MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE April-June, 1935

CONTENTS

CHINA: 9 articles with 66 illustrations

Today's • KING-CHAD MUI, Consul-General for China in

My Glimpse of China R. F. LAMBERT. Member Association of Port Authorities

Lingnon University FRANK S. WILSON, American Exchange Student.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen's School Days in Hawaii PROF. SHAO CHANG LEE, University of Hawaii

Painted Mask of the Chinese Stage GLADYS LI HEE, Student of Chinese Drama

Chinese Foreign Study EDITORIAL on Tsing Hua University, Peiping

China's Premier Agricultural College • ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Director Pan-Pacific

Amazing Developments in China CAMERON FORBES, Leader American Economic Mission.

Pon-Pacific Movement in China DR. KUANGSON YOUNG, Executive Secretary, Pan-Pacific Association

Jane Addoms of Hull House (illustrate& ; Siam's Mongolia's mighty past I illustrated ) ; America's past and present (illus- new king (illustrated); 's aborigines lillustratecll ; Mexico's scientific explorations; Pelew Islands Canada, the last frontier 'illustrated ; Russia's trated); Honolulu's Pan - check list of fishes; Hawaii's Pan-Pacific Research Institution illustrated); and Occidental family life contrasted (illustrated) Japan's Pacific meeting programs; Japanese Pan-Pacific Clubs; Book Reviews of six recent publications.

Published for the PAN-PACIFIC UNION, 1067 Alakeo Street HONOLULU, HAWAII

$3.50 a Year 50c a Copy PAN-PACIFIC UNION

1067 Alakea Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

HON. WALTER F. FREAR, President HOWARD K. BURGESS, Treasurer DR. IGA MoRI, Vice-President WALTER F. DILLINGHAM, Chairman Finance C. K. At, Vice-President Committee ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Executive Director DR. FREDERICK G. KRAUSS, Chairman Pan- ANN Y. SATTERTHWAITE, Secretary Pacific Research Institution,

RESIDENT BOARD OF TRUSTEES

HoN. Jostpu B. POINDEXTER, Governor of Hawaii CAYETANO LIGOT, Former Philippine Labor Commis. HoN. WALTER F. FREAR, Former Governor of Hawaii; sioner charter member, Pan-Pacific Union DR. FREDERICK G. K RAUSS, Director, Agricultural Ex- oN. G. FRED WRIGHT, Mayor of Honolulu tension Division, University of Hawaii WILFRED C. TSUKIYAMA, City and County Attorney DR. SHAO CHANG LEE, Professor of and History, University of Hawaii JOHN H. WILSON, Postmaster, Honolulu PROF. JOHN MASON YOUNG, C.E., Professor of En- DR. DAVID L. CRAWFORD, President, University of Ha- gineering, University of Hawaii waii DR. IGA MORI, Member Advisory Committee, Institute OREN E. LONG, Superintendent of Public Instruction of Pacific Relations W. P. W. TURNER, Consul for Great Britain WALTER F. DILLINGHAM, President, Oahu Railway and J. W. WALDRON, Consul for Chile Land Co. KING CHAD Mu', Consul-General for China HUGH C. TENNENT, C.P.A., President, Tennent, PROF. IRVING 0. PECKER, Consul for Greaney & Wallace TEIJIRO TAMURA, Consul-General for Japan GEORGE P. DEN isoN, Chairman, Hawaii Tourist Bureau C. A. MACKINTOSH, Consul for The Netherlands C. K. At, Treasurer, City Mill Co., Ltd.; charter mem- DR. L. A. R. GASPAR, JR., Consul for Peru ber, Pan-Pacific Union ALBERT A. ARAujo, Consul-General for Portugal A. D. CASTRO, President, Union Trust Co., Ltd. MRS. ARTHUR L. ANDREWS, Executive Committee, Pan- SENATOR JOSEPH R. FARRINGTON, President, Honolulu Pacific Women's Association Star-Bulletin, Ltd. MRS. GEORGE P. CASTLE, Vice-President, Honolulu YASUTARO SOGA, Editor, Nippu Jiji Young Women's Christian Association ALEXANDER HumE FORD, Executive Director, Pan-Pa- JOHN C. LANE, Alii Ai Moku, Order of Karnehameha cific Union; charter member TAI SUNG LEE, Executive Secretary, Korean Student Christian Movement of Hawaii ANN Y. SATTERTHWAITE, Secretary, Pan-Pacific Union

HONORARY TRUSTEES

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, President of the United GEN. I,AZARO CARDENAS, President of Mexico States of America Jim DR. B. C. DE JONGE, Governor-General of the CHARLES EVANS HUGHES, Chief Justice, Netherlands East Indies Supreme Court MRS. T. E. TAYLOR, Chairman, New Zealand Pan-Pa- JoHN W. TROY, Governor of Alaska cific Women's Association, Christchurch FRANK W. MURPHY, Governor-General of the Philip- MANUEL QUEZON, President, Pan-Pacific Association of pines the HERBERT HOOVER, Former President, United States of America W. FORGAN-SMITH, Premier of Queensland DR. L. S. RowE, Director-General, Pan-American HIS MAJESTY ANANDA, King of Siam Union MRS. HELEN WILSON, Postmistress, Pago Pago, Ameri- J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister of Australia can Samoa T. D. TATTULLO, Premier of British Columbia, Canada PRINCESS DAVID KAWANANAKOA, Hawaii Nei CHIANG KAI-SHEK, Chairman of China's National Mili- MRS. FRANCIS M. SWANZY, Honorary President, Pan- tary Commission. Pacific Women's Association, for Island of Oahu DR. H. H. KUNG, President, Pan-Pacific Association of ALFRED W. CARTER, Trustee, Parker Ranch, for Island China of Hawaii SIR MURCHISON FLETCHER, Governor of Fiji SENATOR ELSIE H. WiLcox, for Island of Kauai H. E. RENE ROBIN, Governor-General of French Indo- China SENATOR HARRY A. BALDWIN, for Island of Maui PRINCE I. TOKUGAWA, Former President, House of SENATOR GEORGE P. COOKE, for Island of Molokai Peers, Japan

The Mid-Pacific Magazine Including the Pan-Pacific Bulletin and the Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution

Published quarterly by Alexander Hume Ford for the Pan-Pacific Union, 1067 Alakea Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Post Office. By subscription $3.50 a year mailed to any address in the world. Single copies 50 cents. From the Honolulu Star-Bulletin press.

VOL. XLVI I APRIL-JUNE, 1935 NUMBER 2

Today's China*

By KING-CHAU MUI

Consul General for China in Hawaii

(See Plate VII)

