DOCSLIB.ORG

Ross River Virus January 2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ross River Virus January 2013 Centre for Disease Control Ross River virus January 2013 What is Ross River virus (RRV) disease? It is a viral disease caused by the Ross River virus and is characterised by painful or swollen joints lasting from days to months. Symptoms usually settle by themselves. • How is it spread? RRV infection cannot be spread from person The illness generally begins with painful to person. The virus is transmitted to humans (sometimes swollen) joints and muscle and by the bite of an infected mosquito. The tendon pain. The most commonly affected mosquitoes present in the Northern Territory joints are the ankles, fingers, knees and wrists. (NT) that can spread the virus are Culex The pain usually develops rapidly, may be annulirostris (common banded mosquito), intense, and may be more severe in different Aedes vigilax (salt marsh mosquito), Aedes joints at different times. Other symptoms normanensis (flood water mosquito) and include a raised red rash affecting mostly Aedes notoscriptus (backyard mosquito). limbs and trunk, fever, fatigue, headache, light Many people, particularly children, even if intolerance and swollen glands. Less common bitten by an infected mosquito, do not develop symptoms include sore eyes and throat, any symptoms of the disease. nausea and tingling in the palms of the hands or soles of the feet. Where and when is the virus Fever, nausea and the skin rash usually found? disappear within the first 1 or 2 weeks of illness. Joint, muscle and tendon pain may last RRV is found throughout Australia, Papua New much longer, and can be distressing. Some Guinea, parts of Indonesia and the western people also have lingering fatigue, lethargy Pacific Islands. and depression. In the NT, the main risk season is from Symptoms subside eventually and leave few December to March inclusive with the highest or no after-effects. It is not possible at present risk period in January when large numbers to say how long an individual person will take of mosquitoes result from either high tides or to get better. increased rainfall. Humid conditions enable mosquitoes to live longer, which allows more Some adults with RRV infection recover within chance for a mosquito to pick up a virus 2 to 6 weeks of onset of the illness and most from the animal reservoir (usually marsupials people will progressively improve over 3 to 6 such as kangaroos and wallabies) and to live months. A minority of people (about 15%) will long enough for it to multiply and infect the still be unwell at 3 months, and at 6 months mosquito and then pass it on to humans in about 5% will have persistent joint pains and saliva when it bites. lethargy. A small minority (up to 2%) of people may What are the symptoms? have residual symptoms after a year. In Symptoms vary from person to person and general people with symptoms after a year may appear from 3 days to 3 weeks after being should be re-investigated and other forms of bitten, most commonly within 7 to 14 days. arthritis considered. www.nt.gov.au/health Ross River virus CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL People with long-term symptoms are not • If camping out sleep in a mosquito-proof sick all the time. By 3 months, many people tent or under a mosquito net. Repellents experience some days when they are well and only protect against mosquito bites for up others when they are not, and as time goes by, to four hours, not all night. the latter become less frequent, but symptoms • Avoid scents on the body, e.g. perfume, may recur suddenly and without warning. deodorants, and sweat, since these can As a rule, once you’ve had RRV once, you attract mosquitoes. won’t get it again. However, there have been • Use personal repellents containing DEET a few rare cases of people developing RRV