DOCSLIB.ORG

Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat.) Induced by Sea Anemone Equistatin Overexpression Mahmood Valizadeh, C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat.) Induced by Sea Anemone Equistatin Overexpression Mahmood Valizadeh, C Aphid Resistance in Florist’s Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) Induced by Sea Anemone Equistatin Overexpression Mahmood Valizadeh, C. Deraison, S.K. Kazemitabar, Yvan Rahbé, Maarten A Jongsma To cite this version: Mahmood Valizadeh, C. Deraison, S.K. Kazemitabar, Yvan Rahbé, Maarten A Jongsma. Aphid Re- sistance in Florist’s Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) Induced by Sea Anemone Equistatin Overexpression. African Journal of Biotechnology, Academic Journals, 2013, 12 (50), pp.12(50):6922-6930. 10.5897/AJB2013.12956. hal-00919389 HAL Id: hal-00919389 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00919389 Submitted on 16 Dec 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vol. 12(50), pp. 6922-6930, 11 December, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2013.12956 ISSN 1684-5315 ©2013 Academic Journals African Journal of Biotechnology http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Full Length Research Paper Aphid resistance in florist's chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) induced by sea anemone equistatin overexpression Mahmood Valizadeh1,2, Celine Deraison3, Seyed Kamal Kazemitabar4, Yvan Rahbé3 and Maarten A. Jongsma2* 1Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Kashmar Branch, Kashmar, Iran. 2Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, P. O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, Netherlands. 3INRA-INSA de Lyon, UMR BF2I (Biologie Fonctionelle Insectes & Interactions), 20 ave A. Einstein 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France. 4Department of Plant Breeding, Sari Natural Resources and Agricultural University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Accepted 7 November, 2013 Florist's chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) belongs to the Asteraceae family and represents the second most important floricultural crop in the world. Most genotypes are sensitive to aphids and infestations can lower quality and cause transmission of viruses. The protease inhibitor Sea Anemone Equistatin (SAE) carries three domains responsible for the inhibition of both cysteine and aspartic proteases. Artificial diet bioassays showed that SAE is readily toxic when ingested by the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. We transformed chrysanthemum genotype 1581 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with the SAE gene under the control of the chrysanthemum RbcS promoter to induce aphid resistance. Non-choice leaf disk and whole plant bioassays were carried out to analyze deleterious effects of SAE on population growth and survival of both Myzus persicae and A. gossypii. After 7 days, M. persicae populations on specific transgenic lines were up to 69% smaller relative to control populations in a whole plant bioassay. The mortality of cotton aphids was 11% on control lines and up to 32% on transgenic lines after 5 days. The results show that SAE may be a promising agent for the control of some aphid species in transgenic plants. Key words: Chrysanthemum morifolium, aphid resistance, RbcS promoter, sea anemone equistatin, agrobacterium transformation. INTRODUCTION Cultivated chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium (Anderson, 1987), belong to the Asteraceae family Ramat), also classified as Dendranthema × grandiflora (Salinger, 1991). Commercially, it is known as florist’s *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Abbreviations: BAP, 6-Benzylaminopurine; IAA, indole acetic acid; MS, Musrashige and Skoog’s medium; RbcS, ribulose-1, 5- bisphosphate carboxylase; NPTII, neomycin phosphotransferase; SAE, sea anemone equistatin; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; LB, luria-bertani; TSWV, tomato spotted wilt virus. Valizadeh et al. 6923 chrysanthemum or autumn queen and predominantly FaNES1-expressing lines significantly repelled the sold as cut flowers in many countries of the world (Erler aphids. Similarly, the expression of heterologous pro- and Siegmund, 1986). After rose, it is globally the