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SOVEREIGNITY, WEALTH, CULTURE and TECHNOLOGY: MAINLAND CHINA and TAIWAN GRAPPLE WITHE the PARAMETERS of ‘NATION STATE’ in the 21St CENTURY

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SOVEREIGNITY, WEALTH, CULTURE and TECHNOLOGY: MAINLAND CHINA and TAIWAN GRAPPLE WITHE the PARAMETERS of ‘NATION STATE’ in the 21St CENTURY HAOL, Núm. 7 (Primavera, 2005), 57-66 ISSN 1696-2060 SOVEREIGNITY, WEALTH, CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY: MAINLAND CHINA AND TAIWAN GRAPPLE WITHE THE PARAMETERS OF ‘NATION STATE’ IN THE 21st CENTURY Emmanuel Pastreich University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, United States. E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 28 Febrero 2005 / Revisado: 31 Marzo 2005 / Aceptado: 30 Abril 2005 / Publicado: 15 Junio 2005 Resumen: This paper introduces the historical of Taiwanese with the right to local self- background of the present confrontations and determination and insulation from potential negotiations between Taiwan and the mainland authoritarian interference by the mainland in terms of Formosa’s (“the beautiful island” in against the overarching goal of cultural and Portuguese) convoluted relations with the territorial integrity free from the shadow of Portugal and Holland, survivors of the Ming colonialism held up by mainlanders. Recently, dynasty, the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Japan, the debate over the future of Taiwan is carried and the United status. The foreign interests who out in newspapers, in postings of on-line have had control of Taiwán make its discussions, and in other media on multiple sovereignity more complex. A consideration of continents most of which are accessible to all the relationship of the Nationalist Republic of parties involved. Moreover, both sides of the China and the Communist People’s Republic Of argument are admitted into the discussion. China is also included. The debate on culture, Although the debate is heated at times, it unfolds economics and political control between their across the globe with a transparency two political entities is informed past events, unimaginable even ten years ago. In addition, and a concern for the present legitimacy of both Taiwanese newspapers recognize that the entities. Moreover, the challenges of question of Taiwan's relationship with the globalization further complicate the picture in mainland is inseparable from the rapidly that the odd convergence of economic and unfolding process of globalization and cultural convergence with political tensions may integration throughout the world –the final be representative of the conflicts we will consequences of which remain opaque. The encounter in this century. The paper considers future of Taiwan can no longer be reduced to an the economic, cultural, and technological ties either/or, unification/independence, equation. that continue to bind Taiwan and the mainland despite serious differences and closes with a Although Taiwanese newspapers continue to short consideration of possibilities for a long- display a distinctly Taiwanese perspective, even term peaceful solution. to the point of unfairly characterizing the Palabras clave: China, culture, Nation State, intentions of mainland policies regarding sovereignity, Taiwán, technology, wealth. exchanges with Taiwan, the term zhuanxing or ______________________ "structural transformation" is employed again and again in descriptions of contemporary INTRODUCTION affairs. "Structural transformation" implies that Taiwan is playing a new and complex game of here has been a notable shift in the debate maintaining its economic base and political across the straits concerning Taiwan's autonomy through overlapping patterns of Trelationship to the larger political entity engagement with the People's Republic of known as People's Republic of China over the China, the other nations of East Asia, the United last five years. The debate over Taiwan's future States and the rest of the world. Self- (or the Republic of China's future) pits concerns preservation is no longer a matter of simply © Historia Actual Online 2005 57 Sovereignity, wealth, culture and technology Emmanuel Pastreich standing up to the threatening Communist When the Ming dynasty collapsed under the presence. Rather it is a matter of systematic relentless attacks of the Manchu armies in 1644, negotiation within a panoply of international the political order in East Asia was shaken to its organizations –everything from the Boy Scouts foundations and the future of China clouded. to the World Trade Organization– on the one The Ming dynasty had been the cultural and hand, and internal transformations aimed at military power in East Asia and its overthrow by increasing the value added to Taiwan's northern barbarians from the periphery disturbed industrial, cultural, and educational capital on the international order for centuries. The the other. The political and military back and remnants of the Ming army gathered in