TI-IE NA.TIONA.L

~GA.rz J INE THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC.

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OFFICERS Presidellt: Dr. John L. Creech, Glenn Dale, :Ma ryland First Vice-Prcsidellt: Dr. Ezra ]. K raus, Corvalli s, Oregon Secolld Vice-Presiden t: I1{rs. Robert \"Toods Bli ss, vVashington, D. C. Secretary: Dr. Francis de Vos, Washington, D. C. Treasllrer: Miss Olive E. Vveatherell, Olean, New York Editor: Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Pass Christian, Mississipp i J1[ allagillg Editor: M r. James R. Harlow, Takoma Park, Maryland Editorial S tall : Miss May M. Blaine, Washington, D. C. Mr. Bernard T. Bridgers, Washington, D. C. Art Editor: Mr. Charl es C. Dickson, Kensington, Maryland

DIRECTORS TerlJl s E xpirillg 1955 TerlJls E.,pir'ing 1956 Mrs. 'Mortim er J. Fox. Mount K isco, New Mr. Stuart Armstrong, Silver Spring, IVIa ry- Yo rk land lv[r. Frederic P. Lee, Bethesda, Maryland Dr. Fred O. Coe, Bethesda, Maryland Dr. Brian O. Mulligan, Seattl e, vVashington Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, New York Dr. F reeman A. vVeiss, Washington, D. C. Mrs. ]. Norman Henry, Gladwy ne, Penn- Dr. Donald vVyman, Jamaica P lain , Massa- sy lvania chusetts M rs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pennsy l­ vallla

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS M r. James B. Craig Mr. George W. Peyton American Forestry Association American Peony Society 919 Seventee nth Street, Northwest Box No.1 \>\Tash in gton 6, D. C. Rapid an, V irgi ni a

'M r. Harry \ >\T . Dengler Mrs. Hermann G. P lace Holl y Society of America The Garden Club of America Maryland Extension Service 45 East 62nd Street Co ll ege Park, Maryland New York 21, New York

Mr. F rederic Heutte Mr. Edward Scanlon Ameri ca n Camel li a Society National Shade T ree Conference 248 North B I ~ke Road 7621 Lewi s Road Norfolk 5, Virginia O lmstead Fall s, Ohio

Mr. Harold R. Laing M rs. Peggie Schul z Men's Ga rd en Club of America American Gloxinia Society 289 1 Plymouth Road 77 14 Fairfield Road, North Chagrin Fall s, Ohio Minneapoli s 12, Mi nn esota

Dr. G. H. :'11. Lawrence Mrs. Sargent vVel lm an Ameri can Horticultural Council Herb Society of Ameri ca Bail ey Hortorium Wind Ridge Ithaca. New York Top field, Massachusetts The National Horticultural Magazine

Volume Thirty.-four

Washington, D. C. 1955 COPYRIGHT THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC., 1955 The National Horticultural Magazine

VOL. 34 Cop)'right, 1955, by TilE Al\'fERlCAN HORTICULTURA L SOCIETY, INC. No. 1

JANUARY 1955

THE TREE PEONIES

[ntroduction

B0 tan y ______~ ______. ______4

History, The Chinese Type ______8

History, The Japanese T ype ______16

History, The De1a va y Grou p ______21

Cui tu re ______26

Propagation: D i v is ion s ______29 Layer s ______,______30 Cuttings ______32 Grafts ______33 Seeds ______40

Pes ts And Diseases ______45

Co nel u si 0 ns ______48

Appendix: Bibliography And RefeFence ______51 List Of Explorers, Botanists, Introducers, Originators, Nurserymen, And Dealers, Who Worked With Or Wrote About Tree Peonies 52 Tree Peony Importers And Dealers ______53 Tree Peony Collections In Amateur Gardens ______54 Tree Peony Nurseries, Propagators, And Growers ______55 Tree Peony Collections In Public Gardens ______~------55 Alphabetical Check List Of Tree Peony Names ______~ ______56

Cover Illustration: TREE PEONY 'NISHIKI- NO-SHITONE' The National Horticultural Magazine

T he N ational HorticulttLral Magazine is a quarterly journal, being the official publication of The Ameri can Horticultural Soc;iety, Incorporated. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. The Journal is published by Monumental Printing Company at Thirty-second Street and Elm Avenue in Baltimore, Maryland, and is entered as second class matter in the post offi ce of that city in accordance with the Act of August 24, 1912. Subscription to the J ournal is included in membership, which is $5.00 a calendar year. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural knowledges of plant mate­ rials of economic and aesthetic importance are most welcomed and will be published as promptly as possible. Material of lasting interest appearing in related journals will be re­ printed as available. Publications received for the Library will be reviewed and made avail­ able to members after publication of the reviews. These books are designated "Library" following the prices in the book reviews. Reviews of private collections will also be accepted and publi shed. These books, however, are not available for loan to members of the Society. Manuscripts should be prepared to conform to the style adopted in the latest number of the current volume. The nomenclature usrd in manuscripts, whether treating horticultural or botanical subj ects. should be in conformance insofar as possible with the Codes published by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy. They should be typewritten with double­ spacing, leaving a one-inch margin at the left for editorial direction to the printer. Footnotes to text statements should be avoided unless they are absolutely necessary. Usually the infor­ mation ca,n be included in the text, parenthetically if necessary, without making the reading too cumbersome. Footnotes to tables are often necessary and should be designated by small Roman letters. Literature citations, footnotes and H1ustration legends should be on a separate sheet. Authors are requested to give for each citation, the author, or authors, year of publica­ tion, full title or citation without abbreviation of the journal or volume, in the case of j our­ nals, the beginning and ending pages; of books tbe edition number and the number of pages, the name and address of the publisher. One set of the galley proofs will be sent to the author for corrections, which should be held to a minimum, and such corrections should be returned immediately. Reprints, side-stapled, will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices plus postage, and should be ordered at the time galley proof is returned by the author: Copies 2pp 4 pp 6 pp 8pp 10 pp 12pp 14 pp 16pp 18 pp Covers 100 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 7.00 200 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 8.50 300 8.50 10.00 11.50 13.00 14.50 16.00 17.50 19.00 20.50 10.00 400 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 11.50 The Journal is issued for the months of January, April, July, and October. Manuscripts must reach the Editorial Office at the Society's Headquarters three months before publica­ tion is desired. Missing numbers will be replaced without charge provided claim is received in the Editorial Office within thirty days after publication date. .~

"Year's Dm~11I Pictnre, paillted on Flower Day (i.e. Twelfth day of Ih e second I/I olllh ) ill the 3,ear KCI'I-TtV11."

Dr. Basil Gray, Keeper, Department of Oriental Antiquities, who grants permission to pre'ient this illustration to our members, on behalf of the Trustees of the British Museum, writes:

"The Chinese painting, which is Number 314 in the Department, bears no artist's sig­ nature, and the two seals below the inscrip­ tion are not legibl e. The large seal at the bottom miglnt merely express good wishes for the new year.

"The colouring is natural on white paper, the plum bl ossom stems" suggesting the be­ ginning of things, "being sepia, the foliage of peony," symbolizing prosperity, "is yellow­ green and blue-green, the vase is a pale blue, the fungus," a symbol for longevity, " in the fo reground is brownish yellow, and the rock in the background greyish-white. The narcissus represents the new year.

"The date is a cyclical date which could refer to any year--1870. 1810, 1750, etc. We tl' ink, how'ever, that the most likely date is 1870. In any case the pi cture is certainly 19th century."

... ' I " THE TREE PEONIES

John C. Wister & Harold E. Wolfe

With illustrations from photographs by Gertrude M. Smith (Unless otherwise cred ited )

Introduction

ONE OF THE MOST MAGNIFICENT, most beautiful, and most interesting of all plants - the tree peony - is at last coming into its own as an important garden plant. Its present popularity is very belated. It has been known in our 'gardens for over a century and a half. It was frequently mentioned in our gardening presses and shown at flower shows over a century ago. Yet, in spite of its fine qualities, and the lavish praise bestowed upon it by writers; it was not known to many people until the past quarter century. Even now the choicest kinds are avail­ able in only a comparatively few nurseries. [1 ] 2 THE TATI01 AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE January 1955

How can this paradox be explained? One of the factors which determines Hovey, writing in 186-1- in the Ameri­ the extent to which any cultivated call Gardeners llIagazine and R egister, plant will be used and distributed, re­ said: " It is too slow a plant for us gardless of how desirable it may be, is Americans. We must have something the facility with which it may be propa­ like a verbena which can be had in gated. In the case of the tree peony, full bloom and se11s cheap." The pres­ this has certainly been the principal ent enormous sales of plants in our one. Its propagation has always been

Remhaw Part of the Tree PeOPLY Collection. at SWMthmore College, Swarthmore, Pervnsylvania. roadside stands and supermarkets at­ a problem in Europe and in this coun­ test the great upsurge of interest in try. While it may not have been so in gardening. Even ninety years after China and Japan, successes there, even Hovey's severe criticism, it can be before the days of plant quarantines, noted that most of those sales, while have not, through large-scale importa­ not verbenas "in full bloom," are in tion, been translated into a sufficiency spirit closely akin to them. While they of plants reasonably available here. may be magnolias, azaleas, or other So, even though the . qualities of plants of a more permanent nature these truly fine shrubs are recognized, than the verbena, their greatest sales and through the media of words and are either in flower or in bud promis­ pictures proclaimed to an interested ing to burst into flower a day or two and waiting public, this means little after planting. unless there can be developed a method January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 3

of producing them in large quantities. tory of the tree peony and its remark­ Enough. has been learned about their able qualities, with some practical in­ culture to remove a great deal of the formation as to how to overcome the past uncertainty. Now they must be drawbacks and difficulties which have, made available. This can be clone. in the past, kept it froin what many of During the past quarter century and us believe its rightful place ill our gar­ particularly during the past decade, dens. Parts of the history are taken, there has developed a greater interest almost verbatim, from a long article in their propagation. These years of written in 1924 by one of the present experimenting have given us much ex- authors and published in 1928 in The

Renfhaw Another view of the T,'ee Peony Collection at SWl1!rthmore. perience that will be of great help to Manual of the Arnerican Peony So­ propagators-both present and future. ciety. Copies of this book are practical­ More than any other publication ly unobtainable and can be found only in this country, The National Hor­ in a few horticultural libraries, so that ticultural Magazine presents to its it seems quite proper to again make readers serious accounts of many this information available. Much ad­ plants, common or rare, which deserve ditional botanical and historical infor­ thoughtful consideration from those mation has been obtained from the who wish to call themselves true gar­ Monograph by Col. F. C. Stern, A deners. It is fitting, therefore, that in Study of the Genus Paeonia, published these pages there should be a complete by The Royal Horticultural Society, and up-to-date presentation of the his- London, 1946. Botany

PAEONIA Linn. 1737. The ancient Latin name from Paeon, a mythical physician. Long considered a member of the Buttercup Family, Ranunculaceae, some recent botanists have now assigned it to a family of its own, Paeoniaceae. Distributed from west Europe and north Africa through Asia to Japan, and one horticulturally un­ important group in California.

two to three lobed. Plants found in west China in provinces of Kansu, Szechwan, and Shensi. Reports of This paper is not concerned with the plants in other sections are probably Subgenu~ Paeon, De Candolle 1824, garden escapes. (Stern 1946 calls this Lynch 1890, which includes some Subsection Vaginatae.) thirty herbaceous species. The foHow­ ing notes concern only the woody sec­ tion of the genus, the tree peonies. 2 Older botanists placed these under DELAVAYI GROUP Subgenus Moutan, Lynch 1890. (Stern The older botanists included here calls this Section Moutan De Candolle the species P. delavayi and P. lutea. i 11 Prodr. 1824.) All the wild types Stern includes them also and adds a are diploids with ten chromosomes. third species, P. potanirui. The distin­ guishing botanical characteristics of the second group are: the sheath is 1 absent; the disc produced as conspicu­ SUFFRUTICOSA GROUP ous fleshy Lobes around base of car­ This includes only the species pels; lower leaves biternate, glabrous; Pae011ia su,ffruticosa, commonly called leaflets pinnatiparted, with pinnae the Moutan tree peony" The distin­ deeply lobed and toothed. The plants guishing botanical chara:teristics are: have several flowers to a stem. Leaves the disc produced as a thin leathery are lanceolate or linear, and have linear sheath which at first completely en­ or lanceolate bracts below the calyx. velopes the carpels; lower leaves bipin­ Plants found in west China and Tibet. nate with some hairs on lower surface; (Stern 1946 calls this Subsection pinnae entire or more often palmately Delavaya,nae. ) [4] January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 5

involucres of eight to twelve green Enumeration bracts inserted close against the promi­ nent calyx of five leathery, greenish and Description sepals. This species is distinguished from P. h~tea and P. potanin'i by this .of the Species conspicuous involucre with the greater number of bracts and sepals. The following names of so-called SUFFRUTICOSA GROUP varieties appear in the literature but 1. Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, have no authentic standing: Bot. R ep. 1804. Name means "some­ alba-a creamy white, now referred to what like a shrub ." P. potal11ini forma albar-which see. Syn. P. arborea Donn, Cat. H01't. acutiloba-Listed by Barr. Flowers Cantabr. 1804. deep crimson, anthers golden, foliage P. moutan Sims, Bot. Mag. 1808. deep cut. May likewise be a form of P. papaveracea Andrews, Bot. P. potani11li. Rep. 1807, and various com­ angustiloba-N ow given specific rank binations of the above. as P. potanini-which see. The Moutan tree peony was first vera-Introd uced 1930 by Lemoine. known as a cultivated plant. It has Said to have come from China but leafl ets deeply and incisely divided, the whether from a wild source or a apex of the lobes and teeth sharply garden is not stated. Lemoine says acute. When the wild type was col­ differs from the type in habit, quick­ lected by W. Purdom in 1910, Rehder, ly attaining five feet. Also differs in in ] OUl'n. Arnold Arboretum, 1920, foliage. Flowers large, single, dark­ named it variety spontGlnea. . Its leaflets est mahogany crimson. were more or less unequally trilobate The other species of this group or and apex of lobes and teeth blunt. subsection have flowers with an in­ This botanical variety has white fl ow­ volucre, bracts and sepals together ers with magenta purple blotches, but 11l1mbering five to seven, the outer one other wild types are reported to have to four, more or less fo liaceous, the magenta purple flowers. innermost rounded and sepaloid. D ELAVAYI GROUP 3. Paeonia h~tea Delavay ex Fran­ 2. Paeonia delavayi Franchet, Bu.u. chet, Bull. Soc. Bot., France, 1886. Soc. Bot., France, 1886. Syn. P. de1avayi lutea Finet. & Gagne­ Collected by Pere Delavay in 1884 pain, 1904. Marquand, 1929. in Yunnan and named for him­ P. lutea superba Hort., 1908. flowered and fi rst exhibited in Paris, Yellow like a large buttercup or 1892, although other reports say first yellow with reddish blotches at base introduced 1900. It was collected again and commonly called the yellow tree by Forrest in 1910. This is believed to peony. H as a lilylike fragrance. T wo be the oldest and most primitive spe­ to two and a half inches, in cultivation, cies of this group. Seedling forms sometimes to three inches. Very var­ differ, one being reported to six feet. iable, usually about three feet, 'but Flowers dark mahogany which give it Kingdon Ward reported six to eight the common name, the maroon tree feet. Delavay discovered it in Yunnan peony, although it is also commonly 1883 in spruce forests at eleven to called the Delavay tree peony. Its thirteen thousand feet. Sent to Paris flowers are three and a half to fo ur Museum of Natural History in 1886, inches. The fl owers have conspicuous but it has also been referred to as the 6 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE January 1955 wild yellow tree peony of southern monly leafless except on current year's China. It flowered in 1892 and was growth. Leaves trifoliate but usually exhibited by Professor Maxime Cornu. biternate. Flowers usually four to The segments and lobes of the leaves each stem, up to four and three-fourths are mostly three-fourths to one and a inches across. quarter inches wide. The foliage is Ludlow, Sherriff and Taylor col­ handsome and fernlike. lected seed again in 1938, their No. 4. Paeo nia lutea variety l'udlowi 6392. Ludlow, Sherriff and Eliot Stern and Taylor, Bot. Mag. 1953. collected seed in 1947, their No. 13313. Syn. P. lutea Tibetan form Stern in In general, the plant differs by Jour. Hart. Soc., October taller growth, stiffer stems, holding Commonly called the Tibetan flowers upright, larger leaves and peony or the Ludlow peony. larger flowers, more open than Seed collected by Ludlow and Sher­ P. lutea, all producing a very superior riff in 1936, their No. 1376, in a plant. Flowers were shown at the comparatively restricted area in south­ Chelsea Flower Show in London in eastern Tibet. There it forms colonies 1947. in dry gravel terraces in shrubby So-called varieties of P. lutea that thickets of holly-oak forests, at nine have been offered by nurserymen to eleven thousand feet. This was in include parts of the Tsangpo Valley where superba (Lemoine into 1905 and there is an annual rainfall of forty described in Rev. Hart. 1906.) inches or less, this zone being inter­ Probably one of the original seed­ mediate between the rain drenched lings and perhaps less green and Himalayan belt and the dry wind­ a better yellow than some of the swept plateaus. others. It grows eight feet high in compar­ speciosa Listed by Barr 1938. ison with the Chinese form of P. lutea Flowers yellow, suffused reddish which grows only five feet. It never purple. has more than two functioning carpels splendens Listed by Barr 1938. while P. lutea, the type, has three to Flowers dark yellow, probably four carpels which are only about half latest of all to flower. size. It has stiffer stems holding the It seems likely that any ambitious flower upright on almost erect pedecils nurseryman could give similar Latin above the apical cluster of leaves. The names to almost any seedlings raised flowers are larger and more open than from P. delavayi or P. lutea. the type, for in the type they are some­ S. Paeonia potamni Komarov, Not. what cupshaped and concealed by the Syst. H n b. Hart. Bot. Petrop., 1921. foliage. In England, where it seems Discovered by and named for Grigory to accommodate itself better than does N okolajelitsch Potanin. the type, it flowers three weeks to a Syn. P . angustiloba Stapf in MS. in month earlier, and flowers best in the Kew Herbarium, unpub­ full sun, either on chalk rubble, rich lished. loam, or poor granite soil. Only a few P. delavayi angustiloba Rehder plants have reached this country, and & Wilson, in Plant. Wilson. some difficulty with its culture has 1913. already been experienced in the St. Wilson collected this in Szechwan Louis area. on border of Yuntlan at ten thousand It is an erect, unbranched or spar­ feet in 1904. Lemoine introduced it ingly branched shrub. Stems are com- into commerce in 1920 under the name January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 7 given by Rehder and Wilson. It will are more oblong and shortly acuminate. probably commonly be called the The flowers are yellow and do not open Potanin peony, or the narrow-lobed widely but are shaped more like the peony. Plant stoloniferous. The seg­ flowers of Trollius. For this reason ments and lobes of the leaves mostly it might be ·called the globe-flowered three-sixteenths to three-eighths an tree peony, but it seems more likely inch wide. Only in the lower part of to be called Forrest's tree peony. The the less dissected upper segments are flowers are also held more erect than they as wide as three-fourths. Flowers those of the type. It is a more effective up to two and one-quarter inches, ma­ plant than most plants of P. lutea be­ roon red, opening widely, stamens yel­ cause the flowers stand up well above low. The pinnatifid leaves, cut into the foliage. Collected by Pere Mon­ very narrow lobes, are graceful and a beig and by Forrest on Mekong­ bright green, and the plant deserves to Yangtse Divide. Introduced into com­ be grown for its foliage alone. The merce by Ruys 1939 as P. forresti.