or picaridin on areas of exposed skin in more than once in their lifetime. combination with protective clothing. Children tend to experience milder symptoms • Use electric insecticide devices using of shorter duration than adults. repellent treated pads in indoor or enclosed What is the treatment? areas. • Use mosquito coils, or candle heated or RRV infection is diagnosed by a blood test. gas operated devices using insecticide There is no vaccine to prevent RRV infection, treated pads for patio and veranda or and there is no medical cure for the disease. relatively sheltered or low wind outdoor Medical treatment is aimed at easing joint situations. pains and swelling, and minimising fatigue For more information on protection measures and lethargy. For some people, simple pain- see Personal protection from mosquitoes. killers like aspirin or paracetamol are sufficient. Others will require stronger medications to ease the inflammation. Emotional stress, physical fatigue and alcohol may cause symptoms to worsen or to last For more information contact your longer. nearest Centre for Disease Control. How can it be prevented? Darwin 8922 8044 Katherine 8973 9049 Try to reduce the number of places on your property where mosquitoes can breed. Alice Springs 8951 7540 Any pools of water, even if tiny, can provide Tennant Creek 8962 4259 breeding sites for mosquitoes. Nhulunbuy 8987 0357 The only protection from RRV is to avoid being or www.nt.gov.au/health/cdc bitten by mosquitoes. For more information on mosquitoes and Personal protective measures virus ecology contact • Stay indoors when mosquitoes are most Centre for Disease Control, active, from just before, until 2 hours after Medical Entomology on 8922 8901. sunset. For more information regarding support groups and education call the Arthritis • Ensure flyscreens in houses or caravans Foundation of the NT on 8948 5232. are in good condition. www.nt.gov.au/health Ross River virus.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mosquitoes in DENGUE MOSQUITOES the World? ARE MOST ACTIVE DURING BO the DAY AROUND a U S T YOUR YARD T SALTMARSH MOSQUITOES C ARE MOST a ACTIVE at DUSK
    Mosquito awareness Did you know... Mosquito species there are 3500 vary in their species of biting behaviour mosquitoes in DENGUE MOSQUITOES the world? ARE MOST ACTIVE DURING BO THE DAY AROUND A U S T YOUR YARD T SALTMARSH MOSQUITOES C ARE MOST A ACTIVE AT DUSK AND DAWN F Council conducts 300 SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA mosquito control 40 SPECIES IN TOWNSVILLE World's COUNCIL CONDUCTS deadliest MOSQUITO CONTROL ON MOSQUITOES PUBLIC LAND, USING BOTH animals GROUND AND AERIAL TREATMENTS TO TARGET NUMBER OF PEOPLE MOSQUITO LARVAE. KILLED BY ANIMALS PER YEAR Mosquitoes wings beat 300-600 times per second Mosquitoes Mosquitoes can carry are attracted many diseases. to humans FROM THE ODOURS AND CARBON DIOXIDE WE EXPIRE FROM BREATHING Protect yourself OR SWEATING. townsville.qld.gov.au and your family Mosquitoes distance of travel 13 48 10 from mosquito bites from breeding point by using personal DENGUE MOSQUITO SALTMARSH MOSQUITO protection. 200M 50KM BREEDING PLACE Mosquito Mosquito Mosquito life cycle disease prevention A mosquito is an insect characterised by Protect yourself Did you know... Dengue. 1. Three body parts against disease-carrying Townsville City Do your weekly a. Head mosquitoes Council undertakes yard check. b. Thorax c. Abdomen reactive inspection ARE YOU MAKING DENGUE Mosquito borne How do of properties within MOSSIES WELCOME 2. A proboscis (for AROUND YOUR HOME? piercing and sucking) diseases found in mosquitoes the Townsville local TAKE RESPONSIBILITY TO 3. One pair of antennae Townsville include transmit government area PROTECT YOURSELF AND 4. One pair of wings YOUR FAMILY BY CHECKING Ross River virus diseases? based on customer YOUR YARD FOR ANYTHING 5.
