CHAPTER IV

PROFILE OF AND DISTRICT

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Historical Importance of 4.3 Geographical Information 4.4 Administrative Structure 4.5 Educational Progress 4.6 Economy of Solapur District 4.7 Banking Services 4.8 Co-operatives Societies 4.9 Transportation 4.10 Tourist Places 4.11 Historical Importance of 4.12 Geographical Information 4.13 Administrative Structure 4.14 Educational Progress 4.15 Banking Services 4.16 Industrial Progress 4.17 Transportation 4.18 Tourist Places Conclusion References

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CHAPTER IV

PROFILE OF SOLAPUR AND OSMANABAD DISTRICT

4.1 INTRODUCATION

The major aim of this chapter is to provide background of study area. Solapur and Osmanabad Districts has been selected for this study. A socio-economic characteristic of the study area are described in this chapter. Solapur and Osmanabad districts are come under administrative division of and . In this chapter, there are two sections.

Section I-Profile of Solapur District

Section II-Profile of Osmanabad District

The additional information above two sections is as follows:

SECTION I

PROFILE OF SOLAPUR DISTRICT

Solapur is a beautiful city in . The city of Solapur is the district Head quarts. It is located on the south east edge of the state and lies entirely in the Bh īma and Sina basins. During the Indian Independence movement the people of Solapur enjoyed full freedom on 9 th , 10 and 11 May 1930. However, this resulted in the executions of Shri Jagannath Shinde and Shri Kisan Sarada who were hanged on 12 January 1931 in the prison at Pune. This resulted in the city becoming recognized as “The city of Hutatmas”. The entire district is drained by the Bh īma river. It lies on the border of Maharashtra and . It is the fourth largest district in Maharashtra in terms of population. Solapur is one of the urbanized district in the state having about one third population in urban areas where as about two fifth of states population lives in urban areas. It is situated at a distance of 410 kms. from the Maharashtra state Capital of .

Solapur district famous for its Chadder, Handloom, Power loom and Beedi Industries. Solapur is well known for its textile industries often referred as Manchester of Maharashtra. Solapur Chadars and Towels are world famous. It has

75 been a leading Centre for cotton mills and power looms however they have been fast disappearing. 1

This Section is deals with the Socio-economic profile in Solapur district. This section is related with the historical and geographical information about Solapur district. The industrial development and educational status are also included in in this section. The detail information is as follow:

4.2 HISTIORICAL IMPORTANCE OF SOLAPUR DISTRICT:

The Solapur District was ruled by various such as Andhrabhratyas, Chalukyas, Yadavas and Bahamanis. 'SOLAPUR’ is believed to be derived from two words 'SOLA' meaning sixteen and PUR meaning village. The present city Solapur was considered to be spread over sixteen villages viz. Aadilpur, Ahmedpur, Chapaldev, Fatehpur, Jamdarwadi, Kalajapur, Khanderv Kiwadi, Muhammadpur, Ranapur, Sandalpur, Shaikpur, Solapur, Sonapur and Vaidakwadi. The present Solapur district was previously part of Ahemednagar, Pune and districts. In 1838 it became the Sub-district of . It includes , , Madha, , Indi, Hippargi, and Muddebihal Sub divisions. In 1864 this Sub-district was abolished. In 1871 this district was reformed joining the Sub- division’s vizs. , Sangola, and in 1875 Sub-division was also attached. After the State reorganization in 1956 Solapur was included in Mumbai State and it became a full-fledged district of Maharashtra State in 1960.The importance of Solapur is unique in the history of in the sense that this district enjoyed the freedom even before independence. The citizens of Solapur enjoyed the independence for three days from 9 th to 11 th May 1930.The Solapur Municipal Council was the first Municipal Council of India to host the National Flag on the Municipal Council building (now Municipal Corporation) Solapur in 1930.

The present Solapur district was previous part of Ahemednagar, Pune and Satara districts. In 1838 it became the Sub-divisions. In 1864 this Sub- district was abolished. In 1871 this district was reformed joining the Sub-divisions viz. Solapur,

1 www.en.wikipedia.org

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Barshi, Mohol, Madha, and Karmala, and two sub-division of viz. Pandharpur, Sangola and in 1875 Malshiras Sub-division was also attached. After the state reorganization in 1956 Solapur was included in Mumbai state and it became a full-fledged district of the state of Maharashtra in 1960. 2

4.3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION :

The Geographical information includes, Climate, Area, Location, Soil, Crops, Temperature, Rivers, Rainfall, Irrigation, Demographic features, Literacy etc.