A "lost-named" variety at Swadh­ more with jlowe1's pink, silvery at the edges, deepening in the heart; petals have a strongly marked deep rose narrow splash at the base.

plant is not as tall as P. delavayi. 8. Paeonia le11winei Rehder 1920. 6. Paeonia potani11-i forma alba F. P. lutea X suffruticosa Lemoine about C. Stern, A Study of the Genus Pae­ 1900 or H enry befQre then. onia, 1946. The hybrid group is apparently now Syn. P. delavayi variety alba Bean, used to include all the Hemy, Lemoine, 1933. This form has white and Saunders hybrid varieties, but rflowers. under botanical rules this could hold 7. Paeonia potanini variety trol­ only if P. lutea is considered as a lioides Stapf ex F. C. Stern, Jour. Roy. botanical variety of P. delavayi and H art. Soc. 1943. not as a distinct species. The species Syn. P. trollioides Stapf ex F. C. P. delavayi probably enters into the Stern in Jmw. Roy. Hart. Soc. parentage of most or all the darker 1943. hybrid varieties. P. forresti trollioides. Saunders We know of no records of P. po­ in Nat. Hart. Mag. 1934. tanini having been used for hybridiz­ Like the type, it is stoloniferous. ing. Hybrids have been secured from This botanical variety differs from P. ludlowi in England but have ap­ the type in that its segments and lobes parently not yet flowered. History The Chinese Type

THE NAME of the Moutan tree peony is derived from the Chinese Mow tan, or Muh tang, or Mew tang. It grows in northwestern China ordinarily from three to six feet and has occasionally been reported up to ten feet in the wild. The wild plant became known 0l1ly in 1910. There is practically no literature about this wild form, yet botani­ cal, horticultural, artistic, p'Oetic, medical, and historical references, designs, and paintings go back at least to 536 A .D. and refer to garden forms originated by the Chinese. Even the most ancient authors refer to it as a flower long cultivated.

J ohll C. Wis/e'/' standi'll g by a plant of t/l,e Chivlese vMiety BOJnksi in the old Pa!/lJ'~te 'r A1'b01'et~~m (John, J. Tyler . .J/'bo/'e/l~IIl), Li,l/'Lo" P elmsylva,nia, This va1'iety, a light lavend e r - p 'i1 '~k, is the first one b'/'ought to EnglOJnd (1 784 or 1786) at the Hquest of Si1' J oseph Ba1 ~ks of J(ew. T his pa1't'icuIM pla1~ t is lmown to have been in the Painter Arboretu;m fo r a,bout a centwry... It is about ei'1ht fee t a,C1'OSS and had 134 flowers this spri11g . January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 9

The ancient Chinese called the tree peony the "King of Flowers," and some of them apparently believed that older generations of Chinese had actually produced the tree peony from the herbaceous peony by their gardening skill. Much was written about their supposed medicinal value and some authors state that only after the year 600 were the plants widely grown as ornamentals. By 750 there were known, and described, thirty named varieties (1).1 There were ancient ac­ counts of flowers, yellow, blue, violet and black, selling at f;:l11tastic prices like "one hundred ounces of gold." \iVhether these colors were the fabric of the imagination, or obtained by the use of dyes, is not known. The first embassy of the Dutch 'Hesperus' a pale )Je llow overlaid with dusky East India Company to China traveled ?·ose. from Canton to Peking in 1656. One of its members(2) later wrote about the trip and described the tea plants and pineapples. He described also tree peonies as being like roses but without thorns and twice as large, in color mostly white with a little purple,

IFor this and other numbered references, see Appendix, Page 51.

'Hcr:rvest' (Flower is j1tst past its best). One of Professor Sa~mders' hyb?·ids; flowers b'r01Me gold with. 'rose flush on petal edges. 10 THE NATIO AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE J anuary 1955 but also yellow (?) and red ( ?) . No in 1789 by Sir J oseph Banks and one eems to have taken this story seri­ planted at Spring Grove, Isleworth, ously until more than a hundred years about ten miles from London, was later. T hen, Sir Joseph Banks of Kew, named Paeonia wwutan bal1,ksi. In having seen Chinese drawings, read 1829, it was reported to be eight feet the account and engaged a Mr. Dun­ high and ten feet across. It was very can, a "medical gentleman," attached double, magenta or purplish red at to the British East India Company, the center fading to light pink at the to procure a plant(3) . This man pro­ edges. The original plant lived until cured a plant in Canton in 1787. T he 1842 when it was destroyed during a impression at that time was that the building operation( 5). Other varieties plants grew wild near Canton, but reached Kew in 1794 and 1797, one a later it was reported(4) that they were semi-double deep rose pink(6) . In grown by gardeners in mountainous 1802, Capt. J ames Prendergast of the

'Eclaireur' and Miss Susan Cobbs, Dean of Women at Swarthmore College. Flowers are pale lavender-rose. regions nearly a thousand miles away, H ope, brought from China a single and shipped by river boat in open or semi-double white with large purple baskets without soil. In Canton they spots at the base. It flowered in the were potted and sold, the price de­ garden of Sir Abraham Hume of pending, li ke modern Easter Lilies, Wormley Bury, H erts. , in 1806(7). on the number of flower buds per Botanists considered it to be the true plant. After fl owering, they were species and they called it P . papaver­ thrown away as they would not thrive ac ea (8) , and later P. moutan pap­ in the hot climate of Canton where averacea, not, as is commonly supposed, they would have no winter rest. on account of its resemblance to the The Canton plant sent by Mr. Dun­ flo wer of a poppy, but because one of can to Kew, or a second plant received its microscopic parts resembled the January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 11

seed vessel of the common European In the early 1800's, the plants sold poppy. True to the botanists' habit of for about ten guineas apiece, but by changing names, in time, P. 11'boutan 1825 there were quotations at one Banksi becam€ P. moutan papaveracea guinea and in 1836 at three and one­ Banl?si. By whatever name, the older half shillings. It is not known whether tree peonies proved good growers in these were for additional importations England. Sabine(9) in 1826 reported or for home grown plants, but, after a twenty-four-year old plant seven 1817, no startling new varieties seem feet high, forty feet in circumference, to have b€en mentioned until the time producing 660 flowers, of which 130 of Fortune. were disbudded to increase the size There seems to have been great of those ret1faining. The plant at. dissatisfaction during this period with Wormley Bury, by 1835, was reported the attitude or behavior of the Chinese to be fourteen feet in diam€ter, and exporters. Hovey(l1) said that the Chi-

'Renkale~£' and Mrs. f. Folsom Pa~£l. 'Renkakt£,' meaning "Flock of Cranes," is a ptwe 7.vhite with a well shaped flower. to have borne 320 flowers. In 1940, nese were so selfish about all the plants when Major A. Pam owned the prop­ they possessed that they did not wish erty, there were flowers on an old any foreigners to have them. He said plant that was believed to be part of they deliberately substituted inferior the original plant, or a seedling of it. varieties for those they had agreed to These reports do not seem to bear out sell, even when- they had as many or later British complaints about the ex­ even more plants of better varieties. treme difficulty in growing the plant Nurseries on the continent imported in the English climate, such as William plants from China during the first Watson's remark in 1890 that the half of the century and raised seedlings plants die a foot for every six inches to which they gave long Latin names they grow (10 ). or the names equally unpronounce- THE KATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE January 1955 12 able and un 'pellable of patrons of the had been too severely cut. 'vV riters arts. Among these nurseries we~e intimated that the exporters did not Baumann, ]\ oi ette, MathIeu, HIs, want the plants to live and that they :-Iakoy, and eneclause. F urther d~­ even scalded seeds before selling them tails about these are to be fo und 111 to fo reigners. the American Peony Society'S 1944 U p to the time of Fortune's trip, Tree Peony Ch eck List. the Chinese had sold hundreds of so­ An interesting sidelight on the pe­ called distinct varieties, which, when riod concerns a Belgian amateur(12) they bloomed, proved to be the same who sowed seed in 1823, and in 1836 fi ve or six first imported between 1787 produced a fl ower so magnificent that and 1810. Fortune's collection was he named it 'Gloria Belgarum.' He was the finest ever brought from China. so vain that he showed it only to his There is apparently no record of any most in ti mate fri ends and so selfis h other Chinese garden varieties having that he did not want any to have prop­ been imported up to the time of the agati ons from it. He was reported to publication of the P eony Manual. have kept two "enormous" dogs on Since then, Japanese nurseries have guard over the plant night and day offered " rare" or "new" Chinese var­ for nearly thirty years, but apparently, ieties. They had new names at least, in spite of this, some scions were stolen but, when they bloomed in this coun­ and the plant was available in nurs­ try, proved identical with the impor- eries about 1861. tations of long ago. . Robert Fortune, the great explorer The 1860's, 1870's and 1880's were of the Royal Horticultural Society, the years of the greatest popularity of made fo ur trips to China and intro­ the Chinese varieties. In the 1860's, duced many fine plants to England. the Gern1an nursery, Haage & Schmidt. In 1846, he brought twenty-five of the offered sixty-one vari eti es; in Holland, fi nest tree peonies ever to come out of Krelage offered a hundred and ninety China. Among these were 'Atrosan­ varieties; and in France, Verdier ad­ guinea,' 'Berenice,' 'Bijou de Chusan,' vertised tw e nt y ~fi ve thousand plants 'Dr. Bowring,' 'Globosa,' 'Glory of in twenty varieti es. In the 1870's, in Shanghai,' 'Lord Macartney,' 'Pride Belgium, van Houtte listed one hun­ of Hongkong,' 'Robert Fortune,' dred and six ty-eight van etIes ; in 'Samarang,' and 'Zenobia.' These Germany, Spaeth claimed three hun­ were enthusiastically received and dred and fifty varieties, but, unfo rtu­ quickly propagated, so that both Bri­ nately. the catalog did not give the tish and continental nu rse r ie~ cataloged names. In the 1890's, Paillet, near them in some quantity in the 1860's. Paris. listed three hundred and thirty­ Certain disappointments were noted. seven kinds. Many of the catalogs The "Black Peony" wasn't black but stated that a l a r ~e number of the fin est a deep purple. The W istaria-blue var­ varieti es came from Italy, but whether iety was a very ordinary lilac color. they were raised there from seerl or The slow propagation kept prices high, im ported from China or Japan is not which checked the distribution of the stated. L ong seatchings in the litera­ plants. Some of them lacked vigor, ture at the Arnold A rboretum. the but even so it was the best collection Massachusetts Horticultural Society. of varieties of the time and infi nitely the New York Botani cal Garden. and better than the early importations. It the United States Department of made up for the many disappointments Agriculture L ibrary have failed to of earlier shipments on which the roots bring to· li ght any definite informati on January 1955 THE NA.TIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 13 on this sl1b ject. 'Reine Amelie,' 'Reine des Fleurs,' One of the earliest and best articles 'Triomphe de Vandermaelen,' and 'van on the whole subject was writtell in Houttei.' All these varieties proved, 1826 by Joseph Sabine(1.4). This was in Holland and France, easy to prop­ extensively plagiarized, or even copied agate in comparison with the later in­ word for word, without acknowledg­ troduced Japanese varieties. Which ment in the British, French, Belgian, varieties bearing European names were and German gardening papers for actually raised from seed in Europe nearly ,fifty years! Any additional re­ and which were Chinese varieties re­ marks appearing in one of these papers named is not too definitely established. seemed to go the rounds of the others The 1944 Tree Peony Check List in a few months. It was not a time of contains all the available information originality and the remarks seemed to and shows at least which European travel in a cycle of (a) appreciation of nurseries gave the names and intro­ beauty, (b) hope and prediction of duced th.e varieties. In the decade be­ great popularity, (c) astonishment fore World War I, Chinese or Euro­ that the plants are so little known, pean types were being propagated by ( d) remarks on danger of spring frosts, wholesalers in Orleans, France, and and ( e) remarks on difficulties of Boskoop, HolLand, and sent to this propagation. cOllntry. As the century drew to a close, the Ali this history refers to the garden references became fewer and fewer. varieties of Chinese origin, or their When the old growers died, the desire European raised seedlings. Nobody for large collections of Chinese tree knew the exact home of the species. peonies apparently died with thep:l. One report states that Hugh Scallan The varieties they had grown with the and Giuseppe Giraldi found the species possible exception of P. papOflJemcea growing wild in Shensi sometime be­ had full double flowers. They were tween 1890 and 1896. They did not so heavy that the stems could not prop­ collect plants or seeds. Stern mentions erly support them, with the result that a claim of discovery by a Doctor King many of the flowers were hidden under in 1884 but thinks the plants may have the foliage. In addition to the varieties been escapes from garden plants. Iri. already mentioned, there were being 1896, Paul Bruhl either found similar grown under European names, one plants or reported on Doctor King's white, 'Lambertinae'; a few very discovery. In 1910, PUl'donl(15) beautiful salmon pinks and rose pinks found it. He sent a herbarium speci­ such as 'Carolina d'Italie,' 'Comte de men to the Arnold Arboretum which Rambuteau,' 'Jeanne d'Arc,' 'Marquis Rehder, in 1920, named P. suffruticosa de Clapiers,' 'Mme. Stuart Low,' and variety spontanea. He sent seeds to 'Mme. Victor Gi11ier'; a gorgeous rose Veitch in England and to Professor red or cherry red, 'Reine Elizabeth'; Sargent. About fifty seeds of the and a fine deep purple, 'Souv. de latter shipment germinated, but the Ducher.' There were also hundreds of young plants ~ere destroyed by rats. lilac pinks, magenta. pinks and plain The Veitch Nursery raised a plant magentas, most of which were very which they sent later to Professor unattractive. Many closely resembled Sargent. From this, a second herbari­ Banksi. Typical varieties were 'Arch­ um specimen was made. due Ludovico,' 'Athlete,' 'Beaute de In 1914, Reginald Farrer(16) found Twickel,' 'Jules Pi rIot,' 'La Ville de plants of the wild white variety in St. Denis,' 'Morris,' 'Princess Louise,' Kansu. In his book, On th e Eaves of 'Kasu1lli-nO-11'L01"i' (G1'ove in Mist) has carpels tipped with rose and pil~k flowers.

the World, (Edward Arnold and Com­ as I neared my goal and it became pany Publisher, ,, London, 1926), he more and more certain that I was wrote a most poetic account of them. setting eyes on Paeonia moutan as a He had reached a tiny village after a wild plant. The event itself j usti·fied long trip and in the evening climbed enthusiasm but all considerations of the nearby wooded hills. There he botanical geography vanish from one's rested and gazed "down the steep loess mind in the first contemplation of that tracks to the little village so pleasant­ amazing flower, the most overpower­ looking in its grove of poplars, till my ingly superb of hardy shrubs. Here eye was caught by certain white objects in the brushwood it grew up tall and farther along the hillside, that were slender and straight, in two or three clearly too big by far to .be .flowers ... unbranching shoots, each one of which Through the foaming shallows -of the carried at the top, elega~tly balancing, copse I plunged, and soon was holding that single enormous blossom, waved my breath with growing excitement and crimped into the boldest grace of line, of absolute pure white, with featherings of deepest maroon radiating at the base of the petals from the base of golden fluff at the flower's heart. Above the sere of thorny scrub the snowy beauties poise and hover, and the breath of them went out in the twilight as sweet as any rose. For a long time I remained to worship, and returned downward at last in high contentment."

'Hmw-no-mikado,' Empel'or of the Flowers, is a lilac 1'ose dOHble, which, thOHgh a Japa­ nese variety, more closely resembles the dMt- ble . type grown by the Chinese. [14J 'Shttclm.ka' (Flower in Wine) is one of the most belJl!ttifully shaped and colored Japanese va1'ieties, Delicate pink with deep pi1~k splashes at the base of each petaL

Further on Farrer stated "the Stern reports seeing herbarium spe­ Mouta,n is par excellence the national cimens in Paris, and at Kew, that had flower of China. There is hardly a been collected by Abbe Licent and house or ab.bey without a bush or two A. E. Pratt in Kans)l and Shensi in '-----the Imperial Palaces revel in rows 1922. upon rows ... arranged in narrow The main fact reported by all these shallow terraces each just wide enough explorers was that the plants grew in for a single line of plants, and piled up woodland on steep mountain sides. one behind another till the effect of This now makes us comprehend the that towering long bank all ablaze need for partial shade rather than full must surpass ,the wildest imagination sun in our hot summers. The plants of the show bench . . . I cannot but have mostly been grown in the sun feel that in similar raised terraces the because of our knowledge that the peonies might find better drainage and herbaceous peonies, the most important kindlier <:anditions in England where of which are prairie plants, like sun. at present they still remain more loyally But as with herbaceous plants, the need obedient to the wishes of their late for good drainage has long been under­ Imperia'! mistress than do her other stood. special favorites, the Palace doglings, About 1932, the explorer, J. F. one of whose special points, as laid Rock, collected in a Lamasery seeds down by Her Majesty's own hand, of what he believed to be a wild peony was that they should 'bite the foreign from Kansu. The resulting plants devils instantly.''' flowered in Amerka,Canada, Great Farrer wrote that in southern Kansu Britain, and Sweden about 1938. They the tree peony was always white but were like P. papaveracea of Andrews that further north it was magenta. He except that the sheaths enclosing the believed further exploration would carpels were white, not purple. Ap­ reveal wild types of other colors, but parently there have been no intro­ since his time, with the world in tur­ ductions of Moutan peonies from China moil, this has not happened. since 1932. [151 History The Japanese Type

'Kintagq:o' (Castle of [Glvuta). FTowers are pa.le pink.