APOLEON once likened China porting of these movements is usually to a sleeping lion and warned neglected. As a result, the picture that his countrymen to let the lion some people have of China is one of a N sleep, for fear that if awak- land of hopeless backwardness. They ened the lion would shake the world. are not aware that beneath the super- These remarks of the diminutive Cor- ficial phases reported in newspapers, sican giant may be an exaggeration, there is a China of exquisite beauty and but to keen observers in Chinese affairs, undeniable progress. During the last that country is beginning to take its thirty years, China has made rapid part in shaping the political and com- strides toward modernization, not only mercial life of the family of nations. in the field of economics, but in educa- China, as you know, has an area of tion, industry, government, in practi- over four million square miles contain- cally every activity of life. ing more than one fifth of the inhabi- It is difficult to enumerate all the tants of the globe and possessing different phases of economic progress tremendously rich resources. For this that are evident throughout the country reason she commands a very important today. Most important of these is the position in the Pacific area. China has development of communications. New been interpreted in a thousand and one airways, railways, roads, canals, ships ways by various observers. But whether are being built. The arrival of the giant their interpretation has been reasonable clipper ship in Honolulu a few days or ridiculous, one thing seems to be ago, and the establishment of the Pan- certain—China will eventually play an American Airways service from San important role in world affairs. Francisco to Canton marks a great Most often it is the spectacular development in aerial transportation. events that are reported in the news- The first lap of the commercial air papers of the world. The more impor- route between the United States and tant developments such as the evolu- China has thus been blazed. Pan Ameri- tionary transition in society, the slow can Airways, by the way, holds 45 per changes of customs, the gradual assimi- cent of the stock of the China National lation of western ideas and its adoption Aviation Co. of scientific methods, in fact, real prog- A country so vast and with so many ress of all sorts, are ignored. The re- geographical complexities as China naturally is greatly benefited by the * An address before the Sojourners' Club, Iolani Barracks, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 1, 1935. opening of air routes, which not only 98 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 facilitate the carrying of mail but also there is a prospect of a five-day air mail of passengers. Formerly, because of the service from to Berlin. As mountainous areas of the interior, trav- plans are developed, however, this eling was extremely difficult. In the service will be shortened to two days. last two years, these interior regions It is clear that commercial aviation is have been connected to the coastal cities rapidly developing. A Chinese flying of China by two air mail and passenger personnel is being trained and a start services. These are operated under the has been made towards the building of Ministry of Communications and by planes in China. There is no question the China National and the Eurasia as to the need of fostering aviation in Aviation Corporations. Before 1933 China. Planes rendered very great the air routes were confined to two services during the floods of 1931 in lines, one from S hang ha i passing carrying supplies, conducting surveys, through Nanking to Hankow, a dis- transporting officials, and in aiding res- tance of 516 miles, and the second from cue work. Business men are realizing Shanghai through Haichow, Tsingtao, the convenience of air transportation and Tientsin to Peiping, a distance of not only for travel, but also for mail. 760 miles. But during the last two years, a route from Shanghai to Canton Railroads and Highways with stops at Wenchow, Foochow, The government has also paid great Swatow and Amoy has been estab- attention to the development of rail- lished. This route covers a thousand roads and highways. Railways and miles. The routes have been further roads are to a nation what the circu- extended to Chengtu along the Yangtze latory system is to an individual. There River, thereby establishing air contact are less than 10,000 miles of railways with Szechuan province in the interior. in China, but much work has been done Efforts are now being made to connect towards the construction of new routes Chengtu with Yunnan, and reports are and the repairing of old lines. Among that test flights have already been some of the accomplishments to be made. noted during the last few years are the When the air routes were first es- completion of the Canton-Hankow tablished in 1929, an average of 90 Railway, which had remained uncom- passengers a month was carried; today pleted for 23 years and which now the average is nearer 350 a month, or serves as a link between the North and four times as many as formerly. Five South; the opening of the Lung-Hai tons of letter mail are carried monthly. Railway to Shensi province on October The time required to travel from Shang- 10, 1934, thus bringing the national sub-capital into direct touch with the hai to Canton, a distance of approxi- great northwest arteries of trade and mately one thousand miles, by rail or commerce; the opening of Chekiang- boat, is four or five days. It takes only Kiangsi-Hunan Railway which will eight hours by air. Traveling by land bring the national government in and by water from Chungking to closer economic and cultural contacts Chengtu, the capital of the western- with the inner regions of the Yangtze most province of China proper, gener- River. The completion of the enormous ally requires ten days, but the trip can train ferry at Nanking has eliminated easily be made in two hours by air. the one barrier to through traffic con- Altogether, the China National Avia- necting Shanghai, Nanking, and Pei- tion Company maintains a regular serv- ping, three of China's greatest cities. ice of 3050 miles. These developments have been sup- The Eurasia Aviation Company is plemented by the reorganization of the interested in establishing direct air nationally o w n e d China Merchants communications with Europe. Its pri- Steam Navigation Company, which has mary aim is to blaze a route from China added four new steamers to its fleet. to Berlin. Surveys have been completed There is not a province in China that from Peiping to Tihwa, and thence via has not added to its length of motor Russia to Europe. Definite plans, how- highways. In January, 1932, the Na- ever, have not been completed, but tional Economic Council appointed a commission now known as the Bureau The Bund, Shanghai, on the western bank of of Public Roads whose work has quick- the Whangpo, once a mud flat, is famous as ened the progress of road construction. one of the splendid business streets of the world. Square foot land value is fabulous. Asia For the last year $6,800,000 was ap- Petroleum Bldg., left foreground, is character- propriated for the building of roads, istic of many fine structures. Right, foreground, and 13,000 kilometers of highways World War Memorial to Shanghai heroes. were opened to traffic. The number of motor roads in China has been in- And, according to a survey conducted creased considerably. In the construc- by the Ministry of Industries, nearly tion of these roads, special attention is half these workers are in the cotton paid to the linking together of the prov- and textile industries. inces, and to the tapping of the largest Factory industry does not represent areas of production in order to promote all China's industries, nor is it char- the maximum of trade and wealth. The acteristic of the major part of Chinese National Government has encouraged economic life. Eighty per cent of the the building of provincial roads by the Chinese people are engaged in agricul- establishment of loans and by the sup- ture and those who are in the city still plying of technical advice and assis- work according to the handicraft sys- tance to the provinces. tem. In every city, there are a multitude Related to these developments of of small shops, and the production of communications is the completion of their wares often requires a high de- the nine-province network of tele- gree of skill. These craftsmen do not phones, and the establishment of a work according to the hour, or accord- radiotelephone system to Rome, to be ing to wages, but simply for the joy of followed by similar systems with other creating something beautiful and lovely. European and American cities. The Their products cover silver, jade, ivory Nanking Radio Station is the largest in curios, woven and embroidered goods, the Far East. A very noticeable cloisonné, porcelain, bronze, enamel, achievement is the amalgamation of the lacquer, and furniture. These are not postal, radio, and telegraphic depart- all; the list could be extended indefi- ments under one head with the aim of nitely. It is estimated that four-fifths bettering conditions and service. of the cotton cloth consumed in China is manufactured by the hand loom. Yet, Modern Industry as I mentioned before, cotton weaving Modern industry in China began is the most highly developed industry about 1860. Its progress has been in China. steady but slow, because of the numer- Small specialized light industries have ous obstacles blocking its development. also shown great advancement in the But at present many large-scale well- equipped manufacturing establishments last few years. These industries include are seen in the larger cities of China. the manufacturing of a great variety of They are usually cotton spinning and articles such as electric light bulbs, weaving, flour milling, mining, tobacco electric apparatus, articles of furniture, and cigarette manufacturing, match- and household articles. These indus- making, oil crushing, printing and tries are operated economically in small paper-making establishments. At the units. They require more or less skilled present time it is estimated that the to- labor, but no elaborate or expensive tal number of workers connected with plant and mechanical equipment. large-scale industries in China is nearly China's industrial system still con- 1,500,000. tains two factors that have disappeared 100 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 more or less in highly industrialized ing, harvesting, and cultivation. Rural countries. The first of these, the crafts- cooperative societies have been formed man or small master system, I have al- with the purpose of extending credit to ready mentioned. The second is the all their members, and of facilitating family system. It is the basic system in transportation, irrigation, cultivation, China's rural and interior regions. It and marketing. A report of the Bank supplies its own market and produces of China shows that there are more for that market. It is estimated that than 6,946 cooperatives with a member- perhaps 70 or 80 per cent of China's ship of 912,919. This illustrates the industrial products come from the vil- tremendous growth of cooperative so- lages. In spite of the advancement of cieties. large scale industries, and the expan- A great deal of work has been done sion of light industries, the village in- in water conservation and irrigation. dustries have held their own. They This work has been instrumental in show a strong tendency to develop as protecting millions of people and vast new needs arise, rather than to diminish stretches of land against the dangers of in the face of industrialization. drought and flood. As a result of a trip Rural Reconstruction of Mr. T. V. Soong in the northwest- ern provinces of China, the National Seeing that eighty per cent of the Economic Council has appropriated population depend upon agriculture for nearly $500,000 for the purpose of their livelihood ( see plates VIII, IX ), building irrigation canals. It has been the Chinese National Government has estimated that the canals when com- given earnest attention to the rehabili- pleted will turn almost 600,000 mows tation of rural industries. A contented of waste land into arable farm land. and prosperous agricultural people is necessary for the well-being of any As a part of the rural reconstruction state, and this is especially true in plan, a number of agricultural experi- China where agriculture still plays an ment schools have been established for important part. the study of the technical problems of It would therefore be sheer folly to the farmers. There are 62 of these neglect agriculture to develop indus- schools, and they are mostly main- tries in the hope of being an industrial- tained by the provincial governments. ized nation. And so to the end of being The most important of these is the both an industrial and an agricultural Central Agricultural Experiment Sta- country, a rural reconstruction commis- tion, set up by the government in 1933. sion has been appointed. This rural About two to three hundred college reconstruction commission forms part students are trained annually as rural of the four year industrial plan, the sec- workers. Professors of various univer- ond division of which is devoted to sities also deliver lectures to the people agriculture, fishing, land reclamation, on proper methods of irrigation, culti- and reforestation. vation, and other farming matters. An Preparations are already on foot for effort is made to reach all the people the establishment of a Central Agricul- of the rural districts. ture Bank, the purpose of which is to The National Health Administration be the financing of sound enterprises of China ( see plate XIII ) has done through approved provincial and city wonders in health and sanitation prob- organizations, while cooperatives have lems. Its scope includes maternity and been fostered everywhere. During infant welfare work ( including the es- 1934 extensive investigation was made tablishment of midwives' schools ), in the discovery of seeds most suitable medical inspection of schools, preven- for production, and in the extermina- tive measures in connection with small- tion of parasites and insects. Agricul- pox, cholera, and other diseases, clini- tural implements have been improved. cal and hygiene work in the rural dis- Intensive study has been made on the tricts, publicity work, the registration tea and sericulture industries, and of doctors, nurses and midwives, na- schools have been established to teach tional quarantine service, and the main- the producers proper methods of plant- tenance of a Central Health Service. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 101

