ARSHIA
Birla High School Girls’ Section Kolkata, india 18th Annual International Space Settlement Design Competition Proposing Team Data 2011
Name of responsible teacher/advisor: _Mrs. Ratna Biswas______School (or other Group Name): _Birla High School Girls’ Section______School Address: _7&8 Moira Street______School City, State, Zip or Postal Code: _Kolkata 700017 (West Bengal)______Country: _India______Daytime Telephone at School: _+91-33-22879006______Message Telephone: _+91-9830332514______Fax: _+91-33-2287900______e-mail address: [email protected]______Last day of school in Spring 2011: _13th May, 2011______
Contact information for responsible teacher/advisor when school is not in session:
Name if different from above: _Same as above______Address: _Dr. K Bannerjee Sarani______City, State, Zip or Postal Code: _Kolkata 700125 (West Bengal)______Country: _India______Telephone (also evenings / weekends): _+91-9830332514______e-mail address: [email protected]______
Information for alternate contact person (may be a student): _Neha Jain______
Telephone ___day ___eve ___weekend: _+919836811151______e-mail address: [email protected]______
Names, [grade levels], and (ages) of 12 students currently expecting to attend the Finalist Competition: (we request that participants be at least 15 years old, and not older than 19)\
Neha Jain [11] (17) Pragya Daga [11] (16) Pallavi Goenka [11] (17) Ahana Mustafi [11] (17) R. Kavya Iyer [11] (17) Archita Prahladka [11] (17) Kritika Jain [11] (17) Sanjana Maniar [11] (17) Pragya Sancheti [11] (17) Shagun Sheth [11] (17) Disha Agarwal [11] (16) Damini Agarwal [12] (18)
Names of two adult advisors currently expecting to attend the Finalist Competition: ______Mrs. Ratna Biswas______Mrs. Meeta Shailendra______
I understand that if our Team qualifies for the International Space Settlement Design Finalist Competition July 29 - August 1, we will be expected to finance our own travel to / from Nassau Bay, Texas, USA.
______08.03.2011______Responsible Teacher / Advisor Signature Date TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN . EXTERNAL DESIGN . UTILIZATION OF INTERIOR SURFACES . CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE . DEBRIS DAMAGE PREVENTION . MINING CAMP
3.0 OPERATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE . ORBITAL LOCATION OF ARSHIA . COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE . MACHINERY TO DESIGN ARSHIA . PROPULSION SYSTEM . ORE HANDLING PROCESS
4.0 HUMAN FACTORS . COMMUNITY DESIGN . RESIDENCES . SAFETY . GRAVITY CONCERNS . HUMAN RESOURCES
5.0 AUTOMATION DESIGN AND SERVICES . AUTOMATION FOR CONSTRUCTING ARSHIA . AUTOMATION FOR SECURITY & MAINTENANCE . AUTOMATION FOR EASIER LIVING . AUTOMATION FOR MINING 6-HEBE . AUTOMATION FOR UNLOADING OF MINED MINERAL
6.0 SCHEDULE AND COSTS
7.0 BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT . INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MINING OPERATIONS . SERVICES PROVIDED BY ARSHIA . SENSING AND IMAGING RESEARCH
8.0 APPENDICES . OPERATIONAL SCENARIO . BIBLIOGRAPHY . COMPLIANCE MATRIX 2
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
“We want to explore. We’re curious people. Look back over history, people have put their lives at stake to go out and explore. We believe in what we’re doing. Now it’s time to go.”
We, at Northdonning Heedwell believe that the time has truly come – the time to explore. „Arshia‟, which means heavenly in Sanskrit, is an embodiment of our commitment towards our goal, our belief.
Proposed for completion in 19 years, Arshia will be located in the Asteroid belt, which provides myriad lucrative mining opportunities. Northdonning Heedwell chooses the S-type asteroid 6-Hebe as its mining target, which shall provide valuable minerals, required not only for construction but also for manufacture of other goods and commodities. Northdonning Heedwell keeps the following objectives in mind, to ensure the Foundation Society‟s enduring success:
To design the structure keeping in mind that along with the advantages of remaining in orbit, the settlement also faces a multitude of risks from high velocity dust particles as well as meteorite and asteroid collisions. The entire structure has therefore been shaped accordingly to provide minimum drag.
To create Differential Gravity Zones to maximize efficiency and utilize every bit of available volume. Space allotment has been done in such a way that agricultural and industrial sectors never prove to be visual nuisances to the citizens of Arshia, while providing them natural views of space at every given point of time.
To automate most operations on the settlement to reduce manual labor and to provide facilities for entertainment, recreation and employment to all citizens.
To make Arshia a self-sustaining, mine-to-manufacture unit that generates its own resources such as food and consumer goods required by the citizens, by means of aeroponic agriculture and industries.
To secure Arshia‟s position as a pioneer in mining, shipping and an economic gains hub in the Asteroid Belt, to achieve our ambition of exploring the unexplored.
Innovation, practicality, profit and comfort are characteristic attributes of all Northdonning Heedwell models, and Arshia shall be no exception.
Northdonning Heedwell welcomes you to Arshia, a “Home Away from Home”. STRUCTURAL DESIGN 4 2.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Arshia is a one of its kind space settlement whose structure provides a break from the much propagated toroidal structure. Northdonning Heedwell introduces the concept of 5 different gravity zones due to the unique structure comprising of concentric cylinders. The structure of Arshia draws inspiration from the streamlined shape of an airplane fuselage, to minimize the drag associated with cosmic dust, hence the ends of the cylindrical structure have hemispherical nozzles.
2.1 EXTERNAL DESIGN Fig. 2.1 Dimensions of main components 2.1.1 EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Residential & 2 Special 1g 2 Nozzles Agricultura Industrial COMPONENT Central Shaft Commercial Areas (Ozzy 1 & Ozzy 2) l (AgroCyl) (CylInd) (ResCom) (Geocyl) SHAPE Hemispherical nose Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder RADIUS (m) 350 100 200 350 450 75 LENGTH (m) 350 each 500 500 500 500 50 VERTICAL Variable 200 90 140 90 140 CLEARANCE (m) BASE SURFACE 769,300 each 314,000 628,000 1,099,000 1,409,075 35,325 AREA (m2) VOLUME (m3) 89,751,666 each 15,700,000 43,803,000 123,088,000 128,740,000 1,766,250 GRAVITY 0g 0g 0.4g 0.7g 0.9g 1g RATE OF - - 1.33rpm 1.33rpm 1.33rpm 1.33rpm ROTATION Partially - 13.47 psi - 13.2 psi 13.2 psi PRESSURISATION pressurised .Attached to the .Main Houses all Houses all .Housing .Observatories two ends of the stationary agricultural refineries for .Offices & .Education central shaft to component activities mineral Shops center minimize drag that supports a (aeroponic processing as .Administrati .Communicatio while in orbit, and nozzle at each chambers, well as ve centers n antenna in the process, of its two ends processing storage. .Public .Recreational FUNCTION minimize wear .Primary units and spaces & snow park and tear Control Unit food Recreational .Main ports and .Power Station storage) activities docking stations .Transportati- .Detachable on between volumes in case of various emergencies facilities Table 2.1 Dimensions and Functions of Main Components 5
2.1.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Arshia makes skillful use of the materials required in its construction, which are acquired from the moon, Mars and 6- Hebe itself. This saves the expense of carrying material from Earth against high gravity. The entire structure can be divided into three main parts in terms of the construction material - Transparent glass parts, non-transparent hull components and the Pneumatic Chamber Shield (PCS) (Fig 2.2).
The hull components are all fabricated in the form of the interlace, a structural innovation whereby the hull is made capable of enduring maximum stress. This is done in the form of two layers of tubings, one of NI-Fe alloy and the other of Titanium alloy, spiraling in opposite directions, hence creating a mesh, radically increasing the structural integrity of Arshia.
Natural views of space are provided from the two ends of the cylinder, where electrochromic glass is used to provide the day and night cycle. These large transparent, well shielded structures serve as windows to the outside world.
Organo metallic polymer resin 0.6m Electrochromic glass PCS 2m Silica Aerogel 0.6m Demron Chevron Shields Self Healing Rubber 0.5m 4m 0.7m 2m Avobenzone & Ni-Fe Methoxycinnamate 4m Silica Aerogel Timet Timetal 0.6m 0.8m Aluminium Oxynitride 1100 2m 4m (ALON)
Fig. 2.2(a) Construction Materials of Hull Components Fig. 2.2(b) Construction Materials of Transparent Components
Material Use Material Use Ni-Fe Structural Integrity Aluminium Durability, optical Oxynitride transparency, scratch Timet Timetal Strength, fracture toughness, resistance 1100 Alloy creep resistance, thermal resistance Silica Aerogel Thermal insulation, absorbs infrared radiation RXF1 Radiation shielding Self healing Shock absorber, healing Avobenzone & Absorbs UV radiation rubber cracks Octyl Methoxycinnamate Demron Radiation shielding Chevron Shields Radiation shielding Silica Aerogel Thermal insulation, absorbs infrared radiation Electrochromic Glass with variable glass transparency/opacity depending on passed electric Table 2.2(a) Construction Materials of Hull Components current Organo metallic Makes glass nuclear blast polymer resin proof
Table 2.2(b) Construction Materials of Transparent Components 6
2.1.3 RATIONALE FOR SELECTED ROTATION RATE AND ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY Different magnitudes of Artificial Gravity are provided in different parts of the settlement (Refer to Table 2.1) . This is done to ensure that the optimum gravity requirements are provided to every operation. Since research proves that adults prefer gravity slightly lower than 1g and children must be exposed to 1g gravity for atleast 3 hours a day, Northdonning Heedwell‟s pioneering design caters to such needs. The vertical clearance in the ResCom cylinder experiences 0.9g gravity. The GeoCyl, where the educational centre is located, has 1g conditions, therefore fulfilling the needs of children. Since agricultural output is maximized in areas of lower gravity, 0.4g has been chosen as the ideal gravity condition for the agricultural cylinder (AgroCyl). Gravity is generated by means of rotation of the cylindrical sections around the stationary central shaft, all in the same speed. The variation in radii generates different magnitudes of gravity.
Keeping in mind this variation in gravity and the area required for habitation and economic activities, a rotation rate of 1.33 rpm has been selected, since the Coriolis Force does not drastically affect humans at a rate less that 2 rpm 2.1.4 INTERFACE BETWEEN ROTATING AND NON-ROTATING COMPONENTS The structural interface between the rotating and non-rotating 4m sections is in the form of Superconducting Electromagnetic Levitation. This ensures no loss due to friction as the two systems do not have any physical contact and provides the required 1.33rpm. Eight solid cylinders of 2m radius, each passing through all the hull layers, are distributed in two rings of four. They interface at the central shaft, where a setup (as shown in Fig. 2.3) locks the 3m cylinders and the strips of Superconducting magnets cause the levitation. In case of power failure, wheels suspended by springs are lowered onto the magnetic tracks and glycerine is released by the storage area to reduce friction and reduce loss of angular velocity. Fig. 2.3 Interface between Rotating and Non-Rotating Components
2.2 UTILIZATION OF INTERIOR SURFACES Arshia has a cylinder within cylinder structure to maximize area and volume for utilization, without effectively increasing the exposed surface area. The vertical clearance and volume of each section can be found in Table 2.1.
2.2.1 CENTRAL SHAFT It is divided into two halves, each of vertical clearance 100m, to provide maximum utilization of the volume One of the enclosed volumes within the shaft is used for providing transportation between o The two nozzles o The other cylindrical volumes and the nozzles The other volume houses the o Primary Control Unit and Main Data Bank (Master Brain) o Principal power station that supplies energy for all other operations in the settlement. Fig. 2.4 Interior Utilization of Central Shaft 2.2.2 AGRICULTURAL CYLINDER (AgroCyl) It is the innermost rotating cylinder after the central shaft and houses all the agricultural activities along with water and waste management. All the food produced here fulfils the requirements of the Arshians and enough of surplus is produced to provide backup in case of emergencies. A detailed explanation of agricultural procedures has been given in Section 3.2.2. 7
2.2.3 INDUSTRIAL CYLINDER (Cylind) The industrial cylinder houses all the refineries for mineral processing as well as storage. This cylinder houses a large volume, all of which may not be entirely utilized. This has been done keeping in mind that: •Arshia would provide the first access to the outer solar system and should be flexible enough to accommodate any future demands. •The mining program might be open to expansion in the future. •The volume will be used during an emergency evacuation.
2.2.4 RESIDENTIAL CYLINDER (ResCom and GeoCyl) The ResCom houses all the residents of the settlement. It has residential homes, offices, shops, administrative centres, public spaces and recreational areas. The GeoCyl which is an extended part of the Rescom has the educational centre, observatories and the recreational theme parks. (Refer to section 4.1)
2.2.5 NOZZLES The 2 hemispherical nozzles, Ozzy 1 and Ozzy 2, are attached to the two ends of the central shaft. Each is divided internally into sub-sections to maximize utility of the large volume. The main function is to serve as the ports and the docking stations. The ports- Entarshia and Extarshia- are situated both in Ozzy 1 & 2, for incoming and outgoing vehicles (Refer to 3.5). Apart from serving as the main ports and docking stations, the two nozzles also serve as the detachable volumes in case of emergencies. The nozzles also contain • an emergency food storage • a fuelling station and a backup fuel tank • thrusters • retractable wings for maneuvering
2.3 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
The construction of Arshia is a fully automated procedure. It will commence on the moon in Alaskol. The nozzles will be constructed on the moon itself. Crabbot E-8s (the main exterior construction robots), the primary control unit, the positioning sensor and exterior construction material will all be placed in Ozzy 1 which will be the first vehicle to be launched from the moon for the construction of Arshia.