MOST BOTANISTS are agreed that the tree peony did not grow wild in Japan but that Buddhist monks had taken it from China and Korea to Japan in the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries along with such fruits as the· apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, cherry, quince, and orange, and such ornamental plants as the Yulan magnolia and the Sophora (17). The few students who think that the Moutan peony was indigenous to Japan, as well as to the Asiatic continent, admit that all the improved kinds came from China. [16] January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 17

The name l\IIoutan, that came with a German nurseryman in Yokohama, the plant, was corrupted to Bhotan or exported plants in 1866, but they also Botan which is still the Japanese name did not long survive. There were for peony. The tree peony enjoyed practically no Japanese tree peonies to great esteem as early as 724 A.D. be had in Europe or America until Later authors discoursed on its med­ they began to come from the Japanese idnal value and described its colors. l;urseries in the 1890's. Some estimated that there were from In 1891 , Professor Sargent visited five hundred to a thousand distinct Japan and brought back a collection of kinds. In Nara and in Yamata there a dozen or more Japanese varieties. was a variety called "Thousand Very soon after that several Japanese Petals," and there were stories of dealers (not actual nurserymen), the plants selling for a hundred ounces of most prominent of which were the silver, and of a black peony, 'Kuro­ Yokohama Nursery Company, and the botan' (18). Wilson believed many of Tokyo Nursery Company, printed these stories were copied from older catalogs in English and perhaps in Chinese stories such as have been German and French. Kelway in Eng­ mentioned before. (There is, however, land, Goos & Koenemann in Germany, a modern Japanese deep crimson­ and Paillet, Lemoine, and . Dessert in purple variety named 'Kuro-botan.') France, offered plants for sale under The ,first Europeans to see tree elaborate English, German and French peonies in Japan were Kaempfer(19), names. Of the lot, Auguste Dessert about 1690, and Thunberg(20), in was the only one to attempt to give the 1775, but they mention them only original Japanese name, but that did briefly. Apparently no plants were little good as less than half of the sent to Europe either by them or by plants he imported, like those received later travelers until about 1844, per­ by others from Japan, proved true to haps ,because they thought the varieties name or description. Dessert, how­ they saw identical with plants sent to ever, was the person most responsible Ehl.rope from China. for bringing about the new popularity The first known importation of tree of the tree peony for he continued to peonies from Japan was by Siebold specialize in tree peonies longer than (21) in 1844. It was said to come from the others and his catalogs are our best the Imperial Gardens of Tokyo and information of the first quarter of this Kyoto and to contain forty-two of the century. finest varieties. They began to bloom Trollope(22) about 1918, wrote of in Holland in the Siebold Nursery tree peonies in Korea, where he said and i,11 the garden of Prince Frederic th~ plants needed some winter pro­ in 1848. They were entirely different tection. Shortly after that E. H. Wil­ from Fortune's Chinese varieties and son told one of the present authors that the descriptions sound as if they cov­ the tree peonies in Korea were the ered all the types since offered in finest he had ever seen anywhere. .T apan. Nothing is known of their Conder(23), writing about the floral subsequent history except that the art of Japan, stated that the tree peony Dutch nurseryman, Krelag-e, cataloged was delicate and needed great care. He a . few' from Siebold in 1867 at from sai d the Japanese called it "the flower one t6 twelve dollars each, but only of twenty days" because it staved in two or three varieties seem to have bloom that lon f;. It is not clea~ if he survived and to have later been offered meant that one bloom would last that hy other nurserymen. L. Boehmer, long, which might be possible dur- 18 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE January 1955 ing very cool weather. Another a beautiful book of color illustrations wri ter (2Pennsylvania, near Wyomis­ in their climate the plants wo~ld pro­ sing, imported plants from Japan, the duce some flowers in the autumn until first apparently in the 1890's, and stopped by cold weather. They also began to propagate on what was then explained that by crimson they often a large scale. In the 1930's and 1940's, meant to convey the color that Amer­ his son, R. L. Oberlin, had a stock of icans called light pink, or that they approximately seven thousand plants meant a white flower with blotches of and was grafting about a thousand a deep red. They were at least honest year. in calling to the atterition of prospective In the 1920's, the Yokohama Nurs­ customers what the English terms they ery was still sending to this country used meant to them. January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 19

The Chugai varieties imported in the Chinese. Many of the varieties the 1920's and early 1930's proved to are not so strong growing as the be the handsomest to reach this coun­ Chinese sorts. try. Not only that, they were true to The A11I/.eTic(!tJ1, Peony Society Bul­ descriptions, and re-orders brought letin of September, 1944, published a the sanJ.e variety under the same name. list of all Japanese varieties then It is from these varieties that we had known. No one knows the originators for the first time an opportunity to or introducers of these varieties. Many know what we meant when we men­ of them have been grown in out-of-the­ tioned 'Akashi-gata,' 'Dokushin-den,' way parts of Japan for generations, if 'Iro-no-seki,' or other named variety. not for centuries. Often their names It is unfortunate for us that the Chugai are not names at all but merely words N ursery went out of business either meaning "white peony," "dark peony," shortly before or during World War II. or "very fine." The difficulties of trans­ The Japanese seed and bulb firms literation from the Japanese word of T. Sakata & Company, and of Henry characters have led to many incon­ & Lee, on several occasjons and as a sistencies of spelling often in the same favor, collected from Japanese growers Japanese catalog. There are, for in­ other fine varieties and sent them to­ stance, changes of single letters. Often this country. These also proved true g and k; j and sh, z and ts, ds, sand to description. dz seem to be interchangeable; yet no , Just before the late war, beautifully English speaking person can be per­ illustrated catalogs from K. Wada, of fectly sure they are in any single in­ Numaza-shi, reached this country. stance. There are names like 'Homei,' Many of the names of the varieties 'Howmai,' Howmei,' which mayor were new, but whether the varieties may not be variations of one name. were really different is not known, nor Other examples are 'Holorder. and 'Yaso-okina,' which are pure All these rea ons combine to cause whi te throughout, 'Ima-chowkow,' confusion. Only through the offi ces which is creamy, and 'K ogane-zome' of the American Peony ociety has and 'Shuchiuka,' with pinkish and ome order been brought out of that purpli sh splashes. confusion. It is now possible to buy I n pinks, (Class II), there are the plants of some of the best J apanese pale 'Dokushin-den' and 'Shishinden,' varieties in this country and get them and the deeper 'Iro-no-seki,' 'Doun,' true to name. F or this we can thank and 'T erute-nishiki.' the late R. L. Oberlin, the late Prof. In rose-red to vermilion, (Class A. P . Saunders, \i\filliam Gratwick, III) , there are 'Mikasa-yama,' 'Akashi­ and many others who worked with the gata,' and 'Ukare-jishi.' American Peony Society. r n scarlet, (Class IV) , 'Hatsu­ T he color range of the varieties now hinode,' 'Hiodoshi,' 'Nishiki-no-shi­ available in the A meri can nurseries tone,' and 'Ouchini111 e.' speciali zing in tree peonies is remark­ In crimson to maroon, (Class V) , able. Many varieties have not been 'K oi-kagura,' 'Kasane-jishi .' and 'Kon­ tested long enough in different areas ron-koku,' 'H atsl1-garashu,' 'Sumi-no­ to warrant conclusions as to which are ichi ,' and 'Kokko.' the "best." W e cannot give any com­ prehensive list of recomm endations. In purple, (Class VI), 'Rimpo' and It is not even practical to show which 'Ruriban.' are the most popular as is done today In magenta, (Class V II) , 'Shiko­ w i ~ h irises, hemerocalli s, and other den,' 'Ec1ai reur,' (very early ) , and plants which can be propagated and the common J apanese grafting stock widely di stributed in a relatively short sO'ld under the name Moutan. tim e. In lilac-rose and pale-rose purple, I t seems better, therefore, to merely (Class V III), 'Jitsu-getsl1-ko,' 'Hana­ 'l uote examples of good varieties with­ no-mikado,' 'Nippon-zakura,' and 'Jin­ out pretendin g they are necessarily juden.' History The Delavay GrOll p

Tree Peonies i ll the C(/fI-den of Nil's. Arth7l!r Hoyt Scott at Rose Va. lle~" Pewns'j,lvmua. COMPARED to the long history of the Moutan peony, the yellow and maroon species and botanical varie­ ties of the Delavay Group are of comparatively recent dis­ covery and introduction. The two first known, Paeonia lutea and P. delavayi, were discovered in China by the French Jesuit, Father Jean Marie Delavay. He sent them to Paris in the late 1880's, and they bloomed there in the early nineties. [21] 22 THE ATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE January 1955

They were fi rst de cribed as di tinct parents, with the Moutan peony, of a pecies by the F rench botanist, Fran­ totally new set of hybrids which may chet. Later botanists considered in time outdistance all other peonies P. llitaa to be merely a botanical var­ in importance. iety of P. delavayi. Rehder, in his Superficially, none of these plants lvI a17uat of Cultivated Trees and seems to give promise of any value for Shrubs, felt that the differences were breeding. Indeed, the first flowers of sufficient for each to be regarded as P. lutea that were shown in Paris a species. Similar differences of opin­ seemed so insignificant that one of ion greeted later discoveries by the the greatest horticulturists of the time, botanist, Potanin, and the great ex­ M. Maxime Cornu, publicly remarked plorer, George Forrest. Potanin's that it would never amount to any­ plant, which had maroon flowers, was thing. We wonder if he has turned regarded by the Kew botanist, Stapf, over in his grave every time one of the as a species, and named by him in an new hybrids has made its debut! What unpublished manuscript P. angustiloba. a pity he did not live to see even the Rehder and Wilson promptly (in one that his colleague, Professor Louis 1913) reduced this to P. delavayi Henry of the Paris Museum of Natu­ variety angustiloba, and a few plants ral History, raised and named in his got into the trade under that name. honor, 'Souvenir de Maxime Cornu.' The Russian botanist, Komarov, in Professor Henry raised a second hy­ 1921, put it back as a true species and brid and named it 'Mme. Louis named it, for its discoverer, P. potanini. Henry.' But the great Lemoine had Forr"est's plant, a yellow, got into seen the possibility of the new race and the trade under the name P. forresti, raised a series of hybrids, a list of and then Stapf in another unpublished which is presented later. A few of paper called it P. trollioides because these came to this country about the its cup-shaped flowers reminded him time of World War I, and their of the genus Trollius. The National strange exotic coloring created aston­ Hor ticu,ltu.ral M(]Jgazine, in 1934, under ishment when they were exhibited by a photograph by Silvia Saunders, members of the American Peony So­ coupled the two names, and then Stern ciety. decided the plant was merely a botan­ One of the leading members of that ical variety of P. pot(]M,i11li. Meanwhile, society, its Secretary, Professor A. P. a white form was named P. delavayi Saunders of Hamilton College, pro­ alba by Bean in 1933, only to be cured plants of P. lutea and P. dela­ chang-ed to P. po tamini alba by Stern vayi, atld began his work which was in 1943. to prove S0 wonderfully successful Finall y, Ludlow and Sherriff. ex­ Not caring for the double flowers , so plori~1 g in Tibet in 1936, sent to Eng­ heavy that they hun<; down under the land se·eds of what they called a Tibetan foliag-e, Professor Saunders used the form of P. lutea, and this has now been pollen of single and semi-double Japa­ christened P. lutea variety ludlowi. nese Moutan varieties. As a result, he All this is very confusing to the oroduced sing-Ie and semi-double horticulturists, who are apt to feel flowers. The color range is verv wide, that their importance comes not from as a glance at the attached list will the technical differences, .but rather show. Year after year these flowers from their simil ~ rity to each other. have been exhibited at peony society As horticulturists, we should be in­ meetings. The first of them, 'Argosy,' terested in all the forms as possible has been proparsated in sufficiently January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICUL'FURAL MAGAZINE 23 large nmnbers to be available for gen­ WCiJUid be bound to appear. As an ap­ eral distribution. ' Most of the others proach to it, he has in this season of are of more recent introduction, still 1954 one plant of 'Harvest' (Saunders' very scarce, and high priced. We all group) which is apparently produc­ long for the time when they will be ing seed in three sets of carpels. available in quantity. It should be noted that the remark­ The European hybrids and those of able hybrids which Professor Saunders Professor Saunders, and also the has raised, named, and introduced, crosses made more recently by breed­ have been obtained by the use of rela­ ers he has inspired, were all made in tively few seed parents, as he did not, one way, by saving the pollen of Mou­ at the beginning of his work, have tan varieties and putting it on the many plants of either P. h~tea or P. later-blooming P. lutea and P. dela­ delavayi available. But these plants, vayi. Recently, several breeders have in addition to being the mothers of tried the reverse cross, so far without hybrids, set much seed to their own success. pollen, atld these seedlings of the spe­ All the present hybrids are sterile cies have proved very variable in size or at least very nearly so. They often and vigor of plant, in size of flowers, produce seed pods without any seeds and in strength of stem. There are now inside, or if there are seeds, they are enough plants in existence to enable hollow. There are occasionally a few future breeders to choose among dif­ apparently good seeds, but they do not ferent plants for the purpose of select­ germinate. At least that is the story ing those which have the most desir­ so far, with only a small number of able characteristics. This should make supposed exceptions. still further progress possible. Four of these supposed exceptions The above known hybrids have were raised by Professor ' Saunders. come from using as seed parents the One of these, 'Heart of Darkness,' is a two original species introduced by flower worth growing fOr its depth Father Delavay. There is no record of color and richness of petal quality. apparently that hybrids of P. potanini The other three are of inferior quality or P. trollioides exist. Colonel Stern but are being grown in the hope they has made <::tosses with P. lutea Lud­ may produce seed. So far, all have lowi, and we shall all wait expectant­ proved sterile, . which is most disap­ ly for these to flower. If reports of the pointing, as this second generation, or, important characteristics of this Ti­ as the geneticists say, tlrre F 2 genera­ betan peony are true, it should indeed tion, is supposedly fertile. prove to be most valuable as a parent. During the past three or four years, AlJ that can be said now is that the William Gratwick has · been making possibilities of further improved hy­ many crosses using Professor Saun­ brids cannot even be guessed. It is to ders' named (and some numbered) be hoped that the American Peony So­ hybrids. He has collected and planted ciety will encourage many new (and from these crosses some seeds that ap­ young) breeders to try their hands at peared to be good. The results have this fascinating work. been disappointin~ thus far. Perhaps we shall hear more of these in a few Meanwhile, we have over fifty new years. One of the present authors be­ kinds, known to be very beautiful, to' lieves strongly that if enough of these enjoy as soon as they can be propa­ supposedly sterile hybrids or "mules" gated in quantity. Some of the most were raised, a consistently fertile plant important are here listed. B y Victo'r and Emile L em oine Single 'L 'Esperance,' (1909) , yellow. There is a dispute whether this was raised, fl owered, or intro­ duced before P rofessor Henry's varieties. 'Mine d'Or,' (1943) , yellow. 'Aurore,' ( 1935), coppery yellow, deeper than 'Mme. Louis H enry.' 'Sang Lorraine,' ( 1939) , (P. dela­ vayi v em X Moutan), crimson maroon. Double-ve·ry heavy Y ellow 'Alice Harding,' ( 1935) , (P. l~£tea X 'Yaso-ok ima' ) . 'Chromatella,' ( 1928) 'Eldorado,' ( 1949) 'La Lorraine,' ( 1913 ) . Flowered 1904, exhibited, Paris, 1909. Yellow with red 'Flambeau,' ( 1930 ) 'Satin Rouge,' ( 1926) 'Chromatella: on e 0/ L emoine's yellow hy­ 'Surpri se,' ( 1920 ) brids, show in.g the bad kab·il 0/ th e fiowe1's l1a /'lg 1'l1 g do w n nll der the lemles.

. VARIETIES RAISED I N AMERICA

All by ProfessO'Y Smmders

1. T he "Roman Gold Group." Yel­ low, clear or almost clear, gen­ erally single. V ARIETIES RAI SED IN FRANCE 'Amber Moon,' ( 1948) 'Arcadia,' ( 1942 ) 'Argosy,' ( 1928) '·Canary,' ( 1940 ) B y Professor Louis H e'll1'y 'Golden Bowl,' ( 1948) 'Mme. Louis Henry,' ( 1919), (P. 'Goldfinch,' ( 1948-1 950 ) tntea X 'Reine E lizabeth' ), single, 'Nankeen,' ( 1950 ) yellow, blended with red. 'Narcissus,' ( 1941 ) 'Souv. de Maxime Co rnu,' ( 1919), 'Roman Gold,' (1 941) ( P . tutea X 'Ville de St. Denis'), 'Silver Plane,' ( 1948-1950) heavy do uble, yell ow, blended 'Silver Sails,' ( 1940) with red. This was said to have 'Stardust,' ( 1950) been raised, or to have ,first 'Wings of the Morning,' ( 1948), fl owered, in 1897. fo rmerly 'Aureole.' (24) January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 25

II. The "Golden Hind Group." Yel­ carded) . low, clear or almost clear, gen­ 'Chinese Dragon,' (1950) erally semi- or fully double. 'Conquest,' (1948) 'Age of Gold,' (1948-1950) 'Hesperus,' (1948-1950) 'Alhambra,' (1948) 'Regent,' (1945) 'Celestial,' (1948-1950) 'Renown,' (1949) 'Daffodil,' (1948) 'Right Royal,' (1950) 'Gold Dust,' (1952) . 'Rose Flame,' (1950) 'Golden Hind,' (1948-1950) 'Summer Night,' (1949) 'Golden Isles,' (1948) 'Tiger, Tiger,' (1948) 'Gold Sovereign,' (1950) 'Trophy,' (1944) 'High Noon,' (1952) V. The "Black Pirate Group." 'Hyperion,' (1948-1950) Crimson to very dark almost 'Nereid,' (1949) black maroon, single to double. 'Orion,' (1948) 'Black Douglas,' (1948) 'Spanish Gold,' (1948-1950) 'Black Panther,' (1948) III. The "Tea Rose Group." Gen­ 'Black Pirate,' (1941) erally yellow, but tinted and suf­ 'Charioteer,' (1949) fused reddish, single to double. 'Corsair,' (1941) 'Angelet,' (1950) 'Daredevil,' (1948) 'Apricot,' (1948-1950) 'Heart of Darkness,' (1948), 'Brocade,' (1941) second generation hybrid. 'Countess,' (1942) 'Lombard,' (1948) 'Damask,' (1941) 'Monitor' (1948) 'Festival,' (1941) 'Phoenix,' (1941), (to be dis- 'Golden Mandarin,' (1952) carded) . 'Happy Days,' (1948) 'Red Cloud,' (1950) 'Harvest,' (1948-1950) 'Red Currant,' (1948) 'Holiday,' (1948-1950) 'Red Jade,' (1948) 'Marchioness,' (1942) 'Thunderbolt,' (1948) 'Pastoral,' (1950) 'Vesuvian,' (1948) 'Segovia,' (1949) VI. The "Mystery Group." Ivories, 'Spring Carnival,' (1944) pearled shades, suffused mauves, 'Sunrising,' (1948) single to double. 'Tea Rose,' (1948) 'Coronal,' (1941) 'Titania,' (1949) 'Harlequin,' (1952) IV. The "Banquet Group." General­ 'Infanta,' (1948) ly reddish, but with yellow un­ 'Melody,' (1948) dertone, single to double. 'Mystery,' (1948) 'Banquet,' (1941) 'Princess,' (1941) 'Centaur,' (1941), (to be dis- : 'Savage Splendor,' (1950) Culture

IN SPITE of the century and a half history of the tree peony in America, very little definite information con­ cerning its cultural requirements has been published. Its mountainsid~ forest home suggests partial shade and good drainage. We know it came from limestone regions, and that it flourishes in the limestone soils of western New y ork. We do not know its exact pH preference, nor do we know how much feeding may be of benefit. It has been suggested that 6.5 to 7 may be the most satisfactory.

