Burundi Poverty Assessment

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Burundi Poverty Assessment Republic of Burundi Burundi Poverty Assessment June, 2016 GPV01 AFRICA 1 Contents Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... 9 Acronyms And Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 10 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter I – Country Context: Historical Review, Outlook And Projections ....................... 29 I. A History Of Violence Linked To Poor Economic Performance .......................................... 29 Ii. Recent Events And Macroeconomic Trends ......................................................................... 38 Iii. An Uncertain Future .............................................................................................................. 40 Chapter II – The Extent Of Poverty And Inequality............................................................... 42 I. Snapshot Of Consumption Poverty In 2013-14 ..................................................................... 43 Ii. Characteristics Of The Poor ................................................................................................... 49 Iii. The Level And Structure Of Inequality ................................................................................. 59 Chapter III – Evolution Of Households Living Conditions .................................................... 69 I. Poverty Trend Since 2006 ...................................................................................................... 69 Ii. Household Demographic Characteristics ............................................................................... 72 Iii. Human Capital Outcomes ...................................................................................................... 74 Iv. Household Living Conditions ................................................................................................ 79 V. Consequences Of Violence On Households Welfare ............................................................ 88 Chapter IV – Governance, Fragility And Persisting Poverty ................................................. 91 I. Institutional And Governance Quality ................................................................................... 91 Ii. Impact Of Weak Governance On Poverty And Welfare ..................................................... 101 Chapter V – Employment In Formal And Informal Economy ............................................ 104 I. A Snapshot Of Employment In Burundi .............................................................................. 104 Ii. Informal Non-Farming Enterprises ...................................................................................... 112 Iii. Employment Dynamics, 1998-2014 .................................................................................... 120 Chapter VI – Agricultural Situation In Burundi ................................................................... 129 I. Snapshot Of Agricultural Sector In Burundi’s Economy .................................................... 130 Ii. Food Production: Characteristics And Performances .......................................................... 136 Iii. Bottlenecks And Existing Constraints ................................................................................. 144 2 Chapter VII – Environmental Degradation, Climate Change, And Poverty ...................... 152 I. Change In Wealth Per Capita And Natural Capital Depletion ............................................ 152 Ii. Deforestation, Land Degradation And Poverty ................................................................... 154 Burundi’s Geographic Regions ................................................................................................ 161 References .................................................................................................................................. 163 Appendices ................................................................................................................................. 168 Appendix I – Poverty Estimation Data And Methodology ......................................................... 168 Appendix Ii – The Unconditional Quantile Regression Method ................................................ 176 Appendix Iii – Inefficiency On The Burundian Agriculture ...................................................... 179 3 List of Tables Table I.1: Selected economic indicators (averages 2005-14) for selected benchmark countries ................................. 34 Table I.2: Selected Economic and Social Indicators, Projections 2015-2018 ............................................................. 40 Table II.1: The Burundi households’ demographic structure in 2014 – Spatial location............................................. 49 Table II.2: The Burundi households’ demographic structure in 2014 – Poverty status. .............................................. 49 Table II.3: The Burundi households’ demographic structure in 2006 – Spatial location............................................. 50 Table II.4: The Burundi households’ demographic structure in 2006 – Vulnerability status. ..................................... 50 Table II.5: Poverty incidences for people living in households with disabled members – Spatial location ................ 52 Table II.6: Access to durable goods............................................................................................................................. 55 Table II.7: Head’s migration and poverty incidence.................................................................................................... 55 Table II.8: Head’s migration and number of poor (1) .................................................................................................... 55 Table II.9: Multivariate regression, select indicators for poverty and wellbeing, migrant/non-migrant HH ............... 57 Table II.10: Probability regression analysis (logit) for the correlates of migrations vs no migrations in 2014. .......... 57 Table II.11: Decomposition of inequality by household attributes .............................................................................. 