. and Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept., pp. for Strati- 5-27. ^ 1939, Ethmoplax, a new name
phyllum Smyth: Nature, vol. 143, p. 859, Lon- , 1877, Report upon the invertebrate fossils don. collected in portions of Nevada, etc.: U. S. Snider, L. C, 1914, The Mississippian rocks of Geog. Survey W. 100th Mer., vol. 4. Jour. Geol., vol. 22, northeastern Oklahoma: , 1880, Paleontological papers No. 11, etc.: no. 6, pp. 613-624. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. Bull., vol. 209-221. , 1915, Geology of a portion of northeastern 5, pp. Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geol. Survey Bull. 24, , 1880a, Contributions to invertebrate pale- 7-65. pt. I, pp. ontology, nos. 2-8: U. S. Geol. Survey, 12th Stewart, G. A., 1938, Middle Devonian corals Ann. Rept. of Ohio: Geol. Soc America Spec Papers 8. , 1883, Contributions to invertebrate paleon- G. C, 1855, Second Annual Report, Swallow, tology, nos. 2-8 ; Extr. from 12th Ann. Rept. pt. I: Missouri Geol. Survey. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., pt. 1. Stuckenberg, a., 1895, Korallen und Bryozoen White, C. A., and Whitfield, R. P., 1862, Ob- Steinkohlenablagerungen des Ural und des der servations upon the rocks of the Mississippi Timan: Memoires du Comite Geologique de Valley, etc. : Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc, Russie, St. Petersburg, vol. 10, no. pp. 1-244. 3, 1861, pp. 289-306. German summary, pp. 180-244. Whitfield, R. P., 1891, Contributions to inver- Thomson, 1883, On the development and gen- J., tebrate paleontology: New York Acad. Sci. eric relation of the corals of the Carboniferous Annals, vol. 5, pp. 505-620. system of Scotland: Royal Phil. Soc. Glasgow Proc, vol. 14, pp. 296-520. , 1895, Contributions to the paleontology of Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey, vol. 404-494. Twenhofel, W. H., and Schrock, R. R., 1935, In- 7, pp. vertebrate Paleontology: McGraw-Hill Book Williams, J. Steele, 1943, Stratigraphy and Co., New York. fauna of the Louisiana limestone of Missouri: Van Tuyl, F. M., 1925, The stratigraphy of the U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 203. Mississippian formations of Iowa: Iowa Geol. Wilmarth, M. G, 1938, Lexicon of geologic Survey, vol. 30, pp. 33-349. names of the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Vaughan, a., 1906, An account of the faunal suc- Bull. 896.
cession and correlation ; in A., Matley, C. and Williams, H. S., 1900, The Paleozoic faunas of Vaughan, A., The Carboniferous rocks at Rush northern Arkansas: Arkansas Geol. Survey
(County Dublin) : Geol. Soc. London Quart. Ann. Rept., 1892, vol. 5, pp. 268-362. Jour., vol. 62, pp. 295-322. Winchell, a., 1863, Descriptions of fossils from , 1908, An account of the faunal succession the yellow sandstones lying beneath the "Bur- and correlation; in Matley, C. A., and Vaugh- lington limestone" at Burlington, Iowa. Phil- an, A., The Carboniferous rocks at Lough- adelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc, 1863, pp. 2-25. shinny (County Dublin) : op. cit., vol. 64, pp. 436-472. , 1865, Descriptions of new species of fos- sils, etc.: Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc, Weller, J. M., and Sutton, A. H., 1940, Mis- pp. 109-133. sissippian border of Eastern Interior basin:
Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists, vol. 24, pp. , 1870, Notices and descriptions of fossils 765, 858. Reprinted as Illinois State Geol. from the Marshall group of the western states, Survey Rept. Inv. 62, 1940. with notes on fossils from other formations: Am. Philos. Soc. Proc, vol. 245-260. Weller, S., 1898, A bibliographic index of North 11, pp. American Carboniferous invertebrates: U. S. WoRTHEN, A. H., 1890, Description of fossil in- Geol. Survey Bull. 153. vertebrates: Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 8. CYATHAXONIA 29 SYSTEMATICS
PHYLUM COELENTERATA fuse with primaries on cardinal sides of CLASS ANTHOZOA septa; central smooth area slightly convex; ORDER TETRACORALLA five primaries in each cardinal quadrant. Longer cardinal septum in slightly later Family Paleocyclidae Dybowski, 1873 stage.
Genus MiCROCYCLUS Meek and Worthen, Occurrence.—Localities 1, 2, 56, ?59, 1868 ?63, 73.
Thin, discoidal, almost flat free corolla with Material.— Specimens studied, 8. Orig- small central irregular basal scar of attach- a inal figured cotypes, University of Cincin- ment and a shallow calyx provided with smooth nati other cotypes. septa arranged in four groups separated by fos- Nos. 3998 and 3999; sulae of which the cardinal one, with a con- University of Cincinnati No. 4000; addi- spicuous cardinal septum, is best developed. tional studied specimens. University of Mis- Major septa merging into a smooth central area; souri No. 1042. minor septa short and often attached to the major. The smooth septa and conspicuous car- Kemarks.—The writer hereby selects as dinal fossula with its cardinal septum are char- holotype the cotype figured by Miller on acteristic of Microcyclus, which represents the plate figure (University of Cincinnati stage of development in the family at which all 9, 27 the fossulae but the cardinal one are inconspic- No. 3998). uous. (Bassler, 1937, p. 193.) Genotype. — Microcyclus discus Meek and Worthen. Family Cyathaxonidae Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1850 Occurrence.—Devonian of Illinois, New York, Virginia, Germany, Canada, and Genus Cyathaxonia Michelin, 1847 Spain; Chouteau limestone, Sedalia and Providence, Missouri. Small ceratoid Rugose corals with a tall col- umella developed independently of, but in con- tact with, the major septa, and with minor septa Microcyclus Blairi Miller inserted alternately with the major septa; with complete tabulae inclined down to the epitheca, Plate 16, figures 9, 10 and without dissepiments. Hill (1940, p. 194). Microcyclus hlairi Miller, 1891, Indiana Dept. — cornu Michelin, Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 7, pi. 9, Genotype. Cyathaxonia figs. 27, 28. Adv. Sheets. 1847. Microcyclus blairi, Miller, 1892, Indiana Dept. Occurrence.—The genus is known from Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 261, pi. 9, in the Lower Carboniferous into the figs. 27, 28. Z2 Lower Permian and has been recognized in Microcyclus blairi, Miller, 1892, North American Belgium, Ireland, England, Scotland, Rus- Geology and Paleontology, App. 1, p. 669, fig. 1201. sia, Australia, and the United States. In
Microcyclus blairi, Keyes, 1894, Missouri Geol. this country it is known from the Chouteau Survey, vol. 4, p. 117. limestone (unrestricted) of Missouri, the Microcyclus blairi, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur. Fern Glen formation of Illinois, the shale Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, pp. 97, 154, beneath the Rockford limestone of Indiana, 186, 195. and the lower limestone beds of the Spring- Microcyclus blairi, Bassler, 1937, Jour. Paleon- ville shale in Illinois. Possible Devonian tology, vol. 11, p. 196, pi. 31, fig."l7. representatives are known. Description.— In young specimen (diam- to Hill eter 7.5 mm) M^ith 22 septa, 4 cardinal ma- Remarks.—According (1940, p. jor septa lie on either side of short cardinal 194) Cyathaxonia Thomson, 1878 is not septum; counter septum extends onto cen- referable to Cyathaxonia Michelin, 1847, but Cyathocarina Sochkine, 1928 is a junior tral depressed smooth area ; lateral spines occur on some septa in right counter quad- subjective synonym. rant. For details of cyathaxoniid septal inser- Mature specimen (holotype, diameter tion, see Faurot (1909, pp. 69-108), Hill 12.3 mm) has 26 primary septa alternat- (1940, p. 194), Grabau (1922, pp. 68, 69), ing with very short secondary septa, which and Grove (1934, p. 121). ;
30 CHOUTEAU CORALS
Cyathaxonia arcuatus Weller is not re- Most advanced stage observed (diameter viewed in this study because the writer be- 3.5 mm) with 28 septa lining walls of calyx. lieves this species to be misidentified when Broken tip in early ephebic stage (dia- listed from beds lower than the Fern Glen. meter 1.3 mm) with 21 septa, cardinal, counter and one lateral septa all single, Cyathaxonia tantilla (Miller) four pairs of septa on one side, five on other emend. Easton extra pair on side of acceleration during geniculation. Small spines abundant on sides Plate 6, figures 7, 8; Plate 16, figures 16, 17 of septa. Zaphrentis tantilla Miller, 1891 [in part], In- diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept, In neanic stages precise structure obscure p. 11, pi. I, figs. 23, 24. Adv. Sheets. at 0.9 mm about 10 or 12 septa, columella Zaphrentis tantilla, Miller, 1892 [in part], In- present. diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept, pp. 621-622, pi. I, figs. 23, 24. In general, paired septa consist of one Zaphrentis tantilla, K,eyes, 1894, Missouri Geol. main septum and shorter auxiliary joining Survey, vol. 4, p. 111. on side away from cardinal septum. Zaphrentis tantilla, Keyes and Rowley, 1897, Longitudinal section.—Columella extend- Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 30. ing well into calyx ; septal spines quite prom- Cyathaxonia minor Weller, 1909, Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 20, p. 270, pi. 10, figs. inent, in arched series sloping inward and
14-17. downward ; dissepiments not observed ; tab- Cyathaxonia minor. Snider, 1914, Jour. Geol., ulae extremely thin, about 0.7 mm apart, vol. 22, no. 6, p. 17. sloping gently upward axially. ^Cyathaxonia minor, Girty, 1915, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 598, p. 29. Occurrence.—Localities 2, 4-7, 46, 50, C[yathaxonia] minor. Snider, 1915, Oklahoma 52-54, 56, 60, ?61, 64, 75, 84, 98. This Geol. Survey Bull. 24, p. 23. species has also been reported from the Cyathaxonia minor, Purdue and Miser, 1916, Burlington limestone at Louisiana and Han- U. S. Geol. Survey Folio 202, p. 11. nibal, Missouri, by Keyes (1894, p. Ill), Cyathaxonia minor, Moore, Missouri Bur. 1928, but according to McQueen^ there are no Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, pp. 148, 163, 191, 195. specimens listed in the Missouri Geological collection to substantiate this report. Cyathaxonia minor, Croneis, 1930, Arkansas Survey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, pp. 47, 49. Material.—Specimens studied, 68. Holo- Cyathaxonia minor, Cline, 1934, Amer. Assoc. type, University of Cincinnati No. 3940; Petrol. Geol. Bull., vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1140, 1144. paratypes. University of Cincinnati No. Cyathaxonia tantilla. Grove, 1935, Am. Midland 3941, 24404; Grove's hypotypes, University
Naturalist, vol. 16, pp. 367, 368, pi. 9, figs. of Chicago No. 38042 ; other studied ma- 15-17. terial, United States National Museum not Cyathaxonia tantilla, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur. numbered, Illinois State Geological Survey Geol. Mines, ser. vol. 2, 21, pp. 53, 93, 96, 97, Nos. 3509, 3516, University of Missouri 120, 154, 195. not numbered, and University of Chicago Description.— Small, curved cylindrical, No. 9855. commonly geniculate corallites; calyx deep, with prominent elliptical axial boss, sharp Remarks.—Miller designated 31 speci- but short septa lining nearly mens as cotypes of this species. One cotype, vertical walls ; epitheca moderately thick, very finely striate which most closely fits the original illustra- to rugate, obscure septal grooves when un- tions, and which bears a different number weathered. (University of Cincinnati No. 3940) is hereby designated the holotype. This is 8.5 Transverse sections.—In late ephebic mm long and would be about 2.7 mm in stage (diameter 2.7 mm), 24 septa—one greatest diameter if the calyx were not cardinal, one counter with simple septum on somewhat crushed. It has 26 septa and a either side, then 5 pairs of septa on each prominent columella in the 1.5 mm deep side uniting just short of columella; col- calyx. The exterior is smooth near the tip umella practically undifferentiated, one- but is weathered near the calyx. This speci- fourth of diameter of calyx, slightly ellip- men and several others were cleaned by the tical, long axis directed counter-cardinally, writer in order to establish the nature of the fused with tips of septa; septal spines very rare. Correspondence, H. S. McQueen, August 26, 1942. ; :
METRIOPHYLLUM 31
calyces. No traces of fossulae were ob- Remarks.— Hill (1940, pp. 132, 136) in- served. The "fossula" as described by Car- dicated that Metriophyllum is a senior syn- ruthers (1913) refers to a different septal onym of Lopholasma, but she does not use distribution and not a depression at the either name, preferring to retain species cardinal position (see Carruthers, 1913, pi. groups of "Zaphrentis'' because the other Ill, figs. 4, 7, 9, 10). pertinent genera have not been studied in detail. The writer feels that obvious dif- Altogether, 22 of the original cotypes are ferences between Zaphrentis and Metrio- referable to this species, one to Syringo- phyllum warrant using the latter genus pora harveyij one to Paleacis n. sp., one pos- when it seems applicable, even though its sibly to Hapsiphyllum n. sp., one to Am- details are imperfectly known. plexus corniculum Miller, three to Metrio- believed that "the phyllum n. sp., and two are unidentifiable Grabau (1922, p. 42) is derived from (one may be a pathologic specimen of C. Devonian form probably Stereolasma rectum'' and that tan tilla). (p. 58) Lophocarinophyllum was probably derived from a coral of the Metriophyllum type. Family Metriophyllidae Hill, 1939 Jeffords reiterated the same view (1942, Genus Metriophyllum Milne-Edwards pp. 208-209). Hill (1940, p. 132) be- and Haime, 1850 lieved Fasciculophyllum was derived from corals of the Metriophyllum type which she Metriophyllum Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1850, includes in the Zaphrentis omaliusi group. Paleont. Soc. London, p. Ixix. Lang, Smith, and Thomas (1940, p. 123) Metriophyllum Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1851, Polypes Foss. des Terr. Palaeoz., p. 317. state that Stereolasma and Lopholasma are Lopholasma Simpson, 1900, New York State Mus. junior synonyms of Metriophyllum; on the Bull. 39, vol. 8, p. 206. basis of examination of the figures the writer Stereolasma Simpson, 1900, New York State Mus. concurs. It has proved impossible to decide Bull. 39, vol. 8, p. 205. to which genera belong any of Hall's Lopholasma Grabau, 1922, Paleontologia Sinica, specimens referred to by Simpson. Simp- ser. B, vol. 2, fasc. 1, p. 42. son's types are thin-sections and are not Lophelasma Lang, Smith, and Thomas, 1940, In- known to have been cut from any of Hall's dex of Palaeozoic Coral Genera, p. 80. figured specimens. Stereoelasma Lang, Smith, and Thomas, 1940, idem, p. 123. Metriophyllum deminutivum Small, simple, ceratoid rugose corals; Easton, n. sp. septa carinate, radially arranged, commonly fused axially to form a pseudocolumella Plate 3, figures 1-3 tabulae thin, sparse ; dissepiments present. Zaphrentis tantilla Miller, 1891, [in part], In- Genotype. — Metriophyllum bouchardi diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., Milne-Edwards and Haime. p. 11, Adv. Sheets. Zaphrentis tantilla, Miller, 1892, [in part], In- Occurrence.—Hamilton (Devonian) of diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 17th Ann. Rept., New York; probably late Visean or early pp. 621, 622. Moscovian of China; Lower Carboniferous Externals.—Small, slightly curved, cera- of the British Isles ; lower part of Chouteau toid to cylindrical, slightly elliptical in limestone (unrestricted) of Missouri. cross-section ; epitheca thin, very finely stri- Material.—The specimens illustrated by ate, unevenly constricted, commonly obscur- Hall (1876, pi. 19, figs. 1-13) are mostly ing interseptal ridges; calyx deep, steep- in the American Museum of Natural His- walled, without calicular boss but with traces of septa on floor and walls. tory, except for the original of figure 9, which is New York State Museum No. Dimensions of specimens, all incomplete 3740/1. The location of Hall's specimens Greatest illustrated as figures 4, 6, 10 is unknown. Length diameter Simpson's (1900) specimens are in the New University of Cincinnati
York State Museum as follows: fig. 16, No. 24300 (holotype) . 10.5 mm 4.2 mm University of Cincinnati No. 3740/3; fig. 17, No. 3740/2; fig. 18, No. 24301 (paratype) 8.3mm 4.4mm No. 3741/2; fig. 19, No. fig. 3520/1; 20, University of Cincinnati No. 3520/2; fig. 22, No. 3520/3. No. 24302 (paratype) 10.1mm 5.5 mm ;
32 CHOUTEAU CORALS
RotipJiyllum, Hudson and Fox, 1943, Yorkshire Tangential section.— (PL 3, fig. 2.) Sep- Geol. Soc. Proc, vol. 25, pt. 2 (1942), p. 106. ta slightly flexuous; carinae 6 in 3 mm, — very prominent, extending about 0.1 mm Diagnosis. "Zaphrentoid corals of Fas- species-group^ with from septa, with upward-directed hook at ciculophyllum oinaliusi spaced, radial, major septa which tip, overlapping carinae of septa on either evenly stereocolumn. Car- side, but not exactly alternating with them, meet axially and form a being nearly opposed on any one septum but dinal fossula, on convex side of corallum, lying in plane oblique through septum (ex- similar to other loculi except that they cept in early ephebic stage, where carinae usually extend to the septal axis. Alar fos- alternate, slope downwards to septa). sulae indistinguishable from other loculi. Tabulae conical. No dissepiments. Septal Transverse sections.— (PL 3, fig. 3.) In plan in early growth-stages similar to that middle ephebic stage (diameters 2.5 x 3.0 in other species of F. omaliusi species- mm), septa thick, grouped somewhat in group." (Hudson, 1942, p. 257.) pairs, five pairs on each side between single thick cardinal septum and thin counter Genotype. — Densiphyllum rushianum septum with single minors joining it on Vaughan, 1908, emend. Hudson, 1943. either side to form tripartite counter sys- Occurrence. — According to Hudson
in axis ; tem ; ends of septa fused epitheca (1943b, p. 137), "Rotiphylloid structures thick ; tabulae sparse, thin ; occasional sep- are known in members of the F. omaliusi tal spine present. species-group from the lower Tournaisian
Broken tip in late neanic stage (diame- to the top of the Visean." ter 1.3 mm) with 8 septa united axially, Remarks.—Rotiphyllum has not previ- only two paired. ously been identified in North America. Both the American species studied herein Longitudinal section.— (PL 3, fig. 1.) appear to be phylogenetically older than the Axial structure with traces of sinuous septa, described British material in that the Amer- especially in more mature stages ; carinae ican species have wider stereocolumellae, slope gently downward axially; not more more prominent fossulae, pronounced bilat- than three very fine dissepiments observed. eral symmetry, and a tendency toward pin- Comparison.—This species differs from nate septa in the cardinal quadrants. Lopholasma carbonaria Grabau and Metrio- phyllurn battersbyi Edwards and Haime in Rotiphyllum calyculum (Miller) being notably smaller, having far fewer emend. Easton septa, and in very rarely showing dissepi- ments. Plate 3, figures 7-10; Plate 16, figures 32, 33
Occurrence.-—Locality 7. Zaphrentis calyculus Miller, 1891, Indiana Dept. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 10, pi. 1, figs. Material. Specimens studied, 3. — Holo- 13, 14, Adv. Sheets. type. University of Cincinnati No. 24300; Zaphrentis calyculus. Miller, 1892, Indiana Dept. paratypes, University of Cincinnati Nos. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 620, 24301, 24302. pi. 1, figs. 13, 14. Zaphrentis calycula, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, p. 97. Genus RoTiPHYLLUM Hudson, 1942 Externals. — Holotype curved trochoid, Densyphyllinn Thomson, 1883, Proc. Roy. Phil. widely flaring at calyx; calyx deep with Soc. Glasgow, vol. 14, p. 445. concave floor ; epitheca thin with striae Densiphyllum Vaughan, 1906, Quart. Jour. Geol. holotype has 25 primaries alternating with Soc. London, vol. 62, p. 318. short secondaries ; tips of majors fused to Densiphyllum, Vaughan, 1908, Quart. Jour. Geol. central smooth area; first pair of majors Soc. London, vol. 64, p. 459. on each side of cardinal septum fused before Densiphyllu7n, Smyth, 1915, Roy. Dublin Soc. meeting smooth area; a short major on Sci. Proc, n. s., vol. 14, p. 556. non Densiphyllum Dybowski, 1873, Arch. Naturk. - ""The characteristic features of this group_ of small conical, and curved Rugose Corals are the position of the Liv-, Esth-u. Kurl. vol. 5, lief 335. [1], 3, p. cardinal sectors on the convex side of the corallum, the palmate grouping of the septa which are radial or Rotiphyllum Hudson, 1942, Geol. Mag. vol. 79, sli'^htly concave to the cardinal septum, the stereocolumn no. 5, p. 257. o*^ varying strength, the pseudofossula about a counter septum often long and rhopaloid, and the tendency of the Rotiphyllum, Hudson, 1943b, Leeds Philos. Soc. minor septa to be contratingent with the counter-minor'" Proc. (Sci. Sec), vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 136. longer." (Hudson, 1943b, p. 104.) ;
ROTIPHYLLUM 33
cardinal side fused with each alar; right parallel with or oblique to cardinal-counter alar combination free; holotype 15 mm long plane; epitheca thick, with rugae; calicular on convex side, calyx 12 mm in diameter. budding observed; holotype 14 mm long Paratype strongly curved, abruptly flar- (convex side), 7 mm long (concave side), ing, about 6 mm long on convex side, 8 mm calyx 10.7 by 9.7 mm in diameter. in diameter at calyx; septa 24, with one Calyx of holotype with 24 major septa, short cardinal followed in counterclockwise arranged as follows in counter-clockwise di- 1 1 direction by 2 fused, free, 4 fused, nearly rection : cardinal septum prominently con- free, 5 fused, 1 free (counter), 3 fused, 1 nected to axial boss, 1 short free major, 4 free, 3 fused, free major septa; nearly and 2 fused, 1 single (right alar) , 3 fused, 2 fused, minor septa alternate with majors. 2 fused, 1 single, 4 fused, 1 single (left Another paratype (diameters 5.9 by 6.7 alar), 3 fused, 1 single; minor septa re- mm) has 18 septa, cardinal septum in fos- stricted to right (convex) side. sula on convex side, followed on either side Another specimen (diameters 11 by 9.7 by groups of 4 septa (last of which is almost mm), possesses 27 (possibly 28) majors ar-
free alar septum) ; counter septum bordered ranged as follows (counterclockwise) : car- by groups of 4 septa. dinal septum not prominent, in pronounced Transverse section.—One to three tab- fosuUa, leaning to right of cardinal-counter ular intersections between septa in late plane, 3 fused, 2 fused and then fused to ephebic stage. In late neanic stage of holo- third, 1 free and short, 1 free and short type (diameter 2.4 mm) cardinal septum is (right alar), 11 single extending equally slightly longer than others, none reaches to axial boss, 1 free and short (left alar), center, and most are short and paired near 3 (possibly 4) single (1 extra possibly epitheca. fused to last), 3 fused. Longitudinal section. — Tabulae about A third specimen (diameter about 7.7 normal to counter side, tilted proximally mm) has 22 majors with minors alternating somewhat toward cardinal side, flat or con- all around the somewhat deep, symmetrical cave; axial region composed of tabulae and calyx. axial ends of septa, all reinforced with scler- Transverse sections. — In very early enchyme forming a flat-topped axial struc- ephebic stage (diameters 1.7 by 1.9 mm) ture. holotype with solid central area joined by
Occurrence.—Localities 1, 2. 1 cardinal, 1 lateral fused to next (right alar), 10 majors, 1 (left) alar, 2 majors Material.—Specimens studied, 36. Holo- next to cardinal, totaling 16 septa; sugges- type, University of Cincinnati No. 3359; tion of tabulae. figured paratypes. University of Cincinnati No. 3359a; studied paratypes. University of In section through bottom of another
Cincinnati No. 24307 ; unidentified orig- calyx (diameters 14.0 by 7.7 mm), 22 inal cotypes, University of Cincinnati No. septa, cardinal single, counter joined about 24308. half-way on either side by other single ma- jors. Tabular intersections abundant near Remarks.—This species was differentiated epitheca. from among the cotypes and is represented by Miller's figured specimen, here desig- Longitudinal section. — Columella very nated the holotype, plus 14 paratypes. long, tapering; tabulae steeply oblique downwards to epitheca, both concave and convex, generally very thin. RoTiPHYLLUM HiANS Easton, n. sp. Comparison.—This species differs notably Plate 3, figures 4-6; Plate 16, figures 6-8 from R. calyculuju (Miller) emend. Easton
Zaphrentis caly cuius Miller, 1891 [in part], In- in having a columellar boss in the calyx; diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 17th Ann. Rept., otherwise the two are similar. p. 10. Adv. sheets. Occurrence. Localities 7, 9. Zaphrentis calyculus, Miller, 1892 [in part], In- — diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 17th Ann. Rept., Material.—Specimens studied, 8. Holo- p. 620. type, University of Cincinnati No. 24303 Externals. — Small, trochoid, somewhat figured paratypes, University of Cincinnati flattened; calyx oblique toward concave Nos. 24304, 24305, 24306; figured ideo- side, shallow, with prominent oval axial boss type, Illinois State Geological Survey No. — ;
34 CHOUTEAU CORALS
3502; other specimen, University of Cint Pseudocryptophyllum cavum cinnati No. 24401 (as paratype of Z. Easton n. sp. tenella). Plate 4, figures 8-11 ; Plate 16, figure 31 Remarks.—The types were formerly part Externals.—Small, straight, ceratoid ; epi- of the cotypes of Z. calycula Miller. theca thin with definite interseptal ridges spines very sparse; cor- Family Streptelasmidae Grabau, 1922 and septal grooves, allite expands increasingly rapidly. Calyx not observed. PsEUDOCRYPTOPHYLLUM Easton n. gen. Transverse sections. — In late ephebic Diagriosis.—Simple, rugose corals; six stage (9.3 by 8.3 mm) three very prom- primary septa in earliest stage observed, inent dilated septa, cardinal and alars; three (cardinal and alars) persistently counter short, flanked by axially somewhat strongest, longest; counter septum very swollen longer counter-lateral septa on either
strong in early stage, rapidly becoming side ; fairly well-defined traces of secondary weak, persisting into most advanced stage septa irregular in counter quadrants, else- observed; minor septa, if any, confined to where secondary septa only swellings on counter quadrants, well developed only in periphery; all majors connected by strongly near axis; early stages ; tabulae present, thick near cen- developed transected tabulae ter, very thin periaxially; dissepiments ab- outer tabulae very thin.