ing about these, this solemn author stated "individuals must work things out for themselves," which is most One of the earliest American ac­ certainly true in this country. It might counts is by Landreth (25) in 1832. be said that H. W. Collingwood's Hovey (26), in 1835, refers to them famous saying, repeated in The Rural as "those truly magnificent unde r­ New Yorker over a period of many shrubs." He writes that they are years, "Ask the plant," was merely a "though yet rare, perfectly hardy and paraphrase of this. flower freely," and that they "may The quotation from this eastern au­ also be grown in pots and wintered in thor that seems to fit in with much the cellar." American experience, of both the past In 1836, Hovey (27) writes that and the present century, is that "a tree peonies "are among the most plant attacked by rot at the root often splendid plants of which our gardens dies. " can boast" and that "they are as yet The Japanese, who are said to have unknown to country gardens and per­ little good soil, feed it heavily with ,fish haps with the exception of the amateur and other similar fertilizers. There are and the nursery collections in or about no records of fertilizer experiments in our principal cities few if any plants this country. Some growers express are to be found." fear that too much nitrogen may pro­ Hoffman (28), in 1849, translated duce soft growth abnormally subject an article by Ito Ilfei and other articles to Botrytis. in Japanese manuals. He quotes two F or years, experienced horticul­ formulae fo r so il mixture. One called turists had so much trouble with the for one third each of black peat, well tree peony that they might easily ·have rotted leaf mold, and garden soil; the concluded it was not worthy of being other for equal parts of river bog, tried further. It is now evident that garden soil, and sand. After cliscours- the trouble did not lie with the plant, {26) January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

nor yet with those who were pioneer­ do this is in early fall, which is late ing with it. It was simply that its re­ enough to avoid new growth in that quirements and its responses were not season and early enough to interest the known. root system in putting all it has into Perhaps the most significant fact getting buds ready for new stems the that has been learned is that it requires .. following spring. deep planting. Many of the earlier in­ As for the "acceptable location," this structions state that plants should be means a good soil which is fairly rich set out with the grafted joint, or the in humus, in no more than one-half point of juncture, at ground level, or shade, in a well-drained location. For one inch below the ground. Plants all practical purposes, it is not neces­ which were set out in this manner af­ sary that this location be a protected forded the scion little or no opportu­ one, at least in the latitudes of Phila­ nity of fo rming its own roots. It is not delphia and St. Louis. It must be re­ difficult now to see why mortality was membered that the ancestors of our hi gh. Deep planting makes for more present plants grew and thrived in a vigorous root systems. These in turn most rigorous climate characterized mean a wealth of subterranean buds by extremes of heat and cold. Because and a consequently strong growth of this, they are well fitted for the above the ground. If a tree peony is climates prevailing in many parts of planted deeply in an acceptable loca­ thi s country, for here, too, they ·find ti on, it can be burned or cut to the these extremes. Mid-western experi­ ground at any ti1'/'Le of th e year and it ence has proved them exceptionally will still survive. As a matter of fact, well fitted to withstand drought. the development of fine specimen We are growing at pres,e nt two gen­ plants can sometimes be hurried along eral types of Moutan tree peonies. by cutting the plant to the ground Those first broug'ht to this country three or four years after being set out. were from China by way of England. This gives a completely new set of The later arrivals are those from Ja ­ vigorous. healthy stems. The time to pan, where the tree peony has perhaps

4ge of Go ld: Anothe,' of P'l'o/essor Scumde,l's' yellow h)·brids. Flower 1S a flat rosette with ruffled petals, b"ight gold. 28 THE ~ATIO TAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE January 1955 reached it highest degree of develop­ are not usable by plants. There is as ment. These are, of course, kn own a much nitrogen in the soil as ever but "J apane e" varieties. Between the two it is simply not available. After the there can be little compari son. The first few years, the nitrite ions pick up J apanese are more graceful plants, oxygen and become nitrates again and their fo li age is more beautiful, their ' are then usable by plants. It should fl ower are generally single to semi­ be remembered that when sawdust is double, and are with few exceptions incorporated into the soil a nitrogen­ borne well above the foliage. They depleting effect shows up at once. It are much more reliable in bloom than is then that an elemental supply of the European type. They are not nitrogen should be added, but, as nearly so susceptible to frost damage. above stated, even if it is not added, They do not need to be given the pro­ the soil returns to normal in a few tecti on from early frost that has been years. felt necessary with the others. In the When sawdust is used as a mulch, Philadelphia area, in the past thirty­ however, so little of it is in contact four years, only once (in 1921) have with the earth there is usually no the flower buds been injured by frost. trouble from a nitrogen deficiency. It That year an early spring overnight is well to bear in mind, though, the drop of temperature from eighty to possibility that this deficiency may re­ fifteen degrees Fahrenheit destroyed sult from using sawdust as a mulch practically all spring flowers, and and therefore one should keep on the killed roses and privet hedges to the look out for its symptoms. ground. Any available mulch will do from such extremes as straw and hay, on the one hand, to leaves, ground corn­ MULCHES cobs, peat moss, and buckwheat hulls, on the other. Each will, of course, re­ While it is perhaps not necessary nor quire different treatment. Some may advisable in all areas, the practice of prove a sheltering home for mice and mulching tree peonies has proved valu­ other small animals and require the able in the Middle West. This is in use of traps or poison baits. Others line with the general experience with may harbor spores of various fung-i, mulches on other shrubs in this area, particularly of Botrytis. Spraying with where summers are customarily hot Bordeaux mixture, or Fermate, as and dry. There is no question but that mentioned elsewhere in this paper, rather heavy mulching helps keep provides an effective control. So, the down ground temperatures and con­ ouestion of "to mulch or not to mulch," serves moisture, both of which fea­ like many other questions, is one to be tures are conducive to good root decided by each grower. If he lives growth in tree peonies. where ground temperatures and aridity When sawdust is incorporated into are no problem, he may well decide it the soil , the bacteria which decompose is not necessary. On Long Island, for it tie up the nitrogen by changing it instance. it is not advisable, but, in the from nitrates to nitrites. These nitrites Middle West, it is nearly a must. · Propagation

TREE PEONIES can be propagated by division, by layering, by cuttings, by root-grafting, and by seeds. While the seeds give a large increase in nun1ber of plants, the gene constituency of both the European and Japanese varieties is so involved through centuries of breeding that there is wide variation in the seedlings. So, for increase of stocks of named varieties, we must depend on the four asexual methods.

will develop into a new plant. How­ ever, if the purpose of the division is not to obtain a maximum increase, or if the divisions are to be set out im­ Divisions mediately in plantings, it is well not to carry the dividitlg process too far. In instances where specimen plants , are desired as soon as possible after INCREASE by division is, of the dividing process, it is best to fol­ course, the simplest of all methods. It low the well known rule applied to can be used with plants which are sev­ herbaceous peonies and to make three eral years old, but will not work so well to five eye divisions. with those which have been in one It is well to point out here that there location for ten years or more, because is no particular advantage in retain­ these seem to have a few large roots ing a plant's stems. It requires courage rather than many small ones. When a to cut these off at ground level, but if tree peony to be divided is lifted, care the divisions have good eyes at the should be taken to get all the roots crown and on the roots, this is the possible. It should then be washed with thing to do. Where. they are not cut a hose to remove all the dirt from the off, the plants on being reset will gen­ roots so that the structure of the plant erally keep them alive for one season, can be discertled. Places at which it but they will almost invariably suc­ will divide well will, in most cases, be cumb at the end of this ·first year or rather evident, but, if not, a few tugs the second year, and the energy that on it at the crown will generally indi­ the plant has sent into them will have cate where it will come apart. been wasted. It is therefore best to cut It is surprising how many divisions the stems off before replanting. The can be made from a plant if the pur­ plant can then invest its stored re­ pose is to obtain as great an increase sources into new ones. If a division is as possible, for as long as a division lacking in buds on the roots or at the has a section of root and one eye, it crown, as will happen occasionally,

[29J .30 THE NATIOr AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE January 1955 the tems should not be cut off. All Little is known about its practicabili­ one can do in this instance is plant it ty with tree peonies. It would be too very deeply and hope for the best. slow a method for nurserymen and Divisions should always be set out few amateurs have tried it. The usual somewhat deeper than the plant from method is to cause a stem to grow close which they were made, but always to the ground by holding it down with deep enough so that the "crown" of wires. Stems are often very brittle and the plant is at least six inches below th erefore should be bent down a little the surface of the ground. Stems that at a time. A cut is made on the stem, are sent up from this depth within a resulting in a small split which is held short time will form roots at thei r bases open by a pebble or small stick. The which will add to the general strength cut can then be treated with hormones and vigor of the plant. to encourage the growth of roots. The cut is then covered with about four inches of soil which is held in place by a heavy stone, or a heavy wire staple can be used to prevent movement of Layers the layer. In dry spells. the layers should be PROPAGATION by layering is a watered regularly. They should root favorite method of many amateurs, be­ in two years. ginners and advanced alike, who wish Mr. H. F . Stoke Ot Roanoke, Vir­ to increase the number of their favorite ginia, has evolved a special technique, plants. It works well , easily, and the ilI'lportant part of which is the use quickly with trees like magnolias and of a charcoal covering immediately Japanese cherries, and shrubs like for­ around the layer, this acting both to sythias and azaleas. insure proper drainage and aeration,

'Dok!r-shin-den,' f,'om Dok!bshin Castle, has very pale pi1~k fiowe1's; cOJI'peis{)Jre tipped with red. 'Kintagio: meaning "Castte of Kinuta," showing bush habit. (See Page 16 for close-up of flower.)

thus preventing the smothering and re­ By this method, the leaves, of course, sultant decay of newly formed buds at are not covered. The layer should not the nodes. These buds become short, be disturbed either during its first year succulent shoots and the next spring or its second year. In the spring of appear above the surface te become the the third year, as soon as the leaves stalks of the new plant. have reached nearly full development, In this method the stalks are bent the stem is girdled between the parent over the ground in the spring when the plant and the layered node. This leaves have reached nearly full devel­ checks the return to the parent plant of opment jllst before the blooming per­ the food being manufactured in the iod. Charcoal of an average of half an leaf. In the autumn of the third year, inch in diameter is used. It is placed the layer can be cut off from the par­ ov~r the nodes that can be expected ent and lifted and replanted. to develop buds for next season's This method gives a sturdy plant at growth to a depth of two or three the end of the third season and re­ inches. Soil is banked around the char­ quires practically no attention. coal to this same depth to hold the In recent years the gardening press charcoal in place, but soil is not placed has reported many successes from air over the charcoal. layering many trees and shrubs. Air An easy way to do this is to pour layering was practiced by the Chinese the charcoal il'lto a tin can whi·ch is thousands of years ago and has been open at both ends and is placed direct­ used continuously ever since for house ly over the nodes. The soil is then and greenhou.se plants. I!nstead of filled in around the can to the same ele­ being layered under the soil, the stem vation and the can is then lifted out to was wrapped in sphagnum moss or be used in the process of layering an­ similar material in which the new other node. roots formed. The drawback in the [31] 32 TH E NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE J anuary 1955

pa t wa - the need of keeping the moss This described the making of cut­ watered almo t daily. tings of shrubs with large pith and Now by the use of the new plastics, tender wood of which the Bignonia and Polyethylene film and V inylite, mois­ tree peony were mentioned as typical. ture is prevented from evaporating About mid-June, buds of the cur­ from the 111 0 S . This obviates the neces- rent year's growth (such as are com­ ity of claily watering and makes the monl y used in peach budding and rose method practical to use outside. T he budding) of tree peonies were cut off. procedure of cutting and of keeping T he cuts were shallow, only about half the cut open by a stone or stick remains the depth of the stem. ' T he leaf stalk the same. was left on and the leaf cut about in Several persons are now attempting half. The buds were sowed almost like air layers on tree peonies, but the work seeds in a mixture of peat and sand in began so recently that no reports of re­ trays, covered about h <\,1£ an inch or sults are available at this time. an inch. The trays were usually round fo r convenience in covering with the bell-jars ("cloche" ) so universally usecl in France. (W e wo uld use fl ats in a greenhouse, frame sweat-box, or plastic tent.) The trays were watered regularly, placed in half shade and kept covered Cuttings wi th the bell-jars until the end of Sep­ tember. In this process, no top growth is made by the bud, but half a dozen GARDENER S of the last century, or a dozen roots, from one to two while lacking much of our present-day inches in length, are formed which will scientific knowledge, had many skills enable top growth to start early the that are rare today. They excelled in next spring. the ar t of propagation as can be seen The leaf stalk and leaf should remain from an account in the French maga­ green during the summer and fall off zine R evue H orticole (29) ninety-five at the natural ripening time. If the leaf years ago. stalk should t urn black prematurely, it is a sign that the bud has died. French nurserymen asserted that these buds formed plar)ts straighter than those made from stem cuttings, indicating that stem cuttings were also being rooted successfully. They said that in the tree peony sid e buds, which woul d otherwise be lost or make only small growth, could be utilized with­ out checking the growth of the pl ant. Apparently this method has not been used in this Go untry, or at least not in recent years. During the past twenty years, vari­ OllS stories have cropped up from time

'Kal1senden' (Palace of Sweet Spring). This is a white with c1'eamy tints, and cm'pels tinged zmlh rose. January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 33

'H espems: another of P1'ofessor Saunde1'S' yellow hybrids, has pale Jellow /lowers ove1'­ la'id with dusky rose.

to time that certain persons were grow­ ing some of the hybrid ~ree peonies from cuttings. Investigation never seemed to locate any actual plants that had been propagated by this method. Apparently the late Edward J. Gardner of H oricon, Wisconsin, was the only person successful in rooting cnttings of the Moutan varieti es. In the 1940's, he used softwood cuttings under a continuous mist spray, but he operated on a comparatively small scale only. He expected to undertake mass production, but his illness and untime­ ly death prevented his doing this. A number of mirserymen have had recent success in the mass production Grafts rooting of subjects hitherto not thought practical or even possible. By various types of frames, with and GRAFTING is the method used al- without bottom heat, and greenhouses 1110St universally now in the propaga­ with controlled humidity through con­ tion of named varieties. I t is the best tinuous mist spray or fog machines, known, and apparently one of the most they have produced from cuttings certain, uncertain though it some­ enormous numbers of plants like Sou­ times is. lange magnolias, pink dogwoods, Japa­ The J apanese originally grafted on nese maples, and various rhododen­ Moutan stocks. This made splendid dron species and hybrids, that were plants quickly, but they were short formerly grafted. lived because suckers of the stocks Professional magazines like The soon smothered out the grafts. The Ame1,ican N~WSe1'y1%en have, in the Dutch and French grafted on rhizomes last four or five years, run series of of the -Chinese herbaceous peony, P. articles on this subject describing in albiflam, and probably also on R. great detail the various new techniques officinalis. Even as long ago as 1890, a and procedures. This has quite natu­ great authority, W illiam Watson (30) rally stimulated tree peony growers to of Kew, criticized such stocks as un­ try the new methods, and in a few natural and uncongenial, but the J apa­ years perhaps we shall learn of their nese, nevertheless, began to use P . albi­ successes or failure. There have been flam in the 1910's and 1920's. It has small-scale successes in rootin!S cuttings been used continuously there and in under polyethylene tents. No reports France, HoIland, and this country ever are available at this time. S1l1ce. 3.t THE. I ATlOK AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE January 1955

There i conflictinO' testimony COll­ T reatment in other places varies. cerning the best types and sizes of The Morton Ar boretum winter grafts the e root tocks to u e and imilar con­ in the open ground without glass cov­ flict concerning time of grafting. This ering but with deep mulch. Most grafting season varies from mid-J uly others prefer glass protection, some until late autumn. Several persons without heat (as at Swarthmore) , have recently uggested the pos ib ili ty others with electric cables or other bot­ of winter grafting both with and with­ tom heat. out a greenhouse. There has been co nsiderable differ­ l\Iost persons prefer scions with two ence of opinion concerning methods of buds, but some advocate or at least making grafts. As already noted, are willing to use one bud scion. Vve li terature on the subject has not been know of one propagator who uses lacking, but there seems to be in it those with three buds if he can get little of definiteness of specific instruc­ lhem. tion which would enable one to proceed A rootstock fo ur to six inches long at once to the remarkable effi ciency of seems to be standard, varying in thick­ the Japanese and Chinese propagators. ness from exact thickness of scion to The Chinese practiced grafting in three-fo urths of an inch. T he older the eleventh century, but this art did propagators used raffi a or waxed not become known to the Japanese be­ string, but nowadays rubber bands are fo re 1700. In most of the literature, preferred by most. Most use wax, but the word "Moutan" is used to desig­ at least one (Cottage Gardens) does nate tree peony understock, and this not consider this either necessary or refers to the purple vari ety used by advantageous. One of the present au­ the Japanese. This may be a wild form thors also has come to this conclusion. of the species. It is very vigorous and T here is greater divergence of opin­ suckers . freely. In this discussion of ion (or of practice) after the graft has grafting, the words tree peony will be been made. Back in the 1920's, Ber­ used to designate any tree peony root trand H. F arr of \iVyom issi ng, put the whether it be from a named Japanese grafts in fi ve- or six-inch pots and or E uropean vari ety, or one of the hy­ sank them in deep frames. Cottage brids. Gardens sells plants in large pots, but There are differences of opinion as the new grafts are heeled in, close to­ to which is better for grafting, the her­ gether in sand and peat in a sweat box baceous or tree peony. Some prop

There are eyeral method of mak­ growth of the plant and hence does not ing <7raft. One i the wedge type need to be cut off. which i suitable for both herbaceous For this type of graft, herbaceous and tree peony under-tock. In this roots can be from a half to an inch graft the lower part of the scion is cut ill diameter at the large end, and any into a wedge shape, each of the two conveni ent length, usually from four to cuts being made downward begi nning seven inches. Tree peony roots some­ a near the bud aboye them as possible. what smaller can he used, fo r very few Each hould be made in one stroke if wi ll be found larger than five-eighths of pos ible. The difficulty in making the an inch at the large end. These roots cut comes from the fact that the por­ are more diffi·:: ult to split than are the tion of the stem immediately surround­ herbaceous, due to their tough, woody ing the pithy center is quite hard and centers. ha a way of di sturbing the stroke of Tree peony roots no larger than a the knife. both when it enters and lead pencil can be used for understock. when it leaves this harcl portion. It is vVith this size, the scion, instead of es ential that the surface of the scion being cut in a wedge, is simply cut to be join ed to the uncl erstock be diagonally across or at an angle, mak­ mooth, as nearly a plane surfa·ce as ing' the cut as long as it can be made. po ible. If the initial cut leaves an The small root is then given the same uneven surface. it should be smoothed kind of cut so that the two will match. out by subsequent trimming. The un­ They are then wrapped together with derstock is simply split cl own the cen­ a rubber band as before. For such te r for a su ffi cient di stance to receive small ones as this, one-half of the N um­ it. The scion is fitted deeply into the ber 33 band is long enough. l1nc1erstock which is then wrapped Another type of graft, especially tio'htly with a rubber band, a number suited to herbaceous l1nderstock, is the 33 band hein g id·eal for this purpose. triangular. This' requires more time to It should be cut at one encl. which e- ives a strand about seven inches long. Its elastici ty makes it nossible to ac­ cO l11modate quite easily either small or 'Hatsu-garaslw,' th e "First CrozCl of th e Yea?'," large roots. \iVhen the root has been 'cl'ith crilllSOll-1l1 ar0017 f/ozrJers, olle of the !illest of fi rml" bound, the end of the band is the darl? varieties. simply tucked under one of the en­ circling loops and drawn tie"ht. This fas tens it sufficiently. In addition to the ease with which the ruhber band can be handled and the fin e job it does of holding the scion and understock ~nllly tog-ether until thev have join ed. It has also the desirable feature of losin e- the .g- reater part of its tension after it has been out in the OTOL1l1c1 for a few months. Because of this. it does not constitute a hindrallce to the later January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 37 make than does the wedge type. It is a graft. For quantity production, this little more difficult and time-consum­ appears to be the best. It is quite sim­ ing to ·fit the scion and the understock ple to make. The scion is cut diagon­ together. As the name suggests, the ally or at an angle with as long a cut lower part of the scion is trimmed to a as can conveniently be made. It is not triangular shap