A) LOCATION :

Geographically, Solapur district is lies between 17o.10 to18 o.32 degree North Latitudes and 74 o.42 to 76 o.15 degree East Longitudes. It is basically found on the South-eastern border of Maharashtra state and touches the border of Karnataka state. Solapur lies in the Seena and Bh īma basins where the entire district is drained either by the river Bh īma or by its tributaries. 3

B) BOUNDARIES:

It is surrounded by Ahemednagar and Osmanabad districts in the north, Osmanabad and in the east, district and the Karnataka state to the South and Satara and Pune districts towards the west.

C) AREA :

The total geographical area of Solapur district is 14895 sq. km. This is 4.84%of the total area of Maharashtra state. Out of the total area of the district 170.79 sq. kms. (1.15 %) is urban area where as remaining 14724.21 sq. kms. (98.25%) is rural area. There is no important hill system in the district. There are only a few spurs of in the north of that pass through the south of Solapur for a few kilometers. Areas wise Malshiras taluka is biggest covering an area of 1604.80 sq. kms and is smallest covering an area of 736.3 sq., kms. 4

2 http://www.indianetzone.com/46/histroysolapurdistrict.htm . 3 Solapur.gov.in/htmldocs/geo/Pdf 4 Socio-economic Abstract of Solapur district page no.1

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Map No.4.1

Map of Solapur District

Source: www.mapsofindia.com

D) CLIMATE:

The climate of this district is on the whole agreeable and is characterized by general dryness in the major part of the year. The cold season from December to about the middle of February is followed by the hot season which lasts up to the end of May. June to September is the south-west season. October and November constitute the post-monsoon or retreating monsoon season. 5

5 Solapurgov.in/htmlocs/1977/gen-climate.html.

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The Solapur district Gazetteer, the maximum temperature is 44.10 oc in summer and minimum temperature is 4.4 c in Winter Season. 6

E) RIVERS :

The chief rivers of the district are the Bh īma, its right-bank feeders the Nira and the Man and its left-bank feeder the Sina. Besides, a good number of lesser streams form the tributaries of the Bh īma and serve as its local feeders. The Bh īma and the Sina flow with a roughly south-easterly trend while the Nira runs east and the Man north-easterly. During the dry season, all these rivers are fordable. However, during the peak of south-west monsoon season, not only the main streams but also the seasonal feeder streams are flooded, though for a short span of time; they bring huge volumes of coarse material inclusive of gravels and cobbles from the barren uplands and cover the shallow beds of the streams quite extensively. 7 The length of Bh īma River in Solapur district is 289 kms.

F) RAINFALL :

Agricultural in the district is mainly dependent upon rainfall. The rainfall, therefore, determines the pattern of crops, rotation of crops and the productivity of the land in the district. Broadly speaking, the district can be divided into three natural zones. The eastern zone comprising Barshi, North Sholapur, South Sholapur and talukas has assured rainfall; the central or the traditional zone comprising Mohol, , eastern part of Pandharpur and Madha talukas has uncertain rainfall and the western zone which comprises the scarcity areas of Karmala, Sangola and Malshiras talukas and the western parts of the Madha and Pandharpur talukas has also uncertain rainfall. 8

Rainfall is uncertain and scanty in Solapur district. The monsoon period is from second fortnight of June to end September bringing rains from South-west monsoon. The average rainfall for the district is 561.47 mms.

6 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solapurdistrict . 7 Sholapur District Gazetteer published in 1884 8 Solapur gov.in/html.docs/1977/Agri-rainfall.html.

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Table No. 4.1

Average Rainfall in Solapur District

Sr.No. Taluka Average Rainfall

1 Karmala 541

2 Madha 534.4

3 Barshi 596.5

4 North Solapur 617.3

5 Mohol 573.9

6 Pandharpur 573.7

7 Malshiras 463.4

8 Sangola 462.6

9 Mangalvedha 519.8

10 617.3

11 Akkalkoat 676.3

Total District 561.47 Source: Socio-economic Abstract of Solapur District, 2010 page no.70

G) SOIL :

Solapur district has different types of soil which are classified into,

1) Black soil

2) Coarse gray Soil

3) Reddish Soil

It is also divided into three natural zones. i] The Eastern Zone :

The Eastern Zone covers North Solapur, Barshi, Akkalkoat and South Solapur and has medium to deep black soli of rich quality.

