ENT OF TM JU R ST U.S. Department of Justice A I P C E E D B C O J V A S Office of Justice Programs F O F M I N A C I S E J J R B G O OJJDP O F R National Institute of Justice JUSTICE P Correctional Boot Camps: A Tough Intermediate Sanction R e s e a r c h R e p o r t For more information on the National Institute of Justice, please contact: National Criminal Justice Reference Service P.O. Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849–6000 800–851–3420 e-mail [email protected] You can view or obtain an electronic version of this document from the NCJRS Bulletin Board System (BBS) or the NCJRS Justice Information Center World Wide Web site. Access the system in one of the following ways: To access BBS, direct dial through your computer modem: 301–738–8895 (Modems should be set at 9600 baud and 8–N–1.) or Telnet to ncjrsbbs.aspensys.com or Gopher to ncjrs.aspensys.com 71 To access the World Wide Web site, go to http://ncjrs.aspensys.com:81/catalog.html If you have any questions, call or e-mail NCJRS. The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. i Correctional Boot Camps: A Tough Intermediate Sanction Edited by Doris L. MacKenzie, Ph.D., and Eugene E. Hebert February 1996 i U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Jeremy Travis, J.D. Director Doris Layton MacKenzie, Ph.D., a nationally recognized authority on the use of boot camps as an intermediate sanction, has conducted numerous research studies and evaluations of boot camp programs with support from the National Institute of Justice. She is currently Associate Professor, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland. Eugene E. Hebert is a senior writer/editor at the National Institute of Justice. Invaluable editorial assistance in the preparation of this book was provided by Monique Smith and Joan Alpert, National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Editorial supervision was provided by Mary G. Graham, Publications Manager, National Institute of Justice. The book was designed by Amy Quach, National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Photos courtesy of New York State Department of Correctional Services (cover and chapter 3), Illinois Department of Corrections (chapter 4), Georgia Department of Corrections (chapters 5 and 12), U.S. Bureau of Prisons (chapters 6 and 15), Mobile County (Alabama) Juvenile Court (chapter 9), and California Youth Author- ity (chapter 10). NCJ 157639 Opinions or points of view expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice. ii Contents Foreword Jeremy Travis .....................................................................................v Preface Doris Layton MacKenzie, Ph.D., and Eugene E. Hebert ............... vii Chapter 1: Historical Perspective␣ .....................................................................1 Voncile B. Gowdy, Ph.D. Chapter 2: An Overview of Boot Camp Goals, Components, and Results␣ ....................................................................................17 John K. Zachariah State Correctional Programs Chapter 3: Shock Incarceration in New York State: Philosophy, Results, and Limitations␣ ..............................................................39 Cheryl L. Clark and David W. Aziz, Ph.D. Chapter 4: The Development and Implementation of Illinois’ Impact Incarceration Program␣ ...................................................69 Robert J. Jones and Steven P. Karr Chapter 5: Programming in Georgia’s Boot Camps␣ ....................................93 John P. Keenan The Federal System Chapter 6: Bureau of Prisons: Expanding Intermediate Sanctions Through Intensive Confinement Centers␣ .................................107 Jody Klein-Saffran, Ph.D. Boot Camps in County Jails Chapter 7: A Survey of Jail-Operated Boot Camps and Guidelines for Their Implementation␣ .......................................119 James Austin, Ph.D., Michael Jones, and Melissa Bolyard Chapter 8: Santa Clara County PRIDE Program: A Local Boot Camp␣ ....................................................................135 Carole Sanchez Knapel iii Juvenile Boot Camps Chapter 9: The Development of Boot Camps in the Juvenile System: Implementation of Three Demonstration Programs␣ ...............143 Daniel B. Felker, Ph.D., and Blair B. Bourque Chapter 10: First-Year Evaluation of the California Youth Authority Boot Camp␣ .................................................................159 Jean Bottcher and Teresa Isorena Chapter 11: The Development and Operation of Juvenile Boot Camps in Florida␣ ...............................................................179 Elizabeth S. Cass, Ph.D., and Neil