Fig. 2.5 (a) Fig. 2.5 (b) Fig. 2.5 (c)
Positioning sensors will direct Ozzy 1 releases Crabbot E-8s to The cylinders will be constructed, Ozzy 1 to position itself in orbit start the exterior construction. starting with the AgroCyl. The near 6-Hebe. The central shaft will be made spokes joining the rotating and and the control unit will be non-rotating structures are also shifted to the shaft. constructed. 8
Fig. 2.5 (d) Fig. 2.5 (e) Fig. 2.5 (f)
The Cylind is constructed in a ResCom and 2 GeoCyls are Ozzy 2 is finally attached to the manner similar to the other constructed with edges made of structure, completing external cylinders. electrochromic glass. Ozzy 2 will construction then be launched from the moon.
Ozzy 2 will contain another CU and the main data bank, materials required for interior construction and Movits (for transportation of construction material). After attachment of Ozzy 2 to the structure, Crabbot E-8s are modified by the CU of Ozzy 2 to form Crabbot I-8s which carry out interior construction and finishing for 4 years (Refer to section 5.1).
Interior finishing of all cylinders is carried out by Crabbot I-8s. For all movement of material for interior construction, Movits will be used. In approximately 19 years, the construction will be over, and it will be safe to send the residents and all other required machines and supplies to occupy Arshia.
2.4 DEBRIS DAMAGE PREVENTION 2.4.1 SMALL DEBRIS SHIELDING Arshia‟s exterior is provided with a Pneumatic Chamber Shield (PCS). The PCS follows a sandwich model where stable non-reactive Nitrogen gas is bound by two outer layers of considerably elastic materials. Any small particles colliding with the PCS will rebound back due to the elasticity of the material. Inside the chamber, the gas will be pushed away from the stress spot and relocate to another part of the chamber, where it . will cause a temporary deformation. The gas molecules will then relocate to uniformity and the Fig. 2.6 Pneumatic Chamber elastic structure will be restored to its original Shield (PCS) in relaxed state form. At a distance of every 25 m, elastic bands of (left) and under stress (right) reinforced Kevlar will be present, joining the two layers to each other for structural integrity by preventing the sliding of one layer over the other.
2.4.2 LARGE BODY COLLISION SHIELDING In the event of a collision with a small asteroid or any other mid-size body that poses a threat to Arshia, automated rail guns attached at each nozzle will eject a ball of compacted debris towards the approaching body and divert its path to avert any damage that the body could have inflicted upon Arshia. In the case of a large asteroid collision, the entire settlement will be maneuvered away from the path of the asteroid, for which thrusters have been provided in both the nozzles. The parabolic nose cone will reduce the amount of drag that the settlement experiences in the case of such an event. 9
2.4.1 DAMAGE REPAIR Cattepede is a robot which repairs the damage to outer coverings of the settlement due to activities like bombardment with particles, collision with asteroids, solar flares etc. It is able to work in solar flare activity as well (Refer to Section 5.2.1).
2.5 MINING CAMP
Arshia is built with the motive of mining 6-Hebe, an S-type asteroid. The mining on 6-Hebe will be controlled by two mobile mining camps, Hebetat I and Hebetat II. The mining base is a section of cylinder which will rotate at 3.2 rpm, which is feasible for humans to stay safely in for short periods of time. The gravity generated in the living areas will be 0.7 g using G3s or gravity generating gears. Pressurized areas include the living quarters of miners, Hebe Control Unit (HCU) and Hebedock.
Fig. 2.7 Mining camp on 6-Hebe
Built using super adobe, the various sections of Hebetat will be connected via Hebe Connector – a transport system to ferry people and materials. Part of the processing of minerals is done in the Processing and Refining Unit to facilitate the refining of raw materials during the construction process. All the activities of the Hebedigs and Hebedrills (ref to section 5.4) shall be operated by the HCU. The mining base also consists of Hebedock, a launch pad which facilitates launching of spaceships.
11 3.0 OPERATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE Northdonning Heedwell shall provide a highly secure and comfortable lifestyle to the people living in Arshia. The infrastructural design for Arshia shall cater to all the requirements of the people so that they can work in a healthy and conducive environment. 3.1 ORBITAL LOCATION AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
3.1.1 ORBITAL LOCATION Arshia is located in the orbit of 6-Hebe (an S-type asteroid). The orbital location is such that our settlement is kept close to Mars so that transportation costs are minimal. 6-Hebe is a large asteroid (205x185x170 km3) with a mass of 1.28x1019 kg. It has a composition of nickel-iron metal and silicate chondritic rocks. Metals comprise 40%of the immediate surface of Hebe at present thus facilitating mining. Besides, other C-type and S-type asteroids viable for mining are also found in its vicinity. (For transportation of materials to Arshia refer to section 5.5)
Fig. 3.1 6-Hebe
PERIHEION DISTANCE 1.937 AU APHELION DISTANCE 2.914 AU ECCENTRICITY 0.202
AVERAGE ORBITAL SPEED 18.93 Km/s EQUATORIAL SURFACE GRAVITY 0.087m/s2
Table 3.1.1- Orbital Characteristics Fig. 3.1.2 Orbit of 6-Hebe 3.1.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Name of Material Source Amount (in kg) Use Kevlar reinforced with Carbon nanotubes Bellevistat 78063175931 Structural Frame Timet Timetal 1100 Alloy Moon 337334291708 Structural Frame Nickel Iron Composites 6 Hebe 273240776315 Structural Frame Aromatic dipeptide nanospheres 6 Hebe, Bellevistat 196522903739 Structural Frame Nitinol (Memory alloy) 6 Hebe, Moon 213544750058 Flexible layer for PCS RXF1 Alexandriat and Bellevistat 495454084700 Radiation Shielding Demron Alexandriat and Bellevistat 155572582678 Radiation Shielding Chevron Shields Alexandriat 21468461381 Radiation Sheilding Silica Aerogel Alexandriat 14001963267 Thermal Insulation Apnano IF Nanoparticles Bellevistat and Alexandriat 1793676709 Shock Absorbing Aluminum Oxynitride(ALON) 6 Hebe and Aresam 3070487948 Transparent material required Avobenzone and octylmethoxy animate 6 Hebe and Bellevistat 2486489579 Transparent Radiation Shielding Organometallic polymer resin 6 Hebe and Alexandriat 3069454393 Transparent material required RTV adhesive Alaskol 13853578459 Joining Different Layers Aluminum 6 Hebe 683759392858 Robots and Interior Construction Self-healing rubber Bellevistat 34858855858 Sealing Cracks, Insulation Calcium Silicate 6 Hebe 198545586707 Building Material Bamboo Grown in the Settlement 73564958 Flooring Material Cenosphere Bellevistat and 6 Hebe 22693000 Shielding of Robots
Table 3.1.2- Construction Materials 12 3.2 ELEMENTS OF BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE 3.2.1 ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS GASES ResCom and GeoCyl Agrocyl GASES SOURCE % by Partial % by Partial Oxygen Moon(Ilmenite),Earth,6 Hebe volume pressure volume pressure Carbon Dioxide Mars ,Phobos ,Deimos (in psi) (in psi) Nitrogen Mars(Icecaps),Earth Nitrogen 74 9.78148 74.6% 10.0466 Water Vapour Phobos, Deimos, Earth, Moon Oxygen 22 2.90803 24% 3.23209 Hydrogen Electrolysis of water, ISS Carbon dioxide 0.4 0.05273 1% 0.13456 Argon Mars Argon 3.35 0.44275 NA NA Table 3.2.2 Gases and their Sources Water Vapour 0.05 0.00646 0.4 % 0.05376 Other Trace Gases 0.2 0.00249 NA NA Total pressure 13.1945 13.4670 Table 3.2.1 Atmospheric Composition Factor Regulation Heat Nitinol shape memory alloys are used as thermal sensors to monitor the thermal conditions of the atmosphere. Carbondioxide Infrared sensors detect the increase in the level of carbon dioxide and methane.Excess of ammonia is
and Methane removed by activated charcoal.Excess of carbon dioxide is separated by the CO2 membrane
level technology.The CO2 is removed by passing it through a zirconia electrolytic cell. Humidity The humidity level is constantly monitored via a solid state humidity sensor and regulated according to the seasonal requirements. This is achieved via automated humidity control devices. Rain and snow Artificial rain is created via a sequentially aligned network of sprinklers and water tanks. Artificial ice can be created by mixing the water in the tanks with ice-nucleation active
proteins.Besides,dry CO2 blasting shall also be employed to form snow. Table 3.2.3 Regulation of Atmosphere 3.2.2 FOOD PRODUCTION GROWTH The total volume available for food cultivation is 1571500m3. Arshia‟s food sustainability will be dependent on aeroponics method of cultivation. In this, a hydro-atomized spray method is employed using small amounts of water. The nutrient medium contains Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, S as macronutrients and Fe, Mn, Zn as micronutrients. The nutrients required by the plants will be chemically produced, using the nitrogenous compounds which will be extracted from human wastes (faeces). Other nutrients will be taken from Earth, Mars and Moon. An array of metal halide lamps, mercury lamps and sodium lamps is used to provide artificial light corresponding towavelengths 400nm- 700 nm. Production of in-vitro meat to meet the protein requirements of the people is undertaken. HARVESTING Crops are harvested mechanically using Agrobots(refer toSection 5.3). Crops grown are healthy and nutritious. Also back up hydroponic systems are located in certain divisions. PROCESSING Food processing and packaging is highly mechanized. Spirulina and Chlorella powder is added to cereals as a protein supplement. Spirulina and Chlorella are cultivated in water farms with suitable alkanity, salinity and temperature. PACKAGING The food processed will be packed in airtight zipped storage bags made from aluminized BoPET. Also, PolyLactide (PLA) packaging is employed. STORAGE The total volume available for food storage is 785700m3.The processed food is stored in the food storage tank called The Ambrosia after irradiation which kills the pathogens. Storage is vacuumed to maintain shelf life. Emergency food provisions are made for a maximum of 10 months. The emergency food is stored in the nozzles. The following table gives the storage conditions of some important crops. RESEARCH Research work on genetic engineering to upgrade the quality of food is undertaken. DELIVERY The packaged food is delivered to the grocery shops via the Double Helical Avenue from where Arshians can AND SELLING purchase their requirements.The transportation of food from the groceries to the residential units is done via the Interlace(refer to section 2.1.3) implementing the suction technology. Table 3.3.1 Food Production 13
CROP REQUIRED STORAGE CONDITIONS GRAMS PER PERSON PER DAY Rice 125 Humidity: 12.5% Temperature: 4.44oC Wheat 225 Humidity: 14% Temperature: 4.44oC Corn 50 Humidity: 20% Temperature: 4.44oC Potato 450 Humidity: 85% Temperature: 10oC Soyabean 470 Humidity: 13% Temperature: 4.44oC Onion 250 Humidity: 65% Temperature: 0oC Lettuce 150 Humidity: 90% Temperature: 0oC Tomato 225 Humidity: 85% Temperature: 15oC Fig. 3.2 Agrobot Strawberry 325 Humidity: 90% Temperature: 0oC Spirulina 0.1 Powdered and stored in food grade and Aluminium bags flushed with N2, heat Chlorella sealed and converted into tablets. Humidity: 10% Temperature: 12oC Table 3.3.2 List of Crops and their Storage 3.2.3 ELECTRIC POWER SOURCE
3.2.3.1 POWER GENERATION Industrial Area 50730 kW A Nuclear Breeder Reactor set up in the central shaft generates Agricultural Area 3450 kW power for Arshia. The nuclear reactor is a Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor (LFTR). The LFTRuses inexpensive Residential Area 25050 kW thorium as a fuel, transforming it to uranium-233 which on Total Power 79230 kW undergoing fission produces heat and electric power. The Table 3.4 Daily Power Requirements thorium and uranium are dissolved in molten salt, simplifying fuelling and waste removal.1 kg of thorium produces 1 MW of energy .Thus,90kgs of thorium meet the daily power requirements of Arshia.
3.2.3.2 POWER DISTRIBUTION Power is distributed via a 3 phase power distribution system. There is an interconnected power distribution network. This includes the transmission over power lines, through electrical substations and pole-mounted transformers. The advantages being that the power generated is uniform. Further if one phase stopped working then alternative is there as a 2nd or 3rd phase, load on transformer is less, distribution is easy, finding an error in the blockage of power supply is easy.
3.2.3.3 POWER STORAGE Ultra-capacitors will be used for storage of electric power. Their efficiency is not affected by cold temperature, they are easily rechargeable, can be used for long periods and have high turnaround efficiencies (percentage of charge energy that can be reversed is more than 90%). Besides, they are not made of any hazardous material. A combination of ultra-capacitors and hydrogen fuel cells will serve as a great power source with excellent power density and energy density. Power Generated: 90000 kW Surplus Power: 10770 kW 14 3.2.4 WATER MANAGEMENT • The total down area allotted for water treatment is 157150 m2. • The daily water requirement of Arshia is 575000 liters. • Moon, Earth, Phobos and Deimos will serve as the prime sources of water for Arshia. • The water storage unit of Arshia has a storage capacity of 1,61,00,000 liters to meet the emergency requirements for a minimum of 4 weeks.