This organization carries on field work in the rural districts. People are taught the essentials of hygiene. Hos- pitals are established everywhere. Re- search is being .carried on in many of the problems that confront the medical profession. School health work has be- come highly developed. Conscientious workers and doctors have left no stone unturned in the field of public health service, which, although it was started only recently, has made tremendous progress. Among the most important of their researches are the study, preparation, and examination of drugs, the solution of sanitary engineering and public san- itation, control of epidemics, and dis- ease, and the control of foods. Education Perhaps the most important of all progressive movements is that of edu- cation. ( See plates I, II, III, IV.) It is important to remember here that it is Delegates to the Third Pan-Pacific Women's Conference in Honolulu, August, 1934: left not so much facts and figures that to right, Mrs. L. C. King, President Shanghai count as tendencies and policies. This Y.W.C.A.; Miss K. S. Kao, Professor of Edu- great educational movement is one to cation National Central Univ., Nanking, and which unceasing attention is given, but Mrs. Wei-Dien Dian Lo, wife of the presi- dent of the National Central University. it is one of those things that do not outwardly manifest themselves. News of this movement does not appear on In 1912, a comprehensive educational the front pages of the world's newspa- system was evolved which included pers nearly as often as news of China's plans for the education of more than political happenings. But it is more im- one-fifth of the world's population. The portant than political changes, for edu- three principles of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, cation is one of those evolutionary namely, democracy, nationalism, and forces that will bring about the desired social justice, were the aims around economic, cultural, and political unity. which the whole educational policy Education is one of those forces that revolved. will determine China's future. The last eleven years have been the It is often said that one of the causes most formative period in the history of of the fall of the old regime in China Chinese education since China began was the inadequacy of its educational the process of westernization. A sim- system which stressed the wisdom of plified form of writing more in keeping the ancient, and disregarded new ideas, with the common vernacular of the methods, and scientific knowledge. It people has been adopted. This system produced cultured scholars skilled in has made it easier to educate the the fine arts of music, poetry, literature, and philosophy, but it failed to produce masses to read the newspapers . . . the progressive leaders and practical men. only medium through which informa- Because of the establishment of the tion on a large scale can be spread to Republic, and the introduction of the them. scientific and technical methods result- The League of Nations Commission ing from the industrial revolution, a drew particular attention to the spread new educational policy was established of adult and mass rural education, and education on a western basis was which has been one of the most satis- emphasized. factory projects undertaken. This type 102 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

of work is of incalculable value. Its Emphasis on technical and scientific original purpose was to teach the training. There are about thirty techni- masses to read, but it has now ex- cal colleges in China, and a majority panded to include the raising of the of the 103 universities maintain schools economic level of the people, the creat- of science. It is also interesting to note ing of high standards of citizenship, that the students going abroad an- and the spreading of general culture. nually are shifting their selection of Stress has been laid upon vocational advanced subjects from literature and education, and provisions for the estab- fine arts to science. lishment of normal schools have been Increased facilities for the education extensively carried out. Since 80 per of girls must not be forgotten, espe- cent of the people live in rural districts, cially in secondary and higher educa- there are many movements for the tion. Some of the girls are taking the spreading of knowledge among the apportunity to major in science, in en- farmers. One of the most effective gineering, and in the medical profes- means is that of the radio. Many grad- sions, but the majority of them prefer uates have laid aside their regular occu- to major in education. The tremendous pations to work side by side with the increase of women students indicates farmers in order to learn more of their interest in the question of equality of problems and to help solve them. the sexes and woman suffrage. At the same time, the normal schools As I have mentioned before, this are making considerable progress, turn- important educational movement in ing out teachers at the rate of 10,000 a China has received little emphasis in year. If the plans of the Ministry of other countries, although it is one of the Education are followed out, at least great evolutionary forces behind the 1,400,000 primary school teachers will modernization of China. be needed in the next twenty years. Tremendous progress has been made Status of Women in athletics and physical training. ( See The question of the status of women plate XII.) This practical recognition in China is very interesting. ( See plate of the value of physical training as a I.) From the beginning of time, they vital part of the preparation for life is have had great influence in Chinese his- one of the greatest and most important tory. In ancient times, it was a queen changes in China's educational outlook. who discovered the art of rearing silk- Wang Ching-wei, president of the ex- worms. Women have also won fame ecutive yuan, aptly sums up the situa- on the field of battle, and China has its tion by saying, "A healthy spirit al- ways dwells in a healthy body. With a Joan of Arc in the story of Fah Mou strong body, one can carry on any Lan who went to war for twelve years struggle to the end, and emerge vic- to relieve her old father of military serv- toriously. In this fact lies the signifi- ice. But during the last thirty years, cance of athletics." Because of this the greatest progress has been made in attitude, physical education courses freeing women from their bonds and ties, from the restricted life that they have been introduced in all schools. have been forced to live, dominated by Public recreation parks have been es- their husbands. Marriage is now con- tablished and people are taught the significance of good health. ducted on the same basis as in Western countries. Women have entered into The thousand-character system is every profession under the sun. They the heart of the new mass movement, are doctors, lawyers, teachers, publish- which up to 1929 has given nearly ers, engineers, bankers, nurses, clerks. twenty-five million people an educa- They are indeed instrumental in shap- tion. The motto of Dr. James Yen, the ing the destiny of China. director of this movement, explains its One of the most outstanding banks function clearly. "Eliminate illiteracy in Shanghai is the Women's Commer- and make new citizens for China." cial and Savings Bank of which Miss Among some of the new educational Nyien Sok-woo is the president. The tendencies are: bank is managed entirely by women. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 103