sent. In late neanic stage (diameters 4.3 by 3.5 Genotype.—Pseudocryptophyllum cavum mm), six prominent septa meeting at solid axial structure which is in reality a thick Easton n. sp. tabula; counter septum much the most di- limestone (unre- Occurrence.—Chouteau lated but shortest; rather well developed stricted), Pettis County, Missouri. septal traces of secondaries in counter Remarks.—This genus differs from Cryp- quadrants join transected tabula in slightly tophyllum in having six early septa, counter earlier stages ; tabulae thin. septum strongly developed early in onto- At very slightly more advanced (early geny and persisting into late stages, sec- ephebic) stage, septa extend almost to cen- ondary septa almost restricted to early ter, fail to meet at tabular intersection; stages. It differs similarly from Plerophyl- counter much weakened, it and counter-lat- lum but also the orientation of Plerophyl- erals shortest of six septa present. lum is the reverse of that in Cryptophyllum Longitudinal section. — Tabulae arch and Pseudocryptophyllum. Plerophyllum steeply upwards with slight axial sag; may may prove to be synonymous with Crypto- be recurved upwards at peripheries; vari- phyllum, but the Chouteau species must be able in thickness. placed in another genus on the basis of the Comparison.—The six long major septa six early septa and the strong counter sep- serve at present to differentiate the species. tum in early stages. Both Plerophyllum and Pseudocryptophyllum have walls of epitheca Occurrence.—Localities 8, 38. fused with the extreme outer portions of 7l^«/^r/^/.—Specimens studied, 2. Holo- septa. The tabulae of Cryptophyllum and type. University of Missouri not numbered Pseudocryptophyllum are similar in being a possible representative is Illinois State axially depressed. Pseudocryptophyllum may Geological Survey No. 3510. have been derived from Cryptophyllum by Remarks.—The orientation of the speci- additional reduction in the length of sec- men was obtained from a study of the inter- ondary septa and reduction in the strength septal ridges and septal grooves. (not necessarily length) of the counter sep- tum. This is not borne out by the strati- Family Hapsiphyllidae Grabau, 1928, graphic occurrence of the species, however, emend. Easton for the monotypic Cryptophyllum extends from Zg into Dg of the British section Diagnosis.—Simple rugose corals whose a range which includes almost the entire major septa tend to surround a prominent Lower Mississippian of America. cardinal fossula; minor septa may be pres- ;
TRIPL OPHYLUTES 35 ent; tabulae present; dissepiments may be sepiments generally sparse, irregular, mostly present. in early portions of corallite, usually between Type genus. — Hapsiphyllum Simpson, major and minor septa and never becoming 1900, emend. Easton. lonsdaleoid; septal stereozones may be present. Remarks.—Many of the corals included in this family have formerly been included Genotype. — Triplophyllites palmatus in the "Zaphrentidae" of authors. Grabau Easton, n. sp. (1928, p. 118) proposed the family Hapsi- Occurrence.—Abundant in Mississippian phyllidae for what is essentially this group. of North America ; Tournaisian and Visean He included Hapsiphyllum, Allotropiophyl- of Belgium, England, Russia, and Scotland. lum, and Mentscophyllum in the family. In addition to Hapsiphyllum, Allotropio- Description of genotype phyllum may be a member, but Menisco- phyllum is not typical, although it probably Triplophyllites palmatus Easton, n. sp. belongs here. Plate figures 1-6 Schindewolf considered Zaphrentoides 8, Stuckenberg to be a senior synonym of Externals.— Slightly curved, mostly tro- Hapsiphyllum Simpson, and therefore choid but sometimes ceratoid ; sparsely spin- changed the family name to Zaphrentoididae ose ; interseptal ridges strong, markedly stri- (1938, p. 451). The writer does not recog- ate, notably stronger on either side of the nize Zaphrentoides as having much taxo- four primary septa ; calyx deep ; cardinal nomic value because of lack of information position commonly to one side of the con- about its genotype and, therefore, the fam- cave side; sections show cardinal and alar ily name Hapsiphyllidae is revived. This fossulae present in the calyx, cardinal sep- family includes Hapsiphyllum, Neozaphren- tum very short in a long narrow fossula, tis, the new genus described hereunder, prob- counter and alar septa slightly longer than ably Meniscophyllum, and possibly Clino- other major septa. phyllum. Transverse sections.—Minor septa devel- oped very late in ephebic stage and always Genus Triplophyllites Easton, i;udimentary. new genus In late ephebic stage (diameters 14.3 by 15.8 mm) 34 major septa, of which car- Zaphrentis of authors [in part]. dinal septum is very short and located in Triplophyllum Simpson, 1900 [in part], New very long, narrow fossula; counter septum York State Mus. Bull. 39, vol. 8, p. 209. Menophyllum Milne-Edwards and Hairae, Girty, slightly thicker than other septa; one or 1911, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 439, p. 28. two groups of palmate septa occur in coun-
Triplophyllum, Grove, 1935, Am. Midland Na- ter quadrants which are accelerated ; minor turalist, vol. 16, No. 3, p. 339. septa present in a few loculi (pi. 8, fig. 1). Zaphrentoides (Hapsiphyllum) Schindewolf, In middle ephebic stage (diameter 11.3 1938 [in part], Jahr. Preuss. Geol. Lande- major septa; palmate arrangement sanst. (1937), vol. 58, p. 449. mm) 28 Triplophyllum of authors [in part]. of septa in counter quadrants quite marked cardinal fossula long and somewhat axially Diagnosis.—Simple, small to large, nearly expanded ; long septum in it in plate straight to curved, conical; asexual increase shown very rare; calyx generally evenly concave; 8, fig. 2 is a metaseptum and not cardinal septum, which is masked by stereoplasm to septa very short in upper part of calyx; right of long septum. epitheca generally thin, with rugae, striae, interseptal ridges, septal grooves; spines Through progressively earlier ephebic may be present; major septa v^ry long in stages (pi. 8, figs. 3a-3d) lengths of the early stages; minor septa very short to palmate septa decrease in counter quadrants until they are indicated rudimentary or absent ; cardinal fossula very only by septal prominent, occupied by progressively short- grooves; at the same time, cardinal septum ened cardinal septum, bounded by generally becomes longer. axially fused neighboring cardinal septa; In very early ephebic and late neanic alar fossulae best developed in late neanic stages (pi. 8, figs. 4a-4c), number of septa stage, tending to become obscure in later further decreases; tabulae not observed in stages; tabulae prominent throughout; dis- neanic stages. :
36 CHOUTEAU CORALS
Longitudinal section.—Tabulae complete, fossula on the convex side of the corallite sharpl)^ recurved proximally near their bor- and Zaphrentoides (Hapsiphylluin) has the ders in lower half of corallite, less sharply cardinal fossula on the concave side of the recurved near calyx; dissepiments very corallite. This taxonomic arrangement places sparse, either in angle between a tabula and corals both with and without dissepiments epitheca or enlarged with tabulae butting in the same subgenus, a condition which the against them; about 7 tabulae in 10 mm. writer considers unsatisfactory. The pres- ence or absence of a major morphologic fea- Comparison.— T. palmatus differs from ture, such as a tendency for development of T. spin nl OS us a (Grove) in having the dissepiments, is of greater taxonomic value cardinal septum shortened by early ephebic than the orientation of an existing feature, stage; the pronounced palmate grouping of such as the cardinal fossula. Even so, the septa in the counter quadrants, the very writer essentially agrees with Schindewolf strong counter septum, and the early reduc- that the dominent position of the cardinal tion of the length of the cardinal septum fossula has taxonomic significance, that its are characteristic of the species internally. significance is of subgeneric rank, and that The generally trochoid shape, the very deep the mere presence of alar fossulae is not of calyx, the strong interseptal ridges, and the generic importance. sparse spines may provide external identify- ing characters. Instead of adopting a modification of Schindewolf's taxonomy, the writer feels Occurrence.—The specimens were col- it necessary to establish a genus whose lected by the writer from near the top of new characters are referable to an incontrovert- the Kinkaid limestone (Chester series, Mis- ible genotype which, in turn, is based sissippian system) in the gully to the west upon adequately type material. T. of the road north of Cedar Grove Church, known palm- atus is the best known species available to in the NE. ^4 NW. >i sec. 31, T. 11 S., the writer ; it is abundant at its type local- R. 2 E., Johnson County, Illinois. The col- ity is well established, the material is lections came from bed 13 as measured by which well preserved, and the species is entirely Lamar (Illinois Geol. Survev Bull. 48, p. 80,1925). typical of the genus. For these reasons, this Kinkaid species is chosen as genotype, Material.— Holotvpe, No. 3519; figured rather than one of the Chouteau species, all paratypes, Nos. 3520, 3521, 3522, 3523; of which are less well known and either are unfigured paratypes No. 3524; topotypes rarely found or are based upon unavailable No. 3525 ; all in the collections of the Illi- types. Several available genera may prove in nois State Geological Survey. The speci- one or more cases to be senior sj'^nonyms of mens from which figs. 3a-3d and 4a-4c of Triplophyllites, in which instance it will be plate 8 were drawn were completely ground small trouble to make necessary nomencla- away in an effort to obtain the earliest tural changes. As it stands, one must either possible stages. refer these species to a genus (Zaphrenthis) Remarks. other group of corals is —No to which they are known not to belong or as difficult taxonomically as the so-called refer them to a genus whose characters are "zaphrentids." Most identifications are inadequately known. The status of several questionable when made without sections, genera belonging in the latter category are but even when sections are prepared, the reviewed below. simple morphology is misleading. The most Zaphrentoides Stuckenberg, 1895, recent nomenclatural advance has been the (1) proposed to include corals as follows: restriction of Zaphrenthis {sensu stricto) was corallites to corals with an open cardinal fossula, car- "Simple corals whose possess inate or toothed septa, and a wide zone of more or less regular conical shape. On the dissepiments (Schindewolf, 1938, p. 452). outer surface of the wall we percieve en- No known Carboniferous corals are refer- circling swellings in faint impression. The able to Zaphrenthis. septa are separated into two cycles. The septa of the first order extend almost to the Schindewolf (1938, p. 450) separated are four the Carboniferous "zaphrentid" corals into axis and are slightly twisted there ; two subgenera under the genus Zaphren- the cardinal septum, the counter septum, toides Stuckenberg, 1895. Of these, Zaph- and alar septa [which are] weakly devel- rentoides (Zaphrentoides) has the cardinal oped and situated in fossulae; of these ffos- TRIPL OPHYLLI TES 37
sulae], that of the cardinal septum is most Thomson's concept of that species. The strongly developed, whereas those of both fact is that, contrary to Schindewolf's state- alar septa are weakly represented and that ment (1938, p. 449), Z. griffithi is not of the counter septum is hardly noticeable. "well known." Until Zaphrentoides is ex- The septa of the second order, which alter- amined upon the basis of its genoholotype, nate with those of the first [order], are its status will remain uncertain. If the geno- weakly developed and are apparent only on holotype be lost, it is suggested that Zaph- the inner surface of the moderately deep rentoides be allowed to lapse as far as it calyx. The tabulae are complete and extend concerns "zaphrentid" nomenclature, ex- almost to the theca. An endothecal tissue is cept, of course, that it would then exist as a lacking or is merely present in embryonic monotypic genus of unknown relationship.