    [Show full text]
  • California Encephalitis Orthobunyaviruses in Northern Europe
    California encephalitis orthobunyaviruses in northern Europe NIINA PUTKURI Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Doctoral Program in Biomedicine Doctoral School in Health Sciences Academic Dissertation To be presented for public examination with the permission of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, in lecture hall 13 at the Main Building, Fabianinkatu 33, Helsinki, 23rd September 2016 at 12 noon. Helsinki 2016 Supervisors Professor Olli Vapalahti Department of Virology and Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Department of Virology and Immunology, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland Professor Antti Vaheri Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Reviewers Docent Heli Harvala Simmonds Unit for Laboratory surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden and European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden Docent Pamela Österlund Viral Infections Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Offical Opponent Professor Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research National Reference Centre for Tropical Infectious Disease Hamburg, Germany ISBN 978-951-51-2399-2 (PRINT) ISBN 978-951-51-2400-5 (PDF, available
    [Show full text]
  • The Non-Human Reservoirs of Ross River Virus: a Systematic Review of the Evidence Eloise B
    Stephenson et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:188 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2733-8 REVIEW Open Access The non-human reservoirs of Ross River virus: a systematic review of the evidence Eloise B. Stephenson1*, Alison J. Peel1, Simon A. Reid2, Cassie C. Jansen3,4 and Hamish McCallum1 Abstract: Understanding the non-human reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens is critical for effective disease control, but identifying the relative contributions of the various reservoirs of multi-host pathogens is challenging. For Ross River virus (RRV), knowledge of the transmission dynamics, in particular the role of non-human species, is important. In Australia, RRV accounts for the highest number of human mosquito-borne virus infections. The long held dogma that marsupials are better reservoirs than placental mammals, which are better reservoirs than birds, deserves critical review. We present a review of 50 years of evidence on non-human reservoirs of RRV, which includes experimental infection studies, virus isolation studies and serosurveys. We find that whilst marsupials are competent reservoirs of RRV, there is potential for placental mammals and birds to contribute to transmission dynamics. However, the role of these animals as reservoirs of RRV remains unclear due to fragmented evidence and sampling bias. Future investigations of RRV reservoirs should focus on quantifying complex transmission dynamics across environments. Keywords: Amplifier, Experimental infection, Serology, Virus isolation, Host, Vector-borne disease, Arbovirus Background transmission dynamics among arboviruses has resulted in Vertebrate reservoir hosts multiple definitions for the key term “reservoir” [9]. Given Globally, most pathogens of medical and veterinary im- the diversity of virus-vector-vertebrate host interactions, portance can infect multiple host species [1].
    [Show full text]
  • A New Orbivirus Isolated from Mosquitoes in North-Western Australia Shows Antigenic and Genetic Similarity to Corriparta Virus B
    viruses Article A New Orbivirus Isolated from Mosquitoes in North-Western Australia Shows Antigenic and Genetic Similarity to Corriparta Virus but Does Not Replicate in Vertebrate Cells Jessica J. Harrison 1,†, David Warrilow 2,†, Breeanna J. McLean 1, Daniel Watterson 1, Caitlin A. O’Brien 1, Agathe M.G. Colmant 1, Cheryl A. Johansen 3, Ross T. Barnard 1, Sonja Hall-Mendelin 2, Steven S. Davis 4, Roy A. Hall 1 and Jody Hobson-Peters 1,* 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; [email protected] (J.J.H.); [email protected] (B.J.M.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (C.A.O.B.); [email protected] (A.M.G.C.); [email protected] (R.T.B.); [email protected] (R.A.H.) 2 Public Health Virology Laboratory, Department of Health, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 594, Archerfield 4108, Australia; [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (S.H.-M.) 3 School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia; [email protected] 4 Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Darwin 0828, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-7-3365-4648 † These authors contributed equally to the work. Academic Editor: Karyn Johnson Received: 19 February 2016; Accepted: 10 May 2016; Published: 20 May 2016 Abstract: The discovery and characterisation of new mosquito-borne viruses provides valuable information on the biodiversity of vector-borne viruses and important insights into their evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Sequencing of Historical Isolates, K-Mer Mining and High Serological Cross-Reactivity with Ross River Virus Argue Against the Presence of Getah Virus in Australia