62 Table III.1: Households’ demographic characteristics ................................................................................................ 73 Table III.2: Literacy (read and write in Kirundi or other languages) rate by geographical area (percentage) ............. 74 Table III.3: Household’s education structure............................................................................................................... 75 Table III.4: Health spending (total and per capita) ...................................................................................................... 78 Table III.5: Malnutrition by regions (percentage) ....................................................................................................... 78 Table III.6: Food insecurity by provinces (percentage) ............................................................................................... 79 Table III.7: Trends in assets ownership (percentage) .................................................................................................. 80 Table III.8: Trends in dwelling conditions and access to basic services (percentage) ................................................. 80 Table III.9: Trends in access to basic services (percentage) ........................................................................................ 81 Table III.10: Access to improved sanitations (percentage) .......................................................................................... 82 Table III.11: Energy sources used (percentage) .......................................................................................................... 82 Table III.12: Access to improved domestic waste and sewage disposal (percentage) ................................................. 83 Table III.13: Illness/injuries during last 4 weeks (percentage) .................................................................................... 86 Table III.14: Households’ consultation of health facility or traditional healer during last 4 weeks (percentage) ....... 87 Table III.15: Key reasons for not consulting health services while the person was sick or injured (percentage) ........ 87 Table V.1: Employment by Gender and Employment Status (Employment share by job category, 2014) ............... 107 Table V.2: Employment by Age Category and Employment Status (Employment share by job category, 2014) .... 108 Table V.3: Share of workers with a secondary job in and outside of agriculture (percentage) ................................. 109 Table V.4: Worker characteristics by employment category (percentage) ................................................................ 110 Table V.5: Employment by Type of Worker and Production Unit (Percentage of total workforce employed) ........ 112 Table V.6: Non-Farming Informal Employment by Age Group and Urban/Rural (percentage) ............................... 113 Table V.7: Non-Farming Informal Employment by Level of Education and Gender (Percentage) .......................... 114
Recommended publications
  • Situation Report #2, Fiscal Year (FY) 2003 March 25, 2003 Note: the Last Situation Report Was Dated November 18, 2002
    U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT BUREAU FOR DEMOCRACY, CONFLICT, AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (DCHA) OFFICE OF U.S. FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA) BURUNDI – Complex Emergency Situation Report #2, Fiscal Year (FY) 2003 March 25, 2003 Note: The last situation report was dated November 18, 2002. BACKGROUND The Tutsi minority, which represents 14 percent of Burundi’s 6.85 million people, has dominated the country politically, militarily, and economically since national independence in 1962. Approximately 85 percent of Burundi’s population is Hutu, and approximately one percent is Twa (Batwa). The current cycle of violence began in October 1993 when members within the Tutsi-dominated army assassinated the first freely elected President, Melchoir Ndadaye (Hutu), sparking Hutu-Tutsi fighting. Ndadaye’s successor, Cyprien Ntariyama (Hutu), was killed in a plane crash on April 6, 1994, alongside Rwandan President Habyarimana. Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (Hutu) took power and served as President until July 1996, when a military coup d’etat brought current President Pierre Buyoya (Tutsi) to power. Since 1993, an estimated 300,000 Burundians have been killed. In August 2000, nineteen Burundian political parties signed the Peace and Reconciliation Agreement in Arusha, Tanzania, overseen by peace process facilitator, former South African President Nelson Mandela. The Arusha Peace Accords include provisions for an ethnically balanced army and legislature, and for democratic elections to take place after three years of transitional government. The three-year transition period began on November 1, 2001. President Pierre Buyoya is serving as president for the first 18 months of the transition period, to be followed in May 2003 by a Hutu president for the final 18 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective
    UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective Jack Dominic Palmer University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy January 2017 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ©2017 The University of Leeds and Jack Dominic Palmer. The right of Jack Dominic Palmer to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Jack Dominic Palmer in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would firstly like to thank Dr Mark Davis and Dr Tom Campbell. The quality of their guidance, insight and friendship has been a huge source of support and has helped me through tough periods in which my motivation and enthusiasm for the project were tested to their limits. I drew great inspiration from the insightful and constructive critical comments and recommendations of Dr Shirley Tate and Dr Austin Harrington when the thesis was at the upgrade stage, and I am also grateful for generous follow-up discussions with the latter. I am very appreciative of the staff members in SSP with whom I have worked closely in my teaching capacities, as well as of the staff in the office who do such a great job at holding the department together.