most tease inhibitors in plants has been used as an approach important floricultural crop (Visser et al., 2007). The wide to induce plant resistance to insects (Ryan, 1990). spectrum of colors and shapes, excellent vase life, and Protease inhibitors (PIs) are proteins that form complexes their ability to produce desired grades and types at any- with gut proteases and inhibit their proteolytic activity. time during the year promoted their economic impor- Plants utilize PIs for defense to moderate the adverse tance. Control of the main insect pests, various aphids effects from attacking herbivores or pathogens (Christou (chrysanthemum aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni Gilette, et al., 2006; Ferry et al., 2006; Zavala et al., 2008; peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer, pea aphid Jongsma and Beekwilder, 2011). Many host plant-derived Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, and cotton aphid Aphis inhibitors are unsuitable; however, due to the fact that gossypii Glover), thrips (mainly Frankliniella occidentalis many insects have evolved resistance (Jongsma and Pergande) and spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) Beekwilder 2011). Extensive screening of non-host plant- on vegetative and flowering chrysanthemum is a critical derived inhibitors has resulted in novel candidate proteins problem. Insects often develop resistance against fre- such as SAE that demonstrated promising levels of quently used pesticides, many pesticides are banned in resistance in vitro and in vivo against various insect pests important production areas, and there is a high cost to including aphids (Gruden et al., 1998; Outchkourov et al., the application of pesticides (Visser et al., 2007). 2004a, 2004b; Ceci et al., 2003). Although, desirable traits have been introduced using In contrast to leaf-eating insect pests, aphids are exclu- classical breeding, there are severe limitations to this sively feeding on plant phloem-sap, which usually dis- technique in a hexaploid species like (cultivated) plays a high free/bound amino acid ratio. Consequently, chrysanthemum. As an alternative, traits have been intro- they are thought not to rely on extensive protein digestion duced by means of Agrobacterium-mediated transforma- for their nitrogen supply. Nevertheless, a significant tion (Fukai et al., 1995; Jaime and Teixeira, 2005; Mao et number of PIs was shown to promote deleterious effects al., 2011) including practical characteristics relating to on different aphid species (Rahbé et al., 1995; Casaretto biotic resistance against aphids, beet army worm, botrytis and Corcuera, 1998; Quillien et al., 1998; Ceci et al., and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (Kim et al., 2011; 2003). Also, a modified Oryza cystatin-I (Oc-IDD86) and Visser et al., 2007). a chicken egg white cystatin were shown to reduce the Compared to conventional breeding, genetic engi- growth and survival of nymphs of M. persicae in artificial neering offers the advantage that a single gene can be diet assays (Cowgill et al., 2002). The cystatin from rice, inserted in the background of an established cultivar, and OC-I, caused growth reductions of up to 40% and it is possible to stack multiple genes for various traits into reduced fecundity in pea aphid (A. pisum), cotton aphid a single cultivar (Visser et al., 2007). The search for plant (A. gossypii) and peach potato aphid (M. persicae) when compounds that are suitable for genetically based aphid fed at levels up to 0.25 mg ml-1 (Rahbé et al., 2003a). control has resulted in a wide variety of candidate Serine PIs also show insecticidal effects towards aphids. phytochemicals. Methyl ketones, sesquiterpene carbo- For example, a systematic study of isoforms of Bowman- xylic acids and acyl-glucose esters are examples of Birk type PIs from pea seeds showed varying anti- compounds from trichomes with toxic properties against metabolic effects, including significant mortality, to pea aphids (Goffreda et al., 1990). Some plant lectins or aphid, which were associated with inhibitory activity agglutinins are toxic to sap-sucking insects (Rahbé et al., towards pea aphid chymotrypsin (Rahbé et al., 2003b). 1995). Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) (Stoger et al., Ceci et al. (2003) could identify a novel MTI-2 anti- 1999; Nagadhara et al., 2003), Pinellia ternate agglutinin chymotrypsin inhibitor, Chy8, with highest affinity for (PTA) (Yao et al., 2003), concanavalin A (ConA) bovine chymotrypsin that was highly toxic to nymphs of (Gatehouse et al., 1999) and a lectin from Amaranthus the pea aphid A. pisum, and moderately toxic to nymphs caudatus (ACA) (Rahbé et al., 1995) are examples of of A. gossypii and M. persicae. compounds that significantly inhibit the population Equistatin is a protease inhibitor from the sea anemone development of aphids. Wu et al. (2006) overexpressed Actinia equina that consists of three thyroglobulin type I the aca gene (A. caudatus agglutinin) in cotton plants domains. The first N-terminal domain acts as a cysteine under the control of a phloem-specific promoter. Bio- protease inhibitor, and the second as an aspartic assays using cotton aphid showed that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Invasive Asteraceae Copy.Indd
    Family Asteraceae Family: Asteraceae Spotted Knapweed Centaurea biebersteinii DC. Synonyms Acosta maculosa auct. non Holub, Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam. Related Species Russian Knapweed Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Description Spotted knapweed is a biennial to short-lived perennial plant. Seedling cotyledons are ovate, with the first leaves lance-shaped, undivided, and hairless. (Young seedlings can appear grass-like.) Stems grow 1 to 4 feet tall, and are many-branched, with a single flower at the end of each branch. Rosette leaves are indented or divided Old XID Services photo by Richard about half-way to the midrib. Stem leaves are alternate, pinnately divided, Spotted knapweed flower. and get increasingly smaller toward the tip of each branch. Flower heads are urn-shaped, up to 1 inch wide, and composed of pink, purple, or sometimes white disk flowers. A key characteristic of spotted knap- weed is the dark comb-like fringe on the tips of the bracts, found just below the flower petals. These dark-tipped bracts give this plant its “spotted” appearance. Russian knapweed is a creeping perennial plant that is extensively branched, with solitary urn-shaped pink or purple flower heads at the end of each branch. Similar in appearance to spotted knapweed, Russian knapweed can be distinguished by its slightly smaller flower heads, flower head bracts covered in light hairs, with papery tips, and scaly dark brown or black rhizomes, which have a burnt appearance. Family: Asteraceae Spotted Knapweed Leaves and stems of both spotted and Russian knapweeds are covered in fine hairs, giving the plants a grayish cast.
    [Show full text]
  • Chrysanthemum
    Plant of the Week Chrysanthemum Mother’s Day is celebrated in Australia on the second Sunday in May. For most of the early years of the last century, it was seen as a day on which “Mum” had a day off work, to be thoroughly spoiled by husband and children. Breakfast in bed was usually followed by attendance at church, with all wearing white flowers, often Gardenias. Later, Chrysanthemums became a popular Mother’s Day gift. Sellers of Chrysanthemum flowers, known as the “bucket brigade”, could be found on every street corner and every lay by for miles around Sydney. The current concept that an expensive gift must be bought for mother on Mother’s Day has evolved in relatively recent years, a devious marketing ploy to which most of us have succumbed! Prior to the establishment of Macquarie University, the land which is now campus, was farmed by (mostly) Italian market gardeners. In addition to fruit, and vegetables, they grew flowers, including Chrysanthemums for the Sydney flower market. Later, on the site now occupied by MGSM, groundsman David Melville grew flowers, including Chrysanthemums, for university administrative offices and library. jú huā The Chrysanthemum (菊花) has great significance in Chinese culture where it is known, together with orchid, bamboo and plum blossom, as one of the “Four Gentlemen” 四君子(Si Jun Zi)2. Chrysanthemum is first recorded in Chinese literature in the 7th Century BC when the yellow flowers were used in Chinese traditional medicine. Drinking Chrysanthemum tea was seen to promote longevity, perhaps even immortality. The Chrysanthemum is also considered to symbolise the Confucian scholar.