'TOII/o-fll)'o' (Jeweled Lot7ls). Flowers ve1'jI pale pink with deep 1'ose cOIrpels. 38 THE rATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE January 1955 ta lly and can be piled up three or four in root development. rows deep with a,y dust between each· \ \T hen grafts are to be planted in the layer. They are then covered with saw­ open fi eld, they should be made suffi­ dust to a depth of at least three inches, ciently early in the season to allow the and watered occasionally so as to keep scion and rootstock to knit together the entire bed damp but not wet. An before there is danger of damage by ideal way of handling this is to use a freezing. If grafts are to be planted in fog- or mist-producing nozzle, but greenhouse, or in frames with bottom. ordinary sprinkling will suffice. Evap­ heat, such danger does not enter into oration keeps the sawdust cool. The the picture. grafts are left in this sawdust for three Whether they are planted indoors to four weeks. or out, grafts made later than the mid­ A t the end of three or four weeks, clle of October seem to give a smaller the process of union between scion and percentage of success than those made understock is usually well under way. earlier. Mid-August is a good time to The grafts are taken to the field . and start. This gives a full two months in planted in rows in a trench the width which grafts call be made with a maxi­ of a spade. The grafts are placed on mum chance of survival. Various indi­ each side of this trench about three to viduals have made grafts during prac­ four inches apart with the top bud two tically every month of the year, but to three inches below' the surface. It this two months' period appears to he is customary to set them out vertically, the best. Only scions from the cunent but it is quite possible that they would year's growth. are used. It should be do just as well horizontally. The emphasized that the most critical phase ground is leveled and covered with of the grafting process seems to be sawdust to a depth of about three their handling immediately after they inches. If the ground is dry, the trench are made. If placed where they are should be soaked before it is com­ cool and mo.ist, they will soon knit to­ pletely ,filled. Put out in this manner, gether. After this has taken place, the grafts will need no more attention their chance of survival is appreciably until they are to be lifted two or three enhanced. and they can be set out with years later. The sawdust not only pro­ little fear of damage even from freez­ tects them somewhat from rapid tem­ mg. perature changes but it also mil1imizes There is a definite advantage in weed growth in the bed later on. The using scions from younger stems. They young growth the following spring will seem to have more vigor and to knit have no difficulty in pushing its way with the understock better than those through the sawdust. Where sawdust, from the older stems. By "younger or some similar mulch, is not used, the stems" is meant those that have their ground may pack, and the new g-rowth g-rowth completely from the ground in mav be able to push through only with the year they are to be used. By difficulty, if at all. "older" is meant those stems which Roots to be used as understock spring from growth on the plant which should be procured if possible two or is old wood. three weeks before the e-raftin<; is to It is easier to make the grafts with be done. They should be kept in a cool the fortner because the internodal place. This treatment prepares them spaces are longer. Scions faken from fo r r ece i v in~ the scion and knitting growth that has come from old stems wi th it by setting in motion within the will be shorter and stubbier. After a root those chemical processes involved plant is' established. the height of one January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 39 year's growth from the ground Cc1.n be from one plant of 'Souvenir de surprising. .one such stem may pro­ Maxime Cornu' one fall, cutting every vide as many as four good two-eye stem to the ground. The next spring scions, whereas a new stem growing it grew very vigorously, bore a num­ from an older one, weII up on the plant, ber of large blooms, and that fall it usuaIIy provides less than four single­ provided a hundred and twenty single­ eyed ones. eye scions. With some of the hybrids,

'T(]!I1~a-f~tyo,' another view, showing bush habit.

A radical departure from accepted single-eye scions are quite usable for practice is one which is very effective grafts, but this does not seem to hold when a grower desires to use a plant true for Moutans. solely as a source for scions and for­ The sooner the scions are used after gets about its becoming a specimen they are cut, the better. From the time plant. This method is to cut the stems they are cut until they are used, they to the ground each fall. Not only can should be kept in damp sphagnum the grower use every scion available moss in a container which will prevent on the plant at that particular time, evaporation. A few drops of Clorox but he assures himself of an equal or and Purex in this moss will prevent greater number next year. This an­ development of hll1gus. If the scions nualcutting to the ground, far from are to be kept for some time before hurting the plant, seems to be a good being made into grafts, the stems thing for it. Especially is this true should be left entire and not cut into when working with hybrids. One grafting lengths. If they are to be propagator cut eighty single-eye scions kept for more than a day, as for mail- -10 THE 0:ATIONAL HORTICULTURAL 1IAGAZINE January 1955 ing, they should be placed in a plastic The J apane e tory that some seed­ bag with barely damp moss. lings, if not disturbed, will flow er the It will be found advantageous to third year seems fantastic. In this L1 e two-eye scions fo r all except the country six or seven years is about the hybrid . If one has plenty of bud average and some plants take nearly wood, it is, of cour e, not extravagant twice that time. The Japanese advice to use two-bud scions for them also, to plant two and a half inches deep but it is not so essential. When two and cover with mats coincides with the buds are used, the scion seems to de­ directions given later in this article. velop its own root system sooner, the Dr. L ela Barton of the Boyce rootlets starting at the lower bud. Thompson Institute (32) has pub­ If one wishes to grow plants for a lished a paper on the germination of maximum scion production, he should seeds under alternate growing and grow them in full sun, in so il with a resting periods. This paper reports fairly high nitrogen content. Plants that seeds planted in early autumu grown under such conditions will pro­ germinated and produced roots at a duce many more stems, and hence daily temperature of sixty to eighty­ more scions, than those grown in even five degrees Fahrenheit. but that, if half shade. kept at this high temperature, the rooted seeds failed to send up stem or leaves, and as a result the roots died. When the seeds with the developed roots were kept at a low temperature of about forty to fifty degrees for two or three months and then put in cool greenhouse at about fifty-five degrees, a good growth of the shoot with stem and leaves resulted. Seeds Seeds planted in fall and winter in cold frames did not give satisfactory results. Seeds planted in May, June, or July produced roots during the sum­ MANY PEOPLE grow seedlings mer. The cold winter period then with good to indifferent results. The broke the dormancy of the stem and J apanese manual quoted by Hoffman leaf growth which then appeared the .(31) stated that if seeds were" sown as following spring . soon as seed pods begin to open nine This follows the experience of many out of ten will grow." One of the of the older writers who planted seeds present authors has proved this to be in autumn and kept them in root cel­ true. Hoffman's next quotation, that if lars, and who reported root growth the seeds become dried "hardly one in the first summer but no top growth :a hundred will germinate," is certainly until the second spring. 110t correct, as many people l;ave raised Doctor Barton recommends sowing good plants from seeds sent from J a­ seeds as soon as ripe and placing in a pan long before the days of air mail. warm greenhouse for about three At Swarthmore College seeds have fre­ months, at which time root growth quently been kept till spring before should be complete. Then the seed pots sowing, and yet a goodly percentage or fl ats should be transferred to a cold (fifty per cent or more) have come up cellar, cold storage room or electric and made good plants. refrigerator with a temperature of January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 41 thirty-two to fifty degrees Fahrenheit entire crop is collected, or they may for two or three months. Then they be stratified immediately. The best can be brought into a cool greenhouse means of stratifying them is to pot and top growth will begin in a few them in ordinary clay pots of con­ days. venient size and sink them deeply in No one who has raised any quantity the ground for about six weeks. of seedlings from good named varieties Before the seeds are placed in the has reported the resulting percentages pots they should be soaked for a few of the different good colors in contrast minutes in water containing either to the unwanted colors in the magenta Purex or Clorox in the proportion of a range. tablespoon per gallpn. This will de­ Raising tree peonies from seed is stroy any fungus which might later simple. Almost anyone who cares to cause the seeds to rot. should be able to raise his own plants. The soil, which should be very Of course no one can predict with any friable and crumbly, is placed in the degree of ac·curacy just what he will bottom of the pot to the depth of about get but there is always the possibility an inch. Upon this a layer of s·eeds is of getting new and unsual ones. For­ placed, on these another layer of soil, tunately, very few tree peonies of in­ then another layer of seeds, alternat­ ferior quality have been named and ing, until the pot is filled. It is impor­ marketed. The percentage of fine tant to have sufficient soil to insure things . in named varieties of these each seed being completely covered plants is high. So, while most of the for it is from this soil that the seed seedlings will be far from the quality will, through what is now a hard coat, of the finest named varieties, there absorb the tiny bit of moisture which is will, nevertheless, be many which will necessary to set in motion the chemical make quite acceptable garden plants. changes which lead to the swelling of . Seedings of pure wild species will of the hypocotyl and the resultant rootlet. course be true to type. The pots should be buried so that Seeds should be harvestecl at their their top rims are at least eighteen earliest stage of maturity or ripeness, inches below the surface of the ground just as they are beginning to turn in a well-shaded, well-drained loca­ black. If they are taken too soon, they tion. If the ground is dry, water should are more susceptible to fungus in the be poured into the hole and allowed to process which is to be used for their soak in before the pots are placed in it. germination. If taken after they have The pots should always be soaked in turned black, they may already have water before burying. They are then elltered their dormant period. In gath­ covered with soil and the hole filled to ering seeds, it is advisable to go over previous ground level. The refilled the plants at least every other 'day, for area and the ground around it should there is a .wide variation in the time of be well mulched. ripening in the different varieties, and In about six weeks the pots are even in that of seed clusters on the lifted, inverted, and the contents jolted same plant. out. A mass of tiny rootlets, each pro­ On being harvested, seeds should be truding from the open end of one of stored in a cool place. A basement the seeds, will appear. Every viable floor is often suffi·cient. A root cellar is seed in the pot should show visible better. If neither is available, the vege­ signs of germination. The rootlets will table bin of an electric refrigerator will vary in size from those just appearing do. Seeds can then be stored until the in the seed end, to some an inch and a Another of M,'S. Arth~w Hoyt Scott's platnts for wlvich we have 'W n(}Jme. The ftowen are a bea~~tif1{l pink, silvery at the edges, deepeni1~g in the heart. Each petal has a str01~gly l1w1'ked deep rose nGnow splash at the base.

half long. It is because of the tender­ can be scattered in this trench as close ness of these roots that the potting soil as one inch apart. The trench is then must be crumbly. filled, the ground leveled, and a two If the seed-and-earth mass does not to three inch covering of sawdust jolt out easily, it is a simple matter to placed over it. This will help conserve break the pot. moisture, and will help keep weeds and The seeds are now ready to be put grass out of the bed the next year with­ out in beds. An easy manner in which out constituting a hindrance to the to handle them is to prepare a trench young tree peony shoots that will, the as wide as the spade used and about following spring, 111ake their way up two and a half inches deep. The ground through it. should be rich and well drained. It In the spring, before growth starts, should be in half shade if this is possi­ sprinkle the surface with a clrrlordane ble, although the young plants will do dust to prevent possible damage by surprisingly well in full sun. The seeds cutworms. As soon as the tiny plants [42] H.rold E. Wolte appear, it is well to spray the bed with a half strength solution of Bordeaux mixture or a correspondingly weak solution of Fermate. The spraying should be repeated several times dur­ ing this first season at intervals of two weeks. This is a precautionary meas­ ure against B otryt1:s. Should the first season be dry it is essential that the plants be given several soakings. The seedlings should be left in this bed for two years, or still better three years. Their young roots are tender and do not stand transplanting very well. When the seedli ngs are moved, they can be placed in rows with the plants as close as six or eight inches. They can then be left until they have bloomed and it is known whether they are to be grown on or discarded. Propagators will, of course, discard none, for their roots will be valuable as unclerstock on which to graft scions of named varieties. \ iVhile on the aver­ age, one can expect blooms in 'five to seven years, a few plants may bloom when three years of age, but others may take ten years or more. It has been said that the longer it takes a plant to bloom as a seedling. the better it will be, but there is no known eV I­ dence to support this belief.

Top: Pot has been wweded and dropped on the grownd. Seeds and earth come O!, ~t easily if not too wet. This bunch of seeds had been left bwried too long, bu,t no hanl't was done. Cmdd have been lifted two weeks earlier.

Center: The loamy son cr7-!lnbles q$!ite easily with vel'y little l'OOt bl'eakage, even at this stage. Raoted seeds sepamte quite easily. A ll that l'emains to be done now I'S to put the sprouted seeds alit in the trench about fm!r inches deep and cover. Leaves will {!ppea'r th e following spl'img.

Bottom.: T he soil?'?! this pot was washed 01.!t with a· hose O1:d water to present a bette'r view of the seeds. The high perCe1'~tage of germination is clearly indicated in this illus- tration. [43] THE XATIOI AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZII E J anuary 1955

There seem to be no difference in afloat will not be viable. T here may the general quality of seedli ngs 'which be at least a twenty-five per cent ger­ are the re ul t of hand-controlled polli­ mination from seeds which remain nation and those from wind-blown or afl oat at the end of fo rty-eight hours. in ed-carried pollina tion. Some close Seeds from single-fl owering varieties observer may eventually di scover some are generally larger and more elon­ varieti es giving better seedli ngs than gated than those from the doubles. others, but there is no convincing evi­ Some have fe lt that plants should not dence of this at this time. The gene be allowed to set seed because it could co nstituency of all the named var ieties overtax them and di mi nish subsequent is so mixed up that there is always a bloom. Careful observation has not great variation in their seedlings. borne this out. When seed is allowed Germination of seeds has, of course, to form, there does not seem to be any bee n obtained by many different meth­ , appreciable di ffe rence in the number od s. One propagator, fo r instance, of blooms the following years. keeps them in damp sawdust. One of The growing of tree peonies from the present authors has successfully seed should be encouraged not only used the sawdust method, and also has . fo r the production of new varieties, but germinated seeds in the vegetable bin also for the purpose of producing a of his ice box in a slightly damp mix­ greater supply of valuable grafting un­ ture of peat moss and vermiculite, in a dersto.c: k. Also, as the plant is still a plastic bag. H e uses the pot and the comparative newcomer to this country, burial method for quanti ty production we do not know what changes in its only becalls,e he has fo und it simplest, growth and habits may arise from the surest and easiest. different environmental influences pre­ A good in dicator as to the viabilitv ,vailing in the various parts of this of seed is a fl otation test. The seeds great continent. We know only ,that are pla.red in water fo r a couple of changes and variations generally do days. Those which drop below the occur under such circumstances, and surface are certain to be good, but it that there is no reason to suppose that does not follow that none remaini ng the tree peony will prove an exception. Pests and Diseases

VERY LITTLE of the difficulty that has been ex­ perienced with the tree peony in this country has been due to damage by animals, insects, or disease (33).

Stems which are thus affected show damaged growth and eventually die. The death of these stems does not con­ Rabbits often cause much damage stitute a serious injury to the plant, be­ to tree peonies. They particularly like cause if it is planted properly the dam­ to nibble off the terminal buds on aged stem will be replaced by growth young stems and may cut back young from beneath, but it is a hindrance in seedlings almost to the ground. This is the development of specimen plants. unfortunate because, when one is rais­ This bee does similar damage in ing @ither seedlings or young grafts, branches of blackberry, elder, and su­ the terminal bud is often the only one mac, .and possibly also in lilac, kerria that would have bloomed the follow­ and aster. Its natural range is fron] in.g year. The only preventive in the Quebec to Wisconsin to Florida. case of rabbits is to protect the plants The most successful way of dealing with wire or any practicable enclosure. wi th this bee is to stick a carpet tack This is a simple matter when one is of the proper size in the end of any raising a small number of plants, but stem which has been cut for any reason not so easy in the case of large plant­ whatsoever. This tack will remain for ings. A good dog and sometimes a cat · a long time, and effectually prevent the may keep the rabbits on the move even bee's entrance. In the case of broken if they do not succeed in catching side branches, it is well to fill the open­ them. ings there with putty, or it is an easy There are few insects with which we matter just to wrap tape around the need be concerned in the growing of stem at the opening. tree peonies. One is the small car­ Another serious insect is the thrip, penter bee, C eratina du-pla (34). The H eZ'iothrips hae1n01'1'hoidalis. These female of this insect bores its way may damage blooms particularly in down through the pithy center of warm springs. Buds that seem to be stems, depositing its eggs at the bot­ blasted or which do not open as they tom of the hollowed out area. It makes should may be infested with these in­ its entrance on the sides of older stems sects. On opened flowers they cause where branches have been broken off spots. A recommended spray is six or at the top where blooms or scions teaspoons of liquid Chlordane, six tea­ have been cut. It will often go all the spoons of fifty per cent wettable DDT. way dm'Vn the center of a two-foot one-half cup of sugar or Karo (mixed . stern to the ground line. In some cases, in as a sticker) in three gallons of wa­ it is not able to do this because of the ter. Spray three times, ten days apart. closing of the pithy center by heavy beginning when buds are small. wood at the juncture of a side-stem. Another recommended spray is one- [45] 46 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE J anuary 1955

tenth pint of forty per cent Nicotine It is believed that scions may be ' ulpbate, one-half pound fishoil soap, safely cut from the upper part of in­ in ten gallon of water, applied with fected plants and that these scions will force ju t before the fl owers open. not carry the nematodes. Further re­ Sanitary measures include burning search is needed on this. of infe ted blooms and any infested The most serious disease is gray rubbish. mold blight, Botryt1:s paeoniae. It ap­ Minor attacks may come from scale pears on the bases of the shoots when insects. Oyster shell scale, L epido­ they are about a foot long in the spring. saphes ulmi, is the commonest of these, The gray mold sheds spores which are though San Jose Scale, Aspidiotus carried by the wind and by insects to per11ic1:0SUS, may also be found. They other plants. It is more prevalent in suck the juices, thus weakening the wet seasons and attacks more frequent­ plant. They are easily controlled by ly those plants which are growing in the standard strength dormant miscible locations where they do not get much oi l, or lime-sulphur spray, one to eight. sun and where air circulation is not Root-knot, caused by eel-worms or adequate. B otr'jltis attacks principally nematodes, H erodera 1'JI/,arioni, is often young shoots, and often its damage is found on herbaceous peonies and is done before it is noticed, when the in­ most common in the South, It does jured stems suddenly wilt and fall occur, however, along the Atlantic Sea­ over. Not only does it damage or de­ board and occasionally attacks peonies stroy new growth at the base of the in the Philadelphia and New York plant, but it also sometimes affects new areas, It can be recognized when dig­ stem growth higher up. The spores ging by small galls an eighth to a quar­ which cause this damage to the upper ter inch in ciiameter on the roots. part of the plant may be airborne, but These galls kill the young roots and there is also some reason to believe the plant is stunted and fails to bloom. that ants carry them on their feet. The nematodes live in the soil, which A nts do not infest tree peony plants to is one of the reasons for a rotation of the extent that they visit the herba­ crops on any piece of land, Peonies ceous ones, but they are frequently should not be planted where peonies found on them, have grown except after a lapse of Two sprays have been found effec­ four or five years. It is said that root­ tive for this fungus. They are Bor­ knot can be controlled by a hot water deaux mixture and Fermate, Standard treatment somewhat different to that strength solutions may be used. The recommended for eel-worm in daffo­ first spraying, in the spring, should be dils. The daffodil treatment is a hun­ done just after the plant is starting to dred and ten degrees Fahrenheit for leaf and the young shoots are coming three hours, but the Dodge and Rickett from the ground, The entire plant recommendation for herbaceous peo­ should be sprayed, also the area around nies is a hundred and fifteen degrees it. It will not hurt to include in this for a half hour. Others suggest this suray some chlordane for thrips, should be followed by an immediate Suraying should be repeated at least plunge in cold water. In view of the twice more at intervals of two weeks. value of tree peony plants, which may If a ulanting" has had considerable in­ become infected without apparent festation, the whole ground area should warning, it is hoped that this and any be snraved with Bordeaux or Fermate other promising remedies will be thor­ in the late fall. A rather heavy spray­ uughly tried. ing should be given at this time in January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 47 order to reach protected areas in the small, circular, discolored spots first vegetative cover on which the fungus on the leaves and then on the stems. lives over winter. Old leaves and old It usually appears after the plants have debris should be burned. made at least half their season's growth Mulching, which is so beneficial to and therefore causes little apparent in­ the plant, also, unfortunately, supplies jury. It does not kill the leaves. Here a home for this pest and, where used, again sanitation is the best preventive should therefore be well sprayed. and it may be sprayed as is done for Stem wilt, L epteosphaeria con-iothy­ Bot1·ytis. riu11'l or C on-iothyrU111, suckeli, girdles Leaf spot, Septaria paeoniae, is not stems at the base. This cuts off the in any way a major threat. It may water supply and the whole stem wilts appear at times and makes itself known and dies quickly. The Japanese call it by round, gray spots. the "sudden death disease." Affected The number of and long names of parts of the plant should be cut out the pests given above are apt to scare and burned. Nearby plants and soil many gardeners into believing that should be sprayed with a three to three tree peonies are unduly susceptible to to fifty Bordeaux mixture or with all manner of troubles, the control of Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate. The which is too difficult for the average latter spray does not disfigure the foli­ human. It is well, therefore, to repeat age of the plants. the first sentence of this chapter that Downy leaf blight, P hyfo phthora tree peony pests are a minor matter. paeoniae, causes a wilt similar to They should be watched for, of course. Botrytis but forms no characteristic Most can be guarded against by ordi­ mold. It is mainly a foliage blight but nary garden sanitation and will not re­ does at times affect stems, which turn quire spraying. The gardener whose black as they die. It can be controlled eyes are open will be able to detect by the same means employed against dangers before much harm has been Botrytis, and it is particularly impor­ done. When spraying is required for tant to spray the surrounding area, one trouble, it will be found that the both plants and soil. same spray IS effective for other Leaf blight, Cladosporiu11'l paeoniae, troubles, too. is not ordinarily troublesome. It causes This plant, in Mrs. Scott's gal'den, shows the deep 'I11.M leings which al'e fo~md at the base of I!ach pl! lal in 117any va1·iet·ies. It also shows the twisted and gnOlrled appearance of the woody ste11'IS, The n01'lIe of the va~' i efy has been lost, b1tt th e fiowe1's O1'e white, the splashes O1'e deep purple,