development, wherein it is present most (2) Amplexi-ZaphrentisVaughan, 1906, often in the basal part of the corallites. The was proposed as a subgenus of Zaphrenthis genus differs from the genus Zaphretitis by with three genosyntypes indicated, one of the development of both alar septa weak which, Z. bowerbanki Milne-Edwards and of the first order and of the counter septum, Haime, Thomson, 1883 (pi. 6, fig. 3), was which are situated in fossulae. Among the chosen as genolectotype by Lang, Smith, and species already known, Zaphrentoides (Za- Thomas (1940, p. 16). Hill considered this phrentis) griffithi Edwards and Haime also "species" of Thomson's to be a junior syn- belongs thereto." (Free translation of orig- onym of Z. curvilinea Thomson, 1881. As inal German diagnosis, [Stuckenberg, 1895, pointed out above, Thomson's concept of p. 191] by the writer.) Z. griffithi was considered by Hill to be Equivalence of Zaphrentoides and Trip- representative of Z. curvilinea. If so, Ain-
lophyllites would result if it could be proved plexi-Zaphrentis is a junior synonym of at that Stuckenberg's statement is true that least part of the basis of Schindewolf's con- Zaphrentoides has an "endothecal tissue" cept of Zaphrentoides, but there is no proof (dissepiments) in the basal part of the cor- that the two genera are actually synony- allites (Stuckenberg, 1895, p. 191). It is mous. naturally probable that the Russian species Carruthers (1908, p. 158) considered studied by Stuckenberg have the structures Ainplexi-Zaphrentis to be a junior synonym assigned to them, but it is not necessarily of Caninia. It appears that this view would true that Z. griffithi^ which Stuckenberg be acceptable from a study of Vaughan's mentioned only incidentally but which was diagnosis of Ainplexi-Zaphrentis and from subsequently (Schindewolf, 1938, p. 449) a study of the figured specimen (Vaughan, made the genotype of Zaphrentoides, also 1906, pi. 39, fig. 7), but the subsequent has dissepiments. Schindewolf (admittedly) designation of a type for Amplexi-Zaphren- and Stuckenberg (probably) based their tis seems to the writer probably to have concepts of Z. griffithi in part on Thom- changed the original concept of the genus. son's concept of that species, which he said (Thomson, 1881, p. 218) has "curved inter- (3) Menophyllum Milne-Edwards and
septal dissepiments." Probably Thomson's Haime, 1850 is not known well enough to
"curved interseptal dissepiments" are for the permit evaluation of the genus. It is thought
most part traces of tabulae, but some of to be nearly related to Triplophyllites, if not them may represent dissepiments. Hill actually to be a senior synonym. Girty studied Thomson's figured specimen and (1911, p. 28) once referred a specimen to concluded that Z. griffithi Milne-Ed- 3 Hill (1940, p. 126) believed that Z. enniskilleni wards and Haime, Thomson, 1881 is a jun- Milne-Edwards and Haime (which "may well belong to the same generic group as Z. delanouei" [idem, p. 144]) ior synonym of Z. curvilinea Thomson^. It should be referred to what is here called Triplophyllites, is doubtful that Z. griffithi Milne-Edwards and that Z. curvilinea belongs in the same genus (idem, p. 140). Hill did not specifically mention the presence and Haime, Thomson, 1881 is conspecific or absence of dissepiments in the discussions of the Z. enniskilleni and Z. delanouei species-groups, but she with Z. griffithi Milne-Edwards and did say (idem, p. 143) that there are no dissepiments in Haime, 1851. Z. curvilinea, which she placed in the former group. On the other hand, illustrations of species (Thomson, In any case, Schindewolf's designation of 1881, pi. 3, figs. 4, 5) which Hill also placed in synony- my with Z. curvilinea Thomson seem to me to show Z. griffithi as the genotype of Zaphrentoides sparse dissepiments in longitudinal section. Finally, Hill's illustration of Z. curvilinea (1940, pi. 7, fig. 2) ap- obviously must find basis upon Milne-Ed- pears to me to show dissepiments in the upper left corner, near the upper right corner, and at the lower wards and Haime's species and not upon left side. ;
38 CHOUTEAU CORALS
this genus but subsequently (1915a, p. 23) wrinkled, showing interseptal ridges and stated that his concept of Mejiophyllum co- septal grooves faintly when unweathered incided with Triplophyllum Simpson ; ac- holotype with 48 major septa; another il- tually, it is to be inferred from this that lustrated specimen with 42 primaries alter- his identification implies Triplophyllites. nating with shorter secondaries, another Until the genoholotype of Menophyllum is with 44 primaries alternating with secon- studied, it is suggested that the name not be daries. In late ephebic stage (diameters 23 applied to other Carboniferous ''zaphren- by 18 mm) primaries extend nearly to cen- tids." ter, but are bunched; tabulae slope steeply into cardinal fossula; dissepiments abun- (4) Triplophyllum Simpson, 1900 was dant. In late neanic or early ephebic stage proposed with Z. terehrata Hall, 1883 as (diameters 11.5 by 11.5 mm) most primary genotype. The single available specimen was septa extend to center, tendency toward ax- not sectioned ; in fact, only a side view was ial vortex pronounced, cardinal fossula figured. Simpson figured Z. dalei Milne- prominent, cardinal septum long, only one Edwards and Haime and gave Z. centralis of alar fossulae discernible; secondary septa Milne-Edwards and Haime as an example, rudimentary or very short; dissepiments but he chose Z. terehrata as genotype ap- sparse. parently because that type was in the col- lections he studied and the others were not. Of the foregoing characters, the most im-
Girty (1915a, p. 23) erroneously cited portant are the tendency toward formation of an axial vortex, the cardinal fossulae ''T . centrale" as the type species of Triplo- phyllum. Although it appears that subse- with free metasepta along the walls, the quent studies correctly name the genotype, inconsequential alar fossulae, and the it so happens that Z. terehrata is not at all bunched groups of septa in late stages. Of typical of the concept of Triplophyllum of less importance are the extremely deep calyx, authors exemplifying the generic group oc- the abberant position (with regard to curva- curring in the Carboniferous. ture of the specimen) of the cardinal fos- sula, and the relatively long secondary septa The writer was unable to borrow the associated with very long and free primary genoholotype of Triplophyllum for study, septa in the calyx. but excellent photographs were furnished by Dr. Winifred Goldring, some being re- These characters necessitate the recognb produced here. Through the courtesy of tion of two genera, Triplophyllum, and Mr. H. E. Vokes, the writer was allowed Triplophyllites. Triplophyllum contains two to study and section four additional speci- American species—the Onondagan T. tere- mens (topotypes) of the species. So far as hratum (Hall) and T. edwardsi (Nichol- the writer is aware, these five are the only son). Triplophyllites contains the Carbon- known specimens of T. terehratum (Hall). iferous species heretofore thought typical of The material examined shows external de- Triplophyllum. tails fairly well, but the internal preserva- The presence of dissepiments in Triplo- tion is very poor. A new description of this phyllites must be considered in relation to species is as follows. phylogenetic development, for this character is not consistent within the genus and may Triplophyllum terebratum (Hall) be difficult to prove in many specimens. Dis- sepiments are more apt to be found in strat- Plate 11, figures Plate 1, 2; 17, figures 16-18 igraphically older species, although they oc- cur sparsely and irregularly and sometimes Large, nearly straight, ceratoid ; calyx in modified form in younger species. Thus, very deep, secondary septa prominent wher- although the writer's diagnosis is based in ever seen, primaries tending to form counter- part upon a character of diminishing clockwise axial vortex; cardinal fossula in- strength, the presence of the character in conspicuous in calyces, not confined to either the series is of great taxonomic value. concave or convex side, bounded by un- fused adjacent metasepta, occupied by short Material.—Genoholotype of Triplophyl- cardinal septum; alar fossulae either absent lum; New York State Museum No. or doubtfully identified septa withdrawn 3841/1 ; studied plesiotypes; American Mu- from axis in very old corallites, leaving cal- seum of Natural History No. 4094/1. The ical floor formed by a tabula; epitheca thin, present understanding of Triplophyllites is ;;
TRIPLOPHYLLITES 39
based upon the types of T. palmatus and Externals.—Medium to large, curved cer- partly on Grove's hypotypes; University of atoid; epitheca thin, with encircling swell- Chicago (Walker Museum), Nos. 31560, ings, faint interseptal ridges, septal grooves
31546, 4704, 25192, 31570, and cotypes No. calyx deep, steep-walled ; prominent cardinal 4705. Other materials studied by Grove: fossula on concave side. holotype, Illinois State Geological Survey Transverse sections.—In late ephebic (Worthen collection) No. 2562; plesiotype, stage, about 40 major septa, radially ar- No. 2556. ranged, withdrawn from center; septa of
Taxonomic possibilities.— Triplophyllites counter quadrants thickened ; cardinal sep- could be split into two subgenera, one of tum rudimentary; tabulae and dissepiments which would have the same name as that present; minor septa as septal ridges; alar of the genus and would include Triplophyl- fossulae indistinct or lacking. lites with the cardinal fossula on the con- In middle ephebic stage 36 thick major cave side. The other subgenus would include septa, all except very short cardinal septum those corals with the cardinal fossula on the extend to center or fuse about narrow car- convex side ; this, then, would include corals dinal fossula ; alar fossulae much reduced corresponding to the concept of Zaphren- minor septa present ; dissepiments sparse. toides Stuckenberg. Unless Zaphrentis re- versa Worthen should prove to belong to In early ephebic stage about 30 thin major septa, arrangement is radial in counter this group, the hypothetical subgenus is not known at present in North America. quadrants, pinnate in cardinal quadrants; alar fossulae well developed; cardinal sep- tum very short; cardinal fossula narrow Triplophyllites centralis bounded by thin walls. (Milne-Edwards and Haime) In neanic stage, 26 major septa, cardinal
Plate 9, figures 1, 2 septum long, thick; cardinal fossula long, widest axially, with thick wall, composed of Zaphrentis centralis Milne-Edwards and Haime, ends of pinnate septa in cardinal quadrants 1851, Mus. histoire nat., Arch., vol. 5, p. 328, fig. 6. septa in counter quadrants radial; alar fos- Zaphrentis centralis, Milne-Edwards, 1860, His- sula not pronounced; dissepiments very
toire nat. des coralliaires, t. 3, p. 336. sparse. Zaphrentis centralis, Worthen, 1890, Illinois Occurrence.—Localities 17-21, 70, 74, Geol. Survey, vol. 8, p. 72, pi. 9, figs. 1, la. Zaphrentis centralis, Williams, 1900, Arkansas 84, 86, 87, 89, 97, 101-106. Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept. 1892, vol. 5, pp. Material.—Specimens studied, 4. Grove's 336, 337, 339-341. hypotypes. University of Chicago No. Zaphrentis centralis, Keyes, 1894, Missouri Geol. 31560; Worthen's specimens, Illinois Survey, vol. 4, p. 112. State Zaphrentis centralis, Keyes and Rowley, 1897, Geological Survey (Worthen collection) Proc. Sci., vol. Iowa Acad. 4, p. 30. Nos. 2570, 2563 ; primary types are pre- Zaphrentis centralis, Shepard, 1898, Missouri sumably in Paris, France. Geol. Survey, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 122. Remarks. This species can be distin- Triplophyllum centralis, Simpson, 1900, New — York State Mus. Bull. 39, no. 8, p. 209. guished by the axial retreat of septa in the Triplophyllum centralis, Simpson, 1902, New counter quadrants, by the failure of septa York State Univ. Rept., State Mus. vol. 54, to curve about the cardinal fossula in adult no. 3, p. 209. stage, and by the relatively smooth but fZaphrentis centralis, Girty, in Smith and Sie- never benthal, 1907, U. S. Geol. Survey Folio 148, spinose epitheca. p. 6. Triplophyllum (Zaphrentis) centralis, Butts, Triplophyllites cliffordanus 1922, Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, vol. VII, p. 84. (Milne-Edwards and Haime) Zaphrentis centralis, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur. Plate 9, figures 3-5 Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, p. 189. Zaphrentis cliffordana Milne - Edwards and fZaphrentis sp. aff. Z. centralis, Moore, 1928, Haime, 1851, Mus. histoire nat. Arch., vol. Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, pp. 181, 195. 5, p. 329, pi. 3, fig. 5.
Zaphrentis centralis, Cline, 1934, Bull. Amer. Zaphrentis cliffordana, Milne-Edwards, 1860,
Assoc. Petrol. Geol., vol. 18, no. 9, p. 1152. Histoire nat. des coralliaires t. 3, p. 337. ;
40 CHOUTEAU CORALS
Zaplirentis diffordana, Worthen, 1890, Illinois Material has been listed by Whitfield 1-la Geol. Survey, vol. 8, p. 75, pi. 10, figs. (1891, 1895) from the Maxville limestone (not lb). at Maxville and Newtonville, Ohio. The fZaphrcntis diffordana, Whitfield, 1891, N. Y. Maxville limestone and the beds near Acad. Sci. Ann., vol. 5, p. 576, pi. 13, figs. 1-3. Mammoth Cave and In Grayson County fZaphrcntls diffordana, Whitfield, 1895, Ohio are much younger than beds at locality 21, Geol. Survey, vol. pi. 9, figs. 1-3. 7, p. 465, hence, more than one species is probably Zaplirentis diffordana, Grabau and Shimer, 1909, represented. The only undoubted speci- North American Index Fossils, vol. 1, p. 58. mens seen by the writer are from localities Zaplirentis diffordana, Weller, 1909, Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 20, p. 272, pi. 10, figs. 16 and 35. 18-19. Material. —Grove's hypotypes, Univer- Zaplirentis diffordana, Bassler, 1912, Proc. U. S. sity of Chicago No. 4704, not studied; the Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 219. primary types are presumably in Paris, Triplopliyllum diffordana, Butts, 1922, Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, vol. VII, pp. 52, 55, France; the material used in this review is 58, 59, 71. State University of Iowa No. 9902. Triplopliyllum (Zaplirentis) diffordana. Butts, Remarks.—This species Is characterized 1922, Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, vol. VII, p. 53. externally by the small curved, commonly Triplohpyllum [sic] diffordana. Butts, 1922, carinate corallites (3 or 4 cm high, calyx Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, vol. VII, 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter) ; internally by the 56. p. rather straight thick major septa, persis- Zaplirentis (Triplopliyllum)? diffordana?. Butts, tently long cardinal septum, and late inser- 1926, Alabama Geol. Survey, Sp. Rept. 14, p. 170, pi. 54, fig. 7. tion of minor septa. Zaplirentis diffordana, Moore, 1928, Missouri The writer has been unable to find the Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, pp. 63, sections from which Grove made the figures 97, 148, 163, 175, 177, 187, 195. (Grove, 1935, pi. 11, figs. 13, 14, 16) ?Zaplirentis diffordana, Laudon, 1931, Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 35, pp. 380, 393, 398-402, hence detailed study could not be made of 414, 427, 429 [in part]. them, but the writer does not include the Zaplirentis ivortheni, Laudon, 1931, Iowa Geol. other illustrated specimens (idem, pi. 11, Survey, vol. 351, p. 427. figs. 12, 15) in T. cliff ordanus. ? Triplopliyllum difforadanum. Grove, 1935, Am. Midland Naturalist vol. 16, p. 344; pi. 8, figs. 4, 5; pi. 11, figs. 13, 14, 16 (not 12, 15). Triplophyllites EXiGUUS (Miller) Externals.—Small to medium size, sharp- Plate 10, figures 1-7 ly curved ceratoid, commonly carfnate near apex at cardinal and counter positions Zaplirentis exigua Miller, 1891, Indiana Dept. epitheca with encircling rugae, faint inter- Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 11, pi. 1, figs. 19, 20. Adv. Sheets. septal ridges and septal grooves; calyx Zaplirentis exigua, Miller, 1892, Indiana Dept. moderately deep, steep-v^^alled ; cardinal Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 621, fossula on concave side; minor septa in pi. 1, figs. 19, 20. most mature stages. fZaphrentis sp. Worthen, 1873, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. p. 278. Transverse sections.—In ephebic stage 5, Zaplirentis diffordana?, Worthen, 1890, Illinois (diameters 11.2 by 9.0 mm) are 30 much Geol. Survey, vol. 8, p. 75?, pi. 10, fig. lb dilated major septa, of which there are 9 (not 1, la). on either side of counter septum in counter Zaplirentis TRIPLOPHYLLITES 41 Externals.—Curved ceratoid ; epitheca Zaphrentis exigua of Keyes (1894, p. rather smooth, with sparse encircling rugae and Moore ; 112) (1928, pp. 97, 154, 195) calyx deep, sloping toward cardinal quad- are omitted from the synonymy because rants; cardinal fossula on concave side; specimens cannot be located for checking; major septa extend upon floor of calyx but it is highly improbable that these citations do not reach center; minor septa appear as are equivalent to Z. exigua Miller which septal ridges. is based upon a single young specimen. In the same lot with this specimen, but of Transverse sections.—In late ephebic uncertain value as types (because of lack state, thin major septa extend three-fourths of numbers or other identifying data), were of the radius; cardinal fossula prominent; specimens of Meniscophyllum minutum and minor septa very short. Hapsiphyllum (n. subgen.) n. sp. In middle ephebic stages, cardinal fos- sula may be curved, with thickened area Triplophyllites IDA (Winchell) emend. at inner end where thin major septa meet; Easton minor septa as septal crests ; cardinal septum very short. Plate 11, figures 3-6; Plate 17, figures 6, 7 In late neanic or early ephebic stage Zaphrentis Ida Winchell, 1865, [in part], Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc, p. 111. cardinal fossula is narrow, major septa fuse Non Zaphrentis Idaf, Winchell in Safford, 1869, around fossula ; alar pseudo-fossula present Geology of Tennessee, pp. 441, 444. cardinal septum rather long; no minor fZaphrentis Idaf, Winchell, 1870, Am. Philos. tabulae present in all stages; dissepi- septa; Soc. Proc, vol. 11, p. 247. ments sparse. Zaphrentis Ida, Kindle, 1899, Bull. Am. Paleon- tology, vol. 3, bull. 12, pp. 12, 176. Occurrence.—Localities 1, 14, 15, ?52, Triplophyilum cliffordanum var. Iiespere Grove, 67, 90. 1935, Am. Midland Naturalist, vol. 16, p. Material.—Specimens studied, 4. Mil- 346, pi. 8, fig. 6; pi. 18, figs. 9-11. Externals. ceratoid ler's figured specimen (here designated the —Curved to trochoid ; holotype) University of Cincinnati No. epitheca moderately thick, with encircling 7391 ; Weller's cotypes, University of Chi- striae and rugae, rejuvenation and as- cago No. 4705; Worthen's specimen (1890, sociated geniculation common, interseptal pi. 10, fig. lb), Illinois State Geological ridges faint; calyx apparently deep. Great- Survey (Worthen collection) No. 2570 est diameter of holotype, 27 mm ; length of the others shown in figs. 1, la of pi. 10 are convex side, 60 mm (incomplete). missing. Transverse section.—Holotype in middle ephebic stage (diameters 10.4 by 10.7 mm) Remarks.—The above description is mod- with approximately 26 major septa greatly ified from data presented by Grove (1935, thickened, extending nearly to center ; cardi- pp. 347, 348). Zaphrentis wortheni Weller nal septum rather thin, long, occupying nar- was renamed Z. welleri by Grove because row fossula on concave side ; tabulae sparse. the former name is a junior hononym of Z. wortheni Nicholson. Paratype in late ephebic stage (diameters 15.6 by 16.4 mm), with 31 major septa; This species can be distinguished from cardinal septum very short, thin ; all septa in 7\ cliff ordanus by the thin septa (rather cardinal quadrants thin; counter septum than thick short septa), by the presence longest, it and septa of counter quadrants of minor septa in early ephebic stage, and by much thickened, some notably thickened the weakly developed cardinal fossula near tips ; minor septa rudimentary ; tabulae present in an ephebic stage. The shape of sparse, four intersections in fossula, one the fossula of T. exiguus in early ephebic across center of corallite. stage is the same as that in adult stages of Tangential section.—Edges of tabulae T. cliff ordanus, according to Grove (1935, concave upwards, 3 to 7 in 5 mm. p. 348). Occurrence.—Localities 6, 12, 13. Worthen's specimen has the characteristic Material.—Specimens studied, 4. Holo- reddish-brown color of many Fern Glen type, University of Michigan No. 5396; fossils; the locality on the label is merely paratype, University of Michigan No. "Kinderhook, Monroe County, Illinois." 23237; third original cotj'pe (Amplexus 42 CHOUTEAU CORALS rockfordensisjj University of Michigan No. procedure in which the writer does not 23236; Grove's cotypes, University of Chi- agree (for reasons stated under the discus- cago No. 31570; figured plesiotype, Illinois sion of Triplophyllites) . For a detailed dis- State Geological Survey No. 3501 ; other cussion of the morphology of the genotype, specimens, University of Michigan No. see Schindewolf (1938, pp. 445-447). 5199, Illinois State Geological Survey No. 3515. Subgenus Hapsiphyllum Simpson, emend. Easton Remarks.—One of the three cotypes is Amplexus rockfordensis Miller and Gurley. Zaphrentoides (Hapsiphyllum) Schindewolf, 1938 The writer selects the largest of the other [in part], Jahr. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., two original specimens as the holotype and vol. 58, p. 449. has based the above description on it and Diagnosis.—Hapsiphyllum with the card- the smaller specimen (now called a para- inal fossula on the concave side of the type). corallite. Winchell's remarks regarding the calyx Type.—Hapsiphyllum calcariforme are misleading; his ideas were almost cer- (Hall). tainly obtained by grinding down the para- Remarks.