    [Show full text]
  • (Glebionis Carinatum) and Crown Daisy (G. Coronaria) Using Ovule Culture
    Plant Biotechnology 25, 535–539 (2008) Original Paper Intergeneric hybridization of marguerite (Argyranthemum frutescens) with annual chrysanthemum (Glebionis carinatum) Special Issue and crown daisy (G. coronaria) using ovule culture Hisao Ohtsuka1,*, Zentaro Inaba2 1 Shizuoka Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0803, Japan; 2 Shizuoka Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry/Izu Agricultural Research Center, Higashiizu, Shizuoka 413-0411, Japan * E-mail: [email protected] Tel: ϩ81-538-36-1553 Fax: ϩ81-538-37-8466 Received August 20, 2008; accepted November 10, 2008 (Edited by T. Handa) Abstract To diversify flower color and growth habit of marguerite (Argyranthemum frutescens), intergeneric crossing was carried out using marguerite as the seed parent and annual chrysanthemum (Glebionis carinatum) or crown daisy (G. coronaria) as the pollen parent. After cross-pollination, seedlings were successfully obtained by applying ovule culture. Ovule culture-derived plants showed novel characteristics in flower shape and color (orange, reddish brown, or wisteria pink) that are not observed in marguerite. Some also showed novel flowering habits such as perpetual flowering. The results indicate that these ovule culture-derived plants were intergeneric hybrids and that the hybrids obtained in the present study may be useful for further breeding of marguerite, especially for introducing valuable characteristics such as a wide range of flower color. Key words: Argyranthemum, Glebionis, intergeneric hybridization, ovule culture. Marguerite (Argyranthemum frutescens) is a perennial germplasm for the breeding of marguerite, but most of plant native to the Canary Islands, Spain (Bramwell et them have white flowers and diversity in flower color and al. 2001) and Madeira, Portugal (Press et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Glebionis Coronaria (L.) Spach, GARLAND DAISY, CROWN DAISY. Annual, Robust, Taprooted, Typically 1-Stemmed at Base, with Many A
    Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach, GARLAND DAISY, CROWN DAISY. Annual, robust, taprooted, typically 1-stemmed at base, with many ascending branches, erect, 25–180 cm tall; shoots with strongly aromatic foliage. Stems: somewhat ridged aging cylindric, very tough, faintly striped, glabrescent, glaucous; solid, pith white. Leaves: helically alternate, 2(−3)-pinnately dissected and ± symmetric with paired lobes, sessile and somewhat clasping, without stipules; blade oblanceolate to obovate or broadly elliptic in outline, 25– 90 × 8–60 mm, with sinuses nearly to midrib, lobes and ultimate margins toothed, ultimate lobes and teeth mostly 1−2 mm wide, the teeth short-pointed at tips, pinnately veined with principal veins raised on lower surface, with scattered, simple and forked hairs on young leaves, glabrescent to glabrate on older leaves. Inflorescence: heads, in terminal, cymelike arrays of 1−several heads on each lateral shoot, head radiate, (15–)30–60 mm across, with ca. 18 (−21) pistillate ray flowers and many bisexual disc flowers, bracteate, strongly aromatic; bract subtending peduncle leaflike; peduncle to 125 mm long with length proportional to head diameter, strongly ridged, with forked, white, shaggy hairs, hollow near head, bracts 1–2 along peduncle leaflike but smaller, the upper bract often acuminate and clasping; involucre broadly cup-shaped, 12–23 mm diameter, phyllaries many in ± 3 series, green with brownish membranous margins, outer phyllaries 5 or 8, flat- appressed, ovate, 4–5 mm long, middle phyllaries 7–8 mm long, with membranous
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Achillea Millefolium Strips And
    & Herpeto gy lo lo gy o : h C it u n r r r e Almeida, et al., Entomol Ornithol Herpetol 2017, 6:3 O n , t y R g e o l Entomology, Ornithology & s DOI: 10.4172/2161-0983.1000199 o e a m r o c t h n E ISSN: 2161-0983 Herpetology: Current Research Research Article Open Access Effect of Achillea millefolium Strips and Essential Oil on the European Apple Sawfly, Hoplocampa testudinea (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidea) Jennifer De Almeida1, Daniel Cormier2* and Éric Lucas1 1Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada 2Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment, 335 rang des Vingt-Cinq Est, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Qc, Canada *Corresponding author: Daniel Cormier, Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment, 335 rang des Vingt-Cinq Est, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Qc, J3V 0G7, Canada, Tel: 450-653-7368; Fax: 653-1927; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: August 15, 2017; Accepted date: September 05, 2017; Published date: September 12, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Almeidal JD, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The European apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) is a pest in numerous apple orchards in eastern North America. In Quebec, Canada, the European apple sawfly can damage up to 14% of apples and growers use phosphate insecticide during the petal fall stage to control the pest.