Conclusions

THE PRESENT authors are enthusiastic about the future possibilities of the development of tree peony grow­ ing in this country. They point to the growing number of nurseries propagating plants on a larger scale than at any time since the European boom days of the 1860's, 1870's, and 1880's. They are proud to note the high quality of the varieties now being grown in contrast to those known a century, a half century or even a quarter century ago. [48) January 1955 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 49

They believe the early struggling Moutan section alone, secondly, for the pioneer days are over and that enough possible, but not yet tried, hybrids be­ knowledge is now at hand to warrant tween the species of the Delavay Sec­ the work of breeding, growing, and tion, and thirdly, for the hybrids be­ propagating going into really high tween the finest clones of the Moutan gear. Section and the finest representatives

'J(okij'i1!: meaning "Golden B"ocade," is a sCal'fet-flowered vOj'iety, noticeable foj' its j1'inged single flowe1's.

They urge the American Peony So­ of the Delavay Section, their species, ciety not only to continue its ·fine work wild varieties or forms, garden forms, of the past but also to redouble its ef­ or hybrids. forts to make the tree peony as widely Finally, we want second and third known and grown (except in our cold­ and fourth generation hybrids of all est sub-zero Minnesota and Canadian the clones with complicated parentage. sections) as the herbaceous peony. A glance at the history of iris breed­ The dozens of present day breeders ing (36), daffodil breeding, (37) and of herbaceous peonies (35) have done azalea and rhododendron breeding a nd are doing wonderful work. We (38), gives just an inkling of what the need now an equal or greater number future may hold for tree peonies if of tree peony breeders, firstly, for the enough American gardeners, amateur so THE 1 ATIONAL H ORTI CULTURAL MAGA ZINE J anuary 1955 or p;-ofe ional, put their hand to it. they ex ist, but also clones of these Let it not be fo rgotten either that species from the most northern loca­ breeders need new materi al with which tions and the highest altitudes. VI/ e to work. The late C. D. Beadle (39)} need hundreds or thousands of wild of Biltmore, 1 To rth Carolina, between clones that have superior habits of 1940 and 1950 brought into his test growth, or larger fl owers, or more garden over three thousand numbered fl owers, or new or distinct colors and wild fo rm ' of azaleas from our South­ color combinations. And lastly, we ern States, which hi therto had merely need wild seeds not by the dozen or the been lumped under the names of a ounce but by the thousand, and by the dozen or so species . but which seemed pound, because anyone of the result­ to have horticultural value or promise ing plants may have charaderistics for breeding. Botani sts and horticul­ new to us and therefore of possible turist had been collecting plants in the value fo r the garden or for breeding. same areas for a century or more, yet T he authors extend to the readers of had overl ooked the possible importance this article,to the members of the of these individual plants. T hink what American H orticultural Society, and may be found if the worl d can ever the members of the A merican Peony achieve peace instead of war and revo­ Society, an invitation to visit their tree lution, and if exploration may again peony plantings. T hey believe that all become possible in Chi na, the "Mother the present day growers listed in the of Gardens." appendix will similarly welcome visits \ 1>.,r e need not only new species and when their plants are in bloom. botanical varieties and wild hybrids, if Appendix Bibliogm,phy and R eferences Gene1'al 2. Nieuhof, T1"!J4'lslations in English, 1669. Quoted in Flo?'al Cabinet, 1857, p. 60. American Peony Society, Bulletins from 3. Sabine, Joseph, Transactions of the H 01'­ 1915 to date. ticu1t1·vraI Society of London, June 6, Anderson, George, A Monograph of the 1826. With quotations from George An­ Gemts Paeo?·~ia, Transactions of the Lin­ derson's Monograph, d. Also in BotG1vi­ naean Society, London, 1818. cal NIagazine and Botanical Cabinet. Bailey, Liberty H yde, Stand01'd Cyclopedia 4. Fortune, Robert, Ga?'deners' Ch?'onicle, of H01'tiwltll.re, 1914, 1930, etc. February 7, 1880, pp. 179-180. Baker, J ohn Gilbert, Paeonies, Monograph in Ga.rdeners' CM'oni-cle, 1884. 5. Bean, William Jackson, T?'ees and Bean, William Jackson, T1'e es and Shntbs Shmbs H(JJrdy 1'n B1'itish Isles, Vol. II, Ha4'dy in Bl'itish Isles, 1915. p. 121. Huth, Ernest, Monographie der Gattung 6. Sabine, J oseph, See Reference 3 above. Pae01via, (Monograph of the Genus Paeo­ 7. Sabine, Joseph, See Reference 3 above. nia) , Bofanische .Ta.h.rbttch, 1891. 8. Sabine, J oseph, See Reference 3 above. Lynch, Robert Irwin, A New Classification 9. Sabine, Joseph, See Reference 3 above. of the Genus Pae01'wa, J otwnal of the Royal 10. Watson, William, Galrden and Fo?'est, H o?,timltttral Society, 1890. July 2, 1890. Rehder, Alfred, Manual of C1·tltivated Trees 11. Hovey, Charles Mason, A 'me1'ican Gar­ a.11d Shntbs, 1927, 1940, etc. dell e1-'s Magazine, 1836-1 839. Sargent, Charles Sprague, Editor, Plantae 12. Gardeners' Chronicle, Vol. XXI X, 1863, Wils01vianae, 1913. p. 36. Saunders, Arthur Percy, various Bnlletins, 13. Leichtlin, Max, The Ga.rden, J anuary American Peony Society, 1915-1950. 10, 1885. Stern, Frederick Claude, A Study of the 14. Sabine, Joseph, See Reference 3 above. Genus Paeonia, Royal Horticultural So­ 15. Purdom, W., Letters to Veitch, June 17, ciety, 1946. 1910 and March 20, 1911. Wister, John c., The M01.ttan Tree Pe01ty, 16. Farrer, Reginald J ohn, 01~ the Eaves of published in P e011A:es; Th.e Manttal of the the World, 1926, pp. 110 et seq. Amen'can Peony Society, Edited by James 17. Wilson, Ernest H enry, in the Introduc­ Boyd, 1928. tion to A Monograph of Azaleas. ------, Supplement to the above in 18. Hoffman, J ohanll , See Reference 1 abo, e. Bttlletin, Ame1'ican Peony Society, Sep­ 19. Kaempfer, E ngelbert, Amoenitates Ex­ tember 1944. oticae, 1712, p. 862. 20. Thunberg, Ca rl Peter, Flom J aponica, Also miscellaneous articles in : 1784. Bon Jardinier Almanac, 181 3-1 860. Flore des Serres, 1849. 21. von Siebold, P. F ., F lo?'e des Ja,ydins, Florist and P omologist, 1873. 1858, p. 1. The Garden, 1887, 1909, etc. 22. Trollope, A?'boret1m~ Coreense, ci rca Garden and Forest, 1888-1897. 1920. Gardeners' Chronicle, 1841 to date. 23. Conder, Jos iah, The Floml A,'t of Japa1~, J oumal d'Horticulture, 1845. p. 14. Quoted in Garde'ne?'s' Clwonicle, Revue Horticole, 1837 to date. November 9, 1901, p. 336. Revue Horticole Belgique, 1890. 24. Berger, H . H ., Florist Exchange, quoted in Gal'deners' Chl'ol1icle, January 28, R efel'C1!ces Cited2 1899. 25. Landreth, D., FI01'al Magazhte and Bo­ 1. Hoffman, Johann, K,t.1tWY der Pioenen, tanical Reposit01'y, Philadelphia, 1832. Royal Netherlands Horticultural So­ 26. H ovey, Charles Mason, See Reference ciety, reports for 1848. Dutch transla­ 11 above. tions of "Notes Relating to the History, 27. H ovey, Charles Mason, See Reference Distribution and Cultivation of P aeony 11 above. in China and Japan" from the original 28. H offman, Johann, See Reference Chinese. This was retranslated into Eng­ above. li sh by Polman-Mooy in Pax ton's Ma.ga­ 29. Bai ll y, E., Bou.tu,re en Ecusson, Revue zil1e of Bota,ny, 1947. H orticale, 1860, pp. 65-66. 30. Watson, William, See Reference 10 "Indicated by italicized numbers in parenthesis in the text. above. [51) 31. Hoffman, Johann, ee Reference 35. See Ii t in BlIllelills, American Peony above. Socie!:y, September 1943, J anuary 1953. 32. Barton, Lela V., Seedliug Production etc. of Tree PeollY, COlltributiollS, Boyce 36. See BulletiNs, The American I ris So­ Thompsoll Illslilu/e, Vol. 3, 1933. ciety. 33. 'Whetzel, H. H., Diseases of th e Peony, 37. See Daffodil Year Bool.s, Royal H orti­ Trallsacliolls NI assacJlIIsetts II ort'icu.lt1tr­ cultural Society. ol Society. 1915. (Reprinted in Mrs. 38. See: Millais, J . G., Rhododendrons, Edward Harding's The Book of Ihe 1917, 1924. Peoll'j', 1917, Appendix B, pp. 237-254.) Bowers, Clement G., Rhododendrons and Bernard O. Dodge and Harold N. Rick­ Azaleas, 1936. ett Diseases aud Pests of Oma111ental Rhododendron Year Books, Royal Hor­ PlaHls, Revised Edition, 1948, pp. 450- ticultural Society. 454, etc. National II01'ticuitural Magazine, T he 34. Comstock, J ohn Henry, An Introduc­ Azalea Handbook, J anuary 1952. tion to Entomology, 1895. Revised E di­ 39. W ister, John c., Bulle/ill , Garden Club tion, 1953, p. 981. A. S. Packard, Guide of Amerha, November 19 51. to Ihe Study of Insects, 1870, 1897.

List of Explore1'S, Botanists, I ntroducers, Originators, Nurserymen, and Dealers, Who -VVorked With or Wrote AbMtt T ree P eonies

Anderson, George, England, d. 1817. Gagnepain, F rancois, 1866- , France, bot- Andrews, Henry c., England, d. 1830, bo­ anist. tanical artist and engraver. Gardner, E dward J., 189 1-1952, H oricon, Baker, John Gi lbert, 1834-1910, Kew, Eng- W isconsin, nursery. land, botani st. Goos & Koenemann, N iederwalluf, Germany, Banks, Sir Joseph, 1743-1820, Kew, England. nursery. Barbier N ursery, Orleans, F rance. Gratwick, William, P avilion, New York, Barr & Sons. Lond on, seedsmen. breeder, co ntemporary. Baumann Bros., Bollwi ller, Upper Rhine, H enry, Professor Loui s, 1853-1 903, Paris about 1836, nursery. Museum of Natural History. Boehmer, L., German Nurseryman in Japan, H ovey, Charl es M., 1810-1877, Cambridge, A. Unger, associate. Massachusetts, horticultural writer an d Chenault, Leon, 1853 -1 930, Orleans, F rance, editor. nu rsery. H uth, Ernest, 1854-1897, botani st. Chugai Shokubutsu Yen, Yamamoto, J apan, J ames, Nelson, Greybull, Wyomin g, breeder, 1929-1940, nursery. contemporary. Cornu, Professor Maxime, 1843-1901, Paris Japanese N ursery Company, Settsu, J apan, :Museum of Natural History. 1910. De Candoll e, Augustin Pyramus, 1778-1841, Kaempfe r, Engelbert, 165 1-1715, Dutch trav­ Switzerland, botani st. eler. Delavay, Abbe Jean Marie, 1834-1885, F rench Kel way & Son, Langport, England, seeds­ Jesuit explorer in China. men. Dessert, Auguste, 1859-1929, Chenonceaux, Komarov, Vladimer Leontyevitch, 1869-1945, France, nursery. Russia, botanist. DOlUl, James, 1758-1813, Cambridge, Eng- K relage, E. H ., Haarlem, H olland, bulb land, botanist. • grower. Farr, Bertrand H., 1863 -1 924, Wyomissing, Leichtlin, Max, 1832-1910, Baden-Baden, Pennsylvania, nursery. Germany. Farrer, Reginald J ohn, 1873-1920, British Lemoine, Victor, 1823-1912, Nancy, France, explorer in China. breeder, nursery. Finet, Achille Eugene, 1863-1913, Par is, Lemoine, Emile, 1862-1 943, breeder. botanist. Licent, Abbe R. P ., P riest in China. Forrest, George, 1873-1932, British explorer Linnaeus, Carolus, 1707-1 778, Sweden. in China. Ludlow, F ., contemporary, British explorer Fortune, Robert, 1812-1880, British explorer in Asia. in China. Lynch, Robert Irwin, 1850-1924, England, Franchet, Adrien, 1834-1900, Paris, botanist. botanist. (52] Monbeig, Pere, explorer with Forrest. Sims, J ohn, 1792-1838, England, edited Bo­ Niigata Prefecture, Japan, about 1920, nurs­ tanical Magazine. ery or public garden. Stapf, Otto, 1857-1933, Vienna and Kew, Oberlin, Thomas J ., 1850-1936, Sinking botanist. Spring, P ennsylvania. Stern, Colonel Frederick Claude, Goring-by­ Oberlin, Reuben L., hi s so n, died 1954. Sea, Su~sex, England, contemporary. Paill et, Louis, Chatenay, Seine, F rance, about Stoke, H . F ., Roanoke, Virginia, contempo­ 1880-1900, nursery. rary, amateur grower. Potanin, Grigory Nokolajelvitch, 1835-1920, Takii Nursery, Kyoto, Japan, 1940. Russia, explorer in Ch ina. Taylor, George, British Museum, contempo­ Pratt, A. E., British explorer in Asia about rary, explorer in Asia? 1887-1900. Thunberg, Carl Peter, 1743-1822, Sweden, Purdom, William, 1880-1 92 1, British explor­ botanist. er, China 1909-1912 ; 1914-1920. Tokio Nursery, Tokio, Japan, about 1896. Rehder, Alfred, 1863-1949, Germany and Weiss, Freeman, formerly of the U. S. De­ America, Arnold Arboretum botanist. partment of Agriculture, pathologist. Rock, J oseph Francis, 1884- , explorer. Whitnal, Josiah, Belleville, Illinois, 1894- Ruys, B., Royal Moerheim Nursery, Dedems- 1951 , amateur grower. vaert, Holland. Wilson, Ernest Henry, 1876- 1930, England Sabine, J oseph, 1770-1837, England. and Arnold Arboretum, explorer. Sakata, T ., Yokohama, Japan, seedsman. Wister, J ohn c., Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, Sargent, Professor Charles Sprague, 1841- contemporary. 1927, Arnold Arboretum. Wolfe, Harold E ., Belleville, Illinois, con­ Saunders, Professor A. P., 1869-1953, Clin­ temporary. ton, New York, breeder. Yokohama Nursery, Yokohama, Japan, about Saunders, Silvia, successor, 1953. 1900-1 920. Sherriff, Maj or G., British explorer 111 See also li st in Peonies, The Manual of the Asia, contemporary. Ame1'ican Peon)1 Society, 1928, and its Siebold, Philipp Franz von, 1796-1866, in supplement. Japan 1823-1830, imported plants from Japan.