Fig. 3.3 Water Management 3.2.5 INDUSTRIAL AND HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT
3.2.5.1 INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Industrial waste comprises of Titanium, Cenosphere, Steel, Aluminium and other metals. The following table describes the disposal, recycling and usage of these metals.The scrap metals are melted, recast and used for various purposes. The toxic metals are ejected into space. Type of Waste Disposal/ Recycling Fly Ash Cenosphere is extracted from fly ash waste Aluminium Waste or scrap Aluminium is cut into small even pieces and melted in a furnace at temperatures of 750oC-850oC. The molten Aluminium can then be used as desired. It does not require disposal because it can be recycled and used indefinitely. Titanium Large quantities can be chlorinated to a usable product Vacuum arc reduction or cold hearth melting are used for recycling Other metals Recycled through re-moulding Table 3.5 Industrial Waste Disposal/Recycling 15
3.2.5.1 HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT The prime sources of waste are the kitchen waste and human waste(urea and feces). Kitchen waste will be dumped into theScariCan,made of 0.55 mm thick Hypalon laminated with Neoprene and reinforced with nylon. The transportation of wastes from the residential units to the ScariCan is done via the Interlace (refer to section 2.1.3). This air-tight tank transforms the organic waste into methane producing renewable energy that can be used for heating, electricity, and many other operations that use any variation of an internal combustion engine. The carbon dioxide emitted from the biogas plant is converted to dry Carbon dioxide to form snow(atmosphere regulation).Human waste(urea and feces) are the only sources of nitrogen in Arshia.Chemical toilets are installed in each residential unit. The waste is rich in nitrogenous and organic compounds. Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant and deodorizer. After the hydrolysis of urea, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide are formed. Both of these have individual industrial uses and react with each other synthesizing hydrazine which is used as an energy source. 3.2.6 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL COMMUNICATION
3.2.6.1 EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION The communication between Arshia and Earth is enabled employing a bi-directional LASER network through satellites. The data signals incorporated in the form of MASERS are sent from earth terminal to the nearest orbiting satellite AEC-1 .The signals received by the electro-optic microwave signal receiver at AEC-1 are converted to laser signals. The LASER signals reach the terminal at Arshia via point to point links between 6 satellites .Each satellite has an Optical Transceiver System of its own. The Optical Transceiver System comprises of an Optical Receiver, Optical Duplexer, Fine Pointing assembly, an Optical Booster Amplifier and Transmitter. The laser signals from Arshia are also relayed to AEC-1 via the same process. The optical microwave converter converts the received laser signals to MASERS and relays the signals to the earth terminal. Communication between Fig. 3.4 Relay Signals from Earth to Arshia Arshiaand Aresam, Alaskol, Balderol, Columbiat and Bellevistatis also enabled via LASERS.
EQUIPMENTS NUMBER DESCRIPTION
MICROWAVE 1 A Phased Array with a Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron(PACM) TRANSMITTER implements the transmitter functions. MICROWAVE 1 Implementation of receiver functions through an array based on silicon bipolar devices RECEIVER and thin-film polysilicon resistors with low parasitic capacitance and excellent matching. OPTICAL 12 Laser source with internal modulation, optical receiver using grapheme based TRANSCEIVER photodetectors and silicon optical amplifiers. Table 3.6.1 Number and Description of Equipment required for External Communication
3.2.6.1 INTERNAL COMMUNICATION Communication between humans and robots: Communication between humans and robots is facilitated through an infrared remote control Transmitter. This is enabled via the infrared receivers embedded in the robots . Communications between robots: The robots communicate between themselves using a pair of radio transmitter and receiver board. The radio boards have a communication range of about 20 feet .Robots develop ASRL (Adaptable Synthetic Robot Languages)which help in one to one mapping of signals. Communication among the people: The Pinnserts are connected via the LTE++(Long Term Evolution Super Advanced) network. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Access (OFDM) modulation combined with MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output) and multiple antenna system is employed. 16
Data download rate 2Tbps LASERS MASERS Frequency 80 GHz-100GHz Data Transfer Rate 100 GBps 5 GBps Wavelength 3mm-3.75mm Frequency 0.1916 PHz-0.1960 PHz 33 GHz-50 GHz Band E BAND Wavelength 1530 nm-1565 nm 6 mm-9 mm Distance range 30km-55km Band C-Band Q-Band
Table 3.6.2 Long Term Evolution Super Table 3.6.3 Specifications of External Communication Advanced Network (LTE++)
3.2.7 INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION The DNA shaped Double Helical Avenue (DHA) runs throughout the length of the cylinder. This is an airtight transportation tube cutting through the various cylinders, providing a system of transport between them. It contains two lanes: Auto-walks equipped with handrails and seatbelts for people Conveyor belts equipped with security belts and superior grip for transportation of cargo Mode of Transportation Transportation Area Description Transportation of Autowalk People and Within ResCom; Also used Moving belt made of steel with handrails and Objects for transportation of people seatbelts to prevent people from hurting in the DHA themselves. Conveyor Belts Cargo From docking areas to Moving belt made of a steel mesh for greater grip. required areas in AgroCyl, Cylind or Central Shaft; Used in the DHA Gecko-like Tape People IntraResCom, intra Cylind The soles are provided with tiny hairs which allow Shoes (individually) and intra AgroCyl or in the the wearer with greater grip and prevent them from Central Shaft; slipping or falling.Piezo-electrics is the source of power. Elevators People Between the ResCom and These elevators are used for daily travel of children the GeoCyl. from the Rescom to the GeoCyl and back. Private Cars People and Within ResCom The cars are provided with sensory brakes and Objects advanced tyre grip. The cars run on hydrogen fuel cells. There are mainly two cars: Torix Exorus Table 3.7 Transportation 17 3.2.8 DAY AND NIGHT CYCLE
A soft LED(Light Emitting Diode)curtain screen covers the down surface Daily power 19 MW 2 of the industrial cylinder which has a total surface area of 1257150m .The consumption screen forms the sky for the people living in the residential cylinder. The Resolution 1920*1080 pixels screen is powered by hi-tech computers that control the video display on Brightness 2000 cd/m2 the screen by varying the colour combinations. The display is such that the people experience a 12 hour day and a 12 hour night cycle including all the Table 3.8 LED Screen Specifications phase transitions between day and night.
3.2.9 STORAGE FACILITIES
All daily life commodities and other items that are not readily used after production are stored in Ozzy1 and Ozzy2. 10000m3is allocated for storage. (For food storage refer to section 3.2.2) 3.3 CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY AND SEQUENCE
3.3.1 EXTERNAL CONSTRUCTION Crabbot E-8s are the external construction robots for Arshia. Ozzy1 contains Crabbots along with the materials for construction. Ozzy1 is launched into space and locates itself in orbit. The Crabbots and the construction materials are released. Initially, a few Crabbots are released. They form a circular ring and begin with the construction of the central shaft .The CSU(Control and sensing unit)of each Crabbot is monitored by Ozzy1.After the construction of the central shaft the Ozzy1 releases more Crabbots, for construction of the AgroCyl. Similarly the external construction of Cylind, ResCom and GeoCyl is undertaken. After the construction is over, the Crabbots are distributed in the cylinders and modified for internal construction.
3.3.2 INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION Then Ozzy2 is launched and it attaches itself to the completed cylindrical structure after releasing the materials that are to be used for internal construction via the transport robots (Movits).The control unit of Ozzy2 modifies the Crabbots E-8s.The modified Crabbots I-8 then carry out the internal construction of Arshia.
3.3.3 CRABBOT E-8 AND CRABBOT I-8 Aretes E-8 and Aretes I-8 are the four long foldable arms extending from the center of the external construction robots, Crabbots E-8s and the internal construction robots, Crabbots I-8s respectively. These are highly specialized structures that have been designed to perform all the construction activities like drilling, air compressing, brick making, crushing, floor laying, tiling, pipe laying, painting, rolling, cutting, craning, pneumatic layer compacting, dredging, vibration, compacting, etcetera. (For details on construction materials refer to section 3.1) (For details on construction robots refer to section 5.1) 0.75m Modified arms
1m
1m Fig. 3.5 Aretes E-8 18
3.4 PROPULSION SYSTEM VASIMR (Variable Specific Impulse Magneto-plasma Rocket)engines are used to propel the settlement to evade an asteroid collision or collision with some other objects. VASIMR is a plasma-based propulsion system. An electric power source is used to ionize the fuel into plasma. Electric fields heat and accelerate the plasma while the magnetic fields direct the plasma in the proper direction as it is ejected from the engine, creating thrust for the spacecraft. The engine can even vary the amount of thrust generated, allowing it to increase or decrease its acceleration. Argon is used as the fuel for the engines. Two VASIMR engines are embedded at the ends of both the nozzles Ozzy1 and Ozzy2.The engines are powered by Molten Salt Fission Reactors. During chances of collision, two VASIMR engines of a nozzle are fired such that the acceleration is in a direction opposite to the linear velocity of Arshia. After the collision has been evaded Arshia is brought back to its orbit Fig. 3.6 VASIMR Propulsion Engine by firing the two VASIMR engines of the other nozzle.
Acceleration 0.43 m/s2 Operation Time 1 day Height 25 m Required Thrust 37 Giga-Newtons Diameter 10 m Specific Impulse 320 x 1011 m/s Weight 760000 kg Required Power 856 MW Nozzle length 1.956 m Required Fuel 100 kg Nozzle Diameter 1.168 m
Table 3.9.1 Requirements for Maneuvering Table 3.9.2 Specification of Arshia through A Distance of 2 Kilometers each VASIMR Engine
3.5 PORT FACILITIES AND ORE HANDLING
3.5.1 ACCEPTING RAW ORE FROM OTHER LOCATIONS 6-Hebe is the primary mining Mining Location Mined Ore site. However, in case of 6 Hebe Iron and nickel ores, Calcium Aluminium silicate, Potassium availability of useful minerals, asteroids in the vicinity of Aluminium silicate, Magnesium, Iron silicate, Sodium Aluminium 6-Hebe may also be mined. silicate, olivine, pyroxene Arshia shall accept raw ore 21 Lutetia Iron ores, Nickel ores, Graphite, Gold, Platinum, Iridium , from the C-type asteroid, Platinum. 253Mathilde, the M-type 253 Mathilde Carbonaceous chondrites, oxides, sulphides, olivine. asteroid 21 Lutetia and the 8 flora Silicates, Iron, Sulphides, Oxides. S-type asteroids 8 Flora and 9 Metis Silicates, Iron, Sulphides, Oxides. 9 Metis. RADAR technology shall be implemented to detect Table 3.10 Requirements for Maneuvering Arshia through A Distance of 2 Kilometers asteroids which may prove to be viable for mining. Arshia shall deploy Hebexy-S10 spaceships (refer to section 7.1.3) to mine them as well. After the mining process is complete, they shall return to Arshia and unload the collected material at Hebezone, similar to the process of unloading materials collected from 6-Hebe. 19 3.5.2 ORE HANDLING PROCESSES The entire ore-handling process in Arshia is automated using the Ore Receiving Enrichment system (refer to section 5.5.). Once the ore is transferred to Cylind, the following refining processes are carried out to manufacture finished materials: The ores are transported to the ore processing industries, Scribd.
The ores are segregated and the silicate, carbonaceousand Fe-Ni ores are separated and processed differently.
Crushing,Grinding and Pulverization of the ores is done by the Indobots.
Ore dressing is done in Simulated Ore Dressing Plants .Acoustic technology is implemented for the dressing of ores with gold and quartz sands.
The carbonaceous chondrites and other ores with volatile impurities are calcined and the sulphide ores are roasted to convert them into their respective oxides.
Direct reduction of iron ores to Hot Briquetted Iron(HBI) ans smelt reduction of iron ore is undertaken. Recuction of other ores is done in a carbon monooxide(generated via Zirconia Electrolysis) rich environment.
Crucible type medium frequency induction method is employed for the refining of Iron alloys. Pyrolysis is undertaken to isolate noble metaliferous elements.
The refined minerals are then sent to the manufacturing industries , Metoph and the unused minerals are sent to the storage area of Arshia.
3.5.3 PORT FACILITIES The nozzles Ozzy1 and Ozzy2 have areas for docking, fuel storage, dirt storage and storage area for surplus agricultural production. Arshia possesses 5 large spaceships called Hebexy-L5 and 10 small spaceships called Hebexy-S10. These enter the settlement through Entarshia. The spaceships are then sent to the RZone for repair, maintenance and refuelling. The ore collected by these spaceships is transferred to the O.R.E system for further refinement. The spaceships pass through the passage and go through Extarshia to carry out further mining operations. The Hebexy-S10s are stored in the docks which are used during emergencies and for other export and import operations.
Fig. 3.7 Port facilities in the nozzle HUMAN FACTORS 21 4.0 HUMAN FACTORS Providing a comfortable and enjoyable living environment for all residents of Arshia, is the topmost priority of NorthdonningHeedwell. Keeping in mind the various psychological and physiological concerns of people living in an isolated environment for a long period of time, Arshia has been designed with striking features to provide a wholesome living for all Arshians. 4.1 COMMUNITY DESIGN Figures in the community design indicate the number of homes present in each block. Roads and pathways take up about 28.57% area of the community. Geocyl 1 will be located 50 m below the control room, so as to facilitate easier access children, staying in the vicinity, to the educational centre.