    [Show full text]
  • "Chrysanthemum Tryst"
    "Chrysanthemum Tryst": 1 Remaking Story Chinese Japan Ghost in a Noriko Reider R. University Miami During period (1600-1867) the Edo major Chinese books element in were a a expansion intellectual secular period previous history. unmatched in Japanese of No any partly Tokugawa doubt this the due adopted fact that the Neo- to government was ideology Confucianism political official the buttress its feature control. of One to as stipulating Neo-Confucianism people order social that all conform strict to was a a hierarchical obligations. Tokugawa with of classes The found structure government stern useful, placed model of this highest social order performance which value the of the on loyalty duties such (Varley piety 152). filial one's lord and wide of 1984: A to as range 7.k • • (Hanan "Chinese 1981) stories" vernacular from Margin) (Water Shuihu zhuan -• Sanyan (literally, Words," 1627) "Three and 1620, 1624, Japan arrived in to together driving classics, with expansion, Chinese the began intellectual this and great to gain the serious roughly period Japanese attention of Kyrh6 intellectuals in (1716- the 1736). Japanese found the Some study Chinese vehicle for vernacular useful their story a society, including of language Chinese writing style, the vernacular and contemporary employed while policies others it in dynasty Ming their of examination of (1368- the 2 1644), simple found others and still the vernacular stories be entertainment. to Though literati stories based short Chinese not wrote common, upon some even 3 • • stories Among intellectual _]7. vernacular exercise. them Ueda Akinari as an was Cheung "'Chrysanthemum published Dominic Chfi-ch'ing's Tryst' [Juqing's] and 'Fan Etemal Comparative Friendship': Study Ghost-Friendship A Japan of Tales Two in China" and in Tamkang Friendship" Chfi-ch'ing's in Review back "Fan 1977.
    [Show full text]
  • Chrysanthemum Segetum L
    Chrysanthème des moissons • photos gauche et droite : Thomas Bousquet (CBN de Brest) Chrysanthème des moissons Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. = Chrysanthemum segetum L. Autres noms : Marguerite dorée, Chrysanthème des blés Famille des Astéracées (Composées) DESCRIPTION Le Chrysanthème des moissons est une plante dont les feuilles sont de couleur glauque (vert bleuté), glabre, aux tiges dressées et ramifiées. Ses feuilles alternes, lancéolées, sont profondément dentées, les supérieures parfois entières. Les grands capitules (3 à 5 cm de diamètre) sont composés de larges ligules jaune d’or, faisant penser aux marguerites. Pascal Lacroix (CBN de Brest) CONFUSIONS POSSIBLES : avec la Camomille des teinturiers (Cota tinctoria = Anthemis tinctoria ), plante non indigène parfois semée en bords de routes et plus ou moins échappée, mais dont le réceptacle floral est muni de paillettes et dont les feuilles sont velues en dessous, plus petites, plus finement et profondément découpées. TYPE BIOLOGIQUE ET PERIODE DE FLORAISON Plante annuelle (thérophyte) à germination hivernale ayant une assez large période de floraison (généralement entre avril et septembre pour notre région), mais majoritairement estivale (juin à août). © 2018 Conservatoire botanique national de Brest • textes : Cécile Mesnage • maquette : Charlotte Dissez ECOLOGIE Le Chrysanthème des moissons pousse dans les champs cultivés ou friches sur des sables argileux ou terrains siliceux à pH acide car il est plutôt calcifuge . Non strictement messicole, il peut parfois être observé en situation rudérale (dans les décombres). La pollinisation se fait par les insectes. REPARTITION / MENACES Le Chrysanthème des moissons a une répartition large en Europe. En France, l’espèce est présente et assez commune dans une large partie ouest avec des lacunes dans le Massif central et la région Centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Tong Hao—An Asian Vegetable Expanding in Florida1 Guodong Liu, Qingren Wang, Bonnie Wells, Yuncong Li, and David Dinkins2