—The type is the only species type because none of the specimens possessed at present known from North America. a clean calyx. The three specimens (Uni- versity of Michigan No. 23135) identified Subgenus Homalophyllites Easton, new by Winchell as Zaphrentis Idaf in 1869 are subgenus actually Triplophyllites dalei. The writer also questions the identification of specimens Homalophyllum Simpson, Grove, 1935 [in part], described by Winchell in 1870. They can- Am. Midland Naturalist, vol. 16, No. 3, p. 353. not now be found but are probably refer- Zaphrentoides (Zaphrentoides) Schindewolf, 1938 able to T, dalei. [in part], Jahr. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., The variety of T. clijfordanus erected by vol. 58, p. 450. Grove is identical with T. ida. The writer Diagnosis.—Hapsiphyllum with the card- considers the characters to be of specific inal fossula on the convex side of the rank. corallite. Type.—Lophophyllum calceola White Genus Hapsiphyllum Simpson emend. and Whitfield, 1862. Easton Remarks. — Homalophylluin Simpson, Hapsiphyllum Simpson, 1900, New York State 1900 was based on the flattening of the Mus. Bull. 39, vol. 8, p. 203. cardinal side of the coral, a feature to which Diagnosis.—Simple, curved, conical ; may Grove (1935) attributed considerable im- be flattened on one side; calyx moderately portance, naming these corals "calceolid" deep ; cardinal fossula bordered by edges and corals. The writer agrees with Schindewolf by fused ends of major septa; alar fossulae (1938, p. 451) that the flattening is not of indistinct except in young stages; cardinal great taxonomic value, occurring as it does septum tends to be shortened in ontogeneti- among several certainly unrelated groups. cally younger species; minor septa may be However, the writer does not agree with fused to side of majors toward cardinal Schindewolf that the flattening represents fossula; counter septum may be joined on the area by which the corals were attached, each side by a minor, giving tripartite struc- but thinks rather that the flattening may ture; counter quadrants accelerated; tab- have been caused by the coral's lying recum- ulae present; dissepiments absent. bent upon that side. Schindewolf also dis- covered (idem, p. 451) by examination of Genotype. — Hapsiphyllum calcariforme material of Zaphrentis ungula (Hall). type Rominger, 1876, the genotype of Homalo- Occurrence. — Carboniferous, especially phyllum, that H. calceolum of authors does Lower Carboniferous, of North America, not belong to Homalophyllum. Europe, and Asia. Inasmuch as Homalophyllum is well Remarks.—Schindewolf considered Hap- established in the literature of the American siphyllum as a subgenus of Zaphrentoides, a Carboniferous, it is felt that the name HAPSIPHYLLUM 43 Homalophyllites is a felicitous choice for larged cardinal fossula on convex side ; septa the subgenus to which the writer considers distally produced around axial portion of these corals to belong. fossula, fused on axial ends, reinforced by sclerenchyme ; cardinal septum very short; Hapsiphyllum (Homalophyllites) minor septa present. CALCEOLUS (White and Whitfield) Transverse sections.—In late ephebic stage (diameters 7.9 by 7.2 mm) major Plate figures 4-7; Plate 16, figures 23-25 4, septa number 30; minor septa very scarce, Lophophyllum calceola White and Whitfield, as septal ridges; tabulae sparse. 1862, Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc, vol. In late neanic stage (diameters 3.4 by 8, p. 305. 2.0 mm) major septa number 21, with thin Zaphrentis calceola, White, 1880, U. S. Geol. and inserted between most neighboring Geog. Survey Terr., 12th Ann. Rept., pt. 1, majors Contr. Invertebrate Paleontology no. 8, p. thick septa ; cardinal septum long, bifurcate 156, pi. 39, figs. 6a-d ; advance printing. at tip. Zaphrentis calceola, White, 1883, U. S. Geol. and In very early neanic stage (diameters Geog. Survey Terr., 12th Ann. Rept., pt. 1, 2.4 by 1.1 thick major septa number Contr. Invertebrate Paleontology, no. 8, p. mm) 156, pi. 39, figs. 6a-d. 14; no thin majors present; cardinal and Zaphrentis calceola, Rov^ley, 1889, Am. Geologist, counter septa confluent. vol. 275. 3, p. Longitudinal section. — Tabulae thin, Amplexus corniculum Miller, 1891, [in part], broadly arched distally, about 10 in 5 mm. Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. I7th Ann. Rept., p. 9. Adv. Sheets. Occurrence.—Localities 1, 8, 16, 22, 30, Amplexus corniculum. Miller, 1892, [in part], 35, 38, 55, 57, 62, ?71, 72, 73, 75, ?76, Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. 77-79, 84, 85. Grove lists only "Chouteau Rept., p. 619. limestone, Sedalia, Missouri," as the hori- Zaphrentis calceola, Keyes, 1894, Missouri Geol. zon and range of this species, having ap- Survey, vol. p. 110. 4, parently been unable to verify its reported Zaphrentis calceola, Keyes and Rowley, 1897, occurrence at other places. White reported Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 30. it from the base of the Burlington and also Zaphrentis calceola, Van Tuyl, 1925, Iowa Geol. below the Burlington limestone at and near Survey, vol. 30, pp. 104, 122, 123. Burlington, Iowa. Rowley reported the Zaphrentis calceola, Moore, 1927, Am. Assoc. species from the "upper Chouteau" (unre- Petrol. Geol. Bull. vol. 11, no. 2, p. 1329. stricted), 4 miles east of Curryville, Mis- Homalophyllum calceolum, Moore, 1928. Missouri souri ; lower Burlington at Louisiana, Mis- Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, pp. 63, 128, 154, ?183, 185, 186, 191, 195, ?233, 224, souri; and upper Burlington 2 miles north 248. of Curryville, Missouri. Keyes listed the Zaphrentis calceola, Moore, 1928, Missouri iBur. species as occurring in the Kinderhook lime- Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, p. 195. stone at Sedalia, Clarksville, Hannibal, and Zaphrentis calceola, Laudon, 1931, Iowa Geol. Louisiana, all in Missouri. Survey, vol. 35, p. 393. Material.—Specimens studied, 50. Two Zaphrentis cliffordana, Laudon, 1931, Iowa Geol. cotypes (unavailable for study), American Survey, vol. 35, pp. 427, 429 in part. Museum of Natural History No. 4993/1; ?Homalophyllum calceolum, Cline, 1934, Am. Grove's hypotype, University of Chicago Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., vol. 18, no. 9, p. 1144. No. 31584a; White's pleisiotypes (un- studied), United States National Museum HomalopJiyllum calceolum, Grove, 1935, Am. Nos. ; Midland Naturalist, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 354; 9330, 9331 specimens figured herein. pi. 9, figs. 20-24; pi. 13, figs. 1-6. University of Cincinnati No. 24311 and Homalophyllum calceolum, Hill, 1937, Royal Soc. University of Missouri not numbered ; other Queensland Proc, vol. 48, p. 25, text-fig. material, American Museum of Natural 5 on 24. p. History Nos. 6365/2, 6365/3, University Externals.—Small, curved, ceratoid, in- of Missouri No. 1139 and not numbered, creasingly flattened proximally on convex University of Cincinnati No. 24396 (which side; epitheca moderately thick, with inter- was a paratype of Neozaphrentis tenella), septal ridges, septal grooves, and very deep Illinois State Geological Survey (Worthen angular encircling constrictions ; calyx mod- collection) No. 4302, and University of erately deep, with pronounced axially en- Chicago No. 1282. ; 44 CHOUTEAU CORALS Remarks.—The neanic sections described In early ephebic stage (diameter 1.2 mm), above are from material collected from the 13 or 14 septa; uncertain because of imper- Burlington limestone. These sections differ fect preservation in studied specimen. from the neanic section (slightly younger) In early neanic stage (diameter about 0.9 figured by Grove (1935, pi. 13, fig. 6) in mm) 9 septa; cardinal long, in prominent that they do not have the open central area pseudofossula, confluent with counter; alar and accompanying short septa. septa prominent. Longitudinal section.—Thin tabulae ris- Hapsiphyllum (Homalophyllites) ing upward axially, about 1 mm apart. piNNATUS Easton n. sp. Co?nparison.—This species differs from H. (Homalophyllites) calceolus in being Plate 7, figures 6-8; Plate 16, figures 11-15 generally smaller, having a shorter cardinal Zaphrentis tenella Miller, 1891 [in part], In- , fossula in which the cardinal septum reaches diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., the axis, in having fewer septa, and in lack- p. 11, Adv. Sheets. ing flattening the cardinal (convex) Zaphrentis tantilla Miller, 1891, [in part], idem, the of p. 11. side. Zaphrentis tenella, Miller, 1892, Indiana Dept. Occurrence.—Holotype and paratypes, lo- Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 621. cality 9; other specimens, locality 1. Zaphrentis tantilla, Miller, 1892, [in part], idem, Material.—Specimens studied, 10. Holo- p. 621. type, University of Cincinnati No. Zaphrentis tantilla, Keyes, 1894, Missouri Geol. 24393 Survey, vol. 4, p. 111. [ ?] paratypes. University of Cincinnati No. Description.—Simple, sharp pointed, 24310; plesiotypes. University of Cincin- ( Z. tan- curved ceratoid corals with geniculate tip nati Nos. 24390 formerly cotype of tilla) , 24408 (as paratypes of Z. tenella)^ bent to right when cardinal fossula is and 24409 (as cotype of Z. calycula Mil- oriented downward ; calyx moderately deep, ler) other plesiotypes (which were in the calicular pit connected with very deep, ; Miller), prominent cardinal fossula generally on same lot as the type of Z. exigua University of Cincinnati No. 24391 ; fig- convex side ; septa increasing in length from ured plesiotype, Illinois State Geological upper edge of calyx toward floor; major Survey No. 3502. septa 22 in calyx of holotype at late ephebic stage, alternating with short minor septa Remarks.—This species is most interest- ing as septal ridges ; epitheca very thick, smooth, because of the persistence of the long obscuring interseptal ridges. cardinal septum into late stages and the persistent pinnate arrangement of septa in Holotype large, 20 mm long, 8.0 mm in the cardinal quadrants. diameter at calyx; most specimens about 13 mm long, 6 mm in diameter at calyx, with 17 or 18 major septa. Genus Neozaphrentis Grove, 1935 Holotype in late ephebic stage (diameter Diagnosis.—"Small to large conical to 8.0 mm) with radially arranged septa; sub-cylindrical solitary corals, curved or cardinal septum only slightly recessive, three nearly straight. Exterior rugose and may major septa grouped on each side, followed be concentrically wrinkled and undulatory; by alar septa, a pair of majors, four majors, often annulated from rejuvenescence or pe- and cardinal septum similar to others. riodic growth. Calyx shallow to deep. Septa In middle ephebic stage (diameter 5.8 variable in thickness, smooth, non-carinate, mm), septa in quadripartite grouping with straight or distally wavering ; in two cycles, septa of cardinal quadrants pinnate ; cardi- but the secondaries may be rudimentary. nal septum fairly long; without axial pit Not more than 60 major septa, not mar- connecting with cardinal fossula; a pair of ginally contracted, extending to the center major septa on either side of cardinal sep- of the calyx where they may fuse, or disap- tum, followed by single major which may pearing a short distance before reaching the or may not extend to center ; alars somewhat center, which is then occupied by a small longer than neighboring septa, followed by open or tabulate area. Cardinal septum re- pair, to which third is more or less joined; cessive in post-neanic stages. Cardinal fos- single majors on either side of the counter, sula well developed, variable in position, which extends almost to axis. sub-central or extending to the margin. Tab- ; ; MENISCOPHYLLUM 45 ulae few or numerous, partitioning the cardinal septum becomes recessive by ephebic whole of the corallum ; dissepiments few, stage. and not arranged in definite zones. No colu- Occurrence.—The types came from lo- mella or central columelloid structure re- cality 9 ; specimens reported from localities sulting from fusion of septa." (Grove, 1935, 38, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 58. Keyes (1894, pp. 358, 359). p. Ill) cites the locality as "Kinderhook Genotype.—Neozaphrentis tenella (Mil- limestone: Sedalia, Louisiana," Missouri, ler), 1891. but the explanation to plate XIII reads "Keokuk limestone." According to Mc- Occurrence.—Silurian to Carboniferous Queen,^ there are no specimens of this spe- in many parts of the world. cies preserved in the Missouri Geological Survey collections. Neozaphrentis tenella (Miller) emend. Easton Material.—Specimens studied, 47. Holo- type, University of Cincinnati No. 3360; Plate 4, figures 1-3 plate 16, figures 26-30 ; figured paratypes, University of Cincinnati Zaphrentis tenella Miller, 1891, [in part], In- No. 3360a; unfigured paratypes. University diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Rept, Ann. of Cincinnati No. 24397 ; plesiotypes. Uni- p. 11, pi. 1, figs. 17, 18, Adv. Sheets. versity of Cincinnati Nos. 24392, 24405 (as Zaphrentis tenella, Miller, 1892, [in part], In- paratype of A. corniculum Miller) ; Grove's diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., hypotypes. University of Chicago No. p. 621, pi. 1, figs. 17, 18. 31593; other specimens. University of Mis- Zaphrentis tenella, Moore, 1927, Amer. Assoc. souri No. 2236. Petrol. Geol., Bull. vol. 11, no. 2, p. 1329. Zaphrentis tenella, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur. Remarks.—The writer has not included Geol. Mines, sen 2, vol. 21, pp. 63, 67, 93, Zaphrentis tenella^ Keyes, 1894, p. Ill, pi. 97, ?128, 154, 158, 195. 13, fig. 10 in the synonymy because the de- Neozaphrentis tenella, Grove, 1935, Am. Mid- scription is inadequate and the figure is not land Naturalist, vol. 16, pp. 360-361, pi. 9, figs. 6-8, pi. 13, figs. 7-14. similar to any of the type specimens. Among the paratypes are two specimens of Meni- Externals.—Small, curved conical, with scophyllum minutum, one specimen of Ho- apical end commonly bent to left when cardi- malophyllum calceolum, one specimen of nal fossula is orientated downward ; epitheca Rotiphyllum n. sp., one specimen of Am- with bourrelets, faint interseptal ridges, sep- plexus corniculum, eight specimens of H. tal grooves ; calyx moderately deep, with (H.) pinnatus, and 20 specimens of Neo- cardinal fossula irregularly located though zaphrentis tenella. Twenty poor speci- generally on convex half ; holotype with 27 mens were not identified. septa, pinnate in cardinal quadrants, radial in counter quadrants; alar pseudo-fossulae Miller did not publish designations of for this species, his figured speci- present ; cardinal septum short, on right side types but of long deep fossula; septal grouping quad- men is listed as the holotype in his collection and other specimens are listed as paratypes. ripartite ; counter septum long, neighboring writer accepts this as designation of septa tend to be pinnate ; dissepiments not The in this instance. observed ; tabulae widely spaced, sloping types toward cardinal quadrants. In a paratype, major septa number 25 alternating with Genus MENISCOPHYLLUM Simpson, 1900, secondary septa as septal ridges ; counter sep- emend. Easton tum extends farthest distally in calyx. An- MeniscopJiyllum Simpson, 1900, New York State other paratype has 26 major septa; counter Mus. Bull. 39, vol. 8, p. 199. septum long, thick, with pronounced distal fHeptaphyllnm Clark, 1924, Geol. Mag., vol. 61, boss on axial end ; neighboring septa of coun- p. 416. ter quadrants pinnate. In early ephebic stage Non Meniscophyllum Grabau, 1928, Palaeontolo- of broken paratype, tabulae reflexed into gia Sinica, ser. B, vol. 2, fasc. 2, p. 138. cardinal fossula. Emended diagnosis.—Simple rugose cor- Transverse sections.— Septa radially ar- als, small, curved, conical, without spines ranged in neanic stage, with axial edges cardinal fossula fairly prominent, situated on convex side ; counter fossula large, con- fused around central space ; in later stages cardinal fossula merges with central space McQueen, H. S., correspondence, August 26, 1942. 46 CHOUTEAU CORALS side almost fused to taining two to four possibly free septa; majors, 2 on counter tabu- other 16, all having tips fused into crescentic other septa fused into crescentic ring ; solid area. lae thin; dissepiments absent; minor septa occur only in very advanced stages. In longi- In slightly later stage of small specimen tudinal section fused tips of septa form (4.8 mm reconstructed), at least 3 and solid structure on cardinal side w^ith tabulae possibly 4 free septa on counter side with occupying axial position. 15 or possibly 16 fused septa elsewhere. Genotype. — Meniscophyllum minutum In late neanic section (diameters 1.5 by Simpson, 1900. 2.0 mm), 11 septa arranged in four groups with large fossula in cardinal position. Occurrence.—Low^er part of Chouteau limestone (unrestricted), Sedalia, Missouri; Longitudinal section.—^Tabulae convex Indiana; peripherally, sloping obliquely downward to- ( ?) Rockford beds, Rockford, ( ?) Low^er Carboniferous shales (Zi), County ward epitheca, concave in axial region ; sep- their Sligo, Ireland. tal traces thick on convex side where horseshoe shaped arc of fusion (as seen in Remarks.—Heptaphyllum closely resem- transverse section) is cut. bles Meniscophyllum in adult stages, but —^Although Simpson stated the writer has not found stages as early Occurrence. p. 200) the type locality to be as those figured by Clark, therefore, the (1900, "Lower Carbonic, Missouri," the labels and equivalence of the two genera is disputable. the type catalogue read^ "Kinderhook beds, HiU (1937, p. 25) grouped Meniscophyl- Rockford, Indiana." The writer has not lum with Allotropiophyllum, but these two found duplicates in any known collections genera are dissimilar in the light of the pres- of Rockford material. The specimens stud- ent emendation. Hill (1940, p. 145) com^ ied are from localities 7 and 9. pared Meniscophyllum with Zaphrentis de- lanouei^ hut the morphology of Meniscoph- Material.—Specimens studied, 51. Holo- type. No. (Simpson, fig. para- yllum had not been properly established at 3540/2 3) ; type, No. 3540/3 (Simpson, fig. para- that time. 4) ; type. No. 3540/1 (Simpson, fig. 2); all in New York State Museum. Studied ma- Meniscophyllum minutum Simpson terial : University of Cincinnati Nos. 3359a, Plate 5, figures 1-4; Plate 16, figures 20-22 24394, 24395 (two specimens which were paratypes of Z. tenella) , 24407 (as paratype Meniscophyllum minutum Simpson, 1900, New York State Mus. Bull. 39, vol. 8, pp. 200, 201, of A. corniculum Miller), University of figs. 1-4 on p. 200. Missouri Nos. 362, 1041, 1044, 1046, not Meniscophyllum minutum, Grabau, 1928, Pa- numbered. laeontologia Sinica, ser. B., vol. 2, fasc. 2, pp. 138, 139, 149. Remarks.—Because Simpson did not select a holotype, the writer Meniscophyllum, Hill, 1937, Royal Soc. Queens- designates the land Proc, vol. 48, p. 24, text fig. 14. figured thin-section (Simpson, 1900, fig. 3 Meniscophyllum minutum, Sanford, 1939, Am. on p. 200) as the holotype. It is possible that Jour. Sci., vol. 237, p. 322, fig. lOBi, IOB2. fig. 4 (idem) was made from a different sec- Externals.—Small, ceratoid to trochoid; tion of the same specimen, but this cannot be epitheca thick, smooth, generally weathered substantiated. The specimen represented in to reveal interseptal ridges; calyx deep, fig. 1 (idem) was never entered in the origi- sharply concave with 17 to 19 majors almost nal collections,^ but it may have been one of reaching center; cardinal septum and pos- the sectioned specimens. sibly first septum on left in fossula on con- Grabau (1928, p. 139) wrongly identi- vex side ; calyces of very old specimens ex- fied the position of the cardinal fossula be- ceedingly deep with minor septa rudimen- cause he assumed that the sketchy figure tary ; some septa on counter side either short (Simpson, 1900, fig. 1) was in error regard- free or long fused and and to stereotheca of ing the location of the interseptal ridges. cardinal side. ^ Correspondence, Winifred Goldring, November 17, Transverse sections.—In section just be- 1942. 8 Correspondence, Winifred Goldring, November 17, low calyx (diameters 7.2 by 6.5 mm), 18 1942. ; ; CLINOPHYLLUM 47 Genus Clinophyllum Grove, 1935, Transverse sections.—Septa radially ar- emend. Easton ranged in neanic stage, extending to center tabulae possibly absent; cardinal fossula Small to medium sfze, curved conical weak, if present ; cardinal and counter septa corals; calyx usually deep and steeply in- thicker than others. clined ; epitheca thick ; septa thick, tapering Septa in ephebic stage become unequally counter septum longest, cardinal septum thickened but fail to reach axis as calyx ex- next longest ; alar septa shortest, small, lying pands ; tabulae present. in alar pseudo-fossulae ; septa reaching center in young but not later stages, pseudopin- Longitudinal section.—Tabulae thick, widely spaced, tabular density 11 or 12 per nately arranged ; tabulae sparse, complete, rather strong, steeply inclined cardinally; cm. dissepiments lacking. Occurrence.—Localities, 2, 7, 10, 11, 47, Genotype. — Clinophyllum chouteauense 53, 54. (Miller), 1891. Material.—Specimens studied, 26. Holo- Occurrence.—Chouteau limestone (un- type, University of Cincinnati No. 3916; restricted) of Missouri ; shale beneath Rock- figured paratype. University of Cincinnati ford limestone in Indiana. No. 24308; unfigured paratype. University of Cincinnati No. 3917; Grove's hypotypes, Remarks.—The above diagnosis is from University of Chicago ; Grove (1935, pp. 364, 365) w^ith the modi- Nos. 3158, 9679 ten- tatively identified specimens, University of fication that the calyx is not always steeply inclined. Missouri Nos. 370, 1050, 1148; United States National Museum not numbered. Clinophyllum chouteauense (Miller) Remarks.—The specimen figured by Mil- ler (1892, pi. 1, figs. 11, 12) is here desig- Plate figures 1-3 Plate figures 34-38 6, ; 16, nated the holotype. One of the original co- Zaphrentis chouteauensis Miller, 1891, Indiana types proves to be Amplexus corniculum. Dept. Gcol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Kept., p. 10, pi. 1, figs. 11, 12, Adv. Sheets. Clinophyllum excavatum Easton, n. sp. Amplexus corniculum Miller, [in part], Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. Plate 6, figures 4-6; Plate 16, figure 39 9, Adv. Sheets. Zaphrentis chouteauensis, Miller, 1892, Indiana Amplexus corniculum Miller, 1891, [in part], In- Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 17th Ann. Rept., p. diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., Sheets. 