Madame Sun Yat-sen, widow of the five yuans. The structure of the gov- revolutionary leader, and Madame ernment might be explained thus: Chiang Kai-shek are notable examples The Executive Yuan is the most im- of modern women who have taken portant organ of the National Govern- great parts in politics. ment and it really exerts the most The ideal, of course, is to have the weighty influence in the running of the Chinese women retain what is best in government. Such matters as foreign China and to supplement it with what affairs, military affairs, finance, indus- is best in America and Europe. The re- try, navy, communications, railways, sult is usually a Chinese woman who is totaling thirteen in all, come under its doing her utmost to realize China's pro- jurisdiction. gram of modernization. The Legislative Yuan acts on ques- tions of legislation, budgets, war, peace, Organization of Government international affairs. Its president, Mr. Because the attention of the world is , visited the islands last summer. now focused on Far Eastern questions, The Judicial Yuan has charge of all I believe that a great many people, judicial matters. especially Americans, are interested in The Examination Yuan provides for the organization of the Chinese Repub- a highly efficient system of civil service examinations whereby efficient public lic. ( See plates XI, XII, XIII, XIV.) servants can be chosen for the govern- Its policy is based directly on "The ment. Civil service has been adopted Three Principles of the People" which in one form or another by different Dr. Sun Yat-sen formulated and ex- countries in recent years although the pounded. These principles are nation- idea was developed by the Chinese alism, designed to make China a free, many years ago. independent nation in the family of The Control Yuan has the power of nations; democracy which aims at cre- impeachment. The ministry of Audits, ating a republican and democratic form which passes over the budgets of other of government in China; and social jus- departments, is located in this yuan. tice which attempts to supply the needs There is a vast number of commis- of the people and to make the country sions and boards which carry on defi- economically self-sufficient. If we look nite types of work. Their names need at these terms with the perspective of not be mentioned. But, in order to get the Westerner, from whom Dr. Sun a good understanding of the Chinese derived a great many of his ideas, we government, it should be remembered find that nationalism is merely "govern- that this structure contains the best ment of the people," democracy is elements of Western and Chinese gov- "government by the people," and social ernmental methods. justice is "government for the people." The Organic Law of 1928 describes Social Changes the functions and organization of the Many other phases of Chinese life National Government which is com- have been changed to meet modern posed of five yuans or councils. This conditions. Organizations like the law is based on Dr. Sun's Five-Power Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. have Constitution, which is a combination of been introduced everywhere, and they the best qualities of many forms of gov- are playing a great part in leading the ernments in the world. The Five-Power youth of China. They have introduced Constitution consists of the Executive, such western sports as soccer, basket- Legislative, Judicial, Examination, and ball, tennis and track, all of which have Control Yuans. The different yuans found immediate popularity with the have each a president and a vice-presi- students. dent, many ministers and commissions. Just as many of the western forms of The State Council, composed of mem- recreation have been taken up intensely bers from the five yuans, promulgate by the Chinese younger generation, so laws which must be signed by the Pres- is dancing indulged in everywhere. ident of the National Government and The theatre has developed to such countersigned by the Presidents of the an extent that a great many plays are 104 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

being given by professional and colle- policies that embody the best that the giate groups. Foreign motion pictures East and West can give. These draw large audiences, especially in the changes have taken place in all phases cities, although motion pictures made of life. Their effect may be slow, but in China are beginning to attain the their ultimate result will be great. high standard of Western films. There is the fact, no longer a hope, of Social problems are receiving great national unity. attention. Widows, orphans, cripples, It is impossible to discuss the heri- destitutes, refugees, in short, all those tage of four thousand years in such a who need help, are being cared for by short time. The history of China, its religious or social institutions. political, social, and economic develop- A great deal of money is being spent ment through the ages enfolds a fasci- in flood and famine prevention work. nating story to one who will read it. Bandits have been largely suppressed. There is something in China to interest A vast reconstruction program for the every type of person and I hope that unification of the country has been put this little glimpse will inspire you to a into effect. further and deeper study of China and I have attempted to give you a bird's its people. eye view of China as she is today. The No one can say what the ultimate revolution of 1912 is still on, but it is result of China's reconstruction and no longer a political one. It has rather modernization will be. It is absolutely become an economic, educational, and certain that she will create a new order social revolution. Ancient policies that out of the old, and soon must be able to have come down from time immemorial take her place among the modern na- are cast aside for new and better ones, tions of the world.

My Glimpse of China

By R. E. LAMBERT*

N SUBMITTING these few from 1840 to 1858, ostensibly for thoughtful impressions of contem- China's own good but actually for ul- I porary China, I do not presume to terior commercial gain of our Western speak with authority. The country invaders. is too vast, too diverse, and my stay in As the sequel will show, I am ex- it too short for that. Nor do I claim cluding all mention of what comes originality for the views expressed here. quickly to the traveler's eye as pictur- Some of them doubtless have been bet- esque, quaint, and exotic, though I was ter stated by abler pens. But on depart- fascinated by much that I saw from and ing from China's hospitable shores I on Chinese streets and byways. wish to express something, not ex- First let me say that I am agreeably haustively but sketchily, of my friendly surprised at the vigor of the Chinese feeling at what I have observed on my people in facing every phase of their first visit to China after many years of life. Absurdly I had expected to find, interest in Chinese matters. in a civilization so old and philosophic, Ever since boyhood my eyes have a far more lethargic attitude towards turned towards Far Cathay, the Celes- the immediate problems of life. tial Kingdom, the land that was literally Next, my observations lead me to forced open with the sword and gun the opinion that the greatest single fac- * The author is an educator whose membership tor in current Chinese culture is the in the Pan-Pacific Union and interest in Pacific af- impact of Western civilization fairs dates from a quarter century ago. Ile is a upon it. port and terminal expert, member of the Association Most of the sequel is an elaboration of of Port Authorities, and a research specialist in political science and the relation of government to that idea of impact. I do not speak thus transportation. of Occidental influences with any con- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 105 scious sense that ours is a superior civ- Any casual observer of democracy at ilization to that of the Oriental world, work in America or in Europe is forced nor with any feeling that the effects of to the conclusion that the greatest—I this impact have been all to the credit repeat, greatest — need in official life is of Western nations. On the contrary, a combination of ability plus integrity. much has been to their discredit. Neither without the other is sufficient. In a country so large and varied as When I say ability I mean total ability China, a vital factor in its progress is that is made up of all those separate the whole problem of communications. special abilities needed in any public This includes the elements of postal, office. When I say integrity I mean a long-distance telephone, and tele- strength of character which surmounts graphic services as well as highways, any and every consideration of per- railways, waterways, and airways, and sonal, cabalistic, or even partisan ad- all sorts of transport equipment and vantage; whether or not the triumph of facilities. Without minimizing the im- honor over temptation to subversion is portance of much-needed new railways, ever recognized, acclaimed, or re- and air service development, both of warded. This is, as I read it, the peak which involve much new and expensive of virtue as conceived by Confucius. construction and equipment, nor of her Now if what I have just said is waterways which require some modern- true, it is eminently fitting that the ma- ization to yield their most profitable chinery of selection of candidates for utilization, the basic transport need in state service should be vested in an China has already been recognized. I independent body coordinate with the mean highways, first-class roadways. three basic governmental functions. In A modern system of highways has al- the United States this function of se- ready been projected and much work lection is vested in an independent completed. From now on it is likely commission but far below the splendid that they will not stop with being pro- exaltation its counterpart enjoys in vincial arteries, parallels and laterals, China. Moreover, when weighing the but will be extended to inter-provincial, part that examinations have held in country-wide means of communication. China since their establishment fifteen China is already becoming air- hundred years ago in the Tsin Dy- minded, both in a commercial and a nasty, it is highly commendable that military sense. This speaks well for the this ancient feature of Chinese govern- future of rapid intercourse and military mental practice has been retained in the defense. The existence of a government reorganization of the governmental sys- college of communications, the National tem along modern democratic-republi- Chiao-Tung University at Shanghai, can lines. Peiping and Tangshan in Tientsin, Obviously, however, it is vital that augurs well for the steady progressive this service of selection, independent improvement of all these interrelated and exalted as it is, should be adminis- mechanisms of intercourse. tered with strictest honesty and totally As a lifelong student of theory and dissociated from sharp political chi- practice in government, historical and canery. current, the scheme of a five-sided na- To prevent any deviation from this tional government designed by Dr. Sun high level which doubtless occurs Yat-sen, and still maintained by Presi- occasionally, a suggestion of both prin- dent Lin-sen, supported by China's ciple and policy might be made. Instead greatest living military leader, General of candidates being selected on the sole Chiang Kai-shek, intrigues my West- basis of ability to get through the tech- ern mind. Reared on the concept of nical examinations, a rigorous investi- three coordinate branches of govern- gation of each examinee's character ment—legislative, executive, judicial— should be added. No doubt I shall be the elevation of examinations and su- answered that in a measure this is ac- pervision to equal place with these three tually done. Then I bespeak for the fundamentals started a chain of reflec- practice courage, honesty, and thor- tion that has persisted from the day of oughness in administration, and, on the my arrival to the present. part of the general public, respect, ad- 106 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