    pathogens Article Sequencing of Historical Isolates, K-mer Mining and High Serological Cross-Reactivity with Ross River Virus Argue against the Presence of Getah Virus in Australia 1, 1, 1 2 3 Daniel J. Rawle y , Wilson Nguyen y , Troy Dumenil , Rhys Parry , David Warrilow , Bing Tang 1, Thuy T. Le 1, Andrii Slonchak 2, Alexander A. Khromykh 2,4, Viviana P. Lutzky 1, Kexin Yan 1 and Andreas Suhrbier 1,4,* 1 Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; [email protected] (D.J.R.); [email protected] (W.N.); [email protected] (T.D.); [email protected] (B.T.); [email protected] (T.T.L.); [email protected] (V.P.L.); [email protected] (K.Y.) 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; [email protected] (R.P.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (A.A.K.) 3 Public Health Virology Laboratory, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; [email protected] 4 GVN Center of Excellence, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4006 and 4072, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors equally contributed to this work. y Received: 14 September 2020; Accepted: 15 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus primarily associated with disease in horses and pigs in Asia. GETV was also reported to have been isolated from mosquitoes in Australia in 1961; however, retrieval and sequencing of the original isolates (N544 and N554), illustrated that these viruses were virtually identical to the 1955 GETVMM2021 isolate from Malaysia.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinically Important Vector-Borne Diseases of Europe
    Natalie Cleton, DVM Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Department of Viroscience [email protected] No potential conflicts of interest to disclose © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Erasmus Medical Centre Department of Viroscience Laboratory Diagnosis of Arboviruses © by author Natalie Cleton ESCMID Online LectureMarion Library Koopmans Chantal Reusken [email protected] Distribution Arboviruses with public health impact have a global and ever changing distribution © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Notifications of vector-borne diseases in the last 6 months on Healthmap.org Syndromes of arboviral diseases 1) Febrile syndrome: – Fever & Malaise – Headache & retro-orbital pain – Myalgia 2) Neurological syndrome: – Meningitis, encephalitis & myelitis – Convulsions & coma – Paralysis 3) Hemorrhagic syndrome: – Low platelet count, liver enlargement – Petechiae © by author – Spontaneous or persistent bleeding – Shock 4) Arthralgia,ESCMID Arthritis and Online Rash: Lecture Library – Exanthema or maculopapular rash – Polyarthralgia & polyarthritis Human arboviruses: 4 main virus families Family Genus Species examples Flaviviridae flavivirus Dengue 1-5 (DENV) West Nile virus (WNV) Yellow fever virus (YFV) Zika virus (ZIKV) Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) Togaviridae alphavirus Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) O’Nyong Nyong virus (ONNV) Mayaro virus (MAYV) Sindbis virus (SINV) Ross River virus (RRV) Barmah forest virus (BFV) Bunyaviridae nairo-, phlebo-©, orthobunyavirus by authorCrimean -Congo heamoragic fever (CCHFV) Sandfly fever virus
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Groups: Viruses (C) 1988, American Biological Safety Association
    Rev.: 1.0 Risk Groups: Viruses (c) 1988, American Biological Safety Association BL RG RG RG RG RG LCDC-96 Belgium-97 ID Name Viral group Comments BMBL-93 CDC NIH rDNA-97 EU-96 Australia-95 HP AP (Canada) Annex VIII Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus (Grp 2 Absettarov, TBE 4 4 4 implied 3 3 4 + B Arbovirus) Acute haemorrhagic taxonomy 2, Enterovirus 3 conjunctivitis virus Picornaviridae 2 + different 70 (AHC) Adenovirus 4 Adenoviridae 2 2 (incl animal) 2 2 + (human,all types) 5 Aino X-Arboviruses 6 Akabane X-Arboviruses 7 Alastrim Poxviridae Restricted 4 4, Foot-and- 8 Aphthovirus Picornaviridae 2 mouth disease + viruses 9 Araguari X-Arboviruses (feces of children 10 Astroviridae Astroviridae 2 2 + + and lambs) Avian leukosis virus 11 Viral vector/Animal retrovirus 1 3 (wild strain) + (ALV) 3, (Rous 12 Avian sarcoma