80 ii] The Central Zone :

The Central Zone covers Mohol, east Pandharpur and Mangalvadha. The soil here is of moderate consistency while rainfall is uncertain. iii] The Western Zone :

The Western Zone covers Karmala, Malshiras and Sangola talukas and the west of Pandharpur. The Soil is shallow and poor, and does not retain moisture. 9

I) MAJOR CROPS :

There are two main agricultural seasons in the district, viz., kharif and Rabi.The major crops of Solapur district are Jawar, , Sugarcane, Maize, Gram, and Groundnuts Cottons. Both Rabi and Kharif crops are grown in this district. Maldandi jawar is famous in all over Maharashtra. Mangalvedha taluka is known for jawar. Jawar is the important and famous crops in this district. Barshi, Sangola, Madha, and Pandharpur are the main talukas where the more jawar is produce. In December–January agricularists celebrates “Hurda party”. This is also famous event in Solapur district. Sugarcane is important cash crops in this district. Malshiras, Pandharpur and Akkalkoat are the main sugarcane produced talukas. 10

J) IRRIGATION :

The problem of irrigation has been an important one in regard to the Solapur district since long. Today Irrigation Projects play a vital role in agricultural field of Solapur district. Bh īma Irrigation project or Ujani and Sina–Kolegaon irrigation project are the major irrigation project in this district.

The Ujani dam is located at in Madha taluka in Solapur district just half a mile upstream of the bridge on Bh īma river on Pune-Solapur road. Sina–kolegaon is a new irrigation project. It envisages construction of an earthen dam on village Nimgaon in . Medium and Minor irrigation projects help to promote irrigation area. The sources of irrigation are rivers, wells, tanks, etc. are used for irrigation purpose. 11

9 Dcmsme.gov.in 10 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solapurdistrict 11 Solapur.gov.in/htmldocs/1977/agri-irrigation.html.

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Table No. 4.2

Irrigation Projects in Solapur District

Sr.No. Total Projects No. Area Irrigated (hector)

1 Small 38 36821

2 Medium 7 44832

3 Major 2 226582

4 Total 47 304235 Source: Socio-economic Abstract 2010 page no.4

K) DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION :

1] TOTAL POPULATION IN SOLAPUR DISTRICT : The total Population of Solapur district since 1961 to till 2011 is presented in table no. 4.3 is as follow:

Table No.4.3 Population in Solapur District

Sr.No. Year Total population Total Male Total Female

1 1961 1860102 960818 899284

2 1971 2254369 1166281 1088088

3 1981 2588139 1332914 1255225

4 1991 3231057 1670516 1560541

5 2001 3849543 1989623 1859920

6 2011 4315527 2233778 2081749 Source: Socio-economic Abstract, Solapur district, 2012, page no.160

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Population in Solapur District 5000000 4500000 4000000 3500000 3000000 total 2500000 male 2000000 women 1500000 1000000 500000 0 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Source: Table No. 4.3 GRAPH NO.4.1

2) RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION IN SOLAPUR DISTRICT :

The Rural and Urban Population since 1961 to till 2011 in Solapur district is shown in table no.4.2 is as follow:

Table No. 4.4

Rural and Urban Population

Sr.No. Year Rural population Urban population

1 1961 1340228 519887

2 1971 1637817 616552

3 1981 1820773 767466

4 1991 2301574 929483

5 2001 2624259 1225284

6 2011 2917088 1398439 Source: Socio- economic abstract, Solapur district, 2012, page no.160

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Rural and Urban Population in Solapur district 3500000 2917088 3000000 2624259 2500000 2301574

2000000 1820773 1637817 Rural 1500000 1340228 1398439 1225284 Urban 929483 1000000 767466 519887 616552 500000

0 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Source: Table No. 4.4

GRAPH No.4.2

L) LITERACY IN SOLAPUR DISTRICT :

The information about Literacy since 2001 and 2011 in Solapur district is as follows:

From the table no.4.5 it is seen that total literature in Solapur district were 2950155 of which male and female were 1689027 and 1261128 respectively. In 2001, Solapur district had 2336825 literate of which male and female were 1384746 and 952079 respectively.The average literacy rate of Solapur district in 2011 were 77.72 percent compared to 71.25 percent of 2001.If things are looked out at Gender wise male and female literacy were 86.35 and 68.55 percent respectively. 12

