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The Use and Origin of Apostrophe in Homer

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The Use and Origin of Apostrophe in Homer The Classical Review http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR Additional services for The Classical Review: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The Use and Origin of Apostrophe in Homer R. M. Henry The Classical Review / Volume 19 / Issue 01 / February 1905, pp 7 - 9 DOI: 10.1017/S0009840X00991121, Published online: 27 October 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009840X00991121 How to cite this article: R. M. Henry (1905). The Use and Origin of Apostrophe in Homer. The Classical Review, 19, pp 7-9 doi:10.1017/S0009840X00991121 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR, IP address: 128.122.253.228 on 18 Apr 2015 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. ooniunx glntio, gluto, glutus raraes smaragdus corulus gorytus recipero stellio, etc. cotlidie religio stillicidimn cottona hania robigo crocodilus hibrida tesca ei'umina hirnea sanguinolentus troclilea interimo and perimo sarracum de- and dis- in compounds scaena uaco ligurio scida ualetudo ec- in compounds in clas- scrupulum ue- prefix sical times magnopere and other com- sepulcrum uehemens eiuro pounds of opere setius elleborus miscellaneus euhoe (Signed) R. S. CONWAY. exhedra penna and derivatives percontor A. E. HOUSMAN. fascia periurus W. H. D. EOUSE. feramen petorritum J. P. POSTGATE. Mix phaselus S. E. WIN BOLT. formidolosus pistris, pristis January 13, 1905. promunturium galbanatus, galbina protenus, etc. THE USE AND ORIGIN OF APOSTROPHE IN HOMER. THE use of apostrophe as a feature of H 104 (Menelaos proposes to answer Hek- style in Homer does not seem to have met tor's challenge) h6a K4 rot, M , (pdvy with much notice and, so far as I am /3I6TOIO •cf.Xtvrfi- aware, has received as yet no adequate expla- II 787 (Patroklos meets Apollo) hff apa nation. Geddes (Problem of the. Homeric TOC, TldrpOKXe, <pdvr/ /?IOTOM> Ttkeun). Poems, p. 36, n. 14) gives a list of the II 812 (Euphorbos attacks Patroklos) os Tot passages where apostrophe occurs and notes TrpuJros £<pfji<e /JeAos, IlaTpo/cAfcs hnriv • that Melanippus is the only Trojan [for n 843 see below (c)] ; honoured by the poet's personal address. Mure (Lit. of Greece, ii. 61) classes the (ii) for some one else, N 603 (Peisandios usage among the ' elegant expedients' used attacks Menelaos, driven by fate) <roi, by the poet ' to give a dramatic turn to the Mtvlkae, Sa/xrjvai iv alvy SrjiorrJTi : text.' But the ' expedient,' whether P 702 ovS' apa crot, Mtve'Xoe Siorpe^its, ' elegant' or not, must have had an origin. rjBtXt Ovfibs | Tfipo/Atvois irdpouriv Apostrophe of a particular hero occurs in a.//.W€fiev. all 19 times in the Iliad and 15 times (b) At the conclusion of a simile. in the Odyssey : the latter instances are all in the case of Eumaeus, the ' divine swine- A 146. <us S' are Tts T' i\e<f)avTa yvvr) <f>oiviKi herd '; those in the Iliad are distributed It-vqvy (141) . TOiot TOI, Mere'Aae, as follows: Patroklos 8, Menelaos 7, /j.tdv6r)v aifian /xrjpoi- Phoebus 2, Achilles 1, and Melanippus 1. O 365 Phoebus tills the trench and Had the importance of the person or the destroys the wall pela fid\', <os ore poet's interest in him (v. the Scholia quoted Tts <f/d/ji.aOov ird'is &yxl 6a\d<r<Ti)>, below) been the determining factor, the K.T.A. S>% (id (TV, rfie <S>oi/$€, proportions would have been different. A irokvv Kafiarov Kal oi£vv \ o~vy)(cas classification according to the nature of the 'Apyeimv. context yields some interesting results. O 582 Antilochos rushes upon Melariippos Kvtav <5s, os T iirl vc/Jp<3 ] ^Xrifievto A. Apostrophe of a particular hero is at£ri (579) . &s «rt <roi, MeAav- found iinre, 66p' 'Avrt'Ao^os /ievc^op/x^s. II 584 Patroklos rushes iprjKi coucu; (582) (a) At an important crisis (i) for the .... ais lOvs A.VKMOV, rtaTpdVAees hero apostrophized. 