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Agroclimatic Features of the Study Region

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Agroclimatic Features of the Study Region CHAPTER AGROCLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE STUDY REGION 2.1 Introduction Agroclimatic potential of any region depends upon its natural and human resources as well as level of technology and investment of capital. However, the present study is concerned with the analysis of the natural resources and that too with regard to climate. The natural resources mainly include, Climatic factors - temperature, moisture, wind, sunlight etc.; Physiographic factors - rock type, topography, altitude, and Edaphic factors - soil texture, structure and chemical composition. The most crucial among these is climate interacting with soil which is manifested through water availability to a crop. The present chapter, therefore, discusses the agroclimatic features such as topography, climate, soil, landuse etc. of the study region. 18 2.2 Background of the study region 2.2 Background of the study region 2.2.1 Physiography Dry Farming Tract, as mentioned earlier, includes the area where the annual rainfall ranges from 40 to 100 cm (Swaminathan, 1970). Of the total geographical area (307609 sq.km) of Maharashtra state, the DFT covers approximately 12300 sq.km area. Lying on the east of Sahyadris it coincides almost with the Maharashtra Plateau excluding the Vidarbha (Fig.2.1). The entire region can be resolved into a number of smaller plateaus and river valley plains. The altitude declines towards the eastern and northern periphery of the DFT. The Tapi-Purna valley an east-west furrow in the Deccan tableland lies in the northern part of the region. The study region is mainly drained by Godavari. Bhima and Krishna rivers and their tributaries. The broad valleys of these rivers bounded by 600 meter contour are separated by flat-topped divides which project eastward from the Sahyadri range. From north to south the plateau exhibits an alternate arrangements of hills and plateaus which form the divides and river valleys. The most prominent among these are the Satmala-Ajanta Range between the Tapi and Godavari; the Harischandragarh-Balaghat Range between the Godavari and Bhima; and the Mahadeo Range between the Bhima and Krishna, all rising above 600 meter height. 2.2.2 Climate Forming a part of the tropical monsoonal lands, the DFT displays significant regional variations in thermal conditions and in the amount and intensity of rainfall. April and May are the hottest months when the mean maximum temperature rises above 40°C over much of the central and eastern parts of the DFT whereas in the western upland part of the DFT, the temperature maxima in summer are more moderate; at Nasik and Pune it does not exceed 40°C. December is "Z 2.2 Background of the study region the coldest month in the DFT. The mean minimum temperature of December varies between 11°C and 15°C. An exceptional feature of winter is very low temperature at Jalgaon and Nanded both located in the valleys where drainage of cold air from valley sides is significant at nights. Within the DFT, far greater contrasts are observed in the distribution of rainfall (Fig.2.2). The decline in the amount of annual rainfall in the western part is quicker than its rise in the east. The Sahyadris really cast their shadow to create a rainshadow area. More than 85% of the rain falls during the five monsoon months, June-October. The minimum annual rainfall (<500 mm) within the study region is observed in the south-central parts covering the areas of eastern Pune and Satara, northwestern Solapur and southern Ahmednagar districts. On the other hand, the maximum annual rainfall (1000 mm) forms the eastern and western margins of the DFT. Unimodal distribution of rainfall with July maximum is noted at Nasik, Dhule, Jalgaon, Buldhana, Akola, Amraoti and Satara and September maximum at Solapur and Beed while rainfall at Pune, Aurangabad and Parbhani, Nanded, Sangli and Ahmednagar is characterised by bimodal distribution with July and September maxima. 