southern forth between the Nationalist Republic of China China to resist, but lacked the conviction and and the Communist People's Republic of China organization necessary. No small number of has been a deliberate chess game spanning the Chinese attempted to cross to Taiwan fearing the last seventy years. Each side played on the wrath of the Manchu lords. It was the Dutch, other's weaknesses and appealed to the however, who seized the moment and took over international community for legitimacy while the island in 1646. They were soon displaced, trying to corner, and destroy from within, the however, by the Chinese General Zheng other. But today the very definition of "China" Chenggong in 1661, a Ming dynasty loyalist. and "nation" is challenged by dizzying Zheng Chenggong was a product of the protean, economic and technological transformation. The fluid new economic order that emerged along chessboard on which that battle was waged has the coasts of China and maintained close ties started to come apart. That is not to say that the with it. Piracy (or perhaps we should say battle has ended, just that its rules have become resistance to Qing rule) became a serious issue murky. in the second half of the seventeenth century and the new Manchu (Qing) dynasty took the A SHORT HISTORY OF TAIWAN'S extreme step of shutting down major ports in an SPECIAL STATUS attempt to stifle it, and Ming loyalists on Taiwan. Taiwan ceased to be a major trading A basic outline of Taiwan's cultural and political center as a result. The Ming loyalists on Taiwan history and the sources therein of its disputed remained a serious irritant to the Qing dynasty status is essential to understanding the and the cause for the first attempt to isolate the uncertainties of its future. The original island. inhabitants of Taiwan, who certainly did not use that name –or the Portuguese "Formosa" The Qing dynasty was eventually successful (beautiful island)– to describe this lush island, through a variety of political and military venues were Malayo-Polynesian aborigines with no in annexing Taiwan in 1683 after Zheng's death cultural affiliation with China whatsoever. and making it a part of Fujian province. Chinese Today those native Taiwanese, known in immigration from Fujian began in earnest from Chinese as shandiren, make up approximately 2 the eighteenth century and Taiwan became an percent of Taiwan's population and are virtually indisputable part of the Qing dynasty. Before we absent from urban centers. say Taiwan was part of China, however, we must consider carefully the nature of Manchu There were sporadic visits to the island of rule. Ethnic Chinese were not the ruling class of Taiwan by the Chinese and the Portuguese in the the Qing dynasty –although they eventually sixteenth century. The Portuguese produced dominated the bureaucracy– and the Qing records of those landings from the 1590s but dynasty included regions such as Manchuria and attempted no permanent settlements. It was Tibet whose residents thought of themselves as rather Holland and Spain that established part of a larger Manchu order, but not part of colonial settlements in Taiwan (in 1624 and China. In fact the Chinese term for this realm, 1626 respectively) as part of their larger hua (as in Zhonghua, the formal term for competition in trade throughout Southeast Asia. "China" today), denoted a cultural and economic Neither country made any serious investment in sphere transcending ethnicity. the infrastructure of these tiny outposts in Taiwan, however, seeing them as but stops on The Qing dynasty was an extremely efficient larger trade routes. agricultural empire. So successful was its peaceful rule that a massive increase in rural population occurred with serious implications for China today. Population pressure drove 58 © Historia Actual Online 2005 Emmanuel Pastreich Sovereignity, wealth, culture and technology immigration to Taiwan in the eighteenth century World War. Taiwan was critical to the Japanese from the adjacent provinces of Fujian and effort in the Pacific War because of its industrial Guangdong. The Hakka minority people of and logistical capacity. As early as the Cairo Southern China and the Hokkien people of Conference, however, the Allies decided that Southern Fujian made up a significant portion of Taiwan should revert to China after the war was those immigrants. In 1886 a more densely won. populated Taiwan became an independent province of China with a governor assigned But mainland China had been torn apart by civil from Beijing. war before, during, and after the Second World War and it was not so clear who should have By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the control of this island when it reverted. The threat of foreign powers returned after two Nationalists (Guomindang1) and the hundred years of insularity. Following the defeat Communists (Gongchandang) had fought a of China by Britain and France in the Second multi-front conflict for military and political Opium
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