T1'ee P eony Im porters And Dealers, Wholesale7's And Retailers

Approximate number Approx. of varieties offered Approx. yearly Lutea and total quantity Chinese Japanese Delavayi kinds offered Moutans Moutans H ybrids offered Seedlings Atha Gardens West Liberty, Ohio 500 50 v..T . B. Clarke & Company, Inc. San Jose, California (Wholesale Only) 500 x x 25 Yes

Growe rs Exchange I 24100 Drakewood Road Farmington, Michigan (John J . Riordan) 5000 x x x 200 No Lake Sam man ish Evergreen N ursery Route 1, Box 79 ' East Stan wood, Washington 2 (Irving Edwins) 500 50 100 No Louis Smirnow 8 Elms Court Drive Sands Point, New York 5000 x x x 200 Yes Marinus van der Pol Route 6, Washington Street Fairhaven, Massachusetts 500 5 5 25 Wayside Gardens Mentor, Ohio 7 2 3 No Flowerfield Gardens, Oyster Bay, Long Island, N ew York, and M mne wasbto Gardens, 12322 Como Avenue, S. E., Minneapolis, Minnesota (J. F . Brown), data not ava Il able. [53] Tree PeollY Collections In Amateur Gardells (Opell To P eony Ellthusiasts 011 Request By Appoilltm ent)

Approximate Lutea and number of Chinese Japanese Delavayi Grower plants varieties Moutans Moutans Hybrids Seedlings Dr. Rush C. Bauman 92 High Street 2 6 1 uLley, New Jersey 50 2 Lewis S. Blyth' Route 2, Box 477 Medford, Oregon Elmer A. Claar 617 Thornwood Lane Northfield, Illinois 155 H. L. Collier 2022 32nd A venue, South Seattle, Washington 40 20 A. M.Dewey 3 East 336th Street Willoughby, Ohio 40 25 x Frank Gilliam Washington and Lee University Lex ington, Virginia 11 3 Wm. T. Gotelli 66 Crest Drive South Orange, New Jersey 200 138 19 87 32 Dr. David Gurin 4 Grosvenor Place Great Neck, New York 500 400 x x x Edward Heathcote Porth Washington, New York 125 Roy Hennessey Route 1, Box 74 Scapoose, Oregon 100 x 200 Fador Kernin Route 2 Shelby, Nebraska 100 75 10 Halfdan Lemb 19215 Aurora Avenue Seattle, Washington 100 100+ • Earl Morse 20 Surrey Road Great Neck, New York 220 75 x x 26 Morgan D. Reinbold 202 Waverly Street Shillington, Pennsylvania 200 x Yesd Mrs. Arthur H. Scott Todmorden Farm Media, Pennsylvania 50 many x x 12 H. F. Stokes 1436 Watts Avenue Roanoke, Virginia 100· 2 Yes O. B. Thorgrimson Northern Life Tower Seattle, Washington 100 100 x x x Wm. R. Troyan 6806 Brecksville Road Independence, Ohio 12 12 x 5 Harold E. Wolfe' 24 South 86th Street Belleville, Illinois g 150 10 100 40 Yes

'Will enter commercial field in 1956 or later. bA nurseryman, but no longer selling tree peonies. Pavilion, New York 1000 50 20" Yes 5. Mission Gardens Techny, Illinois (Wm. F. CHristman) 500 x x 50 6. Oberlin Peony Gardens 425 Pennsylvania Avenue Sinking Springs, Penna. (R. L. Oberlin) 500 50 70 20 Yes 7. A. P . Saunders Hybrid Peonies Clinton, New York (Miss Silvia Saunders) 200 x 75 Yes 8. Tingle Nursery Company Pittsville, Maryland (L. G. Tingle) 8 2 8 No ·Senal numbers here assIgned are used m the follOWIng AlphabetIcal Check List of Tree Peony Names to designate varieties the particular nursery is selling. bMostIy own seedling varieties. "Fifty others are being tested. Lewis S. Blyth, Medford, Qpegon; St. Clair Gardens, Inc., 24 South 86th Street, Belleville, Illinois (Harold E. Wolfe), expect to enter commercia l field in 1955 or 1956. Listings of the varieties these growers expect to have are not available.

Tree Peony Collections In Public Gardens Approximate number of varieties of Code" Collections Lutea and Approximate Chinese Japanese Delavayi number of Moutans Hybrids seedlings --- Moutans BT Boyce Thompson Institute Yonkers, New York 100 MT Morton Arboretum Lisle, Illinois 17 18 RO Rochester Park System Rochester, New York 500 SP Spring GJ;'ove Cemetery Cincinnati, Ohio x , x SW Scott Foundation Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 10 125 75 1000 TY John J. Tyler Arboretum Lim

J V 'Abokiu' (Abo Palace) (Japan before 1896) 6. L X 'Banquet' (Saund. 1941) SW, MT. C VIII 'Adzuma Kagami' eMirror of the East) (Jap. J IV 'Banzaimon' (Gate of Cheers) (J ap. be£. beL 1893 ) SW, VITH . 1, 4. 1937) SW. J IV 'Adzuma-sibori' (Dappled Pattern of the C III 'Baronne D'Ales' (Gom. bef. 1886) WH. 6. East) (J ap. bef. 1909 ) 6. J I 'Beatri x' (Jap. bef. 1905) TY, SW. L 'Age of Gold' CSaund. 1948- 1950) SW. J II 'Beikoku' (America) (Jap. bef. 1890 ) MT, J II 'Akashi-gata' (Akashi Beach) (Shore of WH.6. Akashi) (Jap. bef. 1893) SW, UW. C I 'Bijou de Chusan' (Chin.-For. 1846) SW. 6. J III 'Akashi-j ishi' (Lion of Akashi) (J ap. bef. L V 'Black Douglas' (Saund. 1948) MT, SW. 1893) SW, TY, UW. 6. L V 'Black Panther' (Saund. 1948) SW. J II 'Akatsuki-no-yuki' (Snow Under Waning L V 'Black Pirate' (Sa.und. 1935) MT, SW. 4. Moon) (Jap. Ch ug. 1929-1935) TY. 6. C I 'Blanche de Chateau Futu' (Mouch. 1867) C II 'Albert Crousse' (Oberlin 1938) 6. WHo L IX 'Alhambra' (Saund. 1948) SW. C I 'Blanche de Noisette' (Nois. bef. 1864) 6. L IX 'Ali ce Harding' (Lem. 1936) SW, TY, UW, J V 'Bokuryo' (Black Dragon) (J ap. bef. 1926) WHo 1,6. SW. L IX 'Amber Moon' (Saund. 1948) SW. L X 'Brocade' (Saund. 1941) SW. L X 'Angelet' (Saund. 1950) SW. J I 'Byakuo-jishi' (White King of Lions) (Jap. 'Ankamin,' UW. beL 1935) SW. J V 'Anyano-hikare' (Light in Darkness) (J ap. L IX 'Canary' (Saund. 1940) SW. 4. beL 1926) SW. 4, 6. C II 'Carolina d'Italie' (Italy or Chin. bef. 1846) L X 'Apricot' (Saund. 1948-1950) MT, SW. SW, WHo 6. J n 'Arashi-yama' (Mt. Arashi) (Storm Moun- L IX 'Celestial' (Saund. 1948-1950) MT, SW. tain) (Jap. beL 1931) WH.4. L V 'Centaur' (Saund. 1941) SW, UW. L IX 'Arcadia' (Saund. 1942) SW. L V 'Charioteer' (Saund. 1949) SW. C VIII 'Archduc Ludovico' (Bur. bef. 1867) 1, 8. L X 'Chinese Dragon' (Saund. 1950) SW. L IX 'Argosy' (Saund. 1928) MT, RO, SW, TY, 'Chiyo-no-hana' UW. UW, WHo 1, 6, 8. L IX 'Chromatella' (Lem. 1928) MT, SW, TY, J VIII 'Arlesienne' (Des. 1909) SW. UW, WHo 1,6. J IV 'Asahi-minato' (Rising Sun Seen from the C VI 'Col. Malcolm' (Chin.-For. 1846) 1. Harbor) (Jap. bef. 1896) SW. C VII 'Comte de Flandre' (Don. beL 1946) 6. C VIII 'Athlete' (Mouch. 1867) 1, 6, 8. C III 'Comtesse de Crawford' (Senl bef. 1889) 6. J VII 'Auguste Dessert' (Des. 1902) SW. C II 'Comtesse de TudeI" (Gom. 1856-1866) SW. C VII 'Auguste Ravel' (Pai. 1889) 6. 6. L X 'Aurore' (Lem. 1936) SW, TY, UW. 1, 6, 8. L X 'Conquest' (Saund. 1948) SW. J III 'Aya-ni sbiki' (Figured Brocade) (J ap. bef. L X 'Copper Rose' (Saund.). 1895) SW . C I 'Coquette des Blanches' (bef. 1889) 6. C VIII 'Banksi' (Chin. Int. Banks 1789) MT, TO, C VI 'Cornelia' (Chin.-For.) WHo WH.6. L IX 'Coronal' (Saund. 1948 ). L V 'Corsair' (Saund. 1941) SW. *The fir t section of the listing designates the type: C = Chinese, J = J apanese, L = Lutea H ybrid. L X 'Countess' (Saund. 1942 ) SW. The second, the color: L I X 'Daffodil' (Saund. 1948) 4. I = White VI = Purple II = Pink VI[ = Magenta J III 'Dai-hocho' (Emperor's Castle) (J ap. bef. III = Rose Red VIn = Lilac Rose 1931) TY. IV = Scarlet I X = Yell ow V = Crimson X = Yellow with reddish tones J III 'Dai-kagura' (Merry Dancing) (J ap. bef. The third is the alphabetical name. J896) SW. The fourth, in parenthesis, is the translation of t he Japanese name. Other parentheses contain the name of th e raiser and J VII 'Daioh' (The Great King) (Jap. be£. 1931 ) date, or approximate date, of introduction. 4. The fifth section contains the code for the public garden in which the particular variety may be seen. (See Page 55 for 'Daiyo-kuden' UW. name of garden.) L X 'Damask' (Saund. 1941) SW. The sixth section furnishes the nursery or grower from which II 'Dantenmon' (The Gate of Danten) (Chug. the variety may be purchased. (See Page 55 for name of J supplier.) 1932) UW.4. [56] L IV 'Daredevil' (Saund. 1948) SW, MT. L IX 'High Noon' (Saund. 1952) SW. C VII 'De Bugney' (Amand bef. 1846) SW, MT. 6. J III 'Higurashi' (Twilight) (J ap. bef. 1929) SW, J II 'Dokushin-den' (Dokush in Castle) (Jap. bef. WH, UW. 1913) SW. J III 'Hinode-no-seki' or 'Hinode sekai' (Sunrise J III 'Donkelaari' (Mie. or Don bef. 1867) 6. in the Open Country) WH, UW. 4. J II 'Doun' (Jap. beL 1931) SW. J IV 'Hino-tobira' (Passage of the Sun) (Jap. C VIII 'Duchess de Morny,' \lVH. bef. 1896) SW, TY. C VIII 'Dumont de Courset' (Guer. after 1863) WHo J IV 'Hino-tsukasa' (King of the Scarlets) (Jap. J VII 'Ec1aireur' (Des. 1909) SW. bef. 1931) SW, WH, UW. 2. L IX 'Eldorado' (Lem. 1949). J IV 'Hiodoshi' (Scarlet Suit of Armor) (J ap. I 'Elizabeth d'Italie,' RO. bef. 1929) TY. 4. ~ .T VIII 'Empereur Alexander II' (Sieb. -K.) 6. J I 'Hira-no-yuki' (Snow of Hira) (Jap. bef. L IX 'Festival' (Saund. 1941) SW, MT. 1934) UW. 4. L X 'Flambeau' (Lem. 1930) SW, TY, UW. J IV 'Hiryo' (Flying Dragon) (Jap. bef. 1896) 1, 6, 8. SW. J 'Flora' (Jap.-Sieb.) 1, 6, 8. J IV 'Hiryo-nishiki' (Flying Dragon Brocade) 'Fo sotsuka,' UW. (J ap. bef. 1929) SW. 6. C III 'Fragrans Maxima Plena,' 6. J III 'Hodai' (Reign of Chinese Emperor Ho) J IX 'Fuji-no-akebono' (Daybreak on Fuji) (Jap. (Jap. bef. 1931) SW, TY, \lVH. 4. bef. 1929) MT. 6. L X 'Holiday' (Saund. 1948-1950) SW. J III 'Fuji-no-mori' .(Grove of Fuji) (Jap. bef. J III 'Homei' (Good Name) (Jap. bef. 1931) SW, 1919) MT, WHo 6. TY. 2. J I 'Fl1ji-oe-ryo' (Dragon Hovering Over Mt.) J IV 'Ho-o-nishiki' or 'How-(')-nishiki' (J ap. bef. (Jap. bef. 1926) SW. 1929) TY. 'Funkei,' UW. J VIII 'Horaisan' (Mt. Horai) (Mountain of Heav­ J 'Furo-zome-nishiki' (Black Painted Brocade) en ly Beauty) (Jap. bef. 1926) UW, WHo (Jap.) TY. J VI 'Horakumon' (Gate of Horaku) (Gate of J I 'Fuso-no-tsukasa' (Jap. bef. 1931) WH. Abundant Pleasure) TY, UW. 4. J VI 'Fuyorem' (Jap. bef. 1929) 6. 'Howren-huo-tsukasa,' U\iV. 4. J I 'Gabisan' (Mt. Gabi) (Jap. beL 1898) SW, J II 'Howzan' or 'Hozan' (Treasure Mountain) TY.4. (Jap. bef. 1934) UW. 4. J I 'Gekkyuden' (Palace of the Moon Kingdom) 'Husha-kaken,' U\iV. (J ap. bef. 1910) SW. L IX 'Hyperion' (Saund. 1948-1950) SW. J 'Gessekai.' J I 'Ima-chowkow' (Name of an ancient Saint) L IX 'Gold Dust' (Saund. 1952). (J ap. bef. 1929) SW. 6. T L IX 'Gold Soverign' (Saund. 1950). J III 'Ima-shojo' or 'Ima-syojo' (New Shojo) L IX 'Gold en Bowl' (Saund. 1948). (Jap. bef. 1931) TY. 2, 4. L IX 'Gold en Hind' (Saund. 1948-1950). C VIII 'Imperatrice Josephine' (Hiss. 1939) WHo L IX 'Golden Isles' (Saund. 1948). J IV 'Impumon' (Gate of Impu) (Chug. 1932) L X 'Golden Mandarin' (Saund. 1952). UW.4. L IX 'Goldfinch' (Saund. 1948-1950 ). L I 'Infanta' (Saund. 1948) SW. J VI 'Hana-daigin' (Magnificent Flower) (Jap. J II 'Iro-no-seki' (Barrier of Gay Color) (Jap. bef. 1910 ) SW, WH, UW. 2. bef. 1893) SW. J I 'Hana -den' (Palace of Flowers) (J ap. bef. J IV 'Iwato-kagami' (Sacred Mirror) (Jap. bef. 1912) SW, TY. 1895) SW, TY. J II 'Hana-kisoi' (Floral Rivalry) (J ap. bef. J V 'I wato-kagura' (Sacred Dance of I wato) 1929) SW, WHo 4, 6. (J ap. bef. 1926) TY. 6. J II 'Hana-kurabe' (Floral Competition) (Jap. C III 'Jeanne D'Arc' (Sen. bef. 1889) SW, WHo 6. bef. 1926) SW. J IV 'Jitsu-getsu-nishiki' (Sun and Moon Brocade) J VIII 'Hana-no-mikado' (Emperor of the Flowers) (Jap. bef. 1927) SW, TY, WHo 2. (J ap. bef. 1926) SW. C III 'Josephine Senec1auze' (Sen. 1889) WHo 6. ~' J III 'Hana-no-nishiki' (Golden Floral Brocade) C III 'Jules Pirlot' (Mak. bef. 1867) UW, WHo (J ap. bef. 1919) 6. 1, 8. L X 'Happy Days' (Saund. 1948) SV·l. J III 'Kagura-jishi' (Sacred Lion Dance) (Jap. L VIII 'Harlequin' (Saund. 1952) SW. bef. 1926) 2, 4. J IX 'Haru-no-akebono' (Spring Dawn) (Jap. bef. J 'Kai-haku-hatsu' (Snow-White Hair) (Jap. 1929) WHo 6. bef. 1926) SW. L X 'Harvest' (Saund. 1944-1950) SW. 4. J VII 'Kamada-fuj i' (Wisteria at Kamada) (J ap. J X 'Hatsu-garashu' (First Crow of the Year) bef. 1893) MT, SW. 5, 6. (Jap. bef. 1929) SW, WHo J VII 'Kamada-nishiki' (Kamada Brocade) (J ap. J IV 'Hatsu-hinode' (Rising Sun of the New bef. 1929) SW, WH, UW. Year) (Jap. bef. 1926) WH, UW, SW. 4. J VII 'Kamata-fuji' (Wisteria at Kamata) (Jap. L V 'Heart of Darkness' (Saund. 1948). bef. 1937) UW, WHo L X 'He per us' (Saund. 1948-1950) MT, SVl. 'Kami-kase,' U\iV. [57) J I 'Kan enden' ( Palace of Sweet Spring) (J ap. L IX 'La Lorraine' ( Lem. 1913) SW, UW, WH. bef. 1898) SW, TY. 1, 6, 8. J II 'KasuD'a-yama' (1ft. Ka uga) (J ap. beL C 'Lambertinae' (Mak. 1846) WHo 6. 1932) 6. C IX 'La ViJle de St. Denis' (Mouch. 1854) WHo J II 'Ka umi-ga eki' (Cloudy Landscape) (Jap. 6. bef. 1929) 6. L IX 'L'E perance' (Lem. 1909) SVol, TY, UW, J I 'Kathryn' (Lambert 1944) 6. WH.6. J VI 'Kenreimon' (Gate of Kenrei) (Chug. 1932) L VI 'Lombard' (Saul1d. 1948) . UW. 2. 'LouisVerschaffelt,' RO. J 1: 'Kigyoku' (Precious J ewel) (Jap. beL 1919) C III 'Loui se Mouchelet' (Mouch. 1860) RO, WHo SW. 1, 2, 6. J IV 'Kiku-botan' (Chrysanthemum Peony) (Jap. Intea, SW, uW. 1 bef. 1919) SW. Intea. Indlo'wi, SW. See under species. J I 'Kimi-gayo' (National Anthem of Japan) Intea splelldells, SW. J (Jap. bef. 1929) TY. 6. J I 'Kimpai' (Gold Cup) (Gold Medal) (Jap. C II 'Mme. Amand' (Amand. bef. 1867) 6. bef. 1934) SW. C VIII 'Mme. de Vatry' (Guer. bef. 1867) 6. J IV 'Kin-fukurin' or 'Kin-pukurin' (Jap. bef. C V 'Mme. Edouard Seneclauze' (Ober. 1941) 1896) SW. 4. UW. 2,6. J I 'Kinipaiseten' or perhaps 'Kimpaiseten' (J ap. See also 'Reine Elizabeth.' bef. 191 3) SW, TY. 'Mme. Fernand Lemaitre,' UW. J IV 'Kin-ka-den' (Golden Flower Temple) (Hall C III 'Mme. Henriette Caillot' (Pai. 1889 as new) of the Golden Flower) (Hall of Golden WHo Glory) (Jap. bef. 1934) WHo 2, 4. C III 'Mme La Marquise de Vogue' (abel'. 1941) J II 'Kintajio' or 'Kinutajio' (Castle of Kinuta) 6. (Jap. bef. 1913) SW. L X 'Mme. Louis Henry' (Henry 1919) SW, TY, C I 'Kochs Weisse' (Koch bef. 1889) WHo UW. 1,6,8. J r 'Kogane-zome' (Golden Dye) (Jap. bef. 1926) J II 'Mme. Pierre Dessert' (Des. 1909) SW TY. SW. C III 'Mme. Stuart Low' (Mak. 1863) WHo 2, 6. J V 'Koi-kagura' (Sacred Love Music) (Jap. bef. C II 'Mme. Victor Gillier' (Named Pai. 1889 ) 1926) SW. WHo J V 'Koka-mon' (Gate of Koka) (Chug. 1932) L X 'Marchioness' (Saund. 1942) SW. 4. 4. 'Marie Seguinot,' \iVH. J IV 'Kokirin' (Small Kirin) (Old Golden Bro- C II 'Marquis de Clapiers' (Sen. bef. 1899) SW, cade) (J ap. bef. 1893) SW, TY. WH.6. J V 'Kokko' (Black) (Jap. bef. 1937) SW. C VIII 'Meiji-no-homare' (Glory of Meiji) (Jap. J V 'Kokko-no-tsukasa' (Black Leader) (J ap. bef. 1910) UW. bef. 1931) SW, UW. J I 'Meikow-how' (J ap. bef. 1931) SW. J V 'Kokko-shi' (King of Black Light) (Jap. L VIII 'Melody' (Saund. 194 ~). bef. 1929) SW, TY. 6. C II 'Meteore' (bef. 1910) 6. J V 'Koku-ho' or 'Koku-how' (Black Bird) (Jap. J IV 'Mikado-nishiki' (Emperor's Brocade) (Jap. bef. 1929) SW. 6. 1929) 6. J VI 'Koku-ryu-nishiki' or 'Koki-riu-nishiki' J III 'Mikasa-yama' (Mt. Mikasa-Three Hats) (Black Dragon Brocade) (Jap. beL 1905) (Jap. bef. 1902 ) SW, TY. SW. L IX 'Mine d'Or' (Lem. 1941) 1. J V 'Koku-tsuru' (Black Crane) (Black Heron) J III 'Mitama' (Beautiful Gem) (J ap. beL 1929) 6. (J ap. bef. 1938) 4. J III 'Miyako-no-nishiki' (Miyako Brocade) (Mi- J I 'Komachi-shiro' (White Beauty) (J ap. bef. yako was old Capital of Japan) (J ap. bef. 1929) 2. 1929) SW. J V 'Konron-koku' (Land of Konron) (Jap. bef. J III 'Miyo-no-hikare' (Brilliance of the Reign) 1893) SW, TY. 6. (Light of the Era) (Jap. bef. 1926) 6. J II 'Ko-zakura' (Small Cherry) (Jap. bef. 1931) J VI 'Miyuki-nishiki' (Imperial Procession Bro- UW. cade) (J ap. bef. 1929) 6. J V 'Kuma-gai' (Name of a person) (Jap. bef. J II 'Momo-yama' (Mt. Momo) (Mountain of 1932) 2. Peach Orchards) (Jap. bef. 1931 ) SW, J IV 'Kumona-nishiki' or 'Kumo-no-nishiki' (Cloud UW.2, 4. Pattern Brocade) (Jap. bef. 1893) SW, L V 'Monitor' (Saund. 1948). TY. 6. C III 'Mont Vesuve' (Sen. bef. 1889 ) 6. J V 'Kuro-botan' (Black Peony) (Jap. bef. 1896) C III 'Monte Ch risto' (Named Pai. 1889) 6. SW. 1, 8. 'Mt. Nishika.' J V 'Kyokko' or 'Kyokuko' (Mysterious Light) J III 'Mt. Rokku' (J ap. bef. 1936) 4. (Jap. bef. 1929) 6. J VI 'Mure-garasu' (Flock of Crows) (Jap. beL C I 'Lactea' (David 1839 or Guerin) 6. 1932) SW, TY. LVIII ' 'Mystery' (Saund. 1948) MT. [58] J I 'Nagoya Castle' (Jap. be£. 1936) SW. 4. ] IV 'Riu-shiko' (Shiko Dragon) (Jap. be£. 1900) J II 'Naniwa-nishiki' (Naniwa Brocade) (Jap. SW, TY. bef. 1929) 4. C IV 'Robert Fortune' (For.-China) 6. L IX 'Nankeen' (Saund. 1950). III 'Rococo' (Rinz. bef. 1864) WHo 6. L IX 'Narcissus' (Saund. 1941) SW. L IX 'Roman Gold' (Saund. 1941) MT, SW. 6. J VI 'Negricans' (Jap. be£. 1864) SW. L X 'Rose Flame' (Saund. 1950) SW. L IX 'Nereid' (Saund. 1949) SW. 'Rubra Odorata Plena,' 6. C VII 'Newmani' or 'Neumanni' (bef. 1846) 6. J VI 'Ruriban' (Indigo Purple Tray) (Jap. be£. J n 'Nira' (Ober. 1934) 6. 1893) MT, SW. 6. J III 'Nishiki-jirna' (Brocade Island) (Jap. bef. J II 'Saigyo-zakura' (Cherries of Saigyo) (J ap. 1937) TY, WH. bef. 1893) SW. 4. ] III 'Nishiki-j ishi' (Lion Adorned with Brocade) J iI 'Sakura-gasane' (Drift of Cherry) (Jap. bef. (J ap. bef. 1937) 6. 1929) 4, 6. J II 'Nishiki-no-shitone' (Gold Brocade Cushion) J II 'Sakura-jishi' (The Lion in the Cherry Or- (Jap. be£. 1910) SW, UW. chard) (J ap. bef. ????) 2, 4. ] IV 'Nishiki-no-tsuya' (Brilliance of Brocade) C III 'Salmonea' (For.-China) 6. (Jap. be£. 1931) UW, WHo 2. J III 'Salmon Perfection' (Ober. 1922) 6. ] IV 'Nissho' (Sunbeam) (Sunshine) (Jap. bef. L V 'Sang Lorrain' (Lemoine 1939). 1931) TY, UW, WHo 2, 4. J 'Sango-kaku' (Coral Palace) (Jap. bef. 1937) J IV 'Nisshoko' (Flag of the Rising Sun) (Jap. TY. bef. 1934) SW. 'Santa Cruz' UW. J I 'Oh-gonsome' (Golden Hues) (Dyed in 'Santa Maria' UW. G01d) (Jap. bef. 1829) MT. 6. 'Santa Monica' UW. ] IV 'Oh-kwan' (Crown) (Huge Circle) (Jap. 'Santa Teresa' UW. bef. 1929) 6. L V 'Satin Rouge' (Lem. 1926) SW, TY, WHo J I 'Okina-jish i' (Aged Lion) (Jap. bef. 1926) I, 6, 8. SW, WHo 2, 4. L VI 'Savage Splendor' (Saund. "1950 ) SW. C III 'Omar Pacha' (Named Pai. 1889) 6. J III 'Sll.wa-no-taki' (Sawa Waterfal1) (Jap. bef. C IV 'Onyx' (bef. 1886) See also 'Reine Elizabeth.' 1919 ) TY. 6. L X 'Segovia' (Saund. 1949) SW. ] V 'Ori-hime' (Princess Ori) (The Weaving J I 'Seidai' (Glorious Reign) (J ap. bef. 1929) 6. Princess) (Jap. be£. 1931) 4. ] I 'Seiryu' or 'Seiryo' (Dragon) (Blue Dragon) L IX 'Orion' (Saund. 1948) SW. (Jap. bef. 1893) WHo J IV 'Osho-kul1' (Magnificent Chinese Prince) J I ' Sekkaku' (Snowy Crane) (J ap. bef. 1932) (Jap. bef. 1926) 6. SW, TY. C V 'Osiris' (Chin.-For.) MT. 6. J III 'Senshumon' (Gate of Senshu) (Jap. bef. J I 'Otome-no-mai' (Girls' Dance) (J ap. bef. 1932) 4. 1929) 6. J III 'Sen-yomon' (J ap. bef. 1933) 2. L X 'Pastoral' (Saund. 1950) SW. J III 'Shichi-fukujin' (The Seven Gods of For- C I 'Perle des Blanches' (bef. 1879) 6. tune) (J ap. bef. 1896) 2, 4. L VI 'Phoenix' (Saund. 1941) MT. J II 'Shichi-no-tategami' (Lion's Mane) (Jap. potQtnini, UW. See under species. bef. 1890) WHo 6. L VII 'Princess' (Saund. 1941) SW. J VI 'Shigyoku' (Purple Gem) (Imperial Opal) C VI 'Princess Louise' (Sen. be£. 1889) WH. (J ap. bef. 1932) UW. C II 'Princess Mathilda' (bef. 1899) WHo 6. J VII 'Shiko-den' (Palace of Violet Light) (Shiko J I 'Princesse de Metternioh' (J ap. Sieb.) 6. Palace in Ohi na) (J ap. bef. 1926) MT, C III 'Purity' (Named Pai. 1889) WHo SW.6. C II 'Ranieri' (Italy bef. 1846) WHo J III 'Shin-kagami' (New Mirror) (Jap. bef. L V 'Red Cloud' (Saund. 1950) SW. 1926) 4. L V 'Red Currant' (Saund. 1948) SW. J In 'Shin-kagura' (New Sacred Music) (Jap. L IV 'Red Jade' (Saund. 1948) SW. bef. 1905) WHo 4. L X 'Regent' (Saund. 1945) SW. J V 'Shin-kurobotan' (New Black Peony) (Jap. C III 'Regina Belgica' (J ap. Sieb.-K. or Mak. bef. bef. 1931) SW. 1867) 6. J II 'Shintenchi' (New Heaven and Earth) (Jap. C III 'Reine Amelie' (Named Pai. 1889) 6. bef. 1931) WHo 4. C III 'Reine des Violettes' (For.-China) 6, 8. J II 'Shin-toyen' (The New Peach Orchard) C III 'Reine Elizabeth' (Cas. bef. 1846?) RO, SW, (New Paradise) (Jap. bef. 1929) 6. UW, WHo I, 2, 6, 8. J II 'Shira-giku' (White Chrysanthemum) (Jap. J I 'Renkaku' (Flock of Cranes, or Flight of bef. 1896) SW, TY. Cranes) (Jap. bef. 1931) MT, SW, WHo 6. J II 'Shiro-banryu' (Great Many White Dragons) L X 'Renown' (Saund. 1949) SW. (J ap. bef. 1931) SW. L X 'Right Royal' (Saund. 1950 ) SW. J I 'S'hiro-tae' (All Over White) (J ap. bef. ] VI 'Rimpo' (Bird of Rimpo) (Jap. bef. 1926) 193 1) SW. SW, UW, WHo 4, 6. [59] VII 'Shi hiden' (Jap. bef. 1937 ) TY. J I 'Tatio- hi hi ' (Lion with a tanding Tail) I 'Shogyomon' (J ap. beL 1937 ) U\iV. (J ap. bef. 1938 ) 6. I 'Shuchiuka' (Flower 111 Wine) (J ap. beL L X 'T ea Rose' (Saund. 1948) SW. 4. 1919) SW. J IV 'T enj yo-no-mai' ( Cel es tial Dancing) (J ap. V ' hugyo-kuden' ( Palace of Gems) (Jap. bef. bef. 1929) 6. 1926) 5, 6. J VIII 'Tenyo-no-hagaromo' (Wings of H eaven) II 'Shuj akumon' (Gate of Shujuku) (Gate of (Jap. bef. 1929) 6. the Scarlet Sparrow) UW. 4. J II 'Terute-nishiki' CMay be 'Hirute-nishiki') VI 'Shunkoden' (Temple of Good F ortune) (Jap. beL 1917) SW, TY. (Jap. bef. 1939) 2. L V 'Thunderbolt' (Saund. 1948) SW. r VI 'Shunkyoden' (Palace of Spring Enjoyment) L IV 'Tiger Tiger' (Saund. 1948) . (Jap. beL 1935 ) WHo L X 'Titania' ( Saulld. 19~9 ) . L IX 'Silver Plane' ( Saund. 1948-1950) SW. J II 'T oki-wad u' (Eternal Color) (Also name of L IX' ilver Sails' (Saund. 1940) SW. 4. song) (Jap. bef. 1893) 6. r IV 'Somei' (Beginning of Creation) (Jap. bef. C VIII 'Triomphe de Flandres.' See 'Triomphe de 1931) SW. Vandermaelen.' 'Souv. de Chas. Mechin,' UW, \\TH. C VIII 'Triomphe de Vandermaelen' (Vdm. 1849) C III 'Souv. de Chenonceau' (Mech . bef. 1889) WHo 1,6, 8. 1, 6, 8. L X 'Trophy' ( Saund. 1942 or 1944) SW. C VI 'Souv. de Ducher' (Duch. bef. 1889) SW, J III 'Tsukasa-botan' (Leader of the P eonies) UW. 6, 8. (Jap. bef. 1927) SW. C III 'Souv. d'Etienne Medlin' (Des. & Mech. bef. J I 'Tsuki-sekai' (Moon World) (Jap. beL 1934) 1899) WH.6. SW, TY. C V 'Souv. de Jules Desse rt' (Des. 1908) WHo J II 'T suya-sugata' (Lustrous Form) (Charming C I 'Souv. de M. Miren,' probably same as 'M. Figure) (Jap. bet. 1929) SW, TY. 6. Miron' (Ober. 1941) 6 . . J IV 'Tsuzure-nishiki' (Patched Brocade) (Gobe- C III 'Souv. de Mme. Knorr' (V.H. about 1853) lin Tapestry) (Yole. 1919) SW, TY. 6. WH.6. J V 'Uba-tama' (Pitch Black) (Jap. bef. 1929) L X 'Souv. de Maxime Cornu' (Henry 1897 or SW, UW, WHo 4, 6. 1920) MT, SW, UW, WHo 1, 6, 8. J III 'Ukare-jishi' (Jovial Lion) SW, TY. 4. L IX 'Spanish Gold' (Saund. 1948-1950) SW. J III 'Ukaregi-ohi' (Oberlin trans. Golden Center) L X 'Spring Carnival' (Saund. 1944) SW. (Jap. bef. 1930) MT, WHo 6. L IX 'Star Dust' (Saund. 1950) UW. J III 'Usu-jishi' (Light Lion) (Jap. bef. 1926) J II 'Suigan' (A place name) (Intoxicating Face) SW, TY. (Jap. bef. 1931) TY, UW. C IV 'Versicolor,' perhaps 'Berenice' (Named Pai J III 'Suisho-haku' (Crystal Palace) (Clear Crys- 1889) 6. tal White) (Jap. bef. 1919) SW. 4. L V 'Vesl1vian' (Saund. 1948) MT, SW. J V 'Suma-no-ichi' (Deepest Ink) (J ap. bef. C II 'Victoire d'Alma' (Named Pai. 1889), WHo 1927) SW, TY. 4. C VI 'Victor Hugo' (Des. 1902) WHo J V 'Sumina-gashi' (Stream of Indian Black) J I 'White Peacock' (J ap. bef. 1936) 6. , (Dark Streak) (J ap. bef. 1896) SW. L IX 'Wings of the :Morning,' formerly 'Aureole' L X 'Summer Night' (Saund. 1949) SvV. (Saund. 1948) SW, UW. 6. L X 'Sunrising' (Saund. 1948) SW. J II 'Yachyo-tsubaki' (Long Hedge of Camellias) X 'Surprise' (Lem. 1920) SW, TY, UW, WHo (Jap. bef. 1931) MT, UW, WHo 2. 1, 6, 8. J II 'Yae-zakura' (Very Double Cherry) (J ap. J VI 'Taibo' (Great Hovering Bird) (J ap. be£. be£. 1931) MT, UW, WHo 2, 4. 1910) SW. 6. 'Yaku-tsura,' UW. J V 'Taisho-no-hikare' (Honor of Taisho Dynas- J II 'Yamato-nishiki' (Japanese Brocade) (Jap. ty) (J ap. bef. 1931) 2. bef. 1929) 6. J VI 'Taisho-n,)-hokori' (Pride of Taisho Dynas- J I 'Yaso-no-mine' (White Hair of the Aged ty) (Jap. bef. 1931) WHo Man) (J ap. bef. 1930) 1. J IV 'Taiyo' (Sun) (Jap. bef. 1931) WHo 2. J 'Yaso-okina' (Venerable Man) (Jap. bef. J II 'Tama-fuyo' (Jeweled Lotus) (J ap. bef. 1893) SW. 1, 2. 1919) MT, SW, UW, WHo 2, 4. C VII 'Yo-boku' (Distinguished Appearance) 2. J II 'Tama-j ishi' (Jeweled Lion) (Jade Lion) J IV 'Yo-meimon' (The Most Gorgeous Gate of (J ap. bef. 1926) TY. Japan) (Yomei gate of Nikko shrine) J IV 'Tama-midori' (Green Jade) (Jap. bef. 1926) (Jap. bef. 1929) 6. SW. J II 'Yomo-zackura' (Cherry Blossoms Every- J I 'Tama-sudare' (Jeweled Screen) (Tracery where) (J ap. be£. 1927) 2. of Precious Gems) (Jap. be£. 1931) SW, J V 'Yoro-nishiki' (Authority Brocade) (Chin. TY, WHo 2, 4. be£. 1910) UW. J I 'Tama-usagi' (Jeweled Rabbit) (Jap. bef. J VII 'Yoyo-no-homare' (Glory of Many Genera- 1919) SW, TY. tions) (J ap. be£. 1893) MT, WHo 6.