2.2.3 Soils The DFT is almost entirely covered by vertisols of varying depth. The coarse shallow (upto 25 cm depth), medium black (25 to 50 cm) and deep black (upto 100 cm depth) soils roughly correspond with high plateaus, low divides and river valleys respectively. Thus these soil types are the topographic variants of black, dark and grey soils(Fig. 2.3). Shallow soils are observed on the Ajanta and Balaghat plateau and 2.2 Background of the study region Mahadeo range where the thickness of the soil is restricted by the depth of weathering. These soils occupy a zone having 600 to 750 mm of rains and are neutral or alkaline in reaction. The moisture storage is limited because of their shallow profile and coarse texture which does not permit capillary water. The free water is easily drained or evaporated. The medium black soils occupy the eastern margins of the plateau divides which are either lowered or replaced by erosional plains. These, covering largest area, grade into deep black soils which are popularly known as black cotton soils. These occur in areas of moderate rainfall usually occupying the valleys, terraces, flood plains and lower parts of almost all basins. They are darker and deeper with a larger fraction of clay. They are poor in organic content and nitrogen but do not show any deficiency in potash and phosphates (Dixit, 1986). 2.2.4 Landuse The topography, the rainfall and the distribution of soils do not ideally coincide to provide the best possible conditions for agriculture in the DFT. In spite of the relatively higher rainfall in the west the soils on the plateaus and slopes being thin can be used only for growing rainfed crops. The deep soils unfortunately occur in drier central tracts of the DFT which seriously limits their usefulness. With more rainfall their utility would have increased several fold which is being achieved by extending irrigation. These soils are sustaining sugarcane, wheat and other cash crops replacing hardy jowar and bajra wherever irrigation is possible. In terms of acerage, in the west jowar, bajra, groundnut and pulses are the principal crops while towards central and eastern parts of DFT jowar, cotton, pulses and groundnut are predominant. The agriculture, as a whole, of this 24 2.2 Background of the study region region is mostly dependent on rainfall and it suffers from the twin problems of low production and instability. The information on crop landuse at taluka level is presented in the table 2.1 given below. Table 2.1 Area under various crops (%) for 1986-87 Talukas Kharif Rabi Bajra Cereals Pulses Ground Saff Oil cropped jowar jowar nut lower seed area (%) Kalvan 6.0 13.5 23.3 60.8 16.8 8.3 0.2 5.3 45.5 Haveli 3.7 24.0 16.1 52.5 5.8 3.0 0.5 4.2 60.5 Dhule 23.6 0.1 38.3 64.8 12.7 12.9 14.4 65.2 Niphad 10.2 2.2 35.6 61.9 9.5 2.4 02.9 79.6 Parner 0.3 46.7 26.3 75.8 10.1 0.6 11.3 12.2 74.5 Phaltan 1.7 63.4 8.1 79.9 3.1 0.7 1.7 02.5 76.7 Jath 0.3 44.8 28.0 75.9 15.6 1.1 03.5 62.8 Jalgaon 23.5 9.7 3.7 40.9 28.3 4.5 3.3 11.2 72.6 Buldhana 8.1 8.2 8.4 2.5 1.2 3.9 85.7 Akola 28.1 0.2 36.0 12.8 0.8 0.1 3.0 90.0 Amraoti 23.3 0.3 27.0 11.5 1.8 0.3 3.8 75.6 Aurangabad 4.4 33.6 23.7 65.6 17.0 0.4 7.0 8.8 84.6 Mominabad 37.0 13.0 9.8 66.2 16.0 1.8 4.7 13.4 64.1 Solapur 0.3 75.2 0.7 78.3 7.2 0.8 1.2 10.8 73.9 Nanded 32.6 1.6 44.7 12.7 0.3 1.4 3.9 88.9 Pusad 30.6 1.2 34.9 13.7 3.6 0.5 4.7 59.3 Source: "Socio-economic Review and District Statistical Abstract", Govt, of Maharashtra, 1991-92. The proportion of cropped area within the study region, as the table denotes, ranges from 45.5 (Kalvan) to 90% (Akola) which indicates highly diversified environmental conditions in the DFT. The area under cereals too varies in a wide range from 8 (Buldhana) to 80% (Phaltan). The former situated in a good rainfall area has predominance of cash cropping whereas the later being from the drought-prone area has sole cropping of rabi jowar. Kharif jowar is the major crop of the eastern half while rabi jowar is of the rainshadow part of the 25 2..i Methodology DFT. Bajra is an important crop of Dhule. Kalvan. Niphad. Aurangabad, Parner and Mominabad area. Area under pulses is very less throughout the region except for Jalgaon. Similarly, the oilseeds also occupy smaller area. Among the oilseeds groundnut and safflower are significant at Dhule and Parner respectively. So far, the discussion pertained to the characteristics of the study region, in general, while the following sections deal with the spatial variations in agroclimatic features at micro level. 2.3 Methodology Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1991) has identified 9 agroclimatic zones of Maharashtra of which the study region represents 4 zones viz.. Western Maharashtra Plain Zone, Western Maharashtra Scarcity Zone, Central Maharashtra Plateau Zone and Central Vidarbha Zone (Fig.2.4).
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