Table No.4.5 Literacy in Solapur district Sr. No Literacy 2001 Average% 2011 Average%

1 Total Literacy 2336825 71.25 2950155 77.72

2 Male 1384746 81.99 1689027 86.35

3 Female 952079 59.84 1261128 68.55

Source: http://www.census2011.co.in/solapurcensus2011

12 http://www.census2011.co.in/solapurcensus2011

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Literacy in Solapur District

180 160 140 86.35 120 77.72 68.55 100 80 60 71.25 81.99 40 59.84 20 0 Total literacy Male Female

2001 2011

Source: Table No. 4.5 GRAPH No.4.3

4.4 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE :

There is at present one Municipal Corporation at Solapur city. The Civic administration of the city is managed by the Solapur Municipal Corporation, which was established on 1 st May 1964.It, is headed by a Mayor who is assisted by Municipal Commissioner and elected representatives. There are at present Nine Municipal Councils in Solapur district. For the Convenience of administration the district is divided in Eleven Talukas i.e. Barshi, Pandharpur, Karmala, Sangola, Madha, Mohol, Akkalkoat, North Solapur, South Solapur, Malshiras, and Mangalvedha respectively. Madha (Kurduwadi) Pandharpur, Malshiras and Solapur are the Sub-division of Solapur district. Under the Solapur Zilha Parishad Jurisdiction 1150 total villages are included and 11 Panchayat Samities and 1028 Gram Panchayats. The table no 4.3 shows the details of administrative set up are as follows:

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Table No. 4.6 Administrative Structures in Solapur District

Sr. No. Administrative Structure Total No.

1 Municipal Corporation 1

2 Municipal Councils 9

3 Talukas 11

4 Total Villages 1150

5 PanchayatSamities 11

6 Gram Panchayats 1028 Source: Socio-economic abstract of Solapur distract, 2010, page no.7

4.5 EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS:

Today Education is essential for everyone. It is the level of education that helps people earns respect and recognition. The importance of is undeniable for every single person. Education is an essential for every human virtu. The Present situation is on its way to becoming an excellent educational hub. Recently Solapur University has been established since August 2004. It is known as ‘Solapur University”. There are total 4222 primary schools and 122 colleges in this district. 13

4.6 ECONOMY OF SOLAPUR DISTRICT :

Economy of Solapur district is quite developed where its industries are concerned. It is situated at an important junction of the North-south Railway line and it consequently a good place for industries to be set up. There are a number of medium and small scale industries found in the district. Solapur district is one of the prime centers of the Handlooms and Power looms industry, cotton mills and Beedi industry. Solapur city is the home of Handloom and Power loom weaving industry which provides employment to a large number of workers. The main production is Chadders, Towels and Napkins and these products are exported to various countries in the world.

Beedi Industry is the Second important industry in Solapur district. The Solapur district has the largest industry in Maharashtra for Beedi production. There

13 Socio-economic Abstract of Solapur district,2010,page no.5

86 are 115 units of 29 various Beedi factories. Many Women are employed in these industries and they work in home. 14

4.7 BANKING SERVICES :

The Banking services are very spread in all talukas in Solapur district.

Table No. 4.7

Bank Offices in Solapur district

Sr.No. Taluka No. of villages No. of No. of Deposits having bank offices Banks Branches

1 Karmala 15 0 26 N.A

2 Madha 21 0 40 N.A.

3 Barshi 18 0 48 N.A.

4 North Solapur 9 32 94 N.A.

5 Mohol 18 0 33 N.A.

6 Pandharpur 18 0 40 N.A.

7 Malshiras 32 0 59 N.A.

8 Sangola 23 0 35 N.A.

9 Mangalwedha 13 0 24 N.A.

10 South Solapur 18 0 22 N.A.

11 Akkalkoat 16 0 29 N.A.

Total 201 32 450 802821 Source: Solapur District Social-economic survey, 2010-11, page no 40 At present 201 villages are having bank offices. In which 32 banks are and along with its 450 branches providing banking facilities. Total deposits of all these banks are `. 82821. Out of 11 talukas malshiras taluka is having maximum number of bank offices. i.e. 32. On the contrary north Solapur consist only 9 banks offices.