    [Show full text]
  • Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS for PEACE an MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT an MRG INTERNATIONAL
    Minority Rights Group International R E P O R Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS FOR PEACE AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT AN MRG INTERNATIONAL BY FILIP REYNTJENS BURUNDI: Acknowledgements PROSPECTS FOR PEACE Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully acknowledges the support of Trócaire and all the orga- Internally displaced © Minority Rights Group 2000 nizations and individuals who gave financial and other people. Child looking All rights reserved assistance for this Report. after his younger Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- sibling. commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- This Report has been commissioned and is published by GIACOMO PIROZZI/PANOS PICTURES mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the For further information please contact MRG. issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in ISBN 1 897 693 53 2 all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. ISSN 0305 6252 Published November 2000 MRG is grateful to all the staff and independent expert Typeset by Texture readers who contributed to this Report, in particular Kat- Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. rina Payne (Commissioning Editor) and Sophie Rich- mond (Reports Editor). THE AUTHOR Burundi: FILIP REYNTJENS teaches African Law and Politics at A specialist on the Great Lakes Region, Professor Reynt- the universities of Antwerp and Brussels.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: a Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi Foday Darboe [email protected]
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2018 A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi Foday Darboe [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Foday Darboe. 2018. A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. (108) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/108. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi by Foday Darboe A Dissertation Presented to the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nova Southeastern University 2018 Copyright © by Foday Darboe June 2018 July 6th, 2018 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to all the research participants in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS MAP OF BURUNDI I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 II THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGROUPMENT CAMPS ...................................... 2 III OTHER CAMPS FOR DISPLACED POPULATIONS ........................................ 4 IV HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS DURING REGROUPMENT ......................... 6 Extrajudicial executions ......................................................................................... 6 Property destruction ............................................................................................... 8 Possible prisoners of conscience............................................................................ 8 V HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN THE CAMPS ........................................... 8 Undue restrictions on freedom of movement ......................................................... 8 "Disappearances" ................................................................................................... 9 Life-threatening conditions .................................................................................. 10 Insecurity in the context of armed conflict .......................................................... 11 VI HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS DISGUISED AS PROTECTION ................ 12 VII CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 14 VIII RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................... 15
    [Show full text]
  • The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi
    Human Rights as Means for Peace : the Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi Author: Fidele Ingiyimbere Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2475 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2011 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE-SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AND MINISTY S.T.L THESIS Human Rights as Means for Peace The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi By Fidèle INGIYIMBERE, S.J. Director: Prof David HOLLENBACH, S.J. Reader: Prof Thomas MASSARO, S.J. February 10, 2011. 1 Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 0 General Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2 CHAP. I. SETTING THE SCENE IN BURUNDI ......................................................................... 8 I.1. Historical and Ecclesial Context........................................................................................... 8 I.2. 1972: A Controversial Period ............................................................................................. 15 I.3. 1983-1987: A Church-State Conflict .................................................................................. 22 I.4. 1993-2005: The Long Years of Tears................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • US Forest Service International Programs, Department of Agriculture
    US Forest Service International Programs, Department of Agriculture Republic of Burundi Technical Assistance to the US Government Mission in Burundi on Natural Resource Management and Land Use Policy Mission Dates: September 9 – 22, 2006 Constance Athman Mike Chaveas Hydrologist Africa Program Specialist Mt. Hood National Forest Office of International Programs 16400 Champion Way 1099 14th St NW, Suite 5500W Sandy, OR 97055 Washington, DC 20005 (503) 668-1672 (202) 273-4744 [email protected] [email protected] Jeanne Evenden Director of Lands Intermountain Region 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 (801) 625-5150 [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to extend our gratitude to all those who supported this mission to Burundi. In particular we would like acknowledge Ann Breiter, Deputy Chief of Mission at the US Embassy in Bujumbura for her interest in getting the US Forest Service involved in the natural resource management issues facing Burundi. We would also like to thank US Ambassador Patricia Moller for her strong interest in this work and for the support of all her staff at the US Embassy. Additionally, we are grateful to the USAID staff that provided extensive technical and logistical support prior to our arrival, as well as throughout our time in Burundi. Laura Pavlovic, Alice Nibitanga and Radegonde Bijeje were unrelentingly helpful throughout our visit and fountains of knowledge about the country, the culture, and the history of the region, as well as the various ongoing activities and actors involved in development and natural resource management programs. We would also like to express our gratitude to the Minister of Environment, Odette Kayitesi, for taking the time to meet with our team and for making key members of her staff available to accompany us during our field visits.