620, pi. 1, figs. 11, 12. p. 9, Adv. Amplexus corniculum, Miller, 1892, [in part], Zaphrentis calyculus Miller, 1891, {in part], idem, p. 619. idem, p. lO. Zaphrentis chouteauensis, Keyes, 1894, Missouri Amplexus corniculum, Miller, 1892, [in part], Indiana Geol. Survey, vol. 4, p. 112. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 619. Zaphrentis chouteauensis, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. 2. vol. 21, pp. 53, 97. Zaphrentis calyculus, Miller, 1892, [in part], idem, p. 620. ^Zaphrentis sp. cf. Z. chouteauensis, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, Externals.—Curved ceratoid, rather rap- p. 120. idly expanding near calyx; calyx extremely Clinophyllum chouteaunse [sic]. Grove, 1935, Am. deep, slightly inclined ; epitheca smooth, ex- Midland Naturalist, vol. 16, p. 365. cept for striae, occasionally rugae. C[linophyllum] chouteauensis. Grove, 1935, idem, p. 366. Transverse sections.—In late ephebic stage (diameters 1L6 by 9.6 mm), 21 pri- Externals.—Medium size, curved, cera- septa, counter toid, slightly flattened normal to counter- mary septum longest, two cardinal plane; epitheca smooth to faintly probable alars next longest, remainder of about equal length; marked by interseptal ridges, not thick; tabulae sparse, de- veloped only calyx steeply tilted proximally toward cardi- near periphery; epitheca ex- tremely thick. nal septum; septa thick, extending upon tabulae in floor; counter septum thickest In middle ephebic stage (diameters 10.1 and longest, occupying fairly prominent by 9.4 mm) , number of septa not determined pseudo-fossula; alar septa may be slightly because of fusion into extremely thick shortened ; tabulae tilted approximately par- epitheca; both the counter and cardinal allel with rim of calyx. septa long, latter somewhat thicker. 48 CHOUTEAU CORALS In late ncanic stage (diameters 5.5 by and a new group should not be erected to 4.7 mm), 19 major septa, counter, cardinal, contain it until further material is available. and two others in cardinal quadrants meet at tabular intersection near axis of coral. Genus Amplexus Sowerby, 1814 section. Not ground be- Longitudinal — "Simple cylindrical Rugose corals with thin, cause of rcmarkabl)^ deep calyx. short septa which are fully developed only on the upper surfaces of the tabulae, but above these Comparison. This species can be dis- — extend progressively a shorter distance from the thick tinguished by the extraordinarily epitheca. The tabulae are widely spaced, flat and epitheca, very deep calyx, lack of strong complete, and there are no dissepiments." (Hill, inclination of calyx, and by the tendency 1940, p. 147.) toward distal flaring of corallite. Genotype.—Amplexus coralloides Sower- by, 1814. Occurrence.—Localities 1, 2, 7. Occurrence.— Supposedly from Silurian Material.— Specimens studied, 9. Holo- to Permian in many parts of the world. type and paratypes, University of Missouri of Cin- Remarks.—mW (1940, pp. 147, 148) not numbered ; ideotypes, University cinnati Nos. 24309, 24319 and University regards Amplexus of authors as a poly- of Missouri No. 1052 and not numbered. phyletic group. Amplexus rockfordensis Miller and Gurley has thickened septa in the cardinal quadrants in as late as the Appendix to the Hapsiphyllidae ephebic stages, and thus dilTfers from the Genus and species unidentified genotype which has thin septa. Ordinarily, Plate 17, figures 13. 14 such a pronounced difference would be con- sidered ample basis for generic separation, Curved, trochoid, simple; Description.— but until species of Amplexus can be re- convex side; epitheca spinose, flattened on viewed a new genus should not be erected major septa, cardinal calyx deep, with 38 for this one species. fossula on convex side; dissepiments in three or four rows, concentric. Amplexus rockfordensis Miller and Early ephebic stage, at diameter of about Gurley 7 mm, short cardinal septum flanked on one Plate figures 4-8; Plate figure 15 side by 8 thick major septa and one other 12, 17, side by 7 thick septa ; axial ends of each Zaphrentis Ida Winchell, 1865, [in part], Phila- delphia Acad. Nat. Sci., 111. group fused ; counter septum long, thin, Proc, p. flanked on either side by 5 shorter thin major Amplexus ( ?) rockfordensis Miller and Gurley, 1897, Illinois State Mus. Nat. History Bull. septa with ends axially free ; tabulae arched 12, p. 53, pi. 3, figs. 22, 23. rather sharply distally. Amplexus? rockfordensis, 1899, Kindle, Bull. Am. Occurrence.—Locality L Paleontology, vol. 3, bull. 12, p. 162. Material.— Specimen studied, 1. Univer- Externals.—Large, curved ceratoid to sity of Chicago No. 31591. nearly cylindrical ; epitheca thin with broad spines hollow at their bases and of unknown Remarks.—This specimen has the shape, length, striae, rugae, interseptal ridges; spines, tabulae, dissepiments, and apparent axial increase, geniculation observed ; one septal arrangement of Allotropiophyllum specimen 28 mm in maximum diameter, 90 Grabau, 1928, but in that genus the septa mm along convex side (incomplete) ; an- of the counter quadrants from a continuous other specimen with small shallow cardinal inner wall and the septa of the cardinal fossula. quadrants are free. Thus, the primary sym- metry is reversed. There can be no doubt Transverse sections.—At diameter of 24 that this specimen is the reverse of Allotrop- mm (very late ephebic stage of a cylindrical iophyllum because study of interseptal ridges specimen), 29 major septa extending 1/4 of bears out the orientation as seen in sections. radius; minor septa existing as spines, Allotropiophyllum as interpreted by Hill largely restricted to counter quadrants; (1940) differs from the diagnosis given by counter septum half again as long as other Grabau in that there are no dissepiments. majors. Under the circumstances it is not advisable At diameter of 22 mm in ceratoid speci- to assign this specimen to any existing genus, men (late ephebic stage), 36 major septa, ; CANINIA 49 minors indicated at only one or two places. "Major septa well developed and meeting in the center in the lower conical part of the coral, Septa in cardinal quadrants slightly thicker but in the cylindrical portions usually becoming than in counter quadrants. amplexoid in character. At diameter of 12 mm in same specimen "Minor septa of various lengths in different (early ephebic stage), 30 major septa, those species. extent, character- in cardinal quadrants thickened ; those in "Cardinal fossida variable in istically limited by tabulae only, at the inner end, counter quadrants long, thin, bending to- and with the flanking septa loose or disconnected. ward counter septum, tips partly fused "Tabulae well developed, but variable in regu- shortest. cardinal septum larity; they may be highly arched and vesicular. Still earlier (late neanic) stage of same A marginal ring of more or less vertical dissepi- ments, usually thin and delicate, intervenes in specimen (diameters 6.1 by 8.7mm), 25 the mature stages of growth between the tabulae majors, eleven cardinals quite thick, fused and the wall." (Carruthers, 1908, p. 158.) at tips; cardinal septum thickest, two or Genotype.—Caninia cornucopiae Michelin three septa near it fuse to first lateral sep- in Gervais, 1840. tum; counters unfused, counter septum slightly longer than others. Occurrence.—Widespread in the Carbon- iferous. In earlier neanic stage (diameters 4.1 by 5.3 mm), 14 septa, all thick; tabulae Remarks.—The taxonomic status of present. American corals referable to Caninia has been discussed in detail by the writer Longitudinal sections.—Tahulsie in cyl- (Easton, 1944). indrical specimen mentioned above 6 or 7 mm distant, generally flat with sharply depressed borders, very slightly concave Caninia CORNICULUM (Miller) emend. centrally. Easton Tabulae 1.5 to 6 mm distant in another Plate 12, figures 1-3; Plate 16, figures 40-42 specimen, sloping irregularly because of two Amplexus corniculum Miller, 1891, Indiana Dept. in geniculations only 2 or 3 cm. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 9, pi. 1, figs. 21, 22. Adv. Sheets. Occurrence.—Localities 12, 23. Amplexus hlairi Miller, 1891, idem, p. 8, pi. 1, Material.—Specimens studied, 9. Holo- fig. 7. No. type. University of Chicago 6338 Amplexus corniculum, Miller, 1892, Indiana Dept. studied topotypes. University of Michigan Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 619, pi. Nos. 23133, 23233, 23234, 23235, 23236; 1, figs. 21, 22. other specimen, Illinois State Geological Amplexus blairi, Miller, 1892, idem, p. 618, pi, 1, fig. 7. _ Survey No. 3498 ; possible representative, ?Amplexus hlairi, Keyes, 1894, Missouri Geol. University of Missouri not numbered. Survey, vol. 4, p. 108. Remarks. This species, although very — Amplexus hlairi, Keyes and Rowley, 1897, Proc. closely related to A. corniculum, can be dis- Iowa Acad. Sci. vol. 4, p. 29. tinguished by its very much larger size, Amplexus hlairi, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur. Geol. nearly flat tabulae, and the absence of Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, pp. ?67, 93, 96, 97, prominent swellings at geniculations. It ?158, 164, ?177. might have developed from A. corniculum ^Amplexus sp. cf. A. hlairi, Moore, 1928, Mis- souri Geol. Mines, ser. vol. 223. which is similar in having a long counter Bur. 2, 21, p. septum, the ends of some counter septa fused Amplexus corniculus, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. vol. ?67, ?93, 97. in late stages, and a noticeable cardinal fos- 2, 21, pp. sula. Externals.—Curved ceratoid to cylindri- cal, generally with irregularly recurring Amplexusyandellif (Keyes, 1894, p. 108, swollen regions ; commonly geniculate at pi. 13, fig. 2) may be A. rockfordensis, but swollen region ; epitheca with concentric this cannot be checked. striae and stronger wrinkles, without inter- septal ridges; calyx deep in holotype, 26 Family Caniniidae major septa extending about 2/3 of radius; Genus Caninia Michelin in Gervais, 1840 cardinal septum very short, located in very deep fossula; counter septum slightly longer "Corallum simple, turbinate and conical, often than neighboring majors; alar septa inter- slender and cylindrical for a great part of its length. mediate in length ; minor septa rudimentary, 50 CHOUTEAU CORALS not numbered. University generally absent ; calical floor nearly flat or 1045, 1132, 1191, steeply tilted cardinally. of Cincinnati Nos. 24402 (as paratype of Z. tenella), 24403 (as cotype of Z. tan- Transverse sections. — In late ephebic tilla). stage (pi. 12, fig. 2) (diameters 9.0 by 9.3 mm), 28 major septa; single septum on The specimen here taken as holotype is so either side of counter short, bent sharply listed in the University of Cincinnati col- toward counter septum; septa of both lection, although Miller did not publish his counter quadrants directed somewhat to- designation. One of the original paratypes ward counter septum, thicker than septa (University of Cincinnati No. 24406) is of cardinal quadrants; septa thick, wavy; probably a Cyathaxonia. two or three tabulae cut centrally. Remarks.—External appearances suggest Another ephebic section (pi. 12, fig. 1) that several distinct types can be recognized, (diameters 9.7 by 10.0 mm) , with 29 majors but the internal structure of the specimens radius; fossula deep; extend about J4 of examined by the writer is very stable. Mil- of a counter septa terminating at edge ler's description of A. blairi and A. cornic- transected tabula; secondary septa (spines) ulum are not accurate, and these species present between primaries, rejuvenescence were probably differentiated mainly on ex- suggested by outside ring of septal spines; ternal appearances. The writer believes that septa of counter quadrants thicker than septa the specimen of A. blairi figured by Miller of cardinal quadrants. is a cylindrical phase of this variable species. In an earlier ephebic stage (diameter 7.1 The specimen is incomplete, largely em- mm), 27 major septa almost reaching bedded in matrix, and badly flaked off, and is center ; cardinal fossula prominent ; cardinal certainly not a fitting type. The other types and counter quadrant septa about equally of A. blairi are a much weathered fragment thickened, all tend to fuse at tips. and a piece of coral largely dissolved by Largest observed specimen (diameters 19 acid. by 17 mm), with 36 major septa extending The writer has selected the specimen radius; tabulae nearly flat except ^ of figured by Miller (1892, pi. 1, figs. 21, 22) fos- where abruptly turned down at cardinal as the holotype of C. corniculum. It is listed sula. as the holotype in the catalogue of the Uni- Broken calyx of holotype (diameters 9.3 versity of Cincinnati, but was not oflScially by 10.0 mm) with 26 major septa, including so named by Miller in his work. The types recognizable alars ; tips of septa near counter of A. blairi Miller would be the types of the position fused; fusion in other specimens revised species if the writer followed Recom- extensive, persisting distally beyond last mendation C of Article 28 of the "Inter- tabulae. national Rules of Zoological Nomencla- Longitudinal-section.—-Tabulae arched up ture," but clarity and stability are better steeply from counter position, then drop achieved by choosing a specimen of the other sharply from about tips of counter septa into species. cardinal fossula ; about 4 tabulae in 5 mm. Keyes figured a specimen (1894, pi. 13, Another specimen with 9 or 10 tabulae in fig. 1 ) which is not conspecific with A. blairi 10 mm. Miller because it has much wider spacing of the tabulae. Occurrence.—Localities 1, 2, 8, 9, 48-52» 58, 66, ?69, ?76, 84. Keyes' reporting of it C. corniculum may have had an early from the Burlington is probably erroneous. ephebic stage of long duration, because there incomplete cylindrical specimens up to Material.—Specimens studied, 105. Holo- are 15 in . length with about 20 septa type, University of Cincinnati No. 2238; mm in three bunches three thick paratype.s, University of Cincinnati No. grouped with extensions axially. Other indi- 2238a; figured cotype of A. blairi Miller, meeting University of Cincinnati No. 3918; other viduals, however, certainly did not have this enduring phase. cotype of A. blairi. University of Cincinnati No. 3919; former cotype of Z. chouteauen- The writer believes that the variable ex- sis Miller, University of Cincinnati No. ternal forms recognized In this species relate 24316; other specimens, some studied. Uni- to variable ecologic conditions. The blairi versity of Missouri Nos. 363, 364, 1043, phase seems most common In impure lime- ; KONINCKOPHYLLUM 51 Tuyl, Iowa stones and the corniculum phase seems most Cyathophyllum glabrum, Van 1925, Geol. Survey, vol. 30, p. 110. common in pure limestones. Cyathophyllum glabrum, Moore, 1928, Missouri This species can be recognized by Bur. Geol. Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, pp. 154, 195. the periodically and irregularly swollen Externals.—Simple, sharply curved cera- oblique tabulae, ''nodes," by the generally toid, may be slightly flattened on convex and by the small size. side (right cardinal quadrant of one speci- C . corniculum rtsemhlts C. cornucopiae in men) ; epitheca marked by encircling striae, size, shape, presence of dissepiments only in rugae, very sharp constrictions at rejuvenes- late ephebic stages, characteristics of cardi- cence; interseptal ridges faint but persis- nal fossula, lanceolate septa, long counter tent; calicular boss prominent in young septum, down-turned tabular margins, and specimens. retreat of septa in late stages. It differs in Transverse sections.—At late ephebic having slightly depressed axial portions of stage (diameters 24 by 26 mm), 80 septa, tabulae, septa of counter quadrants some- half about one-third as long as long majors; times thickest, and in having septa meeting majors extend about one-half of radius; car- axially only in very early stages. dinal fossula small, deep, with three or four Many specimens of C. corniculum do not reflexed tabulae ; cardinal septum about half have dissepiments, in which case they are as long as lateral majors; dissepimentarium apt to be confused with Amplexus. half as long as majors, with about 4 ranges of concentric dissepiments; pseudo-lons- Family Clisiophyllidae Nicholson and daleoid dissepiments may exist because of Thomson, 1883 transection of two or more stages of re- Genus KoNiNCKOPHYLLUM Thomson and juvenescence. Nicholson, 1876 At early ephebic stage (diameters 14 by 15 mm), about 34 majors, minors absent ''Simple or dendroid Rugose corals with clisio- except for few septal spines; longest (car- phylloid septa and fossula; the major septa are withdrawn from the axis except along the sur- dinal) septa about 5.5 mm, tending to join face of the tabulae, the minor septa long; the tips in groups ; cardinal septa somewhat pin- tabulae are tent-shaped, and dissepiments fine and nate^ counters nearly parallel with counter concentrically arranged ; a styliform columella \^ septum; tabulae border median plate con- present. Diphymorphs may occur." (Hill, 1939, to it at end; plate p. 86.) nected counter median axial, about 3.7 long, not connected Genotype. — Koninckophyllum magnifi- mm mostly near cum Thomson and Nicholson, 1883. with septa; dissepiments few, cardinal fossula in about 3 ranges. Occurrence.—Lower Carboniferous (typ- In late neanic stage (diameters 13.1 by ically" Tourriaisian) of British Isles, Bel- 13.3 most major septa join thick gium, Russia, China, Canada, United States. mm) median plate ; short secondary septa present Remarks.—For a review of the systematic dissepiments sparse; tabular intersections position of the genus and a discussion of its frequent; median plate connected most relationships and occurrence, see Hill strongly to counter septum. (1939, pp. 85-89). The writer agrees with In middle neanic stage (diameters 7.3 by her that Koninckophyllum is a recognizable about 7.0 mm) 26 major septa, mostly genus. Hill (1939, p. 85) considers Axo- joined to thick median plate; secondary phyllum Thomson, 1877, Acrophyllum septa rudimentary ; dissepiments very sparse. Thomson, 1883, Eostrotion Vaughan, 1915, and possibly Lophophylloides Stuckenberg, Longitudinal section.—Dissepimentarium 1904, to be junior synonyms of Konincko- narrow, dissepiments nearly vertical, very phyllum, but Axophyllum Milne-Edwards elongate; tabulae swin^ distally with in- and Haime, 1851, and Acrophyllum Thom- creasing rapidity tovs|jffd a^> joined at son and Nicholson, 1876, are believed to be median plate; small djtrellaef^^al a^reatest distinct. curvature of tabul^; tabnlar de^ty about •^ 15 in 1 cm. C\^ ^ Koninckophyllum glabrum (Keyes) Occurrence.—Localjkies 2A, 25, 63, 80, Plate 7, figures 1-5 ; Plate 17, figure 10 ^^- "^ . . / . Material. Specimen's studied, 3. The Cyathophyllum glabrum Keyes, 1894, Missouri — holotype be in the Missouri Geological Geol. Survey, vol. 4, p. 105, pi. 12, figs. 6a, b. may 52 CHOUTEAU CORALS fCyathopJiyllum glabrum, Sardeson, 1902, Am, Survey collection but ft is not available and Geol., vol. 30, no. 5, p. 306. perhaps is lost. Specimens examined, Univer- ClionopJiyllum sedaliense, Moore, 1927 Am. Assoc sity of Missouri No. 7209, not numbered. Petrol. Geol. Bull., vol. 11, no. 2, p. 1330. Remarks.—The fossula is indistinct in CJionophyllum sedaliense, Moore, 1928, Missouri most sections, but is recognizable. Interest- Bur. Geol. Mines, ser, 2, vol. 21, pp. 128 ing features in the coral are the rather 154, 195. coarse thick dissepiments and the progressive Externals.—Large, slender to thick; epi weakening and ultimate disappearance of theca and dissepimentarlum commonly not the axial structure. The species seems closely preserved in mature regions, leaving very related to Koninckophyllujn tortuosum irregular surface with edges of septa and (IVIichelin) from the Tournaisian. tabulae showing; calyx very deep, nearly vertically walled distally; cardinal fossula Genus Vesiculophyllum Easton n. gen. prominent to obscure ; septa in quadripartite Diagnosis.—Simple, straight to curved, arrangement, pinnate in cardinal quadrants. nearly cylindrical, rugose corals; dissepi- Transverse sections.—In very late ephebic mentarium very broad in mature specimens, stage (diameters about 32 mm by 35 mm consisting of large dissepiments elongate reconstructed), dissepimentarlum occupies parallel to periphery, possibly formed only half of radius ; dissepiments compressed, very in late stages ; septa sinuous, dilated ; no elongate parallel to periphery ; corallite com- ; generally axial column tabulae numerous, pressed ; major septa thick, sinuous; minor incomplete, fine, gently sloping in outer septa very short, separated from neighboring regions, steeply sloping axially, all sloping majors by concentric dissepiments. axis or per- proximally; septa not reaching In middle ephebic stage (diameters 15.2 iphery if dissepiments be present. by 18.0 mm incomplete), dissepimentar- Genotype. — Vesiculophyllum sedaliense lum (when present) occupies ^ of ra- (White), 1880. dius; some major septa in part especially Occurrence.