Geocyl 1
Geocyl 2
Fig 4.1 Community Design of the Residential Cylinder and the Geocyls 22
4.1.1 AMENITIES AND FACILITIES a) Natural sunlight and views of space outside: Arshians enjoy natural views of the Sun, Mars, Asteroids and other celestial bodies through the electro-chromic glass surrounding the ResCom and the GeoCyl. (Refer to 2.1.3) b) Houses: Residents are provided with comfortable homes in safe localities, with easy access to various amenities. (Refer to Fig 4.1.1) c) Recreation and entertainment: There are numerous facilities for recreation and entertainment to provide the residents with diverse choices Malls and shopping Libraries, museums, art Amusement parks with rock Water world with outlets with high-end galleries which are not only climbing, roller coaster rides, beautiful water bodies brands. 4-D theatres, history-based but also with car racing. Also snow park and various water-rides virtual laser gaming information on life on earth Pluto, where one can feel the providing water lovers arcades. and other settlements. chills of snowy Alaska. an earthly recreation. Clubs and pubs Cultural centres, media Sports complex housing Goodlife - A centre for providing an interesting house for integration and variety of outdoor sports and wine, chocolate and nightlife and leisure harmony of various 0-g super world simulation in cheese connoisseurs. time. cultures. the central shaft. Restaurants and hotels Religious and spiritual Space observatories for public Parks and open spaces for vacations and short centre for peace and use, especially children. for children; green holidays. connection with oneself. walks. Table 4.1 Amenities and facilities d) Health and grooming centre: Hospitals will be provided with rehab facilities, medical personnel and medobots (refer 5.2.2.A). These will have optimum facilities for diagnosis and prevention of all kinds of diseases. Gyms, spas and saloons are provided to pamper the residents. e) Transport and communication: For transportation and communication within the ResCom the DHA system will be used. (Refer 3.2.6 & 3.2.7) f) Education and research: The Sky High School will cater to the educational requirements of the children (600-700.) Courses are designed for self-education. Teachers and EDU-R9 guide students to self-education. Huge data pools are kept at the disposal of the students. This system caters to the preschool, middle school, primary school, and secondary school. Courses for graduation and beyond are made available through distant learning schemes with the help of u niversities on Earth and Alexandriat. Each student has a personal Pinnsert (For functions refer to 5.3.1.A) to facilitate learning. The school will have extra-curricular activity clubs for the all round development of the children through various enjoyable activities like: sports, performing arts, Fig 4.2 An EDU-R9 in School interactive sessions, etc. The edu-research centre will be dedicated to space research and mining technology and development of newer technology. g) Security and safety: Police/security, law and order and emergency/disaster response units will provide the residents a safe and secure life. h) Banks, offices, commercial buildings and hotels: The Arshite hotel would have the facilities to cater to the rich as well as the middle class. It will be capable of accommodating 800 people on its sprawling premises. Offices and commercial buildings will cater to the administration (Foundation Society) and control. Entrepreneurs may lease offices. 23
4.1.2 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCERNS
PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES DESCRIPTION PREVENTION / CURE PROMBLEM Isolation/ home Remoteness of the Neglect and isolation; Integrated community; communication with sickness and settlement and inability to adapt earth; clubs; facilities like those on earth and general adaptation distance from earth; surroundings and new earth like community design along with syndrome. artificial environment. pattern; longing for earth. innovative features. Claustrophobia Cramped living and Panic attacks in small and Long line of sight: front view 177m (approx) public spaces. confined spaces. and a side view 76m (approx); spacious homes and open spaces in the community. Interrupted sleep Un-earthlike day- Interrupts natural sleep Proper sleep, rest and medical help in order cycle (Hatzfeldt night cycles; erratic schedule; irritability. to adapt the body to a new clock. syndrome) work schedules. Solipsism Artificial man-made Feeling of illusion and Recreation facilities; long line of sight; parks syndrome environment. detachment from reality. with trees and plants. Multi-cultural Inter- cultural Social tension; inability to Clubs for residents to interact; museums and issues and social population; clash of accept new norms and libraries for knowledge about other cultures; conflict. cultures. integrate in the cultural centres. settlement's culture. Table 4.2.1 Psychological Concerns
PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSE DESCRIPTION PREVENTION / CURE PROBLEM Dysbarism Formation of bubbles of Joint pain; paralysis or Artificial gravity in the residential dissolved gases in the blood even death. cylinder; use of space suits with due to exposure reduced pressure control and safety equipment pressure areas in 0-g area. Discomfort during Coriolis force; More than 2 Dizziness, loss of balance, Proper design of transport to ensure motion (coriolis r.p.m. disorientation. minimum head movement; settlement effect) rotates at less than 2 r.p.m. Decreased Prolonged exposure to Dyspnea; fatigue Proper diet; intake of iron production of micro-g environment supplements, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, RBCs (anemia) epoetinalfa Osteoporosis (de- Continued exposure to Weak and brittle bones. Artificial gravity; proper physical calcification of micro-g environment. exercise. bones) Space Adaptation Weightlessness; micro- Dizziness; nausea; lack of 0.9g gravity is provided; proper head syndrome gravity. balance and disorientation. movement exercise; pneumatic boots. Table 4.2.2 Physiological Concerns 24
4.1.3 CONSUMABLES CATEGORY PRODUCT/ AMOUNT SOURCE DISTRIBUTION DESCRIPTION REQUIRED SYSTEM Food Refer to table 4.3.2 5,238,590 kg/yr AgroCyl. All consumables Medicines Vitamins, vaccine, suspension, 3,274 kg/yr Cylind except space-suits pills and tablets. and Pinnserts are Clothes Formals and casuals (stain and 13,000 Cylind transported to the crease resistant) units/month RESCOM through Space-suits and Dust and pathogen resistant; 11500 Cylind the „DHA‟. Pinnsert. radiation shielding. units(initially) Distributed to the Stationery Paper, pen/ pencil, etc. 700,000 kg/yr Cylind residents through Toiletries and Body wash, cosmetics, tissues, 96,600 kg/yr. Cylind shopping malls, personal grooming toilet-paper, detergents, dental stores and the products care products, etc. Interlace System. Sports products Micro-g gears, basket-ball, 10,113 kg/yr Cylind Space-suits and pool table, racquets, etc. Pinnserts will be distributed to the Gadgets Gaming/ networking systems, 700,000 units/ Cylind residents on Alaskol communication system, etc. 5yr Furniture & Refer to table 4.2.1. appliances Table 4.3.1 List of Consumables VARIETY OF FOOD GOODS QUANTITY OF FOOD GOODS/ PER PERSON PER YEAR (kg) Milk (and its products) 162.5 Breads and cereals 114 Meat 32.5 Beverages 180 Fruits and vegetables 162.5 Oils and fats 14 Spices, sugar and other products 55 Table 4.3.1 List of Food 4.2 RESIDENCES Residents will be offered four home types. Each of these are designed keeping in mind the requirements and demographic division of the population. The four home plans along with the exterior models: FEATURES HOME DESIGN #1 HOME DESIGN #2 HOME DESIGN #3 HOME DESIGN #4 Area/ Home 1,944 sq. ft. 1,902 sq. ft. 1,450 sq. ft. 2,000 sq. ft. No. of Units 502 733 2,558 120 No. of Storeys G+1 G+1 G+ 1 G No. of Occupants 3-4 (Couple + children) 2 (couple) 2 (2 singles) 3-4 (high income class) Interesting All glass doors and sliding doors are made of electro-chromic glass. Features Foldable light weight furniture 4.2.2. Bamboo flooring and foldable bamboo furniture. Table 4.4 Residences 25
4.2.1 HOME DESIGNS
Fig 4.3.1 Home Design #1
Fig 4.3.2 Home Design #2
Fig 4.3.4 Home Design #4
Fig 4.3.3 Home Design #3 26
4.2.2 FURNITURE AND APPLIANCES Arshia will provide inhabitants with unique furniture made out of bamboo grown in the AgroCyl. This ensures that the furniture is light weight, hardy, flexible and cheap. Sofas, beds, couches, etc. are made with corrugated sheets (made out of bamboo) having accordion like folds. These can be folded to a desired size, and help optimise space in homes and offices. Cabinets, chairs, desks, cupboards will be made out of bamboo ply-wood. These are both durable and cheap. And they can be folded innovatively to suit the whims of the residents and can be used to give homes new looks. Offices and homes will be provided with state-of-art appliances and gadgets. HOME / OFFICE PRODUCT QUANTITY SOURCE / DISTRIBUTION FITTINGS / 5 YEARS MANUFACTURE Furniture Beds, sofas, chairs, 700,000 units Industries in the settlement. Transported to desks, couches, cabinets, Bamboo produced is the RESCOM cupboard etc. processed in industries. through the DHA Appliances Home theatre, mood 1,178,500 Manufactured in industrial and the interlace. (including kitchen- lighting system, music units cylinder. Distributed to the ware and bath- systems and residents through ware) temperature control shopping malls system and Robots. and stores. Table 4.5 Sources, Quantity and Distribution of Furniture and Appliances
HELMET CCA WATER TUBE TO 4.3 SPACESUIT DESIGNS DRINK WATER The space suit subsystems are conceived to allow the DCMFROM explorer, the same ease of use as ordinary clothing; eventually the entire system is envisioned to give a PLSS & SOP „second skin‟ capability to the wearer. The suit is based on the principle of mechanical counter pressure. A unique RADIO feature of our space suit is that, instead of giving a hard torso which although supports the PLSS, SOP, radio, battery and „Floydon‟, but also restricts movement; it just H has a hard module which supports all of the above. This JET M space suit provides „gecko tape boots‟ for easy grip in PACK MAG micro gravity and 0 gravity areas. The tool pocket BIO SUIT provides tools, tethers, as well as gun type tether for easy KNEE access to long distances. CAPS
Fig 4.4 Spacesuit Design GECKO TAPE BOOTS 27
COMPONENT FUNCTION/DESCRIPTION MATERIAL ADVANTAGES Maximum It absorbs urine and feces. 1. MicroFiber Sodium Poly-acrylate can absorb Absorbency 2. Sodium Poly- around one thousand times its weight Garment (MAG) acrylate in water. Liquid Cooling It incorporates a network of fine 1. Spandex 1. Highly elastic and flexible. &Ventilation tubing through which water is 2. Nylon Tricot 2. Comfortable Garment (LCVG) circulated. Controls body temperature along with the bio suit and computerized temperature control system. Electric insulation Provides insulation against the BOPET film or 1. Di-electric strength. electro-spinlacing of the bio suit. Mylar 2. Physical toughness Bio Suit Electro-spinlacing provides 1. Kevlar fibers. 1. Lighter, skin fit. seamless Mechanical Counter 2. Neopropene 2. Easy to don and doff. Pressure layer. rubber. 3. Pressure of 55 kPa eliminates need 5 mm thick ribbed bladder providing 3. Piezo-electric for pre breathe. 55 kPa pressure (214 mm of hg /8.0 materials like lead 4. Porous material allows wearer to psi). zirconiatetitanate sweat out; reduces work of thermal Small pads are placed on various (PZT). control system. concavities of the body to keep them 4. Smart memory 5. Piezo Energy Generator (PEG) in contact with the space suit. alloys. Module converts mechanical strain 5. Spray on into electric charge and vice versa. urethane inner Moreover it allows to control layer. pressure. Thermal 1. Abrasion resistance 1.Dacron Dacron- Micrometeoroid 2. Radiation shielding 2. RXF1 1. Light weight Garment (TMG) 3. Protective restraint layer 3. Inner layer of 2.High tensile strength 4. Supports MAG and LCVG nylon rubber 3. Can survive low temperatures. RXF1- 1.Strong and light Nylon rubber- 1. Good insulator Hard Module 1. Supports PLSS and SOP Fiberglass 1.Strong (HM)-replacing 2. Heat insulator the Hard Upper Torso (HUT) Helmet 1. Pressurized. 1. Clear Polycarbonate plastic- 2. Provides clear view Polycarbonate 1. Unbeatable strength 3. Fan to move away the plastic. 2. Light weight perspiration from the face, and 2. Avobenzone Avobenzone and Octyl prevent fogging up the helmet. and Octyl Methoxycinnamate: Methoxycinnama 1. Transparent shielding te 2. light weight
Table 4.6.1 Spacesuit Components 28
COMPONENT FUNCTION FEATURE Primary Life Support Controls all life supporting 1. Provides almost 1.2 lb / 0.54 kg (at 518 atm tank System (PLSS) functions- pressure) oxygen 1. Providing oxygen 2. Provides almost 10 lb / 4.6 kg total water 2. Scrubbing carbon dioxide 3. Scrubs almost 240 litres of carbon dioxide 3. Maintaining pressure 4. Pinssert positioning system 4.Water for LCVG 5. It is a “micro” PLSS, where all the equipments have It includes radio, battery, Pinssert been compressed, so as to reduce their size and weight and the positioning system. on the wearer‟s body. In-suit Drinking Bag Provides drinking water to There is also a slot in the helmet for a rice-paper- (IDB) wearer. Mounted inside HM in a covered fruit and cereal bar that the astronaut can eat if pouch. Consists of a tube and he or she gets hungry during the spacewalk. The bar is straw. Contains about 1.9 litres of designed so that the astronaut can take a bite and pull water. the remainder up. The entire bar must be eaten at once to prevent crumbs from floating within the helmet Secondary Oxygen Fits below the PLSS on the Contains 2.6 lb (1.2 kg) of oxygen which will suffice for Pack (SOP) backpack frame. two hours which is enough to get back to the settlement. This oxygen supply automatically turns on when the oxygen pressure in the suit drops below 0.23 atm. Communications It contains microphones and It allows hands-free radio communications within the Carrier Assembly speakers for use with the radio. suit. (CCA) Display and Control It is mounted on the inside of the It contains all of the switches, gauges, valves Module (DCM) left arm and is used to control the and LCD displays necessary to operate the PLSS. working of the PLSS or any other The DCM, with the help of the Pinssert will give component. holographic views, assisted with audio facility for easy access and operation. EMU Electrical This is a set of communication It allows for communication and for monitoring of the Harness (EEH) wires and bio-instruments that is astronaut's vital signs (respiration rate, heart rate, worn by the astronaut inside the temperature, etc.) and keeps the control room in the suit. It provides connections to the settlement. radio and bio-instruments in the suit's backpack. Extravehicular Visor The EVA fits over the helmet. It It contains: Assembly (EVA) helps in communication, operation A metallic-gold-covered visor to filter sunlight and safety. A clear, impact resistant cover for thermal and impact protection Adjustable blinders to block sunlight Four head lamps A TV camera
Table 4.6.2 Important Spacesuit Components 29
Airlocks will be accompanied with mechanical helpers (Mech R-9) (Refer to 5.3.3) who will assist in the donning and doffing process.
