Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fifth Edition)
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Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fifth Edition) DOE/GO-102016-4875 November 2016 Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agen- cy thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Every effort has been made to ensure that this manual is accurate, complete, and compre- hensive at the time of publication. It is intended to be used as a guide and resource docu- ment. The authors strongly encourage all parties with an interest in establishing E85 or other ethanol blends fueling systems to engage professional support during installation to ensure fuel integrity and systems compatibility. This document is not intended for use as a “how to” guide for individuals or organizations performing conversions. Report Contributors and Roles Lead Authors Teresa L. Alleman and Robert L. McCormick, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Contributing Authors Earl D. Christensen, Gina Fioroni, and Kristi Moriarty, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Janet Yanowitz, EcoEngineering Contents Introduction............................................................. 1 Biodiesel Basics ......................................................... 3 What is Biodiesel?..................................................... 3 How is Biodiesel Different than Renewable Diesel? ........................ 4 Benefits of Biodiesel Use............................................... 5 Other Biodiesel Attributes.............................................. 6 Lower Energy Density .............................................. 6 Low-Temperature Operability........................................ 6 Stability in Extended Storage........................................ 7 Biodiesel (B100)......................................................... 8 B100 Quality Specification ............................................. 9 Variation in Biodiesel Properties ........................................ 12 Energy Content ....................................................... 14 Low-Temperature Properties ........................................... 14 Cetane Number ....................................................... 15 Transport and Storage ................................................. 16 Stability........................................................... 16 Microbial Contamination ............................................ 17 Cleaning Effect .................................................... 18 Materials Compatibility ............................................. 18 Transport ......................................................... 18 Use of B100 and High Blend Levels...................................... 19 Biodiesel Blends......................................................... 20 Specifications......................................................... 20 B5 and Lower Blends ............................................... 20 B6 to B20 Blends .................................................. 20 Pump Labeling..................................................... 20 Low-Temperature Properties ........................................... 22 Lubricity ............................................................. 25 Blending, Storage, and Transport ....................................... 25 Blending .......................................................... 25 Stability........................................................... 27 Cleaning Effect .................................................... 30 Materials Compatibility ............................................. 30 IV • Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fifth Edition) • November 2016 Contents (continued) Refueling Infrastructure................................................ 31 Codes and Regulations ............................................. 31 UL Listing . 31 Retail and Fleet Station Equipment................................... 32 Purchasing Biodiesel .................................................. 35 Viscosity as a Function of Temperature ............................... 35 Viscosity of Various Biodiesel Blends as a Function of Temperature ...... 36 BQ-9000 Program for Supply Chain Management .......................... 37 Engine and Vehicle Manufacturer Approvals................................ 37 Taxes and Incentives ..................................................... 38 Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues................................... 39 Signs, Labels, and Stickers ............................................. 39 Fire Safety Considerations ............................................. 39 Checklist for Installing B20 Dispensing Equipment or Converting Underground Storage Tanks ................................ 40 Frequently Asked Questions .............................................. 41 Information Resources ................................................... 42 Glossary ................................................................ 43 Appendix A. Sample Biodiesel Safety Data Sheet ........................... 45 Appendix B. Biodiesel Use as an EPAct Alternative Fuel ..................... 53 Appendix C. Biodiesel Materials Compatibility Summary Tables .............. 54 Elastomers ........................................................... 54 Metals ............................................................... 55 UL Standards ......................................................... 56 Tank Manufacturer Compatibility........................................ 57 Underground Equipment............................................... 58 Aboveground Equipment (Dispensers, Hanging Hardware, etc.) ............ 62 Appendix D. BQ-9000 Sample Certificate of Analysis . 63 November 2016 • Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fifth Edition) • V Figures Figure 1. Basic transesterification process ............................................................3 Figure 2. Composition of various biodiesel feedstocks in order of increasing saturated fatty acid content ....... 13 Figure 3. Cetane numbers of two petroleum diesels and several biodiesels ................................. 15 Figure 4. ASTM D4625 long-term storage stability for B100 samples having a range of initial induction periods . 17 Figure 5. FTC-compliant B20 and B100 pump labels ..................................................20 Figure 6. Biodiesel/diesel blend cloud point test results ................................................22 Figure 7. Biodiesel/diesel blend pour point test results .................................................22 Figure 8. Adjusting cloud points of B20 fuels with blends of No. 1 and No. 2 diesel .......................... 23 Figure 9. Cold flow properties of some soy biodiesel blends, °C ..........................................24 Figure 10. HFRR lubricity as a function of biodiesel content for a No. 1 and a No. 2 diesel fuel ............... 25 Figure 11. D4625 storage results for B5 blends made from B100 with varying levels of oxidation stability and two diesel fuels as measured by EN15751 ................................................28 Figure 12. D4625 storage results for B20 blends made from B100 with varying levels of oxidation stability as measured by EN15751 ................................................................ 29 Figure 13. Typical fuel dispenser and underground storage piping ........................................ 33 Figure 14. Dispenser and hanging hardware. .........................................................34 Figure 15. Kinematic viscosity of three biodiesels ..................................................... 35 Figure 16. Kinematic viscosity for a commercial biodiesel in various blends ............................... 36 Figure 17. Placards for transport of combustible and flammable liquids ................................... 39 Tables Table 1. Biodiesel Blend Levels Requiring NOx-reducing Additives ........................................5 Table 2. Select Properties of Typical No. 2 Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels .....................................8 Table 3. Requirements for Biodiesel (B100) Blend Stock as Listed in ASTM D6751-15cε1 ......................9 Table 4. Cold Flow Data for Various B100s ..........................................................15 Table 5. ASTM D7467-15cε1 Specification for Diesel Blends B6 to B20 ....................................21 Table 6. Fuel Dispenser and Underground Storage Piping Components ...................................33 Table 7. Constants for Best Fit Regression Equation ..................................................35 Table C-1. Elastomer Compatibility with Biodiesel ....................................................53 Table C-2. UL Biodiesel Testing Standards for Refueling Equipment .....................................55 Table C-3. Tank Manufacturer Compatibility with Biodiesel Blends ......................................56 Table C-4. Underground Equipment