    [Show full text]
  • Stoking the Fires
    STOKING THE FIRES Military Assistance and Arms Trafficking in Burundi Human Rights Watch Arms Project Human Rights Watch New York AAA Washington AAA London AAA Brussels Copyright 8 December 1997 by Human Rights Watch All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-177-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-80896 Human Rights Watch Arms Project The Human Rights Watch Arms Project was established in 1992 to monitor and prevent arms transfers to governments or organizations that commit gross violations of internationally recognized human rights and the rules of war and promote freedom of information regarding arms transfers worldwide. Joost R. Hiltermann is the director; Stephen D. Goose is the program director; Loretta Bondì is the Advocacy Coordinator; Andrew Cooper, and Ernst Jan Hogendoorn are research assistants; Rebecca Bell is the associate; William M. Arkin, Kathi L. Austin, Dan Connell, Monica Schurtman, and Frank Smyth are consultants. Torsten N. Wiesel is the chair of the board and Nicole Ball and Vincent McGee are the vice-chairs. Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6104 Tel: (212) 972-8400, Fax: (212) 972-0905, E-mail: [email protected] 1522 K Street, N.W., #910, Washington, DC 20005-1202 Tel: (202) 371-6592, Fax: (202) 371-0124, E-mail: [email protected] 33 Islington High Street, N1 9LH London, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail: [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To subscribe to the list, send an e-mail message to [email protected] with Asubscribe hrw-news@ in the body of the message (leave the subject line blank).
    [Show full text]
  • Coping with Community Financing in Burundi
    COPING WITH COMMUNITY HEALTH FINANCING: Illness costs and their implications for poor households’ abilities to pay for health care and children’s access to health services. A Study for Save the Children UK. Angela Bate Sophie Witter International Programme Centre for Health Economics University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD [email protected] Save the Children 17 Grove Lane London SE5 8RD MARCH 2003 Coping with Community Financing in Burundi. 2 CONTENTS I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 II. ACRONYMS 5 III. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 6 IV. OVERVIEW 13 PART ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 14 A. INTRODUCTION 14 B. HEALTH SECTOR 15 C. COST RECOVERY 16 PART TWO: STUDY RATIONALE 20 A. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 20 B. HYPOTHESES 21 C. METHODS 21 PART THREE: RESEARCH FINDINGS 26 A. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE 26 1. SAMPLE POPULATION 26 2. LIVELIHOODS 29 3. HOUSEHOLD SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS 32 4. OTHER FINDINGS 35 5. SUMMARY 35 B. PATTERNS OF ILLNESS 37 1. PREVALENCE OF ILLNESS 37 2. HOUSEHOLD ILLNESS 40 3. OTHER FINDINGS 41 4. SUMMARY 42 C. HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR 43 1. SEEKING TREATMENT 44 2. BARRIERS TO SEEKING TREATMENT 47 3. TREATMENT RESPONSES 49 4. OTHER FINDINGS 52 5. SUMMARY 53 D. COST OF ILLNESS 57 1. DIRECT COSTS: 57 2. COST AND QUALITY 60 3. TIME COSTS OF SEEKING CARE 62 Coping with Community Financing in Burundi. 3 4. OTHER FINDINGS 64 5. SUMMARY 65 E. HOUSEHOLD COPING STRATEGIES 66 1. OTHER FINDINGS 67 2. SUMMARY 67 F. COST PROTECTION AND RISK SHARING STRATEGIES 68 1. PRE-PAYMENT INSURANCE COVERAGE 69 2. EXEMPTIONS 72 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Burundi 2Nd 6/10/05 11:19 Am Page 1
    Burundi 2nd 6/10/05 11:19 am Page 1 Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue reportJuly2005 The Role of Informal Justice Systems in Fostering the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Situations The Case of Burundi Tracy Dexter JD Dr Philippe Ntahombaye Burundi 2nd 6/10/05 11:19 am Page 2 Report The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue is an independent and Acknowledgements impartial organisation, based in Geneva, This study was conducted at the initiative of the Centre for Humanitarian Switzerland, dedicated to Dialogue (HD Centre) based in Switzerland.The HD Centre undertook this the promotion of study in partnership with the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts humanitarian principles, University and the United States Institute for Peace. It was carried out by a the prevention of conflict team of researchers based in