miration, support—and never-failing least of these is the maintenance of the scrutiny—so that its purpose may be open road of opportunity for the low- fully carried out. liest-born to achieve places of highest When it comes to that other depart- eminence in the government service and ment, Control ( supervision ), I confess institutional life of the country. An- to a sense of bewilderment. I have not other, akin to it, is the beautiful one of yet been able to give it the study it de- marrying philosophy to practical life serves and therefore cannot speak with and statesmanship. In China the Pla- any degree of assurance beyond stat- tonic theory of the ruler being a philos- ing my first reaction, which has grown opher is realized in all strata of govern- during the weeks of my sojourn. My mental service. This, by the way, is in present judgment is, with all respect to marked contrast to the American peo- the late lamented and revered Dr. Sun ple's attitude towards President Frank- Yat-sen's patriotism and skill in politi- lin Roosevelt's innovation of a "brain cal philosophy peculiarly adapted to his trust" of college professors to help him own country, that nothing important meet the hard problems of government would be lost and something perhaps in these critical and parlous times. It is gained if the functions now fulfilled by worth noting that Confucius restated, the Control branch were transferred to and lived in his own person, this Pla- a suitable machinery under the Exec- tonic ideal more than a century before utive. Plato was born. Confucius would not But, frankly, I am open to persuasion be revered as a sage had he not applied and I suggest that this special question his wisdom so well in statecraft. of the relation of the Control branch to A third noteworthy evidence of the that of the Executive—their present close vital concern of the government separateness, the advisability of merg- for the people, which presses for praise, ence, and other allied considerations is the so-styled New Life Movement pro and con—be made the subject of which seeks to elevate the standard of intensive treatment by some political living throughout the length and scientist with the necessary qualifica- breadth of the land. tions, and that the study be published As an educator I see much to praise in a good political science journal. and a few features to condemn in the Dr. Kalfred Dip Lum could do this changing educational set-up in this in a satisfactory manner. I mention amazing country. The sweeping simpli- him because his experiences as delegate fication of the written language for from Hawaiian Chinese to the National popular edification with its phonetic People's Congress at Nanking for monosyllabic script in face of many some years past, as the Commissioner difficult local dialects and of the gener- of Overseas Affairs in the present ally ponderous ( though not to be de- Nanking government, as a practicing spised or discarded ) written ideo- attorney, as a member of the Kuoming- graphic language of the classical schol- tang party, as a professor of political ars—Wenli, a language of heavily con- science in New York, Hawaiian, and densed thought and Miltonic loads of Chinese universities, eminently fit him allusions utterly beyond the comprehen- for a judicial, theoretical, and practical sion of the ordinary man—is a case in analysis of this question. It may be that point. We can almost say that now China has a distinct contribution to China has a written language of the make to modern governmental theory vernacular, Bei Hwa, but certainly it at this point as I feel that she has in the has a literary language that is access- matter of selection. At any rate, the ible to countless more millions than was zone of apparent overlapping between formerly the case. China always has the Executive and Control needs clari- fying. had tremendous respect for learning. She is rapidly becoming literate. And Apart from these main considera- literacy is the root soil, the good earth, tions, I find much to commend in vari- of effective democratic society. Book- ous aspects of the political fabric, too stalls abound in the cities. Moreover, numerous to describe in detail. Not the Mandarin is a speech which will slowly MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 107 but steadily supplant the local dialects tions. And there are many unemployed for all but the lowest types, or at least native graduate engineers here and will more generally augment them to there as well as many unplaced aspi- facilitate intercourse with men from rants for government or institutional different sections of the country. service. But my lack of whole-hearted Attempts at mass education and agreement with the policy and the the- adult education are other praiseworthy ory do not prevent admiration for the activities. courage of the administrators in making China has many educational institu- the change when it seems like wisdom tions which have been reorganized and to them to do so. modernized along Western lines. Most For the present, engineering and of these are now directed by Chinese other scientific and technological in- educators and largely staffed by Chi- struction is mainly in English. The lan- nese teachers. A large number of these guage of the Chinese has not hitherto educators have been graduated from had to face the requirements of the Western universities, but there will be ever-expanding and ponderous vocabu- decreasing need of this practice as her laries of that immense and relatively own institutions improve. new field in human experience—Sci- The Ministry of Education has re- ence. In time, Western textbooks will cently decreed that there shall be a be translated into a suitably expanded temporary cessation of liberal arts in- native language, and following the pe- struction and a concentration on science riod of translations, original works will and engineering in government institu- be composed by Chinese authorities in tions of higher education. the various scientific fields in their own language. A start has already been Teachers College, Columbia Univer- made in a small way. I have seen an sity, is lovingly referred to by its elementary biology in Chinese, trans- alumni as "the Mother of Teachers." lated from an American work. It is Other teachers' colleges in the United gratifying to note that they have States and elsewhere, and college and avoided the absurdity of trying to university executives generally, tend to transliterate the Latin terms but have listen more or less respectfully to what followed the commonsense equivalents. is uttered there. In its department of For instance, pseudopod becomes "false higher education for some years one of foot" and is thus easily rendered into its most vociferated criticisms of Ameri- forceful and clear Chinese characters. can higher education has been the inef- Perhaps the greatest felt need just fectiveness and futility of liberal arts now in this whole field of science, pure education for the majority of college and applied, is for physicists and teach- students. In China we have this unex- ers of physics. From this all-too-inadequate sketch ampled, ready response to alter the curricula to conform to the recognized of just two or three aspects of educa- need for change. The time having ar- tional life, the natural transition is eas- rived when China's services are no ily made to the subject of missions, a longer able to absorb the hosts of lib- large part of whose effort has been eral arts graduates, and the need hav- concentrated in educational work. ing become manifest for hundreds and It would be foolish to give unquali- hundreds of native engineers and tech- fied praise to the whole effort of Chris- nologists of all sorts and other special tian missions in China. Too many mis- professions, the edict ensues for curric- takes of attitude, purpose, and method ular adaptation to meet those condi- have been made by persons undoubt- tions. edly zealous and sincere enough but I must add that I am not altogether not specially or adequately trained or satisfied that this Teachers College the- fitted for the work. But I have no hesi- ory or the Chinese ministry's order are tation in saying, and I speak from pro- examples of perfect educational wis- found conviction, that by and large the dom. There is much to be said for the general effect of the Christian mission- cultural value of liberal arts education ary enterprise in China has been aside from purely utilitarian considera- greatly beneficial in interpreting to her Agricultural center in the hinterland of China's gigantic farm, the Yang Tse Valley. Innumerable waterways to provide transportation stand as monuments to progres- sive enterprise of times past, and indicate the mental source of modern transportation development. The Chi- nese farmer wastes nothing. Here we see the straw from threshed rice awaiting transportation to the home fires of a great agricultural region where fuel is precious.