4.3.1.1 DONNING 1. The MAG is put on and airlock is entered and atmospheric pressure is gradually reduced to 0.7 atm. Pre-breathe of 100 percent oxygen for 30 minutes to remove nitrogen from their blood and tissues. This allows the space-walking astronauts to pre-breathe oxygen for only 30 minutes before they enter their space suits- The purpose of this is to eliminate any dissolved nitrogen in the body that may come out when they put on their Space suits. 2. The LCVG is then put on. And the Bio suit is zipped up, before which urethane is sprayed on. Subsequently, the TMG is also zipped. 3. The PLSS is then mounted onto the hard module which is donned next and coupled to the hip. The DCM will then be mounted on the inside of the left arm. 4. The helmet is rubbed with an anti-fog compound. CCA is checked for proper functioning and is put on after which the helmet is donned. Then the gloves and boots are put on. 5. Airlock pressure drops to 0.3 atm. Mechanical helper checks suit for leaks. The astronaut is now prepared to leave.
4.3.1.2 DOFFING 1. On entering the airlock, the Pressure is dropped to 0.7 atm. 2. Helmet is removed. Hard module is subsequently removed along with all the attachments. 3. The two layers of bio suit and TMG are unzipped and removed. 4. Suitable clothes are worn. Subsequently atmospheric pressure is increased to 1 atm. Then the door to Arshia is opened.
4.3.2 AIRLOCKS Spacesuits will enable movement between pressurized and unpressurized or low pressurized zones. Airlocks have been adequately designed to carry out the essential function of allowing people to move between areas of different pressures, minimizing the change in pressure and loss of air from the initial pressurized area. It will be a chamber with two air tight doors at the end. It provides a proper breathing environment for the person. The person enters the airlock and the pressure is gradually reduced to 0.7 atm and reduces further. This air is pumped using specialized pipes.
Fig 4.5 Airlock
When the occupant has stayed the stipulated time to prevent decompression sickness, the second door is opened leading to the area with different pressure. The gradual change in pressure reduces air temperature fluctuations, reduces stress on air seals and more importantly prevents decompression sickness. It is then closed. For re- entry, a glass wall comes down; mechanical helpers enter and help in dust mitigation. Afterwards, the same procedure is followed with pressure being adjusted gradually according to the difference in pressure in the environment outside and inside with the specialized pipes providing the compressed air again. The occupant is again made to spend the stipulated time and then allowed to re-enter. For entry into unpressurized zones, the airlocks will follow the same procedure and reduce it to the suitable pressure in the environment outside, Airlocks will be positioned on the entrance to the DHA, which will connect the three cylinders as well as help in transport to the ports. Moreover airlocks will be automated to perform the above functions 30
4.3.3 SYSTEMS AND DEVICES Systems and devices have been adequately designed to help movement in low g and unpressurized areas. The Pinnsert will be equipped with a positioning system and the person in the above mentioned areas will be tracked by the control room. The spacesuit will be equipped with a control panel, radio and communications carrier assembly to facilitate communication with the control room. The spacesuit will also be accompanied with tethers and gun type tethers for easy access. The exterior structure of the settlement will have hooks all around for attachment onto the settlement. Moreover hooks will be present all along the DHA and low g areas for support and easy access. These tethers will be built using silicon carbide, as it is chemically inert, strong, has high elastic modulus, tensile and low in density and survives temperature extremes. Handrails will be provided throughout DHA to provide grip and to prevent people Fig 4.6 Tether from floating away. The spacesuits will also have gecko-like tape boots. (Refer to 3.2.7) 4.4 MEANS FOR CHILDREN TO SPEND TIME IN 1g Special care has been taken to ensure that children are exposed to 1g for at least 4-5 hours daily. This is made possible by constructing the school in the Geo-Cyl which has 1g (For location and space usage by schools in the GeoCyl, refer to Fig 4.1).
During vacations it is advised that children come for the extra- curricular activities club for at least 3 hours/ day.
The option of an Observatory in the 1g area has also been provided to the children to enhance their curiosity.
Pluto- the Snow Park has been offered as well for the enjoyment of the children while they are in 1g areas.
Fig 4.7 A School in the 1g area (GeoCyl)
4.5 INSTANT MOVE-IN HOMES Arshia endeavours to create a warm home-like environment for its semi-term residents. They will be offered with instant move in homes of various sizes (according to their requirements- 1800/ 1200/ 900 sq. ft). These homes will be fully furnished and stocked with daily consumables and essentials. Northdonning Heedwell proposes to construct 1,217 instant move-in homes. Semi-term occupants can integrate into the society by joining clubs and interacting with fellow residents.
Fig 4.8 Floor Plan of a 1200 sq. ft Instant Move-In Home AUTOMATION DESIGNS & SERVICES 32 5.0 AUTOMATION DESIGNS AND SERVICES
Northdonning Heedwell has designed the entire Automation Services of Arshia such that human effort is minimized. The residents of the settlement are provided with all facilities for better adaptation and to make their lives very comfortable. Construction of the settlement is carried out in steps by the use of advanced machines for construction in space. Cloud computing and Pervasive Network Communication help in extremely fast communication and ensure high security. Moreover, security of all kinds of data is ensured by various identification systems. This section also elaborates on the machinery used by Arshia for mining 6-Hebe. 5.1 AUTOMATION FOR CONSTRUCTION Northdonning Heedwell shall provide efficient and high-tech robots for expedient and detailed construction of Arshia. The materials extracted from 6-hebe, Mars, Bellevistat, Alexandriat and the Moon shall be used proficiently. In this way, the exterior and interior construction of Arshia shall be completed in a cost-efficient, swift and meticulous manner to build a solid structure to support the entire settlement.
NAME FUNCTION DESCRIPTION QTY Crabbot E-8 Carries out the Made of titanium and steel. 900 main exterior Coated with cenosphere to construction protect from solar flares. Has four process of the long foldable arms extending entire from centre. The ends of the arms settlement. have clamps with tools required Forms Crabbot for the construction. Has storage I-8 when this volume for storing construction task is material. Each E-8 has a Control completed. and Sensing Unit (CSU) passing through its centre, monitored by Ozzy 1. Several E-8s join together to form a circular ring according to the size of the circumference of the cylinder which is being constructed at that time. Crabbot I-8 Interior A modified Crabbot E-8 with a 900 building, similar CSU monitored by the finishing, tiling, Ozzy 2. I-8s join together to pipe laying and construct and finish buildings construction of and other community roadways, infrastructure. The tools on its parks, etcetera clamp include drillers, screws, is done by the and brushes for complete Crabbot I-8 construction. Movits For movement T-shaped robots. Made of 100 of all machines, aluminium and titanium. The top cargos, is an adjustable clamp and the construction bottom has an inbuilt control and material around memory storage system. The the settlement. retractable clamps adjust themselves in such a way that the T-bots can fit together in one system monitored by a main Fig. 5.1.1 2 Crabbots linked together board.
Table 5.1 Automation for Construction 33 For the initial exterior construction of the settlement, the nozzles, Ozzy 1 and Ozzy 2 will be assembled in Alaskol on the moon and launched from there. Ozzy 1 will contain the main construction robots called Crabbot E-8s and the material required for exterior construction and shielding. Ozzy 2 will contain the materials for construction of the interiors and interior finishing. Both the nozzles have positioning monitors and control units. Each Crabbot has a sensor which is instructed by the control unit.
First Ozzy 1 is launched and it places itself in the required orbit (Refer to section 2.3).The Crabbots are then released to start the construction process. Once each cylinder has been built, Ozzy 2 is launched. Ozzy 2 releases the materials required for all the interior constructions with the help of transportation robots called Movits and attaches itself to the other end of the cylinders, thereby completing the exterior structure. The control unit of Ozzy 2 then instructs the Crabbot E-8s to be modified to Crabbot I-8s which carry out the interior construction. 5.2 AUTOMATION FOR REPAIR, MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY The state-of-the-art technology used by Northdonning Heedwell shall provide efficient repair and maintenance facilities. It shall inspect and repair both internal and external loopholes at all times to ensure the smooth running of Arshia. Networked robotic devices in smart environments, called “Ubiquitous Robotics", shall provide a radically new way to build intelligent robot systems in the service of people. NAME FUNCTION DESCRIPTION SIZE QTY Cattepede External maintenance and Coated with silver-coated cenosphere for protection from solar 8m x 1.5m 40 repair. Various tasks such as flares. Several body compartments with multi-tasking hands. x 3m painting, tightening screws, welding and drilling. Crabbot Internal maintenance and Re-modified Crabbot I-8s 4m x 3m x 700 mr-8 repair- renovation of buildings, 1.5m cleaning public spaces, disposal of garbage, repair of glitches in other automation systems. Medobots First-aid and transportation of Storage unit for keeping various medical paraphernalia. Two 1.65m x 1000 patients to hospitals medobots join together to form a stretcher. 0.5m x 0.5m Polarshia Security and public safety Police like robot with antennas to sense frantic movements or 1m x 1m x 320 screams for help. Arms with stun guns, tranquilizer guns and 1.5m handcuffs. Pinnsert of the criminal shall be de-activated as soon as a polarshia attacks, to block services provided in Arshia. Table 5.2 Automation for Repair, Maintenance and Safety
Fig.5.1.2 Cattepede
5.2.1 AUTOMATION FOR REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE Repair and maintenance of Arshia shall be carried out by a variety of robots which shall be re-modified so that Northdonning Heedwell can save the Foundation Society a lot of money by not having to build new robots. The Crabbots are re-programmed to carry out internal maintenance tasks. The robots are dispatched to the concerned area in case of any damage which is blocked temporarily till the problem is revamped. The robots have a storage unit with numerous tools and paraphernalia which are used as per the requirement. The Cattepedes or exterior maintenance robots are coated with silver-coated cenospheres for protection from solar flares. Immediately after a solar flare, the robots are assessed for any kind of damage and immediately repaired. 34
5.2.2 AUTOMATION FOR SAFETY Northdonning Heedwell takes full responsibility in ensuring a safe and healthy environment for all Arshians.
5.2.2.A MEDICAL SAFETY
Level 1: Stay-fit Pills consumed by all residents each month monitor the health-conditions of all users and provide reports regarding the user‟s health, along with monitoring of diet and exercise
Level 2: In case of emergencies, Medobot sensors are activated on receiving a call for help through Pinnsert. They will provide first aid to the affected person, till the time they transport him/her to the nearest hospital. Two medobots can together form a stretcher to carry the patient. They shall contain specialized tools in their storage unit such as CPR kit, ECG scanner, blood-pressure monitor, sterilized gloves, injections, etcetera.
Level 3: Patients in a critical state are provided excellent medical facilities at the hospital and are treated by qualified doctors, assisted by robots.
5.2.2.B PUBLIC SAFETY The Polidofense system consists of emergency posts in the entire settlement at a distance of 150 m each. These consist of movement and voice recognition systems designed to identify frantic actions or distressed screams. As soon as the sensors are activated, Polarshias with transponder devices are dispatched to the concerned area. The robot can use either a stun gun or tranquilizer gun to immobilize the criminal.
5.2.2.C EVACUATION ROUTES Arshia has two evacuation plans in case of emergencies: • In case of a minor hull breech due to collision, entry to the affected section is restricted. The residents of that area are temporarily shifted to the Cylind (Industrial Cylinder), where instant move-in houses can be constructed by the 200 extra Crabbot I-8s to Fig. 5.2 Polarshia accommodate the people. • In case of a large scale emergency, all residents will immediately don their spacesuits and be transferred to the nozzles. The nozzles and the central shaft will then detach themselves from the rest of the settlement. Since the nozzles contain additional food, fuel and water, it can sustain people up to 20 days, by which time repair work shall be carried out. 35
5.2.2.D BACK UP SYSTEM/CONTINGENCY PLAN POSSIBLE PROBLEMS POINT OF OCCURRENCE BACK UP/CONTINGENCY PLAN RESPONSE TIME FIRE Alert all residents immediately. 45 seconds - Class A Residence and Agriculture areas Water-based extinguisher - Class B Propulsion system and fuel Foam-fire extinguishers storage areas - Class C Electrical wires and equipment Dry-powdered extinguishers - Class D Equipment made with Dry-powdered extinguishers combustible materials - Class K Kitchens Wet Chemical extinguisher DEBRIS COLLISION Exterior of the entire Refer to section 2.4 15 seconds settlement FOOD / WATER Residential areas Back-up storage food in nozzles for 10 months N/A SHORTAGE EXPLOSIONS Mining base, industries Type A, B, C, D and K extinguishers used to put 1 minute out fire. Damage repaired by robots. Medobots deployed to treat people. TRANSPORT-RELATED Transport system – internal Vehicles repaired or replaced. 2 minutes ACCIDENTS and external TREMORS Entire settlement Presence of shock-absorbant materials in Protecting at protective outer layer (Refer to section 2.1.2) all times NETWORK FAILURE External and internal Immediate identification of problem and 5 minutes communication systems rectification Table 5.3 Backup Sustem/ Contingency Plan 5.2.3 ACCESS TO CRITICAL DATA BY AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL LEVEL I : RESIDENCES AND OFFICES METHOD OF FUNCTIONING PEOPLE GIVEN RELIABILIT AUTHENTICATION ACCESS Y Passwords, fingerprint Only after the user passes all 3 Residents, workers, 60% recognition, DNA testing through tests can he/she enter his home. short-term and semi- salivary swab term occupants LEVEL II: AGRICULTURAL AREAS Passwords, fingerprint It allows access to a minimum of 3 Agriculturalists 80% recognition, Jaw scan individuals at a time to the designated areas. No individual can enter alone. All 3 individuals have to pass all 3 scans to enable access. LEVEL III: INDUSTRIAL AREAS Passwords, fingerprint Industrialists are allowed 4 at a Industrialists 90% recognition, micro-expression time. All 4 individuals have to pass the 3 scans to gain access. LEVEL IV: CONTROL ROOM AND DOCKING PORTS Passwords, fingerprint Allows access to a minimum of 5 Authorized personnel 98% recognition, retina scan, jaw scan, individuals at a time. No individual and technicians DNA test through blood prick can enter alone. All 5 individuals have to pass all tests to enable access. Table 5.4 Access to Critical Data by Authorized Personnel Any access to unauthorized activity as detected by the control parameters of the computer will lead to immediate disabling of all access permits. 36
5.3 AUTOMATION TO ENHANCE LIVABILITY NorthdonningHeedwell shall provide a vast array of automated devices and tools, which shall augment not only the business activities but shall also, provide a conducive environment for Arshians to live in, thus accelerating the Foundation Society‟s goals for Arshia. 5.3.1 LIVABILITY AT COMMUNITY LEVEL 5.3.1.A PINNSERT The most essential automation device, which shall be embedded in the earlobe of all Arshians is called Pinnsert, based on voice recognition system. It is a multifunctional gadget which when in use shall project a holographic monitor, with a menu to perform any of the following functions: Serve as the owner‟s personal computer with high-speed internet facilities and information processing storing large amount of data based on nano storage. (This refers to usage of metallofullerenes or carbon “cages” with embedded metallic compounds as materials for miniature data storage devices. Metallofullerenes are capable of forming ordered super molecular structures with different orientations. By specifically manipulating these orientations, data will be stored and subsequently accessed.) Control and monitor Resobots E-banking and shopping including purchase of grocery requirements, food, clothes, etc. On placement of order, Fig. 5.3 Pinnsert the commodity shall be sent via the DHA to the residential cylinder from where goods are delivered to the door-step using the interlace system.