14 http://www.indianetzone.com/46/economy-solapurdistrict.htm

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4.8 CO-OPERTIVES SOCIETIES :

There are 15 Co-operating and 7 private sugarcane factories. In the agricultural field the district has a well-established market in Oilseeds. Solapur district is also known for its Oilseed market. There are many Oil mills and it is located at Solapur, Barshi, Dhudhani, and Karmala respectively. Solapur is also famous for the Cotton mills. They are set up at Madha, Valsang and Solapur.

Table No.4.8 Co-operatives Societies in Solapur District

Sr. No. Types of Co- operatives societies Total No.

1 Sugar Factories 16

2 Other Agricultural co-operatives 12

3 Handicrafts co-operatives 169

4 Milk Co- operatives 3466

5 Fisheries co-operatives 124

6 Cotton co-operatives 17 Source: Socio- economic Abstract of Solapur District, 2010, page no, 111

4.9 TRANSPORTATION :

The Solapur district is well connected by all the means of transport viz.Airways, Trains and Roadways. Mostly the Rail track and Roadways are used for transport. Solapur district is well connected by Road with major cities of Maharashtra. The National Highways viz.NH-9, NH-13, NH-211 and NH-204 passes through city connected Solapur to other important cities in Maharashtra and other state.

There are two Railway Junctions in the district, Kurduwadi and . The Solapur division is an important division connecting South India to western and North West India. Solapur is considered the gateway to the south in terms of its location on the rail network. Air Services are considered the fastest means of transport. Solapur Airport is located to the south Solapur city currently it has no scheduled services. 15

15 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solapurdistrict

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4.10 TOURIST PLACES :

There are many tourist places in this district. Solapur city is an ancient historical and religious place with Shri Siddharameshwar as its ‘Gram devata’. The Presiding deity of Maharashtra, Lord Vitthal is at Pandharpur in this district. Akkalkoat is famous for ‘’. Barshi, Kundalsangam, , Nanaj are the tourist places in Solapur district. At Nanaj there is a ‘Bird Sanctuary of .’ 16

SECTION II

PROFILE OF OSMANABAD DISTRICT

In 1960 Osmanabad along with the other districts of became an integral part of Maharashtra. At present Osmanabad is a full-fledged district of Maharashtra and plays an important role in the economy of the state. The district place Osmanabad was earlier known as Dharashiv. Osmanabad is an administrative district of Maharashtra in India. The district Headquarters are located at Osmanabad erstwhile Dharashiv. It is located in the southern part of Maharashtra. This district lies in the eastern side of Marathwada region on the . Today, this district is inhabited by people who mainly speak Marathi and languages. The district is considered as a religious Centre for Jains and .

A major attraction of the district is ‘Dharashiv Caves’ that were originally Buddhist but were later converted into monuments of the Jain religion. People of the region specialize in handicrafts like Bidriware, Mashru and Himroo. Temple of Goddesss Tuljabhavani at is famous in India. 17

This Section elaborates the Socio- economic profile of Osmanabad district. This section includes the Historical background of Osmanabad district, Geographical information, Administrative structure, and Industrial progress etc.

4.11 HISTORY OF OSMANABAD DISTRICT :

The district place Osmanabad was earlier known as Dharashiv. The king of State, Nizam Osman Ali, renamed the city Osmanabad after himself in the

16 Socio-economic Abstract of Solapur district,2010 page no.2 17 www.mpsp.maharashtra.gov.in/SITE/Information/DistrictEdulnfoView.aspx?Id=525&DistrictE=Osmanabad&DistrictM

89 beginning of the 20 th century. Lord Ram (of the epic Ramayana) is said to have spent some of his exile in parts of Osmanabad. As per historical evidences the district was ruled by the Maurya, Satvahan, and Rashtrakut and Yadava dynasties. For a period of time it was ruled by Mughal, Bahamani, Nizam, and Adilshah kingdoms. Before the Hyderabad Nizam’s rule, it was under control of the Mughal king Aurangzeb. Being under the Nizam rule, the district did not celebrate its freedom when the rest of India became independent in 1947. However, soon in 1948, was merged with independent India and the district became a part of the then Mumbai district. It became a part of Maharashtra state when the state was formed in 1960.

Osmanabad along with the other four districts of the Marathawada region were earlier constituted a part of the Nizam’s State. After India got its freedom in 1947 the reorganization of various princely states was carried out. In 1956 the Marathwada region was included in the then into Maharashtra and Gujarat. In 1960, the Osmanabad along with the other districts of Maharashtra became an integral part of Maharashtra. At present Osmanabad is a full- fledged district of Maharashtra and plays an important role in the economy of the state. Osmanabad was spilt into Osmanabad and districts on 15 th August 1982. 18

4.12 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION :

The Geographical information includes Location, Area, Climate, Temperature, Rivers, Rainfall, Soil, Crops, and Irrigation etc.