the nobler aspects of Christian living, The fact remains, however, that the sense of individual responsibility, Young China has tended to make light and the high value of personality ac- of the educational work of the missions. cording to the Christian ideal. I have China is the most outstanding exam- seen too many products of Christian ple in all the world of a nation caught missionary effort in China to feel other- in the vortex of imperialistic and na- wise on this much mooted point. tionalistic ambitions of other Powers. Admitting that there has been much The whirlpool and the whirlwind never ground for criticism of the missionary cease, though they abate somewhat now effort in many directions, still is and, and then. since it is a human institution and a dy- The worst trend of a generation ago namic one instead of static, always will was stopped largely because of John be, we may say with full assurance that Hay's leadership in the Open Door a much more creditable case can be policy and of America's action in re- made for foreign missionary enterprises spect of its share of the Boxer Indem- in China than for the records of politi- nity. cal and commercial penetration. This Finally, a few words as to China's last is true even though there have been future as I see it. Many foreign ob- many foreign statesmen and business- servers are prone to use too glibly the men who have rendered invaluable easy expression "China must first clean services for China's good. her own house.- I was astonished to In the midst of militaristic goings to and fro in China's vast domain, habits of industry and an eye for business persist as dominant factors. Purveyors of food are as omnipresent as their culinary skill is omniscient and a hearty hail is hardly necessary to draw custom where "good digestion waits on appetite and health on both." find responsible Chinese gentlemen us- far enough in all conscience from being ing the same phrase. perfect or satisfactory to many of us. Whatever that phrase may be taken China is not likely to become a strong to mean, and I suppose it must mean military nation. In times past she has something different to every observer, I had a way of swallowing up her con- believe considerable effort is being querors, and if she is forced to submit made in that direction. She is not doing to foreign political or military domi- all that might be done to advance her- nance, the same thing may happen self socially, politically, economically, again, given time enough. and culturally, but then, what nation is China has the largest, though for- doing all that it could and should? tunately not the densest, population of First, I should like to record my im- any country on the globe. Fortunately, pression that China is too vigorous and again, she has vast areas for huge mi- resilient to be a dead or dying nation, grations for many decades to come. In- to be slowly but surely disintegrating, deed, that was part of the value as was thought to be the case some Manchuria had for her in recent times. years back. Energy is still one of her With the completion of needed universally binding virtues ( knowledge improvements — agricultural, mineral, and magnanimity being the other two ). transport—she could support a much Because her energy has not mani- larger population. fested itself in centralized political More and more the Chinese will be able to do without foreign business power, military strength, economic and leaders. This statement can be illus- imperialistic aggressiveness as has been trated by the fact that a number of the the case with her sister nation, Japan, finest skyscraper office buildings, apart- we have mistaken these lacks for a su- ment houses, theaters, and hotels in the pineness that stood for decadence. largest cities are designed by Chinese China will not in any sense become a architects, erected by Chinese engi- "Yellow Peril" to Western civilization neers, and owned and operated by Chi- unless the West, by misguided policies, nese men. It is true that many foreign materialism, feeling of superiority and names still label much of the standard self-seeking, forces her to become such. equipment for these buildings but this, On the contrary, as we of the West too, tends to disappear from the picture. come to know China better, she may On the whole, however, for some time become for us a source of correction yet, China will continue to produce for and modification for the errors and de- export foodstuffs, raw materials and fects of our own civilization, which is small handcraft goods, while importing 110 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

the higher-priced, more intricate manu- educational association, and similar in- factures such as machines of every stitutions. The family and guild and description. educational associations are mostly China's foreign trade, which has in- wholesome in their influence but the creased several hundred per cent in the secret societies have generally been a past few years, both in imports and baneful influence on the Chinese. exports, will continue to expand. Once China's democracy, central as well as she feared that foreign trade would de- regional—a central republican govern- plete her silver fund, but has since ment with wide provincial autonomy— learned that that evil is not a necessary will steadily strengthen. Her many cen- result of traffic with the West. Her turies of local democratic ways and productivity has been stimulated, her more than a score of revolutions in as reservoirs of natural resources tapped, many centuries against the central gov- to yield cash crops for the purchase of ernment, indicate that expansion of foreign gods which she has learned to democratic government is likely to be enjoy but which formerly she didn't solid after the travail of a trying-out want. period. From a fair knowledge of the major Eventually the most enlightened ports of the world, it is my considered leaders of the conservative, military opinion that Shanghai may easily in North and of the adventurous, progres- time surpass New York, London, and sive, revolutionary South will reconcile all our other great ports and thus be- come the premier port of the world. No their differences for the good of all wonder the Japanese are keen to exer- China sufficiently to effect a strong na- cise as much control there as they can. tional government, though the problem Shanghai is the gateway to a larger will tax the utmost efforts of Chinese population than that served by any statesmanship. From the viewpoint of other port. strategy rather than of long-time evo- China's mining resources will be ex- lutionary processes, and at the risk of ploited more rapidly and widely than seeming to favor military power, it ever before, and much more largely by would seem that when, instead of the Chinese themselves for their own Northern troops being lodged in the benefit. But agriculture will continue South to force obedience ( as was for- for a long, long time, perhaps for all merly the case ), Southern troops are time, to be the basic and principal in- used to police and defend the North dustry for the majority of the people against banditry and further foreign in- vasion, the coalition and unity will be with a moderate but healthy increase practically accomplished. The North of agricultural products in export. would no longer fear the South then. I Chinese industries, I believe, will believe the greater responsibility is on undergo much more "rationalization" the Southern leaders to think and act in butI doubt whether for centuries this terms of the immediate solidarity of the growth will entirely replace the small whole of China in place of what has home-industry. And in the Westerni- largely seemed a purely sectional pat- zation of some industries, I believe the riotism, however able, honest, and pro- Chinese will not let so sharp a cleavage gressive. Needless to say, perhaps, that arise between capital and labor to curse in thus seeming to favor a continued use the changed conditions along with of military power, I mean a military whatever blessings ensue from large- brought under civil control. In this re- scale production, as has been the case spect, both Japan and China need the with every nation which has become a same remedy. In the argument for civil part of the industrial revolution, includ- control of the military I may be too ing Japan as the latest. visionary, but these radical changes Notwithstanding many contrary seem to me likely to occur fairly early forces, Chinese social life will continue in the new China. to be closely knit in the patriarchal Chinese political ideas may not yet family, the clan, the trade or the pro- have developed generally so as to make vincial guild, the secret society, the full parliamentary government immedi- This roadside scene in beautiful Western Hills illustrates three age-old tenets of Chinese culture—trade guild architecture; a "family tree," in which all members of a family have finan- cial interest if and when the wood is liquidated; a coolie, sym- balk of ingrained individualistic energy—life closely knit in the family, the guild, with persistent energy a binding virtue. ately practicable but steady progress is rent social theory. But this will be a being made in this direction as experi- modification, on the whole, and not a ence with constitutionalism continues. destroyer of the family influence. Slowly but steadily China will throw Leaders of China who were educated off the strangle hold which, through fi- abroad—whether by their own govern- nance and foreign loans, foreign na- ment, by the missions, or at their own tions have upon her political life. Along expense—are no mere imitators of the with that release will go gradually all West but seek to form a new synthesis the other shackles such as extraterri- on a spiritual plane, creating something toriality and consular jurisdiction, for- new in the world out of a deeper appre- eign concessions and international set- ciation and blending of both civiliza- tlements, leased territories, spheres of tions. I believe that China will in the influence and interest, the limitations end take the lead in fusing its Oriental set by operation of the most favored cultural stream with our Hebraic-Hel- nation clause in treaties, tariff restric- lenic one to form a still richer life for tions, etc. Hope for abandonment of the West as well as for itself. extraterritoriality grows with the intro- Steadily China will assume the lead- duction of the Anglo-Saxon system of ing places in directing Christian as well law and courts, and with the elimina- as other institutions in China. Where tion already of two such powerful they have done so they have succeeded nations as and Russia whose remarkably well. The native YMCA nationals now enter the country on and YWCA, wholly conducted by Chi- equal basis with the native Chinese. nese, are monuments to their ability to China will not go Communistic as manage their own affairs, even defi- was once feared. Fuller knowledge of nitely Christian enterprises. the grand experiment in Soviet Russia China still looks upon America as has turned the leaders, and even Young her best friend but no longer expects China, away from Communism's ideas active aid from the Western leviathan of extremes. in protecting her against other Western Modern industrial development, com- or Japanese aggression. Our apparent bined with Western ideas of personal acquiescence in Japan's taking over worth stressed by the missionaries as a Korea; our lack of forceful opposition fundamental in Christian faith and to Japan's 21 demands; the somewhat Christian social theory, is undermining misunderstood Lansing-Ishii agreement; a little the position of the family in cur- our seeming deference at Versailles to 112 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