—Known only from Chou- thickened, all long; minor septa short; dis- teau limestone of Illinois and Missouri. sepiments very sparse between major and minor septa; tabular intersections abundant Remarks. — This genus dififers from Aphrophyllum Dun and Benson, 1920, with between septa and in axial region ; corallite compressed in cardinal-counter plane. which it is most closely allied, chiefly in having the tabulae, concave upward and in In early ephebic stage (diameters 9.8 by having dissepiments between septa only in 10.3 mm), dissepimentarlum absent; major very late stage. It resembles Dibunophyllum septa long, thickened ; cardinal and counter in having closely packed tabulae at the axial septa longest ; tabular intersections abundant ends of septa, but in the latter genus these between septa, somewhat concentric in axial are part of a spiderweblike axial structure region. consisting of tabellae and septal lamellae, In late neanic stage (diameters 6.7 mm by whereas in Vesiculophyllum they are tab- 6.9 mm), cardinal septum very long, swol- ulae only. Septal lamellae and tabellae are len at axial end ; counter septum somewhat not known in Vesiculophyllum, nor have longer than neighbors, very thick ; septa pin- naic septa been observed. nate in cardinal and counter quadrants, Aphrophyllum resembles this genus in the short; tabular intersections concentric in relative lengths of long and short major axial region. septa. In the obscure cardinal fossula, in the In very early neanic stage (diameters 2.0 wide similarly formed dissepimentarlum, in by 3.1 mm), cardinal septum a short spine, the dilated septa, and in lateral compression. others not definitely determinable ; tabulae occupy almost all of thecarium ; section Vesiculophyllum sedaliense (White) quadrilateral with four proto-septa presum- Plate 5, figures 5-9; Plate 17, figure 12 ably occupying corners, as cardinal septum Chonophyllum sedaliense White, 1880, Contr. In- certainly occupies one corner. vetrebrate Paleontology, No. 8 p. 157, pi. 39, Longitudinal section.—Tabulae rather fig. 3a. Extract from U.S. Geol. Survey, flat in peripheral area, sloping steeply to- Twelfth Ann. Kept., (1878). apical end In axial area, produced up- Chonophyllum sedaliense, Keyes, 1894, Missouri ward Geol. Survey, vol. 4, p. 116, pi. 14, fig. 9. ward, obliquely outward short distance LITHOSTROTION 53 beyond septa; tabulae appear very incom- The recognition of a very early Mississip- plete because of intersections of sinuous pian Lithostrotion, further contradicts the septa. belief in America that the genus is an index of St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve ages ; it has Occurrence.—Localities 1, 8, 9, 23, 55-57. been reported from rocks of possible Penn- sylvanian age in Canada. The general range Material.—Specimens studied, 33. Holo- of the genus abroad is very long, extending type, supposedly in Broadhead's collection, through rocks equivalent to our Lower probably was destroyed by fire. Specimens Mississippian into rocks equivalent to part examined, Illinois State Geological Survey of our Lower Permian. It may be expected, Nos. 3503, 3504, 3505, 3506, University therefore, that the range in America will be of Missouri Nos. 380, 1134, University of further extended. Chicago Nos. 1243, 2037, 21295, 31587, 31594. Lithostrotion microstylum White Family Lithostrotiontidae (Grabau Plate 13, figures 1-3; Plate 17, figure 1 1927) Chi, 1931 Lithostrotion microstylum White, 1880, U. S. Remarks.—The family Lithostrotiontidae, Geol. and Geog, Surveys Terr. 12th Ann. proposed by Grabau in 1927 in an unpub- Rept., pt. 1, Contr. Invertebrate Paleontology no. p. 159, pi. 40, fig. 7a, advance printing, lished syllabus used by students in the Na- 8, Lithostrotion microstylum, White, 1883, idem, tional University of Peking, was first p, 159, pi. 40, fig. 7a. published by Chi in 1931. Lithostrotion microstylum, Keyes, 1894, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. p. 124. Genus LiTHOSTROTiON Fleming, 1828 4, non Lithostrotionella hemisphaerica Hayasaka, Phaceloid and ceroid Rugose corals, which 1936, Mem. Fac. Sci. Agr., Taihoku Imp. have typically a columella, long major septa, and Univ., vol. 13, no. 5, p. 61. large conical tabulae, usually supplemented by Externals. Massive, somewhat flattened outer smaller and nearly horizontal tabulae. Dis- — sepiments are well developed in the larger species, coralla; calyces irregularly polygonal, about but absent in the very small forms. Increase is 1 cm across, shallow, with pronounced nonparricidal. (Hill, 1940, p. 166.) central boss and surrounding raised ring Genotype.—Lithostrotion striatum Flem- formed by elongation of septa; examples of ing, 1828. rapidly growing corallites overlapping neigh- Occurrence. — Lower Carboniferous bors common. Corallites branching, nearly through Lower Permian in Europe, Asia, recumbent on base, upturned at margin of northern Africa, North America, and coralla ; holotheca not observed. Dimensions Australia. of topotype, 3 cm by 9 cm by 11 cm. Remarks.—The genotype was established Transverse sections.—In mature region, by the International Commission of Zoologi- corallites plocoid, aphroid; lonsdaleoid re- cal Nomenclature in Opinion 117. For a treat of septa variable; dissepiments irregu- review of the effects of this opinion, see lar, generally large; septa strong, 18 reach- Hill (1940, pp. 166, 167). ing columella becoming very thin near tips, 18 not quite reaching it at diameter of 8 A large number of genera and subgenera ; columella circular, strong, with faint have been erected upon variations from typi- mm radiating lines indicating incorporated tabel- cal Lithostrotion, but these subdivisions have lae or septa; traces of tabulae well shown, not all achieved ready acceptance. In the extending almost to tips of short septa. case of Lithostrotion microstylum White, the broad diagnosis of Lithostrotion applies, Longitudinal section.—Columella free, but the species differs from Lithostrotion in solid rod with some vertical traces of tabel- characters at least of equivalent value to lae or septa; dissepiments irregular, ovoid those used by some authors to name new to commonly elongate parallel-bordered genera. It resembles Cystophorastraea vesicles two or three times as long as thick, Dobrolyubova, 1935, in being partly cerioid abruptly tapered at ends, sloping downward and partly aphroid, as well as in general axially at angle of about 45°, meeting at morphologic relationships of septa and border of corallites without intervening columella, but L. microstylum is not known epitheca ; where sections leave axial plane, to have a thamnastreoid phase. septa and dissepiments form more or less un- 54 CHOUTEAU CORALS tab- Fwvosites di median line at plane of junction ; very few Remarks.—^The specimen in the Indiana mural pores observed. State Museum may be the holotype. The specimens examined by the writer are within Longitudinal section. — Walls slightly the size range (10-12 cm) given for the wavy; tabulae complete, strong, generally holotype, but are probably better preserved. convex, some flat or concave, sometimes oblique, about 8 in 10 mm. Keyes' statement (Keyes, 1894, p. 124) Occurrence.—The bed from which the that there is "some doubt as to the locality" holotype was collected was not specified by is puzzling in view of a clear statement by the authors and the label has only the nota- White as to where Broadhead collected the tion "Kinderhook group, Burlington, specimen; since that time at least two and Iowa." Coarsely crystalline linjestone possibly three more specimens have been weathered ad- hering to the specimen, however, suggests collected. that it came from the Chouteau limestone. White's specimen is from the lower Car- Family Favositidae Milne-Edwards and Haime boniferous at Ewells Spring, Arizona (hori- zon unknown). Lamarck, emend. Genus Favosites 1816, Material.—Specimens studied, 1. Holo- Smith and Gullick, 1927 type and only known specimen from type locality, American of Natural Tabulate coral. Corallum compound. Corallites Museum His- contiguous and prismatic. Walls perforated by tory No. 6363/1 ; specimen mentioned by pores. Septa absent or merely represented by rows White, not seen by the writer. United States of spine-like processes. Tabulae complete and National Museum No. 8536. more or less horizontal. (Smith and Gullick, 1927, p. 117.) Remarks.—The occasional oblique tabu- lae are unusual in Favosites but they are Genotype.—Favosites gothlandicus La- not sufficiently steeply tilted to be typical marck, 1816. of the mural vesicles characteristic of Pleurodic- Occurrence.—Silurian and Devonian of tyum. many parts of the world; rarely Lower Mississippian of America. Favosites.^ mancus Winchell Remarks.—Lang, Smith, and Thomas Plate 13, figure 6 (1940, p. 94) definitely consider Palaeo- favosites Twenhofel, 1914, to be a junior Favosites? mancus Winchell, 1865, Acad. Nat. subjective synonym of Favosites. They ap- Sci. Philadelphia Proc, p. 112. parently believe that Calamopora Goldfuss, Favosites? mancus White, 1877, U. S. Geog. Sur- vey W. 100th Mer. Rept., vol. 4, p. 79. 1829, is a junior subjective synonym (idem, Externals. Corallum very small, about 6 p. 29) and state (idem, p. 28) that Bore- — mm in diameter (reconstructed), hemi- aster Lambe, 1906, is a possible synonym. spherical; corallites polygonal, very small, about 1 mm in diameter, prostrate around Favosites divergens White and Whitfield edges of corallum; walls relatively thick; Plate 13, figure 4; Plate 17, figure 3 basal epitheca thin, possibly wrinkled. Favosites, White and Whitfield, 1862, Boston Soc. Longitudinal section.—Walls increasing Nat. History Proc, vol. 8, p. 306. rapidly in thickness away from basal epi- PALAEA CIS 55 Michilinia expansa, White, idem. theca ; tabulae thin ; mural pores indefinitely 1883, determined. Leptopora typa, Weller, 1898, [in part], U. S. Geol. Survey Bull, 153, p. 323. Occurrence.—Locality 12. Leptopora expansa, Robinson, 1917, Connecticut Material.—Specimens studied, 1. Holo- Acad. Arts Sci. Trans., vol. 21, p. 164. type and only known specimen, University Externals.—Corallum conical, gently con- 23132. of Michigan No. vex on top ; corallites five or six-sided, angles Remarks.—This specimen may represent rounded ; calyces very deep, walls vesicular, a very young corallum of F. divergens steep, floor vesicular, tending to be flat; White and Whitfield, but this possibility epitheca not preserved. cannot be tested v^ithout study of additional Longitudinal section.—Walls very thick, specimens. A label accompanying the speci- lined with one or two ranges of large vesicles men indicates that Girty studied and in- standing nearly vertical; tabulae almost al- tended to figure it; hov^ever, his findings ways concave, complete, about 8 in 1 cm. have not been published and it is not known Dimensions.—Corallum 2.5 cm high, 5 how he regarded the species. Possibly Girty cm by 4 cm across surface ; corallites about 7 prepared the polished section figured here. mm in diameter, 4 or 5 mm deep. Winchell, who did not observe the tabu- Occurrence.—Locality 9. lae, thought the species might be referable to Material. Specimens studied, 1. Conopoterium, but the regularly disposed — Holo- type and only known specimen. University corallites are not typical of that genus. of Chicago No. 6687. The specimen is so small that sufficient details cannot be observed to warrant refer- Remarks.—Pronounced Liesegang rings in the walls of the single ring it to any genus with certainty, there- available speci- fore the writer questionably retains it in men, combined with a vugular condition of the vesicles its original genus, although it might be re- prevent exact determination of the structure, but the species seems distinct ferred to FIeuro dietyum. from other American representatives of Genus Pleurodictyum Goldfuss, 1829 Fleurodictyum. The original description mentions more than one specimen and al- Genotype. — Fleurodictyum problemat- though the one figured was not designated icum Goldfuss, 1829. the holotype by White, it is so recorded in Remarks.—Students are not in agreement the Walker Museum catalogue. as to the proper disposition of Fleurodictyum and Micheliniaj but the writer concurs Appendix to the favositidae (Easton, 1943, p. 136) with Lang, Smith, Remarks.—Falaeacis has been transferred and Thomas (1940, p. 103) that Michelinia back and forth between the corals and is a junior subjective synonym of Fleuro- dictyum. Writers who separate these genera sponges but the genus is now thought to be consider Fleurodictyum to be characterized a possible ally of the Favositidae. Hinde by discoidal or appressed coralla with poly- (1896, p. 447) considered it to represent a gonal or subcylindrical corallites radiating new family which he did not name. The from the center of the base and to have the writer feels that a new family should not be tabulae not markedly arched, septa repre- established until a general revision is made. sented by rows of spines, and irregularly perforate walls. In contrast they consider Genus Palaeacis Haime in Michelinid to have larger noticeably angular Milne-Edwards, 1857 corallites radiating upward and outward to Paloeacis Haime, in Milne-Edwards, 1857, His- form rather large coralla with vesicular toire naturelle des coralliaires ou polpyes tabulae. proprement dits, Atlas, Expl. pi. E-1. Palaeacis Haime, in Milne-Edwards, 1860, idem, Pleurodictyum expansum (White) vol. 3, p. 171. Sphenopoterium Meek and Worthen, 1860, Acad. Plate 13, figure 9; Plate 17, figure 2 Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc, p. 447. Ptychochartocyathus Ludwig, 1866, Paleonto- Michilinia expansa White, 1880, U. S. Geol. and graphica, vol. pt. p. 189. Geog. Surveys Terr. 12th Ann. Kept., pt. 1; 14, 5, Contr. Invertebrate Paleontology, no. 8, p, Palaeacis, Seebach, 1866, Nachr. Gesellsch. Wis- 158, pi. 39, figs. 2a, b. Advance printing. sensch. zu Gottingen, p. 241. ; 56 CHOUTEAU CORALS Palacacis, Seebach, 1866, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. the grounds of unnecessary complexity and Gesellsch., vol. 18, p. 308. faulty foundation. The decision is pending. 187. Pahwacis, Kunth, 1869, idem, vol. 21, pp. 186, For a review of the early opinions regard- Nouvelles Recherches Palacacis, Koninck, 1872, ing Palaeacis, its synonyms, and its relation- sur les Animaux Fossiles du Terrain Car- ships, see Etheridge and Nicholson (1878). bonifere de la Belgique, pt. 1, p. 154. They considered only three species to be Palacacis, Etheridge and Nicholson, 1878, Annals available and believed P. enorme to be a and Mag. Nat. History, ser 5, vol. 1, p. 212. junior synonym of P. cyclostoma (Phillips). Palacacis, Hinde, 1896, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 52, pt. 3, pp. 443-447. Lack of comparative material prevents the Palacacis, Robinson, 1917, Connecticut Acad. Arts writer from attempting to evaluate their Sci. Trans., vol. 21, p. 165. conclusions and he prefers to recognize Diagnosis.— Small, simple to compound species of Palaeacis on the basis of symmetry, corals, calyces shallow, evenly concave, shape, and number of corallites. smooth, surface finely reticulate, perforate; Palaeacis enorinis var. depressus Meek septa present in calyces as fine striae ; inter- and Worthen is erroneously listed from the nal structure reticulate, of anastomosing Rockford limestone in Indiana by Etheridge tubes and vesicles. and Nicholson (1878, p. 225). This variety is known only from the Fern Glen forma- Gejiotype.—Palacacis cuneiforjnis Haime tion of Illinois. It and the two preceding m Milne-Edwards, 1857. species are actually referable to Micro- Occurrence. — Lower Mississippian of cyathus. United States; Lower Carboniferous (Up- per Visean) of Australia; Lower Carbon- Palaeacis conica Easton, n. sp. iferous of British Isles. Plate 16, figure 19 Remarks.—Palaeacis is distinguished from Microcyathus chiefly by means of internal Zaphrentis tantilla Miller, 1891, [in part], In- diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 17th Ann. Rept., structure. The two genera are essentially p. 11. Adv. Sheets. identical externally, except for the shape of Zaphrentis tantilla. Miller, 1892, [in part], In- calyces and the mode of attachment of diana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 17th Ann. Rept., coralla. This genus was first spelled Paloea- pp. 621, 622. cisj an evident misprint which Haime sub- Description.—Corallum ceratoid, ellipti- sequently corrected. cal in cross-section, very slightly curved Sphenopoterium Meek and Worthen, exterior covered with fine anastomosing fur- 1860, has been recognized as a junior syno- rows ; small secondary corraHte extends nym of Palaeacis since 1866. It was founded short distance from primary calyx; calyx moderately deep, evenly upon S. obtusum Meek and Worthen from concave, without evidence of calical structures. Height 12.0 Keokuk beds near Nauvoo, Illinois. mm, greatest diameter 4.2 mm, least di- Conopoterium Winchell, 1865, was ameter in same plane 3.8 mm. founded upon C. effusum Winchell. Comparison.—This species differs from Etheridge and Nicholson (1878, p. 217) P. bifidus Weller from the Fern Glen for- believed this genus to be a relative of mation in being curved ceratoid, not ex- Palaeacis but a study of the types of C. tremely flattened, and in having only one ejfusujn shows that it is quite unlike Palaea- small subordinate offset. cis, being more closely allied to typical Occurrence.—Localities 7, 8. Favositidae. Conopterium (Keyes, 1894, p. Material.—Specimens studied, 2. Holo- 118 and Weller, 1898, p. 189) is a mis- type. University of Cincinnati No. 24310; spelling. possible representative, University of Chi- Ptychochartocyathus Ludwig, 1866, is a cago No. 9767. junior synonym of Palaeacis, but is rarelv Remarks.—The holotype was formerly found in the literature because most authors one of the cotypes of Z. tantilla Miller and have ignored Ludwig's genera. Lang and as such was only partially freed of its Smith have applied the to International matrix. It is so very different from other Commission on Zoological Nomenclature described Palaeacis that it warrants separate for suppression of all Ludwig's genera on recognition. ; CLEISTOPORA 57 Family Cleistoporidae Easton, n. fam. sent except as minute structures within walls; visceral cavity filled with reticulate Diagnosis. Compound coralla, typically — tissue which may or may not contain trans- flat, spreading or discoid; corallites poly- verse diaphragms, or filled with horizontal gonal; calyces inverted, without prominent tabulae which may be granular on upper calical structures; septa indistinct; tabulae surfaces ; walls perforate ; epithecal scales indistinct or merging with reticulate visceral may be present. tissue ; tubular visceral spaces partitioned by Genotype.—Cleistopora geometrica (Ed- diaphragms; peritheca with or without wards and Haime), 1851. scales. Occurrence. Genotype from Lower De- Type genus. Cleistopora Nicholson, — vonian of Vire Loue, Sarthe, France. 1888. and Other species occur in the Tournaisian at i^^m^ry^^.—Miller (1892, p. 616) sug- Tournai, Belgium ; Z2 of Hook Head, Ire- gested that if Leptopora Winchell, 1863, land ; Chouteau limestone (unrestricted), should stand alone, it would be referable to McCraney limestone, and Prospect Hill the family Leptoporidae (for diag- which a sandstone of Mississippi valley, probably in nosis only incidentally it was given) and Carboniferous of Utah. would obviously be the type genus of the fam- Remarks.—Leptopora Winchell, 1863, ily. Leptopora Winchell, 1863, however, is a has been commonly used interchangeably junior homonym of Leptopora d'Orbigny, with Cleistopora Nicholson, 1888, in Amer- 1849, a Cretaceous bryozoan. Therefore a ica, but insofar as is known to the writer, new name is necessary for this family to without published reasons. It is apparent, which Leptopora Winchell, 1863, Squameo- however, that close similarity of external phyllmn Smyth, 1933, EthTuoplax ( = form is the reason for confusion. Stratiphyllum=Stratophyllum) Smyth, Lang, Smith, and Thomas p. 137) 1939, have been referred. (1940, tentatively considered Vaughania Garwood, The Cleistoporidae are closely related to 1913, a synonym of Leptopora Winchell, the Favositidae by reason of their compound although they did not state that the latter nature, tabulate corallites, and perforate 'genus is a synonym of Cleistopora Nichol- walls. son. The original diagnosis of Leptopora suggests the characters of Vaughania, but Genus Cleistopora Nicholson, 1888. this is because Leptopora was supposed to emend. Easton have "interior of cells filled with a finely vesicular tissue" (Winchell, 1863, p. Non Leptopora d'Orbigny, 1849, Mag. Zoology 2), these Rev., no. 2, p. 504. whereas structures are, more accu- Leptopora Winchell, 1863, Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila- rately, reticulate. delphia Proc, p. 2. Smyth (1933a, p. 171) considered Cleistopora Nicholson, 1888, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, n. Squameophyilum spumans Smyth and Strat- s., vol. 5, p. 150. ophyllum tenue Smyth to be closely related, Leptopora, Robinson, 1917, Connecticut Acad. but transitional forms were not known and Arts Sci. Trans., vol. 21, p. 163. the differences between reticulate and tabu- Squameophyilum Smyth, 1933, Royal Irish Acad. late visceral structure seemed to warrant Proc, vol. 41, sect. B, p. 171. placing the species in different genera. Speci- Stratophyllum Smyth, 1933, idem, p. 173. mens from the Chouteau limestone studied Ethmoplax Symth, 1939, Nature, London, vol. 143, p. 859. by the writer possess characters which link Non Stratiphyllum Scheffen, 1933, Norske vidensk- the two species and make the combining of akad. Oslo Skrift., p. 35. the two genera advisable. This linkage is Stratiphyllum Lang, Smith, and Thomas, 1940, demonstrated ontogenetically in one speci- Index of Paleozoic Corals, p. 124. men. In its earlier stages it resembles Cleis- Emended diagnosis.—Coralla flat, discoid topora in having well-defined perforate to elongate, possibly encrusting, with walls and reticulate visceral tissue with dia- wrinkled epitheca; corallites polygonal to phragms. In the latest stages the visceral subrounded, rarely overlapping; calical cavity is entirely filled with tabulae whose floors flat, convex, or concave and conical upper surfaces are generally granular ; how- walls more or less persistent, generally trace- ever, the walls remain strong throughout, able externally ; septa nearly or entirely ab- although they are less strong in the later ; 58 CHOUTEAU CORALS — than In the earlier stages. Thus, with varia- Description, "The base of this coral tions, the generic characters of Squameo- differs but little from Leptopora placenta, phyllum, Ethmoplax, and Cleistopora are all being flattened and with large shallow cups contained within this one specimen. and a very wrinkled and rugose epithecal under surface but in producing tall crowded Squameophyllum is supposed to differ stems above by calicular budding. It differs from Cleistopora chiefly in lacking dia- from all the species of Leptopora with which phragms and in having sloping walls, rather the author Is acquainted. The stems spring than a convex floor in each corallite. Speci- from the shallow cups below, are more or mens of Leptopora typa Winchell seldom less round, very rugose and distorted and, possess diaphragms, and aside from the coral- crowding together at the top, the otherwise lites having convex floors, resemble Squame- round cups become polygonal. From the ophyllum spumans very closely. Variation in calyx of one of the stems three small stems this Chouteau species is extreme, and some arise. No septa are observable nor are sections show walls and visceral tissue placenta, but the latter are surely present. merged so closely that they cannot be dif- The cups are shallow and are pitted or cel- ferentiated (like Squameophyllum'), where- lular in appearance." (Rowley, 1901, pp. as other sections show marked differences 349, 350.) between wall and visceral structure (like Occurrence.