'nriroKtXevOe, | ?o-o"tio. A 127 (Menelaos is wounded) ovSk II 754 Pairoklos goes towards the body e, 6iol kKdO pf Kebriones oiju.a \iovro<s e^wv (752) THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. vova oTov, 429 ovSe «£ <f>airj<s K.T.X. (where aXiro y/ a simile has preceded in 422-426, cf. A (d)): P 679 (5s T' ate-ros, ov pa T€<f>aariv K.T.X. (674) E 85 TvStiSrjv 8' OVK &v yvoirji iroripoun Sis TOT£ O"ot, MevcXae B HITUT) (cf. B 58) O 697, P 366, y 124. | \F 600 TOIO Se $v/jt.b'S | iav&7 a>s ei T£ wept B and C are not intended to be OTaxw«r<rii> lepoTj (598) . fi>s apa exhaustive lists of these usages, as I am o-oi,*MeeeA.a£, ju.era <f>pe<ri Ov/xbs lavd-q. mainly concerned with the airocrrptxjn) diro irpoa-unrov eU irpoo-onrov of A. (c) In a formula of address (some of So much for the use of apostrophe. these might also come under (o) ). Can we gain any information about its II 20 Achilles asks Patroklos why he origin ? weeps rbv he flapl) (TTevd^tov irpotr- The instances cited under B and G do £^5, IlaTpoKXccs t7T7r«i;. not stem to require any very special II 744 Patroklos has wounded Kebriones explanation. That an dotSds should address mortally TOV 8' iiriKepTOfiemv irpocr- the Muses or his audience, whether the e<]>r]S, Harp, LTT. practice of doing so be early or late, is no II 843 Patroklos mortally wounded more to be wondered at than that he should addresses Hektor TOV 8' oAiyoSpavcW pray or recite. But that in a narrative Trpocre^njs, Harp. 'or. poem dealing with'a bygone age he should The formula TOV 8' aira/iei^o/ievos 7rpoo-£<£ijs address one of the heroes of his lay as if he Ev/i,aie a-vfiurra, occurs with slight variations were present is not obviously natural, and i 55, 165, 360, 442, 507 : o 325 (fiiy' the explanation of the use if it is to be 6 0j<Ta<s): ir 60, 135, 464 : p 272, 311, 380, found anywhere may be looked for from a x close fcrutiny of the eatliest instances. 512 (T>JV), 579 (rrjv) and x 194 (emKepro- /j.€<ov) : these are the only instances of this If we turn to the Scholia for information figure in the Odyssey. we are quickly disappointed. Schol. B Y 2 enumerates the ^pwiKarrpo'troMra honoured (d) The person addressed is asked for with this form of address : in his note to A information. 127 the same scholiast distinguishes four II 692 ev#a Tt'va irparrov, Ttva 8' voraTov kinds of apostrophe of which this is airb ^f | s, ore 8iy o"£ Oeol irpodiinrov eh irpoauyirov. He says further KaXeircrav ; ;rpooTr«rov0£ he MfVfXao) 6 ITOHJTTJS' Sio o"i)V«^£o"T£pov airia hiaXeyeTai., <us IIaTpdKA.<p xot (e) Two instances in Y do not seem to Ei/*a«o. The Scholia to other passages (e.g. come definitely under any of the above A 146, n 787, H 104) make a similar heads : 1, 2 Sis ot /j.iv wapa vrpxrl Koputviari remark. But we find no attempt at an BtaprjtrcrovTO | afi<j>i o"£, TlrjXios vie, /xa^ijs aKoprjrov 'Amatol, where a reference to theexplanation of why this particular method conclusion of T strongly favours the sup- of showing his ' sympathy' was adopted position that these lines did not originally by the poet. Nor does the analysis we stand immediately after T 424, and that, have given throw any light on the origin, were the original context preserved, they however it may define the use, of the figure. would come under (b); cf. I 1, with the con- Let us now see how many of the instances cluding lines of ©, 555 ff. : and Y 152 (the under A may be assigned with probability gods sit to watch the fight) dju^iVe, jfie to the earlier strata of the poems. We may $?oifie, Kal "Apr/a TTToXiiropOov. at once dismiss the examples from the To these may be added, for the sake of Odyssey and those from A, H, Y, and \I>, the comparison, two further divisions. latter four books being by almost common consent regarded as later additions. There B. Under this head come the passages remain those from N, O, II, and P, contain- where no particular hero is apostrophized ing thirteen out of the eighteen instances in but a request for information or assistance is the Iliad, II by itself having eight. addressed (o) to the Muse or Muses A 1, 8, With regard to N, Uiese (Homerische B 484 sq., 761, A 218 sq., S 508, II 112, Poesie 94 f.) following Lachmann and Bergk etc., (6) to some person or persons not regards the entire book as late: Kobert specified E 703, © 273, A 299, etc. : with (Studien zur I lias, 10b ff.), while rejecting these compare A (d) supra. the book as a whole, rescues from the wreckage of his analysis some disiecta G. The hearer is addressed : T 220, 392 : membra of the Ur-Ilias, among them the A 223 Iv6' OVK av ppitpvra. iSpts ' passage containing the line we are con- THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. cerned with, N 603, though it must be have direct evidence of the practice of apo- confessed that his reasons do not seem strophizing the dead ; and when we consider altogether convincing. The same two critics the isolation in which the souls of the dead are agreed that 0 is substantially late, were supposed to live in Hades when their though there may be genuine old material bodies were burned (v, Rohde op.
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