A) LOCATION :

The district of Osmanabad is located in the southern part of the Maharashtra State. Most of the district area is rocky while the remaining part is plain. The height of district is 600mm above sea level. Most part of the district is surrounded by Small Mountain called "Balaghat". , Washi, Kalamb, Osmanabad & Tuljapur Tehsil lie in the range of this Balaghat mountain. Some part of the major rivers like Godavari and Bh īma come under this district. The district is located on East side of Marathwada region within the range North latitude 17 o.35 to 18 o.40 degrees and East latitude 75 o.16 to 76 o.40. degrees.

18 www.hoparoudindia.com/maharashtra/historyofosmanabad.aspx

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B) AREA:

The district occupies a geographical area of 7512.4 km. out of which 241.4 sq.km. is urban area (3.21%) of total area and 7271.0 sq.km. is rural area (9679%) of total area. The mountains of Balaghat range are spread across the north, central and eastern areas of the district.

C) BOUNDARIES:

The district is surrounded by Solapur to the south-east, Ahmednagar to the North-west, to the North, to the East and & districts of Karnataka to the south. 19

Map No.4. 2 Map of Osmanabad District

Source: www.mapsofindia.com

19 Brief Industrial Profile of Osmanabad District Ministry of MSME,MSME- Development Institute, Aurangabad page no 3,4

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D) CLIMATE :

The climate of the district is on the whole dry except during the monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The cold seasons from December to about the middle of February, followed by the summer season lasting up to the end of May, the south-west monsoon season from June to September and the post- monsoon or retreating monsoon season in October and November. 20

E) TEMPREATURE :

May is generally the hottest month with the daily maximum temperature is 42.5 oc and minimum temperature is 8.5 o c in winter season. During summer the temperature of Osmanabad districts is low compared to other district of Marathwada region. 21

F) RIVERS :

The major rivers passing through this district are Terna and Manjara rivers. The Manjara river flows along the northern boundary from west to east. The other rivers in the district are Sina, Bori, Bhogawati and Banganga. These rivers are almost dry every year except the rainy season. 22

G) RAINFALL :

Rainfall is uncertain in Osmanabad district. The monsoon period is from second fortnight of June to end September bringing rains from south-west monsoon. The average rainfall for the Osmanabad district is 739.93.mm.Average rainfall presented in table no. 4.9 is as follow:

Table No.4.9 Average Rainfall in Osmanabad District

Sr. No. Taluka Average Rainfall 1 698 2 Bhoom 886 3 Washi 896

20 http:// www.indianetzone.com/46/geography-osmanabad-district.htm . 21 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/osmanabaddistrict . 22 Socio-economic Abstract Osmanabad District, 2010.page no 10

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4 Kalamb 748.5 5 Osmanabad 694 6 Tuljapur 767 7 Lohara 611 8 Omerga 619 Total District 739.93 Source: Socio-economic Abstract Osmanabad District, 2010.page no.60

H) SOIL :

The soil of the district is basically derived from Deccan Trap Basalt and the district is broadly classified into three major soil types. Shallow soils occur in small patches in western and northwestern parts of the district. These soils are light brown to dark grey in colour and loamy to clayey loamy in texture. Medium soils are found in parts of Bhoom, Kallamb and Osmanabad talukas. They are dark brown to dark grey in colour. Medium deep soils occur in patches in Tuljapur taluka. The colour of these soils varies from dark grey brown to very dark grey. They are clayey in texture. 23

I) MAIN CROPS :

Many Crops are grown in this district. The main crops of Osmanabad district are Sorghum, Groundnut, Black gram, Tur, Sugarcane in Kharif Season. Wheat, Jawar, Sugarcane is the main crops in Rabi Season. In particular jawar cultivated in the Rabi season is famous for its unique taste. Due to the good soil quality drainage pattern and presence of large number of surface reservoirs the land suitable for crops live Jawar Tur, and safflower. In Paranda and Kalamb tahsils the major cropping season is Khrif whereas in the rest of the district both Rabi and Khrif agricultural are practiced. 24

K) DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION :

According to the 2001 and 2011 census Demographic information about Osmanabad district is as follows.