Japan's position in China; our lack of the West's seeking a better understand- full courtesy in arriving at the four- ing of China and Chinese culture. power pact concerning China without When a philosophic people like the consulting her or making her a partner Chinese—I had almost said a nation of in the agreement have awakened the philosophers—learns to use the induc- Chinese people. This last was some- tive method as a habit, there's no tell- what modified by the fact that a dis- ing how far they'll go in intellectual tinct forward step was taken for China and scientific discovery and invention; at the Washington Conference of 1921- in adding a definite regard for the fu- 22. Her attitude towards us is more ture to their reverence for the past. Do realistic now while none the less senti- the Powers fear a thus thoroughly mental. She knows that it is extremely awakened and reorganized China? Is unlikely for this peace-loving nation to the secret of Japanese aggressiveness resort to the arbitrament of war in the in Chinese territory the fear of the Em- defense of China even under extreme pire for the menace of a strong united provocation. Chinese republic? I believe the new All these venturesome predictions are China may be trusted to become a re- of course predicated on the basis of the spected equal in the family of nations West and Japan giving China fair and not a menace to world peace. treatment, giving her time to make her NOTE: Certain passages, dealing extensively with technicalities of government, have, with the author's own adjustments to the Western im- consent, been omitted from the foregoing able article pact. They depend also somewhat on with the thought that to the majority of Min-Paciric readers they would not be of interest.—Tag EDITORS.

Lingnan University

Impressions of an American Student

By FRANK S. WILSON

„T ODAY only the foolish and had to work for years in primary and ignorant waste their time middle school in order to learn a lan- celebrating, praising a nation guage as totally unrelated to his own as in as precarious a position as English. The fact that a large propor- we are in. We should rather work tion of courses are offered in English is hard, study hard, never waste a mo- a considerable tribute to the foresight ment, and build up the country than and courage of the Chinese faculty in praise it as it falls!" To hear such a continuing the use of English, believing declaration as this from the lips of a that through this seeming hardship they Chinese student at Lingnan University can best develop leaders for China who brings one to a central point in the can use with equal facility the tools of thinking of virtually every student on the campus. It is so much more a priv- China and of the West, both of which ilege to go to college in China than in China so greatly needs. America that few attempt it without a Five hundred sixty acres, nearly one very definite purpose. Almost every square mile, bordering the Pearl River student in college knows why he is near Canton in the rich rice lands of there and what he will do when he South China constitute the campus of graduates. Lingnan University. ( See Plates I, II, One cannot help feeling a little un- III.) Honam island, on which Lingnan comfortable in contrasting this high is located, is intensively cultivated, sup- sense of purpose with the attitude of so porting a population of sixty thousand many American undergraduates. Yet on its forty square miles of rice lands, every college student at Lingnan has bamboo groves, and scattered little ::••azigsa.eaiiow,4= •

LINGNAN UNIVERSITY, Canton, top: Women's Dormitory and, below, student group, a number from Hawaii. Next below, ground- breaking ceremony for first Women's Dormitory, 1932, staff and students, including a number of boys and girls from Hawaii, at- tending. Lower right, official opening of first Women's Dormitory, Mrs. Wing Kwong Chung inserting key; Dean C. F. Laird at her right; President W. K. Chung in the foreground. III About one- fourth of the students are women; approximately one-tenth are children of Chinese resident overseas. (Photos from Frank S. Wilson.)

LINGNAN UNIVERSITY has sixty fire-proof buildings on its 560-acre campus, Honam Island, near Can- ton on the banks of the Pearl River. Here are pictures of some of them. (Photos from Frank S. Wilson.)

Wing Kwong Hall, one of the men's dormitories, donated largely by Chi- nese in Hawaii.

Grant Hall, the Administration Build- ing, environing foliage characteristic of beautifully kept campus.

go■ 1'44' .,u, Java Hall, donated by Chinese resi- ,%rir °‘.4. :4r - -rte, -, ..';1-de,,,=`. ' ij dent in Java, Netherlands East Indies. .■ ?-4+-'

..,

Guest House. Lingnan University is seldom without visiting dignitaries from around the world. Right, Willard Straight Science Hall. FAMOUS PEIPING FAMILY

Sohtsu G. King and his younger son Ginpo (top) with some prize peonies grown in the grounds of their beautiful home. Ginpo King is an artist of note, especially for his bamboo and grape subjects. Below, in the peony garden, left to right, Sohtsu King's sister, famous for her goldfish paintings; his wife, and Stella, the younger daughter. Right, another daughter, Frances. His eldest son, Raymond, was absent when Gladys Li Hee, of Honolulu, took these snapshots. Sohtsu King is a member of the Board of Trustees of Rockefeller Foundation, Peiping, and director of the China Foundation, which organization arranges for all scholarships for foreign study in connection with the Indem- nity Fund.

IV PEACOCK BLUES, firecracker reds, turquoise, jade greens, embroidered richly in gold with symbols for wealth, happiness and longevity, old Chinese gowns run the gamut of gorgeous hues, yet amaze the world by seeming always to produce chromatic harmony. Gowns of the North, shown above, follow simple lines compared with elaborate South China styles, yet their richness can be imagined by the old Tang gowns (top left) worn by a bevy of stage celebrities. q Modernized gowns are shown in the adjoining photo by the daughter (left) of the Chinese Minister to Brazil and the daughter of the former Minister to Moscow. Below, left, two examples of the rapidly disappearing Manchu head-dress and, right, Gladys Li Hee, of Honolulu, noted actress, in an old Tang stage costume. (Photos from Gladys Li Hee.)