Kaltenecker Different Program Models Chapter 12: Discipline in Georgia’s Correctional Boot Camps␣ ...................191 Billie S. Erwin Chapter 13: Substance Abuse Programming in Adult Correctional Boot Camps: A National Overview␣ ...........................................207 Ernest L. Cowles, Ph.D., and Thomas C. Castellano, Ph.D. Chapter 14: Boot Camps as an Alternative for Women␣ ...............................233 Doris Layton MacKenzie, Ph.D., Lori A. Elis, Sally S. Simpson, Ph.D., and Stacy B. Skroban Program Design and Planning Chapter 15: Planning and Designing Boot Camp Facilities␣ .........................245 Cindie A. Unger Chapter 16: Boot Camps and Prison Crowding␣............................................263 Dale G. Parent Chapter 17: Shock Incaceration and Positive Adjustment During Community Supervision: A Multisite Evaluation␣....................275 Robert Brame and Doris Layton MacKenzie, Ph.D. Chapter 18: Multisite Study of Correctional Boot Camps␣ ...........................287 Doris Layton MacKenzie, Ph.D., and Claire Souryal Conclusion Chapter 19: The Future of Boot Camps␣ ........................................................297 David W. Hayeslip, Ph.D. iv Foreword Over the past dozen years, correctional boot camps, or shock incarceration pro- grams, have mushroomed as an intermediate sanction, first in State and then in the Federal prison systems, and more recently even in county jails. The notion of a strict, military-style punishment as an alternative to extended incarceration is an attractive one, on a number of fronts: It appeals politically, because it promises both tough punishment and the promise of financial savings through shortened sen- tences; it appeals to the citizenry, largely because of its noncompromising image of rigorous discipline for offenders; it appeals to corrections administrators by offering the opportunity to free up scarce correctional bedspace. Recognizing the vast potential of correctional boot camps as a tool to aid the crimi- nal justice system in coping with the burgeoning populations in the Nation’s prisons and jails, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 directed the National Institute of Justice to solicit research in and evaluations of the impact of both existing boot camps and those to be funded under the Act. In the years since the first prison boot camp programs began in Oklahoma and Georgia, NIJ has pioneered in research and evaluations of this alternative sanction. Early on there was, however, a great deal of difficulty in conducting focused re- search on this rapidly expanding approach, largely because of the vast diversity in the number, type, and size of boot camp programs. Some adhere to a rigid military atmosphere; some emphasize treatment, while others focus on hard labor and physi- cal training. Some, in New York State, for example, have developed a highly so- phisticated regimen with extensive postrelease followup. Much of the NIJ-sponsored research on correctional boot camp programs has been conducted by Doris Layton MacKenzie, who notes in the Preface to this book that simply defining what constituted a boot camp was a major initial problem. It is one that NIJ researchers resolved by determining specific core elements common to most such programs. But as the number of approaches utilizing this sanction have proliferated, the diversity of programs has continued to multiply. This book represents the first comprehensive attempt to report on the many and various approaches to correctional boot camps nationwide, ranging from the evolu- tion of the first such programs in Georgia to the methods developed in Illinois, from the evaluation of the first year of boot camps operated by the California Youth Au- thority to the highly structured approach of Shock Incarceration in New York State, and including a look into the future of boot camps. Many questions remain about the value of boot camps. Do they work? The answer seemingly depends on what they are asked to do. Will this alternative sanction v continue to grow in use nationwide? Almost certainly. This book does not provide “answers” to the countless questions being posed regarding boot camps. But what it does, we believe, is provide a forthright, accurate look into this correctional innova- tion and its implementation across the Nation. We believe it will be of value to policymakers and practitioners alike, and to all others who are interested in the future of corrections. Jeremy Travis Director National Institute of Justice vi Preface In the military, boot camp represents an abrupt, often shocking transition to a new way of life. Discipline