23 Government of India Ministry of Water Resources Central Ground Water Resources Central Ground Water Board, Ground Water Information Osmanabad district, Maharashtra, by, Bhushan R. Lamsoge, Central Region ,2009.`page no.3,4 24 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/osmanaaddistrict .

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The table no.4.10 clear, in 2011 census, Osmanabad district had population of 1660311 of which male and female 864674 and 795637 respectively. According to the 2001 census the total population was 1486586 in which male and female was 769368 and 717218 respectively. As per census 2011 density of Osmanabad district per sq. km. is 219 compared to 196 per km. of 2001. Sex ratio of girls in Osmanabad district per 1000 boys was recorded 920 i.e. a decrease of 12 points from the figure of 2001 census which puts it at 932. Population growth for Osmanabad district recorded in 2011 for the decade has remained 11.69 percent.

Table No 4.10 Demographic Information in Osmanabad District

Sr.No. Population 2001 census 2011 census

1 Total Population 1486586 1660311

2 Male 769368 864674

3 Female 717218 795637

4 Sex ratio 932 920

5 Density 196 219

6 Growth 16.47 11.69 Source: District census Handbook, 2001& 2011. http://www.census2011.co.in Osmanabad census2011

L) LITERACY :

The information about literacy in Osmanabad district is as follows:

It is observed that table no. 4.11 the total literate in Osmanabad district were 1115057 in which male and female were 645792 and 469265 respectively. In 2001, total literate 872022 of which male and female of which male and female were 523930 and 348092 respectively.

The average literacy rates of Osmanabad district in 2011 were 76.33 percent compared to 69.02 percent of 2001. If things are looked out at gender wise male and female literacy were 85.31 and 66.67 percent in 2011 respectively. For 2001 census same figures stood at 80.42 and 56.89 percent in Osmanabad district.

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Table No. 4.11

Literacy in Osmanabad District

Sr.No. Literacy 2001 Average 2011 Average

1 Total Literacy 872022 69.02 1115057 76.33

2 Male 523930 80.42 645792 85.31

3 Female 348092 56.89 469265 66.67 Source: http://www.census2011.co.in osmanabad census2011

Figure No.4.4

Literacy in Osmanabad district

180 160 140 85.31 120 76.33 100 66.67 2011 80 2001 60 80.42 40 69.02 56.89 20 0 Total Literacy Male Female

Source: Table No. 4.11

4.13 ADMINISTRATIE STRUCTURE :

Administratively the district has 8 Tehsils viz. Osmanabad, Tuljapur, om erga, Lohara, Kalam, Bhoom, Paranda and vashi. At the District level, Collector is the Administrative Chief and at Tehsil level, Tehsildars are looking after the administration as per Collector’s instructions. For Rural development, Chief Executive officer of Zilla Parishad and at block level, Block Development Officers are in charge of the administration. There is 8 Panchayat Samities and 8 Municipal councils. Under the Osmanabad Zillah Parishad jurisdiction 735 villages are covered

95 through 622 Gram Panchayaties. 25 The table no. 4.12 given the idea of Administrative Set up in Osmanabad district is as follow:

Table No. 4.12

Administrative set up in Osmanabad District

Sr.No. Administrative structure Total Number of

1 Talukas 8

2 Municipal Councils 8

3 Panchayat Samities 8

4 Total Villages 735

5 Gram Panchayaties 622 Source: Socio-economic abstract of Osmanabad, 2010, page no, 17

4.14 EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS :

Education plays such a rudimentary role on our society that we cannot even imagine a life without it. Education is absolutely benefited for society on the whole. It is a life-long process to each person that needs to be reinforced throughout life. Osmanabad district is aggressive in educational field. Osmanabad city is also a sub Centre of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad. At present all the educational facilities are also available in this district. Marathi and English Medium schools are also in district. There are 1201 primary schools, 328 secondary schools, 86 higher secondary schools and 57 colleges in this district. 26

4.15 BANKING SERVICES :

The available banking services in Osmanabad district are as follow:

25 Brief Industrial Profile of Osmanabad District Government of India Ministry of MSME,MSME- Development Institute, Aurangabad page no 4,5 26 Socio-economic Abstract of Osmanabad district 2010, page no, 16

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Table No. 4.13 Bank Offices in Osmanabad District

Sr.No. Taluka No. of villages having No. of No. of Deposits bank offices Banks Branches