    HS1276 Tong Hao—an Asian Vegetable Expanding in Florida1 Guodong Liu, Qingren Wang, Bonnie Wells, Yuncong Li, and David Dinkins2 Tong Hao Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach, formerly called species has very small seeds. Usually, 1000 seeds of this crop Chrysanthemum coronarium L., is a member of the daisy weigh around 2 grams (Sainath et al. 2014). family Asteraceae (Compositae), which also includes another common vegetable crop: lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in Florida. This species is native to China (Hong and Blackmore 2015) and Europe (Harrington and Harrington 2009). It is a traditional garden species in Europe and an important vegetable in Asia and Asian communities in other countries. It has been grown in China for more than 900 years (He et al. 2015). This vegetable is called Tong Hao. Other names for Tong Hao include Tanghao Cai in Mandarin, and Tahn Ho, Tango, Tong Ho Choy, Tung Ho Choy, or Chong Ho Choy, in Cantonese. It is named Gul-chini in India; Shigiku, Shungiku, or Kikuna in Japan; Ssukgat in Korea; and Tan or Tan O in Vietnam. In English speaking countries, Tong Hao is called crown daisy, garland Figure 1. Tong Hao plant. daisy, edible chrysanthemum, garland chrysanthemum, or Credits: Guodong Liu, UF/IFAS chrysanthemum greens. Tong Hao is an erect and branched annual leafy herb (Figures 1–4) and is slightly aromatic. The plants may grow to a height of 1 to 3 feet and form dense stands. This herb has alternate leaves that are oblong to lanceolate and auricled in shape but clasping at the base.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tree Peonies
    TI-IE NA.TIONA.L ~GA.rz J INE THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC. 1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast Washington 2, D. C. OFFICERS Presidellt: Dr. John L. Creech, Glenn Dale, :Ma ryland First Vice-Prcsidellt: Dr. Ezra ]. K raus, Corvalli s, Oregon Secolld Vice-Presiden t: I1{rs. Robert \"Toods Bli ss, vVashington, D. C. Secretary: Dr. Francis de Vos, Washington, D. C. Treasllrer: Miss Olive E. Vveatherell, Olean, New York Editor: Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Pass Christian, Mississipp i J1[ allagillg Editor: M r. James R. Harlow, Takoma Park, Maryland Editorial S tall : Miss May M. Blaine, Washington, D. C. Mr. Bernard T. Bridgers, Washington, D. C. Art Editor: Mr. Charl es C. Dickson, Kensington, Maryland DIRECTORS TerlJl s E xpirillg 1955 TerlJls E.,pir'ing 1956 Mrs. 'Mortim er J. Fox. Mount K isco, New Mr. Stuart Armstrong, Silver Spring, IVIa ry- Yo rk land lv[r. Frederic P. Lee, Bethesda, Maryland Dr. Fred O. Coe, Bethesda, Maryland Dr. Brian O. Mulligan, Seattl e, vVashington Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, New York Dr. F reeman A. vVeiss, Washington, D. C. Mrs. ]. Norman Henry, Gladwy ne, Penn- Dr. Donald vVyman, Jamaica P lain , Massa- sy lvania chusetts M rs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pennsy l­ vallla HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS M r. James B. Craig Mr. George W. Peyton American Forestry Association American Peony Society 919 Seventee nth Street, Northwest Box No.1 \>\Tash in gton 6, D. C. Rapid an, V irgi ni a 'M r. Harry \ >\T . Dengler Mrs. Hermann G. P lace Holl y Society of America The Garden Club of America Maryland Extension Service 45 East 62nd Street Co ll ege Park, Maryland New York 21, New York Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Gems from China©
    1 Plant Gems from China© Donghui Peng1, Longqing Chen2 and Mengmeng Gu3 1College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, PRC 2College of Forestry and Horticulture, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PRC 3Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, College Station, TX 77843, USA Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION A lot of plants native in China thrive in landscapes across the U.S. Chinese plant germplasm has been continuously introduced to the U.S., and used in breeding and selection. So many new cultivars with Chinese genetics have been introduced in the landscape plant market. The Chinese love plants and particularly enjoy ten “traditionally famous flowers”: lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), sweet olive (Osmanthus frangrans), peony (Paeonia suffruticosa), azalea (Azalea spp.), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum spp.), Mei flower (Prunus mume), daffodil (Narcissus spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), camellia (Camellia spp.) and cymbidium (Cymbidium spp.). Public and university breeders have focused on these taxa. In addition, many species and cultivars commonly grown in China may be of interest to growers and landscape professionals in the U.S, which this manuscript will be focused on. PLANT SPECIES AND CULTIVARS Sweet olive (Osmanthus fragrans). There are mainly four types of sweet olives, Auranticus Group, Luteus Group, Albus Group, orange and Semperflorens Group. Ever-blooming sweet 1 2 olives have peak blooming in the fall like the others, and continue for about six months although not as profusely. Recently there are three variegated cultivars: ‘Yinbian Caiye’ with white leaf margins mature leaves and red/white/green on new growth, ‘Yintian Cai’ with red-margined maroon leaves maturing to white-margined green leaves, and ‘Pearl Color’ with pink new growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Chrysanthemum Balsamita (L.) Baill.: a Forgotten Medicinal Plant
    FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series: Medicine and Biology Vol.15, No 3, 2008, pp. 119 - 124 UC 633.88 CHRYSANTHEMUM BALSAMITA (L.) BAILL.: A FORGOTTEN MEDICINAL PLANT Mohammad-Bagher Hassanpouraghdam1, Seied-Jalal Tabatabaie2, Hossein Nazemiyeh3, Lamia Vojodi4, Mohammad-Ali Aazami1, Atefeh Mohajjel Shoja5 1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran. 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. 3Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. 4Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Iran E-mail: [email protected] Summary. Costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baill. syn. Tanacetum balsamita L.) is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants of Azerbaijan provinces in Iran. This plant has been used for more than several centuries as flavor, carminative and cardiotonic in traditional and folk medicine of Iran, and some parts of the world such as the Mediterranean, Balkan and South American countries, but there is scarce information about this plant. In most substances and, for majority of folk and medical applications, costmary is harvested from the natural habitats. This trend i.e. harvests from natural habitats and different ecological conditions lead to the production of different medicinal preparations because of the divergent intrinsic active principle profiles of different plant origins. In addition, harvest from natural habitats can cause deterioration of genetic resources of plant and, the result would be imposing of irreversible destructive effects on the ecological balance of flora and ecosystems. Taking into account the widespread uses of costmary and its preparations in most countries especially in North-West of Iran and Turkey, also because of limited scientific literature for Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baill., this article will survey the literature for different characteristics of costmary and its essential oil for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Chrysanthemum Agronomic Program
    CHRYSANTHEMUM AGRONOMIC PROGRAM Garden mums are most often produced outdoors and can be subject to weather conditions favorable for insects and diseases. An agronomic program can provide a guide for properly using different products to control primary insect and disease problems. This program includes a comprehensive product rotation to prevent infestations and proactively manage against resistance. COMMON INSECTS Thrips, aphids and worms are common insects that can affect garden mums in production. Controlling thrips and aphids is especially important to prevent viruses. Thrips are a vector for Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV) and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). Aphids can spread Chrysanthemum Virus B (CVB). COMMON DISEASES Root and stem diseases caused by Pythium and Fusarium spp. pathogens are likely to emerge under high temperatures and moist conditions. Roots can be compromised by repeated wetting and drying resulting in wounds, which increase the risk of infection. Growing media with high soluble salts can also cause root burn and make plants more susceptible to attack. Frequent rain can spur infections by Pythium spp. Affected plants will appear pale green and show signs of wilt during the warm times of the day, recovering in the evening. As the disease progresses, plants become stunted and fail to recover. Fusarium occurs more frequently when plants are stressed, so attention to proper growing practices and environmental conditions is essential. The pathogen often invades one side of the vascular system, resulting in a one-sided wilt. Foliage will appear lighter in color and wilt from the bottom up. A PROGRAMMATIC APPROACH Plant protection products are essential when the environmental conditions are conducive to pest development or when symptoms are first observed on mums.
    [Show full text]