Serve as information and news portals to all the residents of Arshia. To activate a Medobot to approach in case of any medical problem.
Pinnsert shall work on the principle of PERVASIVE NETWORK COMMUNICATION (PNC). Those wearing spacesuits in outer space can also enjoy the functions of pinnsert. Incase of any problem, the control unit can be intimidated back on Arshia for help using this device.
5.3.1.B REDUCTION OF MANUAL LABOUR • Internal maintenance robots shall regularly clean streets, parks and roads. • Resobots, pinnserts, specoview also help in reducing manual labour.
5.3.2 PRODUCTIVITY IN WORK ENVIRONMENTS
5.3.2.A SPECO VIEW : 3-D glasses called SpecoView are worn during work hours with following functions: 1) It reads the user‟s brain and thought processes. It can be monitored and edited by the individual only. 2) Worn during the working hours, it keeps track of the activities of the employees. 3) It is the virtual computer of the worker. It has additional features such as that of a camera, and a microphone.
5.3.2.B SPECONETWORK All workers are connected via speco-network. The work-related information posted by various people is available on this portal and can be accessed by other workers, thus creating a link between different working sectors. 37 5.3.3 MAINTENANCE AND ROUTINE TASKS NAME FUNCTION DESCRIPTION QTY AGROBOT Sprays minerals in the aeroponic chambers. Harvests the 1. Made of aluminium. 380 plants as per required i.e. Seed, leaf, root, etc. 2. Spouts at the base spray minerals Also maintains the inclination of the plant and regulates 3. Has air-jets to move around in the temperature and sunlight for faster plant growth. aeroponic chambers. 4. Retractable arms to collect ripened crops and place in storage unit to take to Agrocyl. INDOBOT Operates the machinery as and when commanded to do 1. Made of aluminium. 400 so. Reports snags in manufacturing processes and 2. Has inbuilt electro magnetic radiators. performs quality checks 3. Has retractable arms with various tools for machine repair. RESOBOTS Performs routine household tasks like cleaning utensils, Modeled on the present day ASIMO robot 7000 Vacuuming, Baby sitting, Laying the table, Making the with several more features. It consists of beds, Watering the plants, Assisting in offices, one main body with a storage unit of Maintaining the diary and address book. various paraphernalia. The bottom half has air jets at the base to provide movement In addition, it also repairs household or office equipment with minimum friction. The head has an and repaints walls. Works on both auto pilot mode and inbuilt camera, memory storage and a manually controlled mode. transponder. A) EDU-R9 They shall also assist teachers in the classrooms to Re-programmed resobots 40 promote interactive learning for children. B) MEC-R9 They shall act as mechanical helpers to assist in the Re-programmed resobots 35 donning and doffing process. They also help removing dust from airlocks. Table 5.5 Maintenance and Routine Tasks
5.3.4 PRIVACY OF PERSONAL DATA AND CONTROL OF SYSTEMS IN PRIVATE SPACES Northdonning Heedwell strives to protect the privacy of all Arshians. Privacy of personal data in one‟s computer is guaranteed as information stored by an individual on his computer can only be accessed through his Pinsert. Pinsert only responds to its owner, thereby safeguarding the owner‟s information.
5.3.5 DEVICES FOR COMMUNICATION AND ENTERTAINMENT SERVICES: For E-communication and video conferencing, Pinsert-controlled holographic screens will be used. Home theatre systems with adjustable screens are used for the purpose of entertainment viewing. Excellent music systems, mood-lighting and temperature-control facilities are provided. Robot resources and entertainment systems are controlled at home using Pinnsert.
Fig. 5.4 Resobot watering the Garden 38
5.3.4 NETWORKING AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS
Fig. 5.5.1 Networking
Fig. 5.5.2 Bandwidth Requirements 39 5.4 AUTOMATION FOR MINING
Keeping in mind the importance of mined materials for business and construction related purposes, Northdonning Heedwell has designed capable, highly productive and dexterous robots for quick and efficient mining.
5.4.1 LOCATION OF MINING SPOT . 6-Hebe shall first be scanned thoroughly using „space weathering phenomenon‟ and RADAR. Once the radio waves are sent, they react differently to different materials thus showing which portions have maximum amount of minerals. The robots are then deployed from Hebetat (Refer to section 2.5) to begin the mining process. The robots shall be made of titanium and shall be coated with a tough graphite-epoxy coating, to prevent wear and tear.
5.4.2 ROBOT DESIGNS All major mining operations on 6-hebe shall be carried out by Hebedig and Hebedrill. They shall both have CSUs (control and sensor units) and transponder beacons to be instructed by the mining officials at Hebetat. Once a certain section has been mined, Hebedrill and Hebedig are Fig. 5.6.1 Hebedrills on 6-Hebe programmed to return back to the mining camp for recharging NAME FUNCTION DESCRIPTION SIZE QTY Hebedrill Outlines the chosen mining location Contains a solid, cylindrical vertical shaft. Radius : 0.5m, 10 along a circular track and loosens and Projects out – pneumatic drill, laser drill, angle Drill length: 3m disintegrates rocks to accelerate drill, rotary drill, hammer drill or ultra-sonic mining. Excavated regolith travels up drill depending on type of terrain. the cylinder and is collected within the removable storage unit. Hebedig Performs shoveling and loading of They travel on treads. The large mining wheels 2m x 3m x 4m 100 mined materials and also stores and are attached to both sides of the body, perform transports minerals back to the shoveling functions. The collected material is mining base for refining. stored in the main body. Table 5.6 Mining Robots Once a certain section has been mined, Hebedrill and Hebedig are programmed to return back to the mining camp for recharging. 5.4.3 ROBOT ADAPTATIONS FOR NEARLY NON-EXISTENT GRAVITY To cope with 6-hebe‟s nearly non-existent gravity of 0.087 g, the cylindrical shaft possesses anchor-like clamps to fasten on to the surrounding soil and perform the drilling operation. The Hebedig has a central harpoon-like system which ejects out anchors to attach firmly to the ground.
5.4.4 ADAPTATION FOR DUST BUILD-UP 5.4.4.A Mining activities may produce a lot of dust from which mining robots have to be protected. Nano-tech based coating not only prevents dust build-up but is also heat and erosion resistant. The joints of the robots shall also be at a higher pressure, such that the dust cannot affect them. 5.4.4.B The Hebedigs have a mesh like filter system within them to separate the ore from the dust and other unwanted materials. These materials are also transferred to Hebetat where they are refined. Fig. 5.6.2 Hebedig on 6-Hebe 40 5.5 ORE UNLOADING PROCESSES
5.5.1 AUTOMATION DESIGNS NAME FUNCTION DESCRIPTION SIZE QTY Process-A72 Examines and detects presence Large rectangular frame-shaped structure 6m x 3.5m 4 of harmful particles in the ore. with in-built sensors and retractable hands x 3m Removes unwanted particles. attached to interior section of the frame. Conveyor Belt Ore Belt transfers ores to the The conveyor belt is a two-way system: 250 m x 4m N/A system DHA whereas the Dirt Belt 1. The ore conveyor belt (OCbelt) each belt carries dirt and sediments to 2. The dirt conveyor belt (DCbelt) the storage area in the nozzles. Collection Units Collects materials brought in Cube-shaped collection components fixed 2.5m x 100 on (CUs) by the Hebedigs. firmly on both conveyor belt systems 1.5m x 1 m each belt
Table 5.7 Automation for Ore Unloading
5.5.2 ORE RECEIVING AND ENRICHMENT SYSTEM (ORE SYSTEM)
Ore from other locations shall be accepted in containers .The automated Ore Receiving and Enrichment system (ORE system) facilitates a complete cycle of transfer of ore from the ports to Cylind, for further enrichment. The Hebezone chamber is used for unloading of all mined material collected on 6-Hebe. The spaceship, Hebexy enters Ozzy 1, where the Crabbot I-8s remove all dirt and dust from the spaceship to prevent dust build-up. The containers containing mined material are brought from 6-Hebe by Hebedigs. The containers function as CUs on the OCbelt – where magnetic ores and non-magnetic ores are taken in separate CUs and regolith and dirt are taken on CUs on the DCbelt. The OCbelt connects to the DHA on which it is transferred to the Cylind for further processing. The DCbelt transfers the stored dirt to the storage area Fig. 5.7 Transfer of Ore from Port to Refinery in the nozzles for future use.
Fig. 5.8 Ore Handling in Ports SCHEDULE & COST 42 6.0 COST AND SCHEDULE
7.1 SCHEDULE 43
7.2 COST
MATERIALS QUANTITY(in Kg) COST PER UNIT (in $) TOTAL COST (in $)
Nickel 56,960,000,000 0.13 7,404,800,000.00 Titanium 2,912,000,000 6.5 18,928,000,000.00 Nanogel 847,500 5 4,237,500.00 Kevlar 16,272,000 9.95 1,619,064,000.00 Rxf1 22,600,000 105 2,373,000,000.00 Demron 35,482,000 120 4,257,840,000.00 Silica Aerogel 33,900 1.6 54,240.00 Alon 27,459,000 2.9 79,631,100.00 Shape Memory Alloys 73,450,000 4.9 65,901,600.00 Benzene Oxpyl Methoxy Cinnamte 12,560,000 1.5 18,840,000.00 Chevron Shield NA NA 5,743,798.00 Self Heeling Rubber 17,270,000 10.2 176,154,000.00 Superadobe NA NA 304,985,040.00 TOTAL 35,238,251,278.00 44
Total cost billed to the foundation society is 36,039,000,000 $. Northdonning Heedwell ensures Arshia’s economic sustainability and productivity on account of the following annual revenue pattern.
Contract awarded on 8th may 2071. Foundation society members may begin moving into their new homes from 1st april 2089. Entire original population will be established in the community on 31st october 2089. BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT 46 7.0 BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
Northdonning Heedwell shall provide all facilities for Astoria to host a variety of commercial and industrial ventures. The system shall be flexible such that other business types can be added with little configuration, to cater to the needs of the residents. The financial future of Arshia shall be solidified on a flourishing mining and manufacturing industry, which shall secure Arshia’s economy. Thus, Northdonning Heedwell shall not only ensure a thriving business economy but also make sure that Arshians are comfortable in the settlement. 7.1 INFRASTRUCTURE FOR CONDUCTING MINING OPERATIONS
7.1.1 INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ASTEROID MINING AND HARVESTING OPERATIONS
MINERALS USES Arshia shall be located in close proximity Nickel Construction purposes to 6-Hebe. The initial construction of Iron Construction purposes, Manufacturing mining robots shall take place in ARESAM steel and then be shipped to 6-hebe, to accelerate Manganese Manufacturing steel the construction process. The construction Aluminium Making alloys, Construction purposes of Arshia shall be carried out simultaneously. The mined materials shall Silicon Solar cells, Glass and ceramics be used for initial construction phases. Oxygen Liquid fuel, For air Once the construction of Arshia is fully Calcium Extracted aluminium, used in construction complete, it shall posses all the technology Aluminium Silicate of buildings to build more mining equipment. Table 7.1.1- Mineral Usage
7.1.2 METHODS FOR SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND TRADE
Minerals extracted from 6-hebe shall be used to the fullest potential for lucrative ventures as well as construction processes. Though most materials needed for maintenance and assembly of the settlement are available on 6-Hebe, materials needed for initial construction are imported from other installations. Refining and processing of minerals take place in the CylInd. These are then used to manufacture various finished goods. Thus Arshia shall be a self-sustaining, independent, mine-to-manufacture settlement that shall support all its activities and reduce the need for expensive imports, thus making immense profits.
7.1.3 PORT FACILITIES AND WAREHOUSING AND SHIPPING OF COMMODITIES
Arshia has efficient port facilities for handling all cargo that is being brought in, with temporary warehousing and storage facilities. These functions are carried out by the Crabbot I-8s. The two nozzles, Ozzy1 and Ozzy2 have entry (Entarshia) and exit (Extarshia) points. The conveyor belt system supports transfer of cargo, raw materials and other goods and commodities to and fro from the ports. The Hebexy S-10s ferry goods and services to and from Arshia whereas the larger Hebexy spaceships are used to transport mining Table 7.1.2- Hebexy L5 equipment. The ports and docking areas shall be pressurized. (For further details refer to section 3.5.3) 47
7.1.4 PREVENTION OF DUST The entire settlement has a pneumatic chamber whereas the robots are given a nano-particle coating for prevention of dust build-up. Nano-particle coating helps to prevent abrasion and accumulation of dust in joints, thus ensuring efficient function of robots at all times. When the space-vehicles enter the settlement, the Crabbot MR-8s dust off all the dirt gathered on the vehicles using highly pressurized air along with various dusting-cleaning paraphernalia. [Further adaptations given in section 5.4.3]
7.2 SERVICES FOR REMOTE ASTEROID MINING OPERATIONS AND OUTER PLANET EXPEDITIONS
7.2.1 EXCESS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Cultivation of crops on Arshia takes place on a large area covering 157142 m 2. Thus, the amount of crops produced (1571420 cubic metre of crops) is not only sufficient for all the residents but also for visiting tourists. The surplus food is stored in the agricultural cylinder itself, in the storage area, with 785710 m3 amount of excess food, which can support visitors as well as the settlement during any impediment in food production. A part of the food supply is also stored in the nozzles at all times to support residents during evacuation.