[60] Our A pprecia tion

The Managing Editor, acting upon the instructions of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors, and in behalf of the membership of the American Hor­ ticultural Society, has the pleasant responsibility to acknowledge the appreciation and to record the indebt­ edness of the Society, to those individuals, through whose combined generosity, knowledge, skill, and patience, this present work is contributed to the annals of horticulture: To Dr. John C. Wister, Dir@ctor of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation, Swarthmore, Pennsyl­ vania, renowned authority on the tree peonies; to Coauthor Harold E. Wolfe, Belleville, Illinois, nurs­ eryman-to-be; and to Photographer Gertrude M. Smith, Garden Consultant, Upper Montclair, New Jersey, for providing the manuscripts and illustrations. To Mr. Edward Lauer, McArdle Printing Company, Washington, D. c., for engaging Artist Jack Willis to design the front cover. To Editor and Publisher John R. Whiting, New York City, and the members of his staff, for granting permission to use the colored illustration of Tree Peony 'Nishiki-no-shitone,' which originally appeared on the May 1954 cover of Flower G1'owe1', and for his over­ seeing the preparation of the electrotypes. (The original plates were made from a color transparency taken by Mr. Samuel Gottscho (Gottscho-Schleisner Photographers) in the garden of Mr. Earl Morse, Great Neck, Long Island.) To the American Peony Society, through its Secre­ tary, George W. Peyton, Rapidan, Virginia, for its subscription to an additional printing of this issue for its membership. And to the many persons associated with the culture of the tree peonies who made possible the data recorded here111. . • [611 A List of Societies Affiliated With The American Horticultural Society

America n Association of N ur sp. rymen American Begonia Society American Begoni a Society, San F rancisco Branch Ameri can Begonia Society, Santa Barbara Branch American Camell ia Society American Gesneria Society Ameri can Gloxinia Society American Iris Socicty American Peony Society American Rhododendron Society, :Middle Atlantic Chapter American Rose Society Bel-Air Ga rdcn Club, Inc. (Cali fo rnia) Birmingham H orticultural Society Castus and Succ ul ent Society of America California Horticultural Society Chestnut H ill Garden Club ClvIa sachusetts) Chevy Chase (D. C) Ga rden Club Fauquier and Loudoun Ga rden Club (Virginia) Garden Center of Greater Cin cinnati Ga rden Club of Alexandria (Virginia) Garden Club of Chevy Cha5e, Maryland Ga rden Clu b of Danvill e (Virginia) Ga rden Cl ub of Fairfax (Virginia) Ga rden Cl ub of Indiana Garden Club of Virginia Garden Library of lvI ichigan Georgetown Garden Club (D. C) Gulfpo rt Horticultural Society Hemerocalli s Society Herb Society of America Houston Horti cultural Society Iowa State H orticultural Society Men's Garden Club of Montgomery (Maryland ) County Michigan H orticultural Society Mid west H orticultural Society Nati onal Capital Dahlia Society National Capital Garden Club League North American Li ly Society Northern N ut Growers' Association, Inc. Perennial Garden Club (D. C) P lai nfiel d Garden Club (New Jersey) Potomac Rose Society (D. C) San F rancisco Garden Club Takoma Horticultural Society (Maryland ) Washington (D. C) Ga rden Club \V orcester County H orticultural Society