virus Viral vector/Animal retrovirus 1 sarcoma virus, + RSV wild strain) 13 Baculovirus Viral vector/Animal virus 1 + Togaviridae/ Alphavirus (Grp 14 Barmah Forest 2 A Arbovirus) 15 Batama X-Arboviruses 16 Batken X-Arboviruses Togaviridae/ Alphavirus (Grp 17 Bebaru virus 2 2 2 2 + A Arbovirus) 18 Bhanja X-Arboviruses 19 Bimbo X-Arboviruses Blood-borne hepatitis 20 viruses not yet Unclassified viruses 2 implied 2 implied 3 (**)D 3 + identified 21 Bluetongue X-Arboviruses 22 Bobaya X-Arboviruses 23 Bobia X-Arboviruses Bovine 24 immunodeficiency Viral vector/Animal retrovirus 3 (wild strain) + virus (BIV) 3, Bovine Bovine leukemia 25 Viral vector/Animal retrovirus 1 lymphosarcoma + virus (BLV) virus wild strain Bovine papilloma Papovavirus/
    [Show full text]
  • OSAC Health Security Snapshot: Ross River Virus Disease (RRVD)
    OSAC Health Security Snapshot: Ross River Virus Disease (RRVD) Product of the Research & Information Support Center (RISC) The following is based on open-source reporting. It is designed to give a brief snapshot of a particular outbreak. For additional information, please contact OSAC’s Global Health and Pandemic Analyst. June 6, 2017 What is Breaking Out? Ross River virus disease (RRVD) is spread through mosquito bites. About 55%–75% of people who are infected do not feel sick. For those who do feel sick, symptoms of RRVD include joint (most commonly wrists, knees, ankles, fingers, elbows, shoulders, and jaw) pain and swelling, muscle pain, fever, tiredness, and rash. Joint pain may impact different joints at different times. Most patients recover within a few weeks, but some people experience joint pain, joint stiffness, or tiredness for many months. About 10% of people have ongoing depression and fatigue. Ross River virus disease is not fatal. Where is it Breaking Out? Ross River virus infection is the most common mosquito-related infection in Australia. RRVD had been considered a greater risk in rural regions of Australia; however, there have been outbreaks in the suburbs of Brisbane, Sydney, and Perth. In 2015, Brisbane was the epicenter of the largest outbreak of RRV since 1996. An outbreak in 1979-1980 in South Pacific islands resulted in more than 500,000 cases in American Samoa, Fiji, the Cook Islands, and New Caledonia. Since then, a large-scale RRVD outbreak has not occurred in the region. However, transmission from regional travelers -- most notably from Fiji -- does continue.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes
    Review A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes Ferdinand Nanfack Minkeu 1,2,3 and Kenneth D. Vernick 1,2,* 1 Institut Pasteur, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France; [email protected] 2 CNRS, Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling and Health (UMR2000), 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France 3 Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-1-4061-3642 Received: 7 April 2018; Accepted: 21 April 2018; Published: 25 April 2018 Abstract: Anopheles mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria, but they also harbor viruses, collectively termed the virome. The Anopheles virome is relatively poorly studied, and the number and function of viruses are unknown. Only the o’nyong-nyong arbovirus (ONNV) is known to be consistently transmitted to vertebrates by Anopheles mosquitoes. A systematic literature review searched four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Lissa. In addition, online and print resources were searched manually. The searches yielded 259 records. After screening for eligibility criteria, we found at least 51 viruses reported in Anopheles, including viruses with potential to cause febrile disease if transmitted to humans or other vertebrates. Studies to date have not provided evidence that Anopheles consistently transmit and maintain arboviruses other than ONNV. However, anthropophilic Anopheles vectors of malaria are constantly exposed to arboviruses in human bloodmeals. It is possible that in malaria-endemic zones, febrile symptoms may be commonly misdiagnosed.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Non-Human Vertebrates in Australia: a Review