1 Paranda 4 5 15 N.A.

2 Bhoom 5 5 17 N.A

3 Washi 4 5 11 N.A.

4 Kalamb 5 5 23 N.A.

5 Osmanabad 10 12 45 N.A.

6 Tuljapur 5 5 28 N.A.

7 Lahara 5 4 15 N.A

8 Omerga 6 6 28 N.A

Total 46 47 182 174670 Source: Socio-economic Abstract of Osmanabad district 2010, page no.47

At present 46 villages are having bank offices in which 47 banks are along with its 182 branches providing banking facilities. Total deposits of all these banks are Rs.174670. Out of 8 talukas Osmanabad taluka is having maximum number of bank offices. i.e.10, on the contrary Paranda and Washi talukas consist only 4 banks offices.

4.16 INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS :

Industries are the back –bone of a country. Industries give employment to millions of people. Industrial development can raise the living standard of our people. Agricultural is the main source of income in Osmanabad district. The industrial estate at located at Osmanabad, Bhoom and Kalamb talukas.

The Traditional fireworks business at is well known. There are Yarn mills located at Dhoki and Tamalwadi. There are 11 co-operating Sugar factories. Cotton mills and sugar factories are famous in this district.

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4.17 TRANSPORTATION :

The Osmanabad district is well connected by all the means of transport i.e. Airways, Train and Road. Osmanabad Airport is one of the several airports of Maharashtra. It is a domestic airport and closed to commercial airlines at present. This airport lies in the city of Osmanabad. Osmanabad is an important Railway station on Latur- railway route of Central railway. Now days Osmanabad is well connected by rail to all important cities in Maharashtra. National Highway No.9 and 211 pass through the Osmanabad district. State Highway and Metallic roads from the district headquarters at Osmanabad link all eight tehsils and major towns. Osmanabad city is connected to Beed, Ahmednagar, Pune and Solapur by National Highway. 27

4.18 TOURIST PLACES :

The major tourist attractions with in the district are Saint Goraba Temple, Dharashiv Caves, Fort and Paranda Fort etc. Tuljapur is famous for Tulja temple built by Raje Shahaji. Persons from all over Maharashtra visit the temple for worship. Naldurg is another historical place in Osmanabad district with a beautiful historic fort. Osmanabad city also have famous Darga of Hazral Khwaja Shamsoddin Gazi. The interior of darga is decorated with colorful glass pieces which is the main attraction now days. 28

CONCLUSION :

Solapur and Osmanabad is the district in Maharashtra. Solapur district is part of western Maharashtra and Osmanabad district is part of Marathwada region. It is a neighboring district comes under the Pune and . Geographically Solapur district is very large comparatively Osmanabad.

Economy of Solapur district is quite developed where concerned comparatively Osmanabad. The Industrial area is developed in Solapur district. It is one of the Prime centers of the Handloom and Power loom industry, Cotton mills. Both the district comes under the category of draught prone area. The Black soil is found in both districts. Jawar is major crop cultivated in both district. The Average Rainfall in Solapur and Osmanabad district are namely 545 mms and 600mm.

27 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/osmanabaddistrict 28 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/osmanabaddistrict

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REFERENCES :

1. Solapur District Gazetteer Department Govt. of Maharashtra.2011 and 2010.

2. Osmanabad District Gazetteer Department Govt. of Maharashtra, 2010 and 2011.

3. Social-economic Abstract, Solapur district 2010.

4. Socio-economic Review, Osmanabad district 2010.

5. Solapur district Statistical Handbook 2010.

6. Osmanabad district Statistical Handbook 2010.

7. Gazetteer of the Volume XX Sholapur district, 1884

8. Government of India Ministry of Water Resources Central Ground Water Resources Central Ground Water Board, Ground Water Information Osmanabad district, Maharashtra, by, Bhushan R. Lamsoge, Central Region Nagpur, 2009

9. Brief Industrial Profile of Osmanabad District Government of India Ministry of MSME, MSME-Development Institute, Aurangabad.

10. www.mpsp.maharashtra.gov.in .

11. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solapurdistrict

12. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/osmanabadistrict

13. http://www.census2011.co.in/news/346-osmanabadcensus2011- highlights.html .

14. www.indianetzone.com./46/historysolapurdistrict.html .

15. http://www.census 2011.co.in/news/solapurcensus2011

16. www.mapsofindia.com

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