—Localities 28, 108. Cleistopora) . Typically reticulate structure tends to be horizontal, sometimes markedly Material.—The species apparently is so, and therefore the recognition of Ethmo- based upon a single specimen in the Rowley plax is even further to be questioned be- collection which the writer understands is cause of the similarity between its genotype now unavailable for study. The plesiotype and species of Cleistopora In the Chouteau. is University of Chicago No. 9765. Remarks. Until the type of this species The writer Is unable to evaluate the tax- — onomic significance of epithecal scales. If can be studied, the internal structure must they are accretionary phenomena, such as remain unknown. It Is probable that the are known in Xenophora, they may very specimen illustrated on plate 17, figures 8 well be coincidental structures. and 9, may be a young specimen of C. procera. The specimen is not as expanded Because of the close similarity between vertically as the type appears to be, but the Cleistopora, Squameophyllum, and Ethmo- habit is otherwise quite similar. The internal plax, the writer does not consider these structure Is seemingly no different from that genera to warrant separation, even though of C. typa. this group may have wide limits of indi- vidual variation. Some systematists may Cleistopora RAMOSA (Rowley) wish to preserve Squameophyllum and Ethmoplax as subgenera. Others may . Plate 14, figures 4, 5 ; Plate 15, figure 6 wish to consider Cleistopora ramosa (Row- Leptopora ramosa Rowley, 1901, Am. Geologist, ley) described here as the of type a new vol. 17, p. 349, pi. 28, fig. 36. genus of equal rank. In the opinion of the Leptopora ramosa, Robinson, 1917, Connecticut writer, this latter course would be inadvis- Acad. Arts Sci. Trans., vol. 21, p. 164. able because of the demonstrable relation- Externals.—Corallum massive, cerloid, ship. oblate, tending towards fasciculate in most The course followed by the writer es- advanced (gerontic?) stage; epitheca thin, tablishes a long stratlgraphic range for with striae, well defined rugae ; calyces not Cleistopora, but Its species are certainly dis- very deep, with broadly sloping vesicular tinct enough to permit correlation. walls. Length of plesiotype 9.5 cm; greatest breadth, 7.5 cm ; mean breadth about 5 cm thickness, 3.5 cm. Cleistopora procera (Rowley) Transverse sections. — Corallites, poly- Plate 15, figure 5; plate 17, figures 8, 9 gonal, 5 to 7 sided, separated by dense cren- walls, 0.3 thick, Leptopora procera Rowley, 1901, Am. Geologist, ulate each about mm meet- vol. 27, p. 349, pi. 28, fig. 37. ing at well-defined zigzag medial line ; walls Leptopora procera, Robinson, Connecticut Acad. Irregularly perforate; centers of corallites Arts Sci. Trans., vol. 21, p. 164. filled with dense sclerenchyme penetrated CLEISTOPORA 59 by convoluted tubes commonly commencing Leptopora gorbyi. Miller, 1892, Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., (1891), pp. at mural pores, following random paths not 616-617, pi. I, figs. 1-4. in one general plane, borders in early stages Leptopora typus, Miller, 1892, Indiana Dept. generally vesicular, in not middle adult Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 617 stages borders may be vesicular on one or (1891). more sides, in late stages corallites entirely Cleistopora placenta, Keyes, 1894, Missouri Geol. filled by vesicular matter without reticulate Survey, vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 119, pi. XIV, fig. 11. structure; vesicles elongate, approximately Cleistopora typa, Keyes, 1894, idem pp. 119, 120. parallel with walls grading into reticulate Cleistopora typa?, Keyes and Rowley, 1897, Iowa Acad. Sci. Proc, vol. p. 30. structure; septal crests common. 4, Leptopora typa, Weller, 1898, U. S. Geol. Sur- Longitudinal sections. — Corallites in- vey Bull. 153, p. 323. crease regularly in diameter; walls vary Leptopora typa, Weller, 1901, Trans. St. Louis rapidly in thickness; vesicles convex up- Acad. Sci. vol. 11, pp. 194, 195, pi. 20, fig. 19. ward, sloping steeply downward at inner Leptopora typa, Merrill, 1905, U. S. Nat. Mus. ends; inner reticulate zone diminishing up- Bull. 53, pt. 1, p. 351. Leptopora typa, Robinson, 1917, Connecticut Acad. ward, replaced entirely by vesicles; septal Arts Sci. Trans., vol. 21, p. 164. crests or traces common on vesicles; con- Leptopora placenta, Robinson, 1917, idem, p. 164. voluted tubes in reticulate zone partitioned Leptopora gorbyi, Robinson, 1917, idem, p. 164. by diaphragms. Leptopora typa. Van Tuyl, 1925, Iowa Geol. Sur- Comparison.—This spieces differs from vey, vol. 30, pp. 58, 104, 105, pi. 3, fig. 1. other forms of Cleistopora by its more Leptopora typa, Moore, 1927, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Bull, vol. no. 1330. elongate colonies and its ontogenetic change Geol., 11, 2, p. Bur. Geol. from reticulate to vesicular structure. Leptopora typa, Moore, 1928, Missouri Mines, ser. 2, vol. 21, pp. 63, 97, 154, 195. Occurrence.—Locality 28. Leptopora typa, Laudon, 1931, Iowa Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept. vol. 393, 426, 427, 429, Material.—Specimens studied, 1. Illinois 35, pp. (1929). State Geological Survey No. 3500; holo- type, Rowley collection, not studied. Externals.—Corallum thin, subcircular; Remarks.—Although the structural de- corallites 5- or 6-sided, very shallow, slightly axially; floors granular; epitheca velopment is much different from other domed species of Cleistopora^ the writer prefers to concentrically striate. Diameter of holotype 4.5 cm; thickness about 3 mm; di- consider it a specialized member of that about genus. Its latest stages are very similar to ameter of corallites about 6 mm. the typical structure of Pleurodictyum and Transverse section.—^Walls strong, dense, appear to illustrate the phylogeny of that line of contact between adjacent walls ir- its genus, but stratigraphic position shows regularly preserved ; nearly straight pores in that C. ramosa is not ancestral. walls continue into reticulate structure; centers of corallites irregularly reticulate Cleistopora typa (Winchell) emend. with occasional diaphragms crossing tubules. Easton Longitudinal section. — Epitheca thick faint fibrous structure normal to plane Plate 14, figures 1, 2; Plate 16, figures 1-4 with of epitheca; walls merge with internal Leptopora typa Winchell, 1863, Acad. Nat. Sci., reticulate structure which tends toward hor- Philadelphia Proc, p. 3. [in part]. izontality; diaphragms infrequent, domi- Leptopora typa, White, 1880, Contr. Invertebrate nantly vertical. Paleontology no. 6, p. 122, pi. 34, figs. 12a, 12b. Occurrence.—Localities 1, 2, 8, 16, 23, idem, no. 159. Lepidopora typa, White, 1880, 8, p. 26, 28, 30, 35, 38, 39, 44, 65, 78, 85. Michilinia? placenta White, 1880, idem, no. 8, p. 157, pi. 39, figs. la-d. Material.—Specimens studied, 39. Holo- Michilinia placenta, White, 1880, idem. no. 8, p. type, University of Michigan No. 14253; 159. other specimens. University of Missouri Leptopora typa. White, 1883, U. S. Geol. and Nos. 348, 1049, 1138, Illinois State Geo- Geog. Survey Terr. 12th Ann. Rept., pt. I, logical Survey Nos. 3499, 3507, University p. 122, pi. 34, figs. 12a, b. of Chicago No. 9764; Miller's figured speci- Leptopora gorhyi Miller, 1891, Indiana Dept. mens of Leptopora gorbyi are University of Geol. Nat. Res. 17th Ann. Rept., p. 6, pi. I, figs. 1-4, Adv. Sheets. Cincinnati No. 3273, whereas the other 60 CHOUTEAU CORALS original cotypes are University of Cincin- Appendix to the Cleistoporidae nati No. 24314. Genus MiCROCYATHUS Hinde, 1896 Remarks.—This species has definite dia- MicrocyatJius Hinde, 1896, Geol. Soc. London phragms, termed tabulae by Smyth. The Quart. Jour., vol. 52, pt. 3, p. 447. writer prefers the yv^ord diaphragms be- MicrocyatJius, Robinson, 1917, Connecticut Acad. the structures occur within tubules cause Arts Sci. Trans., vol. 21, p. 166. rather than extend across the floors of the MicrocyatJius, Williams, 1943, U. S. Geol. Sur- coral lites, and they are commonly vertically vey, Prof. Paper 203, p. 59. arranged. Diagnosis.—Coralla compound, attached The species differs from Squameophyllum to some foreign body; calyces open and spiunans Smith in having diaphragms, in nearly vertically walled, with septa possibly possibly lacking scales, in being more dis- represented by rows of crowded tubercles coid, and in having stronger walls. or blunt spines; outer surface with dis- The writer here designates the specimen continuous sinuous ridges and occasional apertures; solid calcareous tissue fills bot- mentioned by Winchell (1863, p. 3) hav- tom and lines walls of calyces ; openly ing a diameter of 1.27 inches as the holo- porous reticulate tissue covers outer sur- type of the species. It was not the principal face of coralla. specimen described by Winchell, but sub- sequent usage has made it a better type Genotype. — Hydnoporaf cyclostoma for this than the other two specimens. Phillips. Leptopora gorbyi Miller was proposed be- Occurrence.—Lower Mississippian (Kin- cause Miller recognized that the original derhook) of United States; Lower Car- description of L. typa did not fit the com- boniferous (Visean D3) of England and mon Chouteau species. The writer has Scotland. studied Miller's types and finds them to be conspecific with L. typa as herein revised. MiCROCYATHUS ENORMis (Meek and Lang, Smith, and Thomas (1940, p. 76) Worthen) err in stating that White pi. 34, (1883, Plate 16, figure 18 figs. 12a, 12b) figured the genoholotype of Meek and Worthen, 1860, Leptopora. SpJienopoterium enorme Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc, p. 448. Cleistopora sp. SpJienopoterium enorme, Meek and Worthen, 1861, Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 32, p. 169. Plate 16, figure 5 SpJienopoterium enorme, Meek and Worthen, 1861, idem, p. 175. Leptopora typa Winchell, 1863, [in part], Acad. SpJienopoterium enorme, Meek and Worthen, Nat. Sci., Philadelphia Proc, p. 3. 1866, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. II, p. 146, Two of the cotypes of Leptopora typa pi. 14, figs, la, b. Nicholson, differ from the selected holotype of that Palaeacis cyclostoma, Etheridge and 1878, Annals Mag, Nat. History, ser. 5, vol. species in that the corallites are 3.5 to 4.0 1, p. 221. in diameter definite mm with very but thin Palaeacis enormis, Keyes, 1894, Missouri Geol. walls and with the floors of coUarites pro- Survey, vol. 4, p. 118. portionately more domed than in C. typa. Palaeacis enormis, Keyes and Rowley, 1897, Iowa The coralla are about 1.5 mm thick and Acad. Sci. Proc, vol. 4, p. 29. Palaeacis enormis, Weller, 1898, U. S. Geol. Sur- one nearly complete specimen is 18 mm in vey, Bull. 153, p. 404. diameter. The specimens seem to be quite SpJienopoterium enorme. Kindle, 1899, Bull. Am. similar to Leptopora winchelli White. Paleontology, vol. 3, bull. 12, pp. 140, 219. Kindle, idem. 162. One of the specimens is a cast in vugular Palaeacis enormis, 1899, p. Missouri Bur, cherty sandstone and the other is a chal- Palaeacis enormis, Rowley, 1908, Geology Mines, 2nd ser. vol. p. 64, pi. cedony replacement. Internal structure was 8, 16, figs. 22-28. not observed. MicrocyatJius enormis, Robinson, 1917, Connecti- Occurrence.—Locality 27. cut Acad. Arts Sci. Trans., vol. 21, p. 167. MicrocyatJius enormis, Williams, 1943, U. S. Material.—Specimens studied, 2. Univer- Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 203, p. 59, pi. 6, sity of Michigan No. 2078. figs. 9-13. AVLOPORA 61 Description.—"Corallum small, subglo- Syringopora har'veyi, Shepard, 1898, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. pt. 122. bose, obtusely subturbinate ; rounded and 12, 1, p. apparently retaining some remains of a scar Syringopora har'veyi, Moore, 1928, Missouri Bur, Geol. Mines, Ser. vol. 97, ?128, of attachment at the base. Cells four or 2, 21, pp. ?154, 189, 195. more, rather irregularly disposed, circular, and moderately deep. Surface slightly more Externals. — Corallum small, corallites coarsely marked than the last [Sphenopo- very thin, straight to slightly curved, about terium compressum Meek and Worthen] 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter, tending to be con- but otherwise similar. nected in threes at w^ide intervals ; epitheca smooth to minutely striate. "Height, 0.45 inch; transverse diameter Transverse section.—Septa about 20, ex- about 0.43 inch ; breadth of cells, about 0.18 inch." (Meek and Worthen, 1860, tremely short, thin, not always distinguish- able, may occur as septal crests on tabulae p. 448). towards axis of corallite. Tabular intersec- Occurrence.—Localities 12, 44, 82, 83, tions elongate oval, generally constricted Material. Specimens studied, 2. Pri- — across shortest axis. mary types from the Rockford limestone. Longitudinal section.—Tabulae dipping University of IlHnois No. 10858. Keyes' steeply toward axial tube, which is crossed specimens may be lost, therefore his iden- by tabulae or diaphragms spaced more tification of the species from the Louisiana widely than outer tabulae. limestone can not be checked. Occurrence.—Localities 1, 2, 23, 55, 59, Family Syringoporidae Milne-Edv^ards 63, 65, 74, 87. The original specimens were and Haime collected from the "Chemung beds, and the lower division of the Burlington limestone, Genus Syringopora Goldfuss, 1826 Burlington, Iowa." The first of these can be Diagnosis. interpreted as Kinderhook generally, but —Corallum fasciculate ; cor- allites thin, connected by lateral tubes ; septa the second locality has no meaning. very short or absent; tabulae steeply in- Material.—Specimens studied, 4. Loca- clined proximally, inosculating to form tion of primary types unknown ; plesiotypes. inner v^^all. University of Missouri No. 2238, Illinois Genotype.—Syringopora ramulosa Gold- State Geological Survey No. 3508; other fuss, 1826. specimen (formerly cotype of Z. tantilla), University of Cincinnati No. 24315. Occurrence.—Widely distributed, Silu- rian through Carboniferous. Remarks.—The species can be distin- guished from some other members of the Remarks.—Drymopora Davis, 1887, is genus its thin corallites, but the lack of a subgenus of Syringopora, according to by published figures of internal structure in Bassler (1915, p. 463). Lang, Smith, and the genus makes synonymies uncertain. Spe- Thomas (1940, p. 137) point out that cies of Syringopora should be more ade- Vaughanites Paul, 1937, is a junior hom- quately figured so that detailed comparisons onym, VaughanttesW^oodinng^ 1928, having can be made. priority, and suggest that no nev^^ name be proposed for Paul's subgenus. They (idem, The specimen of Syringopora included in p. 65) consider Harmodites Fischer von the cotypes of Z. tantilla was a fragment of Waldheim, 1828, to be an objective synonym the same shape and size as that species and of Syringopora. the calyx was filled with limestone matrix. Z. tantilla is omitted from the synonymy of Syringopora harveyi White S. harveyi because its inclusion w^ould be apt to be more confusing than clarifying. Plate 13, figures 7, 8 Syringopora Har'veyi White, 1862, Boston Soc. Family Auloporidae Nicholson, 1879 Nat. Hist. Proc, vol. 9, p. 32. fSyringopora Haweyif, White, 1874, Prelim. Genus AuLOPORA Goldfuss, 1829 Rept. Invertebrate Fossils, 17. p. Compound corals composed of creeping tubes fSyringopora Har'veyi?, White, 1877, U. S. Geog. connected by their entire lower surfaces to shells Survey W. 100th Merid., vol. 4, p. 80. or other foreign bodies. Colony multiplies by tubes fSyringopora Jiarveyif, Keyes, 1894, Missouri budding frm below calyx mouth; tubes seldom Geol. Survey, vol. 4, p. 141, pi. 14, fig. 6a. in contact except at point of attachment to parent. 62 CHOUTEAU CORALS Mural pores may be present where tubes are in Cladochonus Striatus Easton, n. sp. contact, but generally occur only where buds are given off. Septa rudimentary, represented by Plate 13, figure 5 ; Plate 17, figures 4, 5 vertical ridges. Scattered tabulae in some species. Externals.—Colonies of medium size, (Stewart, 1938, p. 78.) rather straight, corallites budding from Genotype.—Aulopora serpens Goldfuss, new parent about midway on convex side, facing 1829. alternately in opposite directions, lying in Occurrence.—Widely distributed, Ordo- one plane ; three or four corallites con- vician to Carboniferous. nected by common canal, generally occur on partly overlapping crinoid stems; fronds Aulopora? sp. arising from first circle of corallites, pre- Plate 17, figure 11 sumably extended directly away from crin- Occurrence.—Locality 8. oid stem; calyces oval; corallites curved^ Material.—Specimens studied, 1. Univer- evenly expanding to calyx rim, with pro- sity of Chicago No. 47246. nounced striae on epitheca. Remarks.—One specimen with curved, Largest frond 35 mm in length; indi- evenly expanding, prostrate corallites con- vidual corallites about 5 mm long on convex nected by thin tubes (stolonal budding) near side and 3 or 4 mm on concave side; calyces their bases was observed. The exteriors are about 2.3 mm in diameter. smooth and the corallites all face in the Comparison.—C. striatus differs from C. same direction. The colony is not attached. beecheri (Grabau) in being smaller, having more linear colonies, and in being striate. Genus Cladochonus McCoy, 1847 Occurrence.—Locality 8. Diagnosis.—Corallum compound, with a reptant Material. Specimens studied, 12. Holo- ring of corallites proximally, from which free — branches arise; individual corallites, trumpet- or type and paratypes. University of Chicago pipe-shaped, and in contact only at point of origin, Nos. 9678 and 9769, respectively. each giving rise to another by lateral increase through the wall of the expanded calice; each has Position a thick peripheral stereozone of laminar, some- Unknown times reticulated, sclerenchyme ; neither tabulae nor septal spines are seen in the narrow lumen, COLEOPHYLLUM ? GREENI Rowley but longitudinal (Pseptal) ridges may appear in Plate 15, figures 1-4 the calices. (Hill and Smyth, 1938, p. 127.) Genotype.—Cladochonus tenutcollis Mc- Coleophyllum? greeni Rowley, 1901, Am. Geolo- Coy, 1847. gist, vol. 27,—p. 352, pi. 28, figs. 53-56. Description. "This coral is elongated, Occurrence.—Hill and Smyth (1938, p. 128) give the occurrence as upper Middle curved and without septa (lamellae). The Devonian and Upper Devonian of North cup is shallow. The entire fossil is made up America and Germany; Lower Carbonifer^ of a series of invaginated tabulae, as seen ous of North America, western Europe, on the weathered specimens. The outer sur- Russia, and eastern Australia; Middle and face is comparatively smooth except near Upper Carboniferous of Russia; Permian the calix where the edges of the tabulae of Western Australia, Timor, China, and remind one somewhat of Cystiphyllum." Jugoslavia. (Rowley, 1901, p. 352.) Occurrence. Remarks.—Many American species have —Locality 29. been referred to Monilopora Nicholson and Material.—Apparently two or more speci- Etheridge, 1879, but Girty (1925), pointed mens were known to Rowley, but the writer out on erroneous ground that Cladochonus understands they are not now available for is a senior synonym of Monilopora. Hill study. and Smyth (1938, p. 125) arrived at the Remarks. — Rowley called this species same conclusion but for different reasons. ^^Chonophyllum greenei" in the explanation Pyrgia Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1851, of the plate. The writer defers offering an is a junior subjective synonym of Cladocho- opinion as to the taxonomic position of this nus. For the arguments regarding the status species until the types or comparative mate- of these genera, see Girty (1925) and Hill rial can be studied. The figures resemble and Smyth (1938). Monilipora is an er- stony bryozoa or Syringopora as much as roneous emendation of Monilopora. they do Coleophyllum or Chonophyllum PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS 63 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3 1-3 n. sp. 7.5 31 Figs. Metriophyllum deminutivum Easton, ; X p. 1, Longitudinal section ; holotype ; axial appearance results from slightly oblique section through axially fused septa ; University of Cincinnati 24300. Tangential section paratype ; not alternating carinae in early region but progressive 2, ; apposition until yard-arm carinae occur in most advanced stage ; University of Cincin- nati 24301. J, Transverse section, reversed, middle? ephebic stage; paratype; note small number of septa, two places where carinae have been cut parallel with septa, and somewhat tri- partite counter septal arrangement ; University of Cincinnati 24302. Figs. 4-6 Rotiphylluni hians Easton, n. sp p. 33 Longitudinal section paratype 5 ; note tabulae ; University of Cincinnati 24304. 4, ; ; X Transverse section, reversed, ephebic stage 5 ; solid axial area, sparse 5, ; paratype ; X note tabulae, short cardinal septum and tripartite counter system ; University of Cincinnati 24305. Transverse section, ; ; 6, reversed, neanic stage holotype ; X 7.5 cardinal and counter septa, in combination with others, form a median plate ; University of Cincinnati 24303. Figs. 7-10 Rotiphylluni calyailum (Miller) emend. Easton 32 ; x5 p. 7/Transverse section, late neanic stage ; holotype ; University of Cincinnati 3359. Longitudinal 8, section ; paratype. 9, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; paratype ; solid central area, counter f ossula, and cardinal fossula are characteristic. 10, Transverse section, reversed, early ephebic stage paratype ; figs. 8, 9, 10 are University ; of Cincinnati 24307. 64 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 3 65] ; I EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4 5 Figs. 1-3 Neo::aphrentis tenclla (Miller); plesiotypes ; X p. 45 1, Transverse section, early ephebic stage ; long thickened counter septum lying to one side of counter-cardinal plane, very short cardinal septum, and pinnate arrangement of septa in cardinal quadrants are characteristic ; after Grove. 2, Transverse section, middle neanic stage ; septa radially arranged, nearly reach center, and their fused axial edges form stereotheca ; after Grove. 3, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; quadripartite septal grouping notew^orthy after Grove. Figs. 4-7 HapsiphyUmn (Homalophyllites) calceolus (White and Whitfield); plesiotypes . p. 43 ; in 4, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; X 5 very short cardinal septum pronounced f ossula, very thick epitheca and sparse tabulae are characteristic ; circular cross- section is unusual ; University of Cincinnati 24311. section, late neanic stage ; long bifid cardinal sparse tabulae, 5, Transverse ; X 10 septum, and poorly defined stereotheca are noteworthy ; epitheca eroded away. section, neanic ; fused cardinal is 6, Transverse early stage ; X 10 and counter septa im- portant feature ; epitheca eroded away ; figs. 5 and 6 are from same specimen. constrictions side 7, Longitudinal section ; X 5 ; thick epitheca with well shown on right and arched tabulae are noteworthy ; dark central areas are stereotheca ; outlined white areas are possibly morphologic structures, possibly incidental replacement. Figs. 8-11 Psciidocryptophyllum n. sp. ; holotype 5 camim Easton, ; X p. 34 8, Longitudinal section ; tabulae recurved at periphery, steeply arched, depressed and thickened axially. 9, Transverse section, early ephebic stage ; cardinal septum thick, counter septum thin no secondary septa present. 10, Transverse section, late neanic stage ; cardinal septum thinner than counter septum secondary septa retreating from axis ; dark axial area is where plane of section cut tabula. 11, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; meta-septa added in counter quadrants ; epitheca irregular at positions of interseptal ridges and septal grooves ; note swollen tips of counter-laterals. 66 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 4 [67] ; EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5 Figs. 1-4 Meniscophyllum minutum Simpson ; plesiotypes ; University of Cincinnati No. 23243; x5 p. 46 1, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; all but two septa completely fused into ring. 2, Transverse section, reversed, late neanic stage ; all septa extend to center. 3, Longitudinal section ; note axial tabulae. 4, Transverse section, reversed, early ephebic stage ; cardinal f ossula becoming apparent. Figs. 5-9 Vesiculophyllum sedaliense ; plesiotype ; Illinois State Geological Survey No, 3506 . p. 52 section, early ephebic stage plesiotype ; secondary septa are still 5, Transverse ; ; X 5 short ; all septa rather thin, but those in the cardinal quadrants are somewhat thickened no dissepiments. section, very early neanic stage plesiotype 5 ; tabulae 6, Transverse ; ; X prominent and septa rudimentary. Transverse section, late neanic stage plesiotype 5 ; long thick cardinal septum, 7, ; ; X thick counter septum, pinnate septal pattern in cardinal and counter quadrants, and thickened septa are noteworthy. ^/Transverse section, late ephebic stage; plesiotype; X 5; aside from following ortho- genetic trend shown in fig. 5, the lonsdaleoid dissepiments are the only additional feature. 9, Longitudinal section, ephebic stage before addition of dissepiments plesiotype 2.5 ; ; X ; contorted septa are cut several places in the section so that tabulae appear to be discon- tinuous. 68 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 5 69 ;; EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6 1-3 plesiotypes 5 Figs. Clinophyllum chouteauense Miller ; ; X p. 47 1, Transverse section, early ephebic stage ; note single secondary septum on either side of counter septum ; after Grove. 2, Transverse section, slightly more advanced than 1 ; tabular intersection across axial region ; counter septum very thick ; cardinal septum thicker than nearby meta-septa after Grove. Longitudinal section plesiotype ; note presence of some thickened tabulae. 3, ; Figs. 4-6 Clinophyllum excavatum Easton, n. sp. ; holotype ; University of Missouri No. 1150 X5 p. 47 4, Transverse section, late neanic stage ; some septa reach center at transected tabula (dark area). 5, Transverse section, middle ephebic stage; counter septum thickened; cardinal septum somewhat longer than neighboring meta-septa. 6, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; counter septum longest, others about of equal length, though two slightly longer septa may be alar septa ; extraordinarily thick epi- theca is characteristic. tantilla collection . . . . Ftgs. 7, 8 Cyathaxonia (Miller); University of Missouri ; X 15 p. 30 7, Transverse section, early neanic stage. 8, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; note carinate septa. [70] Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 6 71 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7 Figs. 1-5 Koninckophyllum glabrum Keyes ; plesiotypes p. 51 ; plate with 1, Transverse section, ephebic stage ; X 2.5 median transected tabulae and tabellae bordering it are characteristic ; note septal crests near axis. figs. 1 2.5 interrupted 2, Longitudinal section between and 2 ; X ; note median plate. possible 3, Transverse section, late ephebic or gerontic stage ; X 2.5 ; note absence of median plate or upwarped tabulae and tabellae axially and also withdrawal of septa to periphery ; figs. 1-3 are from same specimen. section, early ephebic stage ; note that 4, Transverse ; X 5 many septa touch the thick median plate. Transverse section, early ephebic or late neanic stage 5 ; 5, very ; X most septa touch the very thick median plate ; figs. 4 and 5 are from one specimen. Figs. 6-8 Hapsiphyllum (Homalophyllites) pinnitus Easton, n. sp p. 44 Transverse section, early neanic stage 5 ; note lack tabulae. 6, ; X of Transverse section; ephebic ideotype ; 7, stage; ; X 2.5 fewer septa than typically; 6, 7, are Illinois Geological Survey No. 3502. 8, Longitudinal section ; paratype ; University of Cincinnati No. 3360a ; note tabulae and solid central area where septa join (open space represents material not preserved in specimen). 72 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 7 [73 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8 . 1 i ? ; 5 Illinois Geological 1 riplophyllites palmahis Easton, n. sp. transverse sections ; X ; State Sur- vey specimens p. 35 j ; 1, Late ephebic stage ; paratype No. 3520. j Middle ephebic stage paratype ; the long septum occupying the cardinal f ossula is a i 2, ; metaseptum and the cardinal septum is masked by stereoplasm to the right of the I metaseptum ; No. 3521, 3a-3d, Serial sections of a specimen showing changes in progressively younger 1 early ephebic stages paratype, destroyed ; the retreat of the septa in the counter ; quadrants is probably a peculiarity and is not of specific value ; the interrupted \ cardinal septum is caused by its having an apical sag midway in its length. • 4a-4c, Serial sections in very early ephebic and late neanic stages; paratype, destroyed; ; the reason for the abnormal development of what appears to be septa in the lower left portions of the figures is not known, but is probably related to twisting of the , specimen. '; '\ Section in very late ephebic stage, just above the base of the calyx paratype ; reversed 5, ; ; No. 3522. ? 6, Ephebic stage showing excessive septal dilation with loculi almost filled with stereo- 1 plasm ; even more extensive stereoplasmic thickening is common, but in either case the | septal distribution can only be determined if the median lines of the septa happen to ? be clearly preserved ; paratype ; reversed ; No. 3523. \ 74 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 8 c 4b c 4c 75 : EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9 plesiotypes 39 Figs. 1, 2 Triplophyllites centralis (Milne-Edwards and Haime) ; ; x5 ... p. 1, Transverse section, ephebic stage ; cardinal septum short ; septa more radial in arrange- ment ; alar fossula barely discernable ; septa of counter quadrants withdrawn from central area ; after Grove. 2, Transverse section, neanic stage ; long thickened cardinal septum extends to stereo- theca ; septa of cardinal quadrants extend to wall ; septa of counter quadrants abut against alar septa ; dissepiments sparse ; after Grove. 3-5 plesiotypes 5 . . . p. 39 Figs. Triplophyllites cliffordanus (Milne-Edwards and Haime) ; ; X 3, Transverse section, ephebic stage ; section ovate, cardinal septum long ; median lines of septa shown because of obscuring effect of stereoplasmic thickening of septa ; State University of Iowa No. 9902. 4, Pattern of septal grooves as seen in three dimensions when looking down upon apex of corallite. 5, Pattern of septal grooves when seen from side ; 4 and 5 are from the same specimen State University of Iowa No. 9902. b r^ [im\ Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 9 [77] , ; EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10 Figs. 1-7 Triplophyllites exiguus (Miller); plesiotypes p. 40 i. Transverse section, late ephebic stage; X 5; cardinal septum very short, other majors thin, curved, tending to be withdrawn from center; minor septa short; University of Chicago No. 31633D. section, ephebic detail 2, Transverse stage ; X 10 ; of dissepiments. Longitudinal section in right 3, ; X 5 ; dissepiment shown upper portion. 4, Transverse section, ephebic stage ; X 5 ; dissepiments shown along bottom. ; left ; 5, Longitudinal section ; X 5 dissepiments shown in side the top edges of 3 and 5 fit against the left and right edges of 4 so that the appearance of the dissepiments in transverse and longitudinal section can be seen ; 2-5 are University of Chicago No. 31633B. section, early ephebic 5 radial in counter 6, Transverse stage ; X ; septa quadrants, pin- nate in cardinal quadrants ; alar f ossulae pronounced ; secondary septa present locally University of Chicago No. 31633E, section, late neanic stage 5 ; cardinal long ; cardinal fossula 7 Transverse ; X septum large ; alar f ossulae prominent ; secondary septa lacking ; University of Chicago No. 31632. 78 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 10 79 ; EXPLANATION OF PLATE 11 Figs. 1, 2 Triplophyllum terehratum (Hall) ; topotype ; American Museum of Natural His- 2.5 38 tory 4094/1 ; X p. 1, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; dissepiments densely packed, septa long, thin, many reaching axis ; f ossulae indistinct or not developed. 2, Transverse section, late neanic or early ephebic stage ; twisting of septa and prominent cardinal f ossula are characteristic. Figs. 3-6 Triplophyllites ida (Winchell) emend. Easton; x5 p. 41 3, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; hypotype ; septa radially arranged, thick, and not numerous ; alar f ossulae absent ; after Grove. 4, Transverse section, early ephebic stage ; hypotype ; septa remain in four groups, even at this stage ; after Grove. Transverse section, reversed, middle ephebic stage paratype ; long thick counter 5, ; sep- tum, indistinct alar f ossulae, and swollen axial ends of some septa are characteristic University of Michigan No. 23237. Transverse section, reversed, early neanic stage plesiotype ; radially arranged in 6, ; septa counter quadrants ; long cardinal and alar septa and pronounced alar pseudof ossulae are noteworthy ; Illinois Geological Survey No. 3501. 80 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 11 [81 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12 1-3 plesiotypes ...... 49 Figs. Canm/a cormcw/ww (Miller) emend. Easton; ; x5 p. 1, Transverse section, ephebic stage ; thickened counter septa are characteristic. 2, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; note thickened counter septa and general with- drawal of all septa from center (amplexoid retreat). 3, Longitudinal section showing steeply tilted tabulae ; same specimen as 1. 4-8 Miller plesiotypes 2.5 48 Figs. Amplexus rockfordensis and Gurley ; ; X p. 4, Longitudinal section showing wide spacing of tabulae ; University of Michigan No. 23234. 5, Transverse section, late ephebic stage ; thickened septa of cardinal quadrants and amplexoid retreat are characteristic ; University of Michigan No. 23233. 6, Transverse section, reversed, early ephebic stage ; thickened septa of cardinal quadrants, extra-thickened cardinal septum, and extent of septa almost to center are character- istic ; University of Michigan No. 23233. 7, Transverse section, reversed, neanic stage ; all septa are thick ; University of Michigan No. 23236. S. Transverse section, reversed, very late ephebic stage ; very short septa are character- istic; very short minor septa present; University of Michigan No. 23234. 82 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 12 83 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13 1-3 plesiotype Figs. Lithostrotion microstylum White; ; x5 p. 53 1, Transverse section of portions of three corallites ; the circular axial column touched only by long septa and the vesicular area between corallites (aphroid) are characteristic. 2, Longitudinal section of one corallite ; central dark areas are axial column, septa and thickened tabulae ; other dark areas are interrupted epitheca separating adjacent coral- lites ; the raised rim around the axial column is typical. ; 3, Longitudinal section of two corallites ; good epitheca is shown at extreme right axial column of right polyp shows tabellae and septal lamellae. Fig. ; 2.5 4 Favosites divergens White and Whitfield holotype ; X p. 54 Longitudinal section ; the sparse mural pores and the occasional oblique tabulae are characteristic. 2.5 Fig. 5 Cladochonus striatus Easton ; paratype ; x p. 62 Section through three corallites encrusting crinoid stem (stippled) which has grown over the coral at two places ; note visceral connection between corallites. Fig. 6 Favosites? mancus Winchell ; holotype; x5 p. 54 Longitudinal section showing sparse mural pores and tabulae. Figs. . . . 7, 8 Syringopora harveyi White ; plesiotype ; X 5 p. 61 7, Transverse section showing spacing of corallites, as well as internal structure. 8, Longitudinal section showing portion of one septum near upper left edge of section. Fig. 9 Pleurodictyum expansum (White); holotype; X 2.5 p. 55 Longitudinal section ; steeply tilted tabulae in calyx are characteristic. 84 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 13 [85] ;; EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14 Figs. 1, Easton ; holotype 2 Cleistopora typa (Winchell) emend, ; x5 p. 59 1, Longitudinal section ; reticulate structure is in somewhat horizontal rows and the open portions contain thin diaphragms ; corallite walls perforate and not well differentiated corallites flat-floored. Transverse section near surface general hexagonal shape of corallite is observable. 2, ; and plesiotype Fig. 3 Cleistopora geomctrica (Milne-Edwards Haime) ; ; x6 p. 57 Longitudinal section ; well-defined walls and concave corallite floor are noteworthy genotype; figured for comparison (after Smyth). 5 Cleistopora plesiotype 5 Figs. 4, ramosa (Rowley) ; ; X p. 58 4, Longitudinal section ; well defined corallite wall on left, poorly defined wall on right \ merging of tabulae into reticulate structure is characteristic. 5, Transverse section midway in corallum ; central reticulate mass is almost surrounded by tabulae ; note granular upper surface of tabulae in lower left center. 186] Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 14 87 ; EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15 Figs. 1-4 Coleophyllumf greeni Rowley ; xl p. 62 Side views ; from Rowley. Fig. 5 Cleistopora procera (Rowley); X 1 . • p. 58 Side view of colony ; from Rowley. 1 58 Fig. 6 Cleistopora ramosa (Rowley) ; holotype; X p. Side view of colony ; from Rowley. Fig. 7 Palaeacis humilis Hinde paratype 5 p. 56 ; ; X Cross-section of a colony of four corallites, showing the mural pores characteristic of the genus ; after Hinde. Fig. 8 Microcyathus cyclostoma (Phillips); X 8 p. 60 Cross-section of a colony of three or four corallites attached to a gastropod shell dense tissue at the floor of the calyces and reticulate tissue within the walls are char- acteristic of the genus ; after Etheridge and Nicholson. Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 15 89 , EXPLANATION OF PLATE 16 original figured of Figs. 1-4 Clcistopora typa (Winchell) emend. Easton ; X 1; cotypes Lep- 3273 topora gorbyi Miller ; University of Cincinnati No. p. 59 1, Lower surface. 2, Upper surface of same specimen. 3, Upper surface. 4, Lower surface. Fig. 5 Clcistopora sp.; X 1; plastocotype of L. h'/'a Winchell p. 60 Upper surface, showing small corallites. n. 1 • • . Figs. 6-8 Cyathaxonia hians Easton, sp. ; X p. 33 6, Side view. 7, Calyx ; holotype ; University of Cincinnati No. 24303. Cincinnati 24304. 8, Calyx; paratype ; University of No. 1 29 Figs. 9, 10 Microcyclus blairi Miller ; X p. 9, Holotype ; University of Cincinnati No. 3998. 10, Paratype ; University of Cincinnati No. 4000. Figs. 11-15 Hapsiphyllum (Homalophyllites) ^fnnafwj- Easton, n. sp p. 44 11, Side view. 12, Calyx of same specimen ; holotype ; University of Cincinnati No. 24314. plesiotype University of Cincinnati 24311. 13, Calyx ; X 2; ; No. paratypes ; University of Cincinnati No. 24310. 14, 15, Calyces ; Figs. 16, 17 Cyathaxonia tantilla (Miller) emend. Easton ; x2 p. 30 16, Side view ; holotype ; University of Cincinnati No. 3940. Calyx paratype ; University of Cincinnati No. 24404. 17 ; Fig. 18 Microcyathus enormis (Meek and Worthen) ; X 1; holotype; side view . . . . p. 60 n. ; Fig. 19 Palaeacis conica Easton, sp. holotype ; X 2 p. 56 Side view ; University of Cincinnati No. 24319. 20-22 1 Figs. Meniscophyllum minutum Simpson ; X p. 46 20, Longitudinal section paratype; New York State Museum No. 3540/1, ; 21, Transverse section ; holotype ; New York State Museum No. 3540/2. 22, Transverse section paratype ; New York State Museum No. 3540/3. ; Photographs by New York State Museum. Figs. 23-25 Hapsiphyllum (Homalophyllites) calccolus (White and Whitfield) ; Xl • • . p. 43 23, Side view. 24, 25, Calical views plesiotypes ; American Museum of Natural History No. 6365/3. ; Figs. 26-30 Neozaphrcntis tenella (Miller) emend. Easton ; xl p. 45 26, Side view, 27, Calyx of same specimen ; holotype ; University of Cincinnati No. 3360. 28-30, Calyces ; paratypes ; University of Cincinnati No, 3360a. Fig. 1 31 Pseudocryptophyllum cavum Easton, n. gen. and n. sp. ; X p. 34 Holotype ; side view ; University of Missouri not numbered. Figs. 32, 33 Rotiphyllum calyculum (Miller) emend. Easton; X 1; holotype; University of Cincinnati No. 3359 p. 32 32, Side view, 33, Calyx. Figs. 34-38 Clinophylhim chouteauense (Miller); X 1 • . • p. 47 34, Side view showing oblique calyx. 35, Side view ; holotype ; University of Cincinnati No. 3916. 36, Side view showing oblique calyx of very clean specimen paratype ; University of ; Cincinnati No, 3917, 37, 38, Side views of ideotype ; United States National Museum not numbered. Fig. 1 • 47 39 Clinophyllum excavatum, Easton, n, sp, ; X p. Paratype ; University of Cincinnati No, 24319 ; side view. Figs, 40-42 Caninia corniculum (Miller) emend. Easton; X 1 • • P- 49 40, Side view, Calyx of 2238, 41, same specimen ; holotype ; University of Cincinnati No, 42, Side view ; original figured specimen of A. blairi; University of Cincinnati No. 3918, [90 1 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No, 97 Plate 16 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 Plate 17 ; EXPLANATION OF PLATE 17 1 Lithostrotion microstyhim 1 Fig. White ; plesiotype ; X p. 53 Portion of surface ; University of Missouri No. 1357. (White) holotype 1 Fig. 2 Pleurodictyum expansum ; ; X p. 55 Portion of surface ; University of Chicago No. 6687. 1 Fig. 3 Favosites divergens White and Whitfield ; holotype ; X p. 54 Exterior of corallum ; American Museum of Natural History No. 6363/1. n. 1 Figs. 4, 5 Chdochonus striatus Easton, sp. ; X p. 62 Crinoid stem plate surrounded by four corallites paratype ; University of Chicago 4, ; No. 9769. 5, Portion of free frond showing striate surface ; holotype ; University of Chicago No. 9678. Figs. 6, 7 Triplophyllites ida (Winchell) emend. Easton; X 1 p. 41 .(5, Exterior of large specimen; holotype; University of Michigan No. 5396. 7, Calyx of small, very young specimen ; original figured specimens of Z. exigua Miller University of Cincinnati No. 7391. Figs. 8, 9 Cleistopora procera (Rowley)?; plesiotype; X 1; University of Chicago No. 9765 p. 58 8, Lower surface. 9, Upper surface. 10 plesiotype; 1 51 Fig. Koninckophylliim glabrum (Keyes) ; X P- External view showing abrupt constrictions ; University of Missouri No. 7209. Fig. 11 Auloporaf sp.; Xl ^ P- 62 Two corallites separated from attached object ; University of Chicago No. 47246. Fig. 12 Vesiculophyllum sedaliense (White); plesiotype; X 1 p. 52 Exterior of rather small conical specimen ; University of Missouri No. 359. . . . . 48 Figs. 13, 14 Genus and species unidentified; X 1 ; University of Chicago No. 31591 p. 13, Calyx. 14, Side view. Miller Gurley ; holotype 1 48 Fig. 15 Amplexus rockfordensis and ; X •••••• P- 6338. Side view showing prominent spines ; University of Chicago No. Figs. 16-18 Triplophyllum terebratum (Hall); Xl P- 38 16, Calyx, topotype ; American Museum of Natural History No. 4094/1. 17, Calyx. pho- 18, View obliquely down into calyx ; holotype ; New York State Museum No. 3841/1 ; tographs by New York State Museum. 93 Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 97 June, 1944 '••i:*^ c