7.2.2 REST AND RECREATION FACILITIES FOR VISITORS
Northdonning Heedwell has taken full responsibility for providing rest and recreation facilities for visiting spacecraft crews. The semi-term occupants will be housed in instant move-in homes (refer to section 4.5.1) whereas the short-term visitors shall be accommodated in luxurious hotels. Arshia also boasts of several clubs, spas, health centers, spiritual centers, a water- amusement park and a museum for recreation purposes. The observatories in the residential area as well as those on the GeoCyl shall provide facilities for having closer and better views of space.
7.2.3 REPAIR DEPOT FOR SPACE VESSELS
The space vessels traveling around the settlement shall need constant checking for any glitches. Hence, in case of need for any renovation, the space vessels place themselves in the maintenance zone near the docking ports, which consists of all necessary equipment such as highly pressurized air, drillers, nano-coating, and cenosphere etcetera. Here the maintenance and repair robots also perform lubricating and cleaning functions. Trained staff and port officials are also present for consultation and help regarding replacement of major parts or major repairs.
7.2.4 REFUELLING, FUEL PRODUCTION AND STORAGE FACILITIES
Arshia shall be using LOX, LH2 and argon for fuelling purposes. Arshia has the capability to produce 1132.4 m^3 of LOX and 3114.1 m^3 of LH2 which shall be replenished monthly. Re-fuelling of spacecrafts can take place at the nozzles, which shall be handled by the Crabbot MR-8 robots and port workers. Hydrogen and oxygen are produced using electrolysis of water and subsequent liquefaction using fractional distillation. Moreover, photo catalytic cells that split water to produce hydrogen and oxygen using sunlight and the power of nanostructured catalysts (such as titanium dioxide, tungsten oxide and iron oxide in compacted nanostructures with superior opto-electronic properties) will be used. The nozzles shall provide storage area of 4246.5 m^3 for storage of LOX and LH2 in separate tanks at all times which can be used during emergencies.
7.2.5. SPACE TUGS
Space tug facilities shall be readily available to assist or drag back non-functional or disabled space vessels. The space tug shall have propellant tanks, thrusters and avionics bays and a life span of 15 years. The space tugs after being launched, shall detach themselves from the launch rocket. They shall have claw-like grappling devices to attach to the disabled space vessel and either put it back on orbit or drag it to the settlement for maintenance operations. In case of bigger ships, 2 space tows may be deployed which can grapple the vessel from both ends. 48
7.2.6. RESCUE OPERATIONS
Arshia shall have 5 rescue spaceships, that shall be ready at all times at the docks to perform rescue operations. The ship shall contain provisions to feed about 100 miners for a period of 10 months, also having sufficient fuel to sustain for 10 months. The ship shall also contain medobots, Cattepedes Crabbot MR- 8s for any kind of medical or repair emergency. The provisions shall be replenished regularly so that even within 24 hours of notice, the ship can be deployed to perform rescue operations, thus ensuring safety and security of stranded personnel. Table 7.2.1- Hebexy S10 7.3 SENSING AND IMAGING RESEARCH
7.3.1 RADIO TELESCOPES
The telescope uses the technology of Large Adaptive Reflector (LAR) which is a Canadian design concept for building large radio telescopes at extremely low cost per square meter of aperture. The LAR concept incorporates a large- diameter (D>150 m), large focal-ratio (f/D»2.5, giving f>375 m) reflector. Instead of using a conventional single mount point, the LAR design supports the near-flat reflector over its entire surface, and relies on actuators to adjust the surface shape and the pointing direction. An airborne phased-array feed is positioned at the focus, and provides multiple beams to image a patch of sky simultaneously.
7.3.2 OPTICAL TELESCOPE
7.3.2.A DESCRIPTION
Membrane mirror optical telescopes will be used in Arshia. The optical telescope in Arshia will use large membrane mirrors as their optical surfaces. Membrane mirrors are lightweight; they can be compactly stored, and they have the potential to provide high-quality optical imaging. Current work concentrates on making optically flat mirrors using stretched membranes. Very lightweight mirrors can be made that only require a rigid support at the perimeter of the membrane. Contact with the membrane need not be continuous, only discrete attachment points are required to tension the material. Electroformed nickel is appealing as a membrane material because of its strength and stability.
7.3.2.B POSITION Two radio telescopes and optical telescopes will be placed at the diametrically opposite observatories placed in the GEO-CYLS. Signals can be intercepted coming from all sides of Arshia as the telescopes will have a 360 degrees range. Along with the above mentioned telescopes, communication antenna will also be placed in the GEO-CYLS.
7.3.3 STRUCTURAL ISOLATION Since most of the vibration causing activities i.e. industrial processes, power generation, etc, will be located around the inner shaft of Arshia (Refer to Fig 2.1), these sensing and imaging instruments will not be affected as they will be situated on the periphery of Arshia. 7.3.4 RETURNING DATA TO EARTH IN REAL TIME In order to return data to the Earth in real time, Arshia will employ fleets of 'data-clippers' which are maneuverable spacecraft equipped with solar sails, to ship vast quantities of scientific data back to the Earth. Their concept is for a clipper to fly close to a planetary orbiter, upload its data and fly by Earth, at which point terabytes of data could be downloaded to the ground station. A fleet of data clippers cruising around the Solar System could provide support for an entire suite of planetary missions. Table 7.3.1- Data Clippers 8. A OPERATIONAL SCENARIO
As the image of the sun appeared on the screen, indicating the beginning of a new day, the family Resobot, Titania pulled off the bedcovers of two children peacefully sleeping on their retractable bunk beds. “Time for school! Time for school!” said a friendly voice as Mrs. Arshon swept into the room, tying her hair. “Good morning Ryan! Morning Rachel! You heard Titania. Get up now!”
As the children were helped by Titania to get ready for school, Anne Arshon instructed the family‟s second Resobot, Steffi, to prepare breakfast for everyone. “Cornflakes with milk for the children, bread toast and omelet for Charlie and me. Prepare some coffee for us too.” Seeing that there was no milk in the fridge, Steffi immediately placed an order for a carton of milk, which was delivered at the residence via the Interlace system. As Steffi laid down the breakfast table, Ryan and Rachel came running down the stairs of their Luxury Condo, while Charlie came out of his room, with some research papers in hand. “Morning everyone!” he smiled. “I shall present my research on the asteroid 16-psyche today at office. It is going to be an important day for me.”
“Oh yes Charlie! I hope others shall be convinced about its lucrative mining opportunities as well.”
“All the best daddy!” said 4-year old Rachel. “Oh! And can we go to Water World today evening?” she asked, as the family had their breakfast.
“Sure love! Now off to school. Take your bags. Titania, take them via the elevator to the GeoCyl. Take care!”
“Bye mommy! Bye daddy!” said both children as they made their way out.
As Anne prepared to leave, she kissed Charlie good-bye. Charlie then got ready to go to the Research Centre, where he worked. The presentation would be a defining moment in his life…
Within 6 minutes, the elevator came to a halt in front of the massive structure of the Sky High School on the GeoCyl. As Ryan and Rachel got off, they waved to Titania. The school campus consisted of playgrounds, sports centers and art complexes. Young Ryan and Rachel walked to their respective classrooms. Ryan who studied in Level IV had chosen the „solar system‟ as his main subject. As the class settled down, the Edu-R9 robots started the lessons for the day:
“Good Morning class. Today we shall learn about the collision which occurred between Neptune and Uranus in 2055. Refer to your pinnserts. Your homework shall be to get interesting clippings about this event and share it with the class tomorrow!”
During recess, the students also have the facility to visit the observatories for views of space. Ryan, who was interested in the subject, took his friend, Joe along. Looking out at space and pointing to a distant star, he said,” Maybe one day we will explore that far!” Charlie used his Gecko-like tape shoes to reach his workplace in 8 minutes. Being the assistant head of the research center, he was greeted pleasantly by all other staff members. Straightening his coat and tie, he walked into the Executives Meeting Hall. All important analysts and officials were present. Arshian researchers and analysts were exploring the surrounding asteroids for future materials harvesting opportunities. As the meeting commenced, various analysts presented their research through SpecoViews, where all the information was collected on SpecoNetwork. When it was Charlie‟s turn, using his Specoview holographic screen, he went into a detailed explanation on the benefits of mining 16-psyche.
Anne travelled on the AutoWalk to reach her destination – the repair and maintenance (Rzone) in the nozzles. To stay in zero-g conditions, Anne donned her spacesuit. Anne had been working as Head of the Repair Unit for Robots for the past 3 years. Following the usual routine, she went around scrutinizing the work of all those under her. The monitor in her chamber also gave her constant updates regarding the repair work going on in the entire zone. After a round of examination, as Anne returned to her private office, the alarm system suddenly beeped, “Help needed”.
Meanwhile, Titania and Steffi together cleaned and swept the house. A leak found in the taps was also fixed by them at once. When Ryan and Rachel came back, lunch was served to them, after which they went to take a dip in their personal swimming pool. Ryan then sat down to complete his assignments whereas Rachel ran off to play in the community park.
As Charlie finished speaking, everyone applauded him for the thorough research and analysis that he had done. The next day, the Supervisors would choose the asteroid for further mining ventures based on various researchers‟ presentations.
Anne rushed down to the RZone to troubleshoot the problem. One of the Hebedigs had a faulty configuration due to which the shoveling wheels were not moving in the required manner. Being a technical expert in the field, Anne soon figured out the glitch and instructed one of the Crabbot MR- 8s to fix the fault.
After a full day of hard work, Anne and Charlie finally returned home to spend some quality family time. As a routine, the family sat down to watch the daily news on their size-adjustable home theatre system. On Astnet TV, a reporter was saying, “The polarshia-K8 robot stuns a criminal with its tranquillizer gun, thus preventing robbery of the Arshian Bank .”
“Daddy, you promised to take us to Water World today! Please let us go!” requested Rachel. And so, the family set off in their car, Torix. The evening was spent in enjoying the water-rides and other recreation facilities. But unfortunately, Rachel caught a cold. The stay-fit pills indicated the kind of medicine she would need. “Oh love! This is so unfortunate. Let us go to the supermarket to buy you your medicine.” After buying the medicine, Anne purchased a pair of shoes for herself and Charlie bought a book – „Space Exploration in 2211‟. When the family finally went back home at night, the beds were made by their resobots. A special day awaited Ryan.
***
“Surprise! Happy birthday!” Anne, Charlie and Rachel exclaimed. Lying at the Arshon‟s commodity receiving terminal, was a well wrapped gift, which had been ordered sometime back. As Ryan excitedly unwrapped the gift, there inside lay the Encyclopaedia he had been dying to have!
“Thank you so much! This is my best birthday gift ever!” Ryan exclaimed, as he hugged each of them.