    viruses Review Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Non-Human Vertebrates in Australia: A Review Oselyne T. W. Ong 1,2 , Eloise B. Skinner 3,4 , Brian J. Johnson 2 and Julie M. Old 5,* 1 Children’s Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; [email protected] 2 Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; [email protected] 3 Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; [email protected] 4 Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 5 School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Mosquito-borne viruses are well recognized as a global public health burden amongst humans, but the effects on non-human vertebrates is rarely reported. Australia, houses a number of endemic mosquito-borne viruses, such as Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, and Murray Valley encephalitis virus. In this review, we synthesize the current state of mosquito-borne viruses impacting non-human vertebrates in Australia, including diseases that could be introduced due to local mosquito distribution. Given the unique island biogeography of Australia and the endemism of vertebrate species (including macropods and monotremes), Australia is highly susceptible to foreign mosquito species becoming established, and mosquito-borne viruses becoming endemic alongside novel reservoirs. For each virus, we summarize the known geographic distribution, mosquito vectors, vertebrate hosts, clinical signs and treatments, and highlight the importance of including non-human vertebrates in the assessment of future disease outbreaks. The mosquito-borne viruses discussed can impact wildlife, livestock, and companion animals, causing significant changes to Australian Citation: Ong, O.T.W.; Skinner, E.B.; ecology and economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Directive (Eu)
    L 279/54 EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union 31.10.2019 COMMISSION DIRECTIVE (EU) 2019/1833 of 24 October 2019 amending Annexes I, III, V and VI to Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards purely technical adjustments THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work (1), and in particular Article 19 thereof, Whereas: (1) Principle 10 of the European Pillar of Social Rights (2), proclaimed at Gothenburg on 17 November 2017, provides that every worker has the right to a healthy, safe and well-adapted working environment. The workers’ right to a high level of protection of their health and safety at work and to a working environment that is adapted to their professional needs and that enables them to prolong their participation in the labour market includes protection from exposure to biological agents at work. (2) The implementation of the directives related to the health and safety of workers at work, including Directive 2000/54/EC, was the subject of an ex-post evaluation, referred to as a REFIT evaluation. The evaluation looked at the directives’ relevance, at research and at new scientific knowledge in the various fields concerned. The REFIT evaluation, referred to in the Commission Staff Working Document (3), concludes, among other things, that the classified list of biological agents in Annex III to Directive 2000/54/EC needs to be amended in light of scientific and technical progress and that consistency with other relevant directives should be enhanced.
    [Show full text]
  • Ross River Virus and Barmah Forest Virus This Sheet Has Been Written for People Affected by Ross River Virus Or Barmah Forest Virus
    ARTHRIINFORMATIONTI SHEETS ARTHRIINFORMATIONTI SHEETS Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus This sheet has been written for people affected by Ross River virus or Barmah Forest virus. It provides general information to help you understand how you may be affected and what you can do to manage it. It also tells you where to find further information and advice. What is Ross River virus and in regions with a warm, humid climate that are close Barmah Forest virus? to bodies of water where mosquitoes breed. Outbreaks Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus are infections also occur when local conditions of rainfall, tides and that are spread to humans through mosquito bites. temperature result in increased mosquito populations. They cause similar illnesses, including joint How is it diagnosed? inflammation and pain. People of all ages are at risk of Anyone who develops symptoms of these viruses developing these infections. Ross River virus is the most should see a doctor so that the exact condition can be common and widespread of mosquito borne diseases diagnosed. Your doctor can diagnose Ross River virus that infect humans in Australia. It is also known as or Barmah Forest virus infection from your symptoms epidemic polyarthritis. and physical examination. A blood test can confirm that there has been recent infection by the virus although it What are the symptoms? may need to be repeated to be certain. Your doctor may The majority of people infected with these viruses have also order blood tests to help rule out other types of slight or no symptoms. About three out of ten people arthritis as the symptoms may be similar.
    [Show full text]