Burundi who benefited from the invaluable and the alleviation of its assistance of the bashingantahe institution, the officials of the Mayorship of effects through dialogue. Bujumbura and the provinces of Gitega, Makamba and Mwaro.The team of researchers warmly thanks the judges of the local tribunals, the members of 114, rue de lausanne the Commune-level bashingantahe councils, the Burundian civil society actors ch-1202 and the officials of the international organisations operating in Burundi, for geneva the data they provided to the work, and for their invaluable assistance.The switzerland team is also grateful for comments provided on earlier drafts by Ms Christine [email protected] t: + 41 22 908 11 30 Deslaurier and Mr Marcus
    [Show full text]
  • The CNDD-FDD in Burundi. the Path from Armed to Political Struggle
    This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. The CNDD-FDD in Burundi The path from armed to political struggle Willy Nindorera Berghof Transitions Series No. 10 Berghof Transitions Series Resistance/Liberation Movements and Transition to Politics Series editors Véronique Dudouet and Hans J. Giessmann The Berghof Foundation is grateful to acknowledge the project funding generously provided by the International Development Research Center, Ottawa, Canada. About this Publication Series This case-study is one of a series produced by participants in a Berghof research programme on transitions from violence to peace (Resistance and Liberation Movements in Transition). The programme’s overall aim was to learn from the experience of those in resistance or liberation movements who have used violence in their struggle but have also engaged politically during the conflict and in any peace process. Recent experience around the world has demonstrated that reaching political settlement in protracted social conflict always eventually needs the involvement of such movements. Our aim here was to discover how, from a non- state perspective, such political development is handled, what is the relationship between political and military strategies and tactics, and to learn more about how such movements (often sweepingly and simplistically bundled under the label of non-state armed groups) contribute to the transformation of conflict and to peacemaking. We aimed then to use that experiential knowledge (1) to offer support to other movements who might be considering such a shift of strategy, and (2) to help other actors (states and international) to understand more clearly how to engage meaningfully with such movements to bring about political progress and peaceful settlement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Knowledge in Burundi Stanislas Bigirimana
    11. The meaning of violence and the violence of meaning: the politics of knowledge in Burundi Stanislas Bigirimana INTRODUCTION: RESEARCH, KNOWLEDGE AND VIOLENCE IN BURUNDI This chapter starts from the premise that ‘scientific’ research is a process of discourse formation. In doing so it draws on the work of Lonergan (1957) which asserts that the process of human knowing is unified but comprises four operations, namely experiencing, understanding, judging (choosing, deciding), and acting. This conceptual insight is applied here to the case of Burundi in the Central African Great Lakes region in order to illuminate how and why the politics of knowledge is relevant both to the phenomenon of violence and its supposed solutions. Burundi completed its third election cycle in 2020. It is the first time in Burundi’s history that an elected leader has lasted more than three months. Burundi achieved independence on 1 July 1962. The newly independent state suffered instability from 1961 to 1966. In 1961, Prince Louis Rwagasore of the Union for National Progress (UPRONA) was elected on 18 September and was assassinated on 13 October. The period until 1966 was characterized by political pluralism as different groups from the ‘new’ Western-educated elite formed political parties and competed for power and votes within the context of a constitutional monarchy. This period left scars on the Burundian political imagination, reflecting the tension between the mythical foundation of a traditional monarchy of divine right and an emerging Western type democratic model aimed at abolishing inborn privileges and instituting an electoral system. In January 1965, Prime Minister Pierre Ngendandumwe was assassinated before even forming his cabinet.
    [Show full text]