Just then, Charlie received an alert on his pinnsert from the Chief Head: „Congratulations, Mr. Arshon! Your presentation yesterday is worthy of praise. Future mining operations on 16-psyche shall be considered. Meet me at my office, today at 1:30 p.m.‟
Charlie‟s happiness knew no bounds. His hard work had paid off. Living on Arshia, had proven to be like a dream come true. 8. B BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES
STRUCTURES 1. Beauchamp, G. T.: Adverse Affects Due To Space Vehicle Rotation, Astronautical Sciences Review, Volume 3 2. Haviland, RP : Influence Of Coriolis Forces On Some Design Choices In Rotating Spacecraft, AIAAA And Aerospace Medical Association Weightlessness And Artificial Gravity 3. Glaeser, Ludwig: Architectural studies for space habitat, Princeton University Conference Meeting 4. Chapman, CR: The Natureof asteroids, Scientific American, Volume 232 5. McCord TB, Chapman CR: Asteroids: Spectral Reflectrance and Color Characteristics, Astrophysics Journal, vol 197, 1975 6. Martin, A., Harbison, S.A.: An Introduction to Radiation Protection, Chapman and Hall, London(England) 7. Clarke, A.C.: Islands in the Sky, John C. Winston\ 8. Settlement.arc.nasa.gov
OPERATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE 1. http://www.sidleach.com/6_Hebe.htm 2. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&c 3. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/45157672/Osmotic-Concentration-Apparatus-And-Method-For-Direct- Osmotic-Concentration-Of-Fruit-Juices---Patent-5281430 4. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ 5. http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-10/123000-mph-plasma-engine-could-finally-take- astronauts-mars?page=2psidt=16855248 6. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mop.10490/pdf 7. www.ursi.org/Proceedings/ProcGA02/papers/p1552.pdf 8. www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/video/.../7012168.pdf - United States 9. http://www.coretk.com/CataLog/cata_img/FILE/1524076778/SEI/57/72/57_72_1061788574.pdf 10. http://www.techrepublic.com 11. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=896351 12. http://www.eoportal.org/directory/pres_OICETSOpticalInterorbitCommunicationsEngineeringTestSa tellite.html 13. http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/nov/HQ_03377_ion_engine.html 14. http://www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-6/iss-5/p16.pdf 15. http://alfven.princeton.edu/papers/choueiriJPP04a.pdf 16. http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2001/TM-2001-210676.pdf 17. http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2003/CR-2003-212714.pdf 18. http://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/te_1544_web.pdf 19. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39197.pdf 20. http://dma.ing.uniroma1.it/users/bruno/Petro.prn.pdf 21. http://www.ijcaonline.org/journal/number18/pxc387583.pdf 22. http://www.artechhouse.com/GetBlob.aspx?strName=Aviv_028_CH01.pdf 23. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci1249890,00.html 24. http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Spacecraft_propulsion 25. Larry C.Andrews, Ronald .L.Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through random media.2nd ed 26. National Academy of Engineering, Lasers Invention to Application 27. Hugo Weichel, Laser beam propagation in the atmosphere
HUMAN FACTORS 1. http://www.marsdrive.com/Libraries/Downloads/Physiological_Issues_in_Human_Spaceflight_- _Review_and_Proposed_Countermeasures.sflb.ashx http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Solipsism_syndrome http://www.bookrags.com 2. http://spacewardbound.nasa.gov/australia2009/docs/Waldie%202005%20MCP-Paper.pdf 3. http://mvl.mit.edu/eva/biosuit/reports/BioSuitDJN_May05.pdf 4. http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/35564/73828770.pdf?sequence=1 5. http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/25aug_plasticspaceships.html 6. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CFMQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2F www.iitk.ac.in%2Fdirections%2Fdirnet7%2FP~S 7. Kamle~F.pdf&rct=j&q=piezoelectric%20materials&ei=ahZ1Te_dI4XQcd3f4PgC&usg=AFQjCNG CNQzKf2Dq9QFwtKfEhbRlpYFdXg&cad=rja 8. http://www.ceradyne.com/uploads/Silicon%20Carbide.pdf 9. http://science.howstuffworks.com/spacesuit.htm/printable?referer=www.clickfind.com.au
AUTOMATION DESIGN AND SERVICES 1. http://asimo.honda.com/ 2. http://cenotechnologies.com/silver_coated_cenospheres.php 3. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100919182645.htm 4. http://www.skatelescope.org/PDF/memos/72_Johnston.pdf 5. http://pdf.aiaa.org/jaPreview/AIAAJ/2009/PVJA31166.pdf 6. http://www.nanodaten.de/index2.php?pID=42&nID=113 7. http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/pervasive-computing 8. Judith Hurwitz, Robin Bloor, Marcia Kaufman, Fern Halper, Cloud Computing For Dummie,111 River Street, Hoboken NJ: Wiley Publishing Inc., 2010
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT 1. http://www.skatelescope.org/PDF/memos/72_Johnston.pdf 2. http://pdf.aiaa.org/jaPreview/AIAAJ/2009/PVJA31166.pdf 3. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100919182645.htm 4. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Artificial-Fuel-Cell-Produces-Hydrogen-from-Water-with- Sunlight-Just-Like-Plants-53953.shtml 5. http://www.computescotland.com/solar-sail-powered-data-clippers-3672.php 8. C COMPLIANCE MATRIX
SECTION PAGE REQUIREMENT NUMBER
SECTION 1 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Contractor will describe the design, development, construction of 1.0 2 settlement operations/maintenance planning for the space settlement in the asteroid belt. SECTION 2 : STRUCTURAL DESIGN Provide a safe and pleasant living and working 2.0 4 environment for a community of 6,000 long-term residents, 5000 semi- term occupants, and up to 500 short-term visitors. Provision of natural views of space. 2.1.2 5 Attributes and uses of large enclosed volumes. 2.1.1 4 Dimensions and construction materials of major hull components and 2.1.2 5 design features Volumes where artificial gravity will be supplied 2.1.1 4 structural interface(s) between rotating and non-rotating sections 2.1.4 6 Rationale for selected rotation rate and artificial gravity magnitude(s) 2.1.3 6 Rationale for selected rotation rate and artificial gravity magnitude(s) 2.1.3 6 Means of protecting from radiation and debris penetration. 2.1.2 5 Capability to isolate at minimum any two separate volumes in case of 2.2.5 7 emergency. Minimum Requirement : overall exterior view of settlement, with Fig 2.1, 2.2 4,5 major visible features showing rotating and non-rotating sections, pressurized and non-pressurized sections, and indicating functions inside each volume Percentage allocation and dimensions of interior “down surfaces”, with 2.2 5 drawings labeled to show residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural, and other uses Orientation of “down surfaces” with respect to overall settlement 2.1.1 4 design, and vertical clearance in each area. Minimum requirement: overall map or layout of interior land 2.1, fig 2.4, fig 4,6 areas, showing usage of those areas. 3.7, fig 4.1 Description of process required to construct the settlement, by showing 2.3 7 the sequence in which major components will be assembled. Specification of when artificial gravity will be applied. 2.1.1 4 Description of a construction technique for interior structures making 2.3, 3.1.2, 3.3 6 use of materials from asteroids. Minimum requirement: drawing(s) showing at least five 2.3 7 intermediate steps of settlement assembly, and method of initiating rotation for artificial gravity. Details of shielding and damage repair methods for frequent impact by 2.4.1 8 small particles
Means for reducing damage due to larger items that can only be 2.4.2 8 detected hours in advance. Minimum requirement: illustrations of shielding and damage Fig 2.6 8 repair systems. “Mining camp” infrastructure on 2.5 9 the target asteroid, based on selected Astoria design Minimum requirement: drawing(s) of human habitation at 2.5 9 asteroid mining location. SECTION 3 : OPERATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE Choice of orbital location (e.g., distance from sun) for Astoria and 3.1.1 11 the reasons for its selection. Sources of materials and equipment to be used in construction, then 3.1.2 111 in settlement operations after construction is complete (using as much material as possible from asteroids) Means for transporting those materials to the Astoria location. 3.1 11 Specification of the mining target either a known large asteroid, or 3.1 11 preferred small asteroid size, shape, and orbit. Minimum requirement: table identifying types, amounts, and Table 3.1.2 11 sources of construction materials. Elements of basic infrastructure required for the activities of the 3.2.1 12 settlement's residents: • atmosphere/climate/weather control (identification air composition, pressure, and quantity), • food production (including growing, harvesting, storing, 3.2.2 12 packaging, delivering, selling), • electrical power generation (in kilowatts), distribution, and 3.2.3 13 allocation for specific uses, • water management (required water quantity and storage facilities), 3.2.4 14 • household and industrial solid waste management (recycling 3.2.5 14 and/or disposal), • internal and external communication systems (devices and central 3.2.6 15 equipment), • internal transportation systems (routes and vehicles, with 3.2.7 16 dimensions) • day/night cycle provisions (schedule and mechanisms). 3.2.8 17 Storage facilities required to protect against interruption in 3.2.9 17 production of food or commodities needed for daily life where supply lines may be interrupted for 10 months Minimum requirement: chart(s) or table(s) specifying quantities 3.2 required of air, food, power, water, waste handling, communications devices, and internal transport vehicles. Conceptual designs of primary machines and equipment employed 3.3 17 for and assembling exterior hull and interior buildings / structures Materials, components, and/or subassemblies delivered to the 3.1.2, 3.3 17 machines, and how the machines convert delivered supplies into completed settlement structures Minimum requirement: primary construction machinery, showing 3.3, Fig 3.5 17 how it shapes and/or manipulates raw materials or structural components into finished form. Requirements for a propulsion system to move Astoria when 3.4 18 threatened with impact of a large object. Minimum requirement: drawing showing location(s) and 3.4, fig 3.6, table 18 approximate dimensions of propulsion system(s), with descriptions 3.9.1, table 3.9.2, of thrust, acceleration, and fuel requirements. fig 3.7 An option for accepting raw ore to refine from other locations 3.5. 19 Minimum requirement: illustration of port facilities and ore 3.5, fig 3.7 19 handling processes. SECTION 4 : HUMAN FACTORS Provision of natural sunlight and views of space outside for residents. 4.1.1 21-24 Features in design of community facilities (e.g., roads and paths) and 4.1 21-24 residences, enabling mobility and access with a practical minimum of motion to counter coriolis effect Provision of services that residents expect in comfortable modern 4.1.1a,b,c,d,e,f 21-24 communities (e.g., housing, entertainment, medical, parks and recreation) Variety and quantity of major consumer goods 4.1.3 21-24 Public areas designed with long lines of sight Fig 4.1, 4.1.2 21-24 Means of distributing consumables (including food) to residents. 4.1.1 21-24 Minimum requirement: map(s) and/or illustration(s) depicting Fig 4.1, 4.1 21-24 community design and locations of amenities, with a distance scale; percentage of land area allocated to roads and paths Designs of typical residences, clearly showing room sizes 4.2.1 25 Identification of source(s) and/or manufacture of 4.2.2 26 furniture items and appliances Minimum requirement: external drawing and interior floor plan of Fig 4.3.1, fig 25-26 at least four home designs, the area and the number required of 4.3.2, fig 4.3.3, each design. fig 4.3.4 Spacesuit designs, with stowage and donning/doffing procedures, and 4.3, fig 4.4, table 26-29 airlock designs for exiting/entering the settlement from unpressurized 4.6.1, table 4.6.2, volumes. 4.3.2 Minimum requirement: drawing(s) showing examples of handrails, 4.3 26-29 tethers, cages, and/or other systems enabling safe human access to any location on or in low-g settlement areas. Minimum requirement: drawing(s) of means for children to spend 4.4 30 time in 1g. Methods of integration of semi-term occupants into society. 4.5 30 Minimum requirement: drawing(s) of “instant move-in” home Fig 4.8 30 designs. SECTION 5 : AUTOMATION DESIGNS AND SERVICES Robot designs, clearly indicating their dimensions and illustrating how Fig 5.1.1 32 they perform their tasks Automation for construction, transportation and Table 5.1 32 Delivery of materials and equipment, assembly of the settlement, and interior finishing. Minimum requirement: drawings showing automated 5.1 32 construction and assembly devices--both for exterior and interior applications Automation systems for settlement maintenance, repair, and safety Table 5.2, 5.2.1, 33-34 functions 5.2.2 Backup systems and contingency plans. Table 5.3 35 Protection against solar flares 5.2.1 33 Means for authorized personnel to access critical data and command 5.2.3, table 5.4 35 computing and robot system Descriptions of security measures to assure that only authorized 5.2.3, table 5.4 35 personnel have access, and only for authorized purposes. Minimum requirement: chart or table listing anticipated 5.1 33-35 automation requirements for operation of the settlement, and particular systems and robots to meet each automation need. Automation devices to enhance livability in the community and 5.3.1 36 convenience in residences Automation devices to enhance productivity in work environments 5.3.2 36 Use of automation to perform maintenance and routine tasks, and 5.3.3 37 reduce requirements for manual labor Privacy of personal data and control of systems in private spaces 5.3.4 37 Devices for personal delivery of internal and 5.3.5 37 External communications services, entertainment, information, computing, and robot resources Minimum requirement: drawings of robots and computing 5.3, fig 5.5.1, fig 36-38 systems that people will encounter in the settlement; 5.5.2 diagram(s) of network(s) and bandwidth requirements to enable connectivity. Robot design adaptations for nearly nonexistent gravity and areas 5.4.3, 5.4.4 39 with deep layers of dust. Minimum requirement: drawings of robot components enabling 5.4, fig 5.6.1, fig 39 drilling, shovelling, loading, transporting, and other tasks on 5.6.2 near zero-g surfaces. Automated systems for unloading ore delivered by ships from other 5.5.1 40 mining installations. Specifications regarding whether ore will be accepted in bulk or in 5.5.2 40 containers. Minimum requirement: drawing(s) of automated unloading Fig 5.7, fig 5.8 39-40 system(s), clearly showing how ore moves from ship to refinery. SECTION 6 : SCHEDULE AND COST Description of contractor tasks from the time of contract award (8 6.1 42 May 2071) until the customer assumes responsibility for operations of the completed settlement. Schedule dates when Foundation Society members may begin 6.1 42 moving into their new homes, and when the entire original population will be established in the community Minimum requirement: durations and completion dates of 6.1 42 major design, construction, and depiction of occupation tasks Costs billed per year of Astoria design through construction in U.S. 6.2 43-44 dollars Estimate numbers of employees working during each phase of 6.2 43-44 design and construction in the justification for contract costs to design and build the settlement. Minimum requirement: chart(s) or table(s) listing separate 6.2 43-44 costs associated with different phases of construction, and clearly showing total costs that will be billed to the Foundation Society. SECTION 7 : BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Infrastructure for conducting major asteroid materials harvesting 7.1 46 and processing operations: Build, or import and then deploy, equipment required to conduct 7.1.1 46 asteroid harvesting operations Capability for refining or otherwise processing asteroid 7.1.2, 7.1.3 46 Materials to enable as much self-sufficiency as possible, and create commodities and products for export and trade Port facilities must enable receiving incoming raw materials, 7.1.3 46 warehousing import and export products, and shipping of commodities and other products Method(s) for preventing dust from entering enclosed areas in 7.1.4 47 Astoria Services for remote asteroid mining operations and outer planet expeditions: Excess agricultural production, storage, and processing capability 7.2.1 47 (beyond the needs of settlement residents) will service provisioning needs of visiting spacecraft Provide suitable facilities for visiting spacecraft crews “rest & 7.2.2 47 recreation” (R & R) Provide a full-service repair depot for major maintenance and 7.2.3 47 repair of space vessels Provide fueling services for spacecraft traffic using port facilities; 7.2.4 47 show fuel production and storage facilities for at least 40,000 cubic feet of LOX and 110,000 cubic feet of LH2, replenished monthly
-“Space Tug” services will be available to assist disabled vessels 7.2.5 47 -Capability to send rescue operations for asteroid miners requires 7.2.6 48 at least one ship fully provisioned for a mission up to ten months long, ready to leave in 24 hours Sensing and imaging research appropriate to Astoria‟s outer solar 48 system location: -Radio telescope with dish diameter of at least 500 feet (150 7.3.1 48 meters) -Optical telescope with mirror diameter of at least 20 feet (6 7.3.2 48 meters) -Structural isolation from vibration-causing activities on Astoria 7.3.3 48 -Data processing and communications capability to return data to 7.3.4 48 Earth in real time