V

▪

C -c T.; -G r °,13i c E 0 - ,Etx L.) 4, 0 .0. 3 ▪coo; c o o 0 am _co.° 12 .-cwc4 ■ cnT, LCL 003 a' , O2 0 4A. O -0 ‘" 7 -C = rf; 00.2 2 o Imo. > CC 0 03 -C a) 1 3. r, r_c H 0.4 Og 1 0.0 E 3 oo

-0 —.1 Toi '1 1' 2 2'..t d i e d N-o ..: O .c E 2 >, F .6. y0 .ctfi 0 3 osu v 0-6.6 ceW x E3o.m. m g 0 E oc2)..E =.otoTE Z 12 .2 E °g) mo in .E g ", "Tj 2.1". .3 W i54 -•' 1,1 g2f. Z E E ti"3-c 1 g ce7:0 — .2 g c x do 2,2._ la pd 'Mt

CO 0 610 O. Z 0 32 VII EIGHTY PER CENT of China's 400,000,000 or less comfortable customer; a fortune teller, are farmers, yet those in trade have set a pace center, keen-eyed for a lovelorn or acquisitive in acumen for traders anywhere, even as the patron, and a food purveyor tempting the ever- Chinese artisan has in skillful patience and ready Chinese appetite. Below, mother giving persistent industry. Here, top, we see a typical the family washing a go and upholding the street scene with a barber furbishing up a more Chinese tradition of personal cleanliness.

VIII which for centuries has filled China's eyes, AGES AGO something happened to the great rivers and sea. In Shensi Province, top, caves Gobi, said to be the cradle of the human race, have been carved in it as, apparently, comfort- not unlike that which is happening in the Below, milling millet by middle west of the United States today. Prob- able dwelling places. mule power. Chinese of the North know nothing ably over-grazing, not cultivation of marginal of rice. Millet, milk and meat doubtless fed land, destroyed the gross roots which bound the ferocious Mongols in the days of Ghengis Khan. soil against deportation by drought and wind. Gobi Desert soil, moving southward, is the loess

IX MILLIONS are born, live and die aboard the innumerable boats that ply the rivers and canals of China as shown, above, on the crowd- ed Hon River. Next, below, presents the great Chinese problem, past and present, of curbing the mighty rivers that carry life in one hand and death in the other. Some forgotten engi- neer did a good job on this massive, sturdy dyke in the dim past when battlements to stave off Mongols were also important, as much of China's wealth moved then, as now, over water trails. Below, one of the countless, individ- vidualistic cemeteries dotted helter - skelter throughout rural China, located as a soothsayer may direct regardless of interference, with land usage and, nowadays, with road and railway building.

XII . o 0 . " -0 E °"" tl; c d .>ii--- _C-.....2 0071 0-7. S"4:.i":9,;:-.6 - cz 6.-c>f,s2 -!.2 as CO —,,, g . 7. n on .- 121= > ' ... .2 >. 6.. ,„ .0 . ..u.'"...2W..0° — .o.o 2, 0 .2`..1* ...,, 0 92 _ 0 E , ...„ :80p. > - x cr c lA 2 ,,,,,. -0 .f.,. r,;_c mEo...o 0 o11„)*E-■-. 0 o 0.- >0EZE"ac'or-c'co-ic1).-Ea, ' 2 > 01 c - 73 E ._ I- . t; E ...: E a).7,ncoo. .212 .zW•C NM 0-00c c .- 27. .P.'cw.f..t,em, o E 0 -cV. 01.- 0 • c) 1 .-Z.m t Til3c2-. C.-.:„ 0 ,.„, . 4.) .5-- 0 o ...0 ?..- o 6 -6 — t 0-= 0 0.e 0... _an 0 = -c .2(._E E ...., _.,. o .. cn ui_ E..0 a. 3 7; ow 1CI.. ..c .0 4. 0) 0 0.-o.o (12, „ w .oo = ),.. 42 .r..oucc igE3,..- La . 4E. . V_ ao -0 .z, 1 o p- u Sao E , .... -- --; g :E .2 ° 0' 0 a '''r, ',I, ,'"I am' E ....- r... 43 0 t^ t..42 gE1- -5c 3 c ; E,A g-z E .= > -->.! 4 3:2 E6 — ...0.0 —c02, .04, E 5 ...-iz,2-6_8. 0 13t4 • .13 2 . .-- 0 0 ''' * E tu• _ ,17 S.0T2g—v,. c 0..07,3ctc2000 >I- >•E.t.si 0 t i; vit . : a ;,?) E . c 3 : g,,w ii il..2 .1 f, 5 6 -2 2 " 1 0. t ts- t, • -8 3 -0 u 2 (1) c 2x 2..„„o c„c,,E cu (.,6- c c el, g -;c =g i 4, ,, E t, g a 0 1 g527E i teA t-51 ft. eu •- .... g..- 0 S - ,._•.. . 0 o,, .0 . 0 — -0 0 = - .0 0 ._ . c c,'-- a -c-0 —CEE..'....- ,..t; of. t-, 0.,7,-c c1.0 0 .....0 ° c 0 - w.c .. z o c.E0I- .--Fcocl. I- .- c"- o ' """ ° -0 v.1 E tv *- ; n" = 0 -° ° L) g 12. • c... 15 0-1g.. -0 0 -eri o.E.c .cx0 E E 0 (i) 0;01. 'go .517, 1- ..20 ,0.=II-A'.20w=0)...... 40mm ot -171 0.. , i, 15;...u'a wo c acv T. ;.E.-.. g c c x t 74 0' ..t 4,, 4, 2-21 2 1 ,,, 0 . O. c, trt, i 0 :6" . ' u 47 E '' . a .47 . 1-1.,0.2 --6..0,:guE;t12Et 24u0 I_ 0 .: ,,,,, :a . .2 ): 8 8 iz A.. = v <4 ;1).0-vt.,`O-c,ss en.... r.E .. .,. 0. o. 0 ....

XI I I 1111011 NINO 11111111 11111111111 IONS 1111•1111

THROUGH this East Gate (above) of ancient Kaifungfu (Kaifeng), capitol of Honan Prov- ince, passed a fragment of the Lost Tribe of Israel in 800 A.D., after wanderings in China, reached by way of India, from 200 B.C. Here dwell today their forlorn, impoverished, de- scendants. (11 Left, luxurious transport enjoyed only by the well-to-do. Others walk, often heavily burdened. These "rice burners" can do four miles an hour. This one is practically a A limousine, with its canopy and, apparently, a ov, cushion for father and a lazy-back for milady who prefers the scenery, such as it is, to a vis- a-vis. (11 Below, a rare sight, even in the North, where camels are usually packed, not hitched to carts. ci Time was no object in old China, endurance of hardship no discouragement, pa- - tience a platitude where families trace their lineage back four thousand years. These vir- tues form the whip-cord backbone of a nation that has found the accelerator. (Photos from Alexander Hume Ford.) XVI In the heart of China's lush horticultural South, largely to education in better uses of the land. waterways abound as in China generally. Here is Water transportation is cheap and is being speeded one near Lingnan University, a school devoted up by power other than a coolie on the end of a pole. rocky hills covered with the typical time given to social events. The coeds horseshoe-shaped tombs. On the cam- are usually dressed in modern Chinese pus, the sixty fireproof buildings of fashion; the men generally prefer prevailingly Chinese architecture scat- Western clothing, except in the coldest tered among the trees and bamboos, weather when for the sake of warmth their roofs of green or blue glazed tile, top-coats are passed over in favor of perhaps justify the statement of a well- padded Chinese long-gowns which known American columnist: "It's the even some Americans prefer for them- loveliest place in China!" There are selves. three men's dormitories, one women's Lingnan is completing its second year dormitory, administration building, li- of experimentation with an Exchange brary and recitation, engineering, sci- Student scholarship plan, under which ence, agriculture, and auditorium build- this year eleven American and Cana- ings, besides the adjacent middle and dian undergraduates are spending a primary school plants, power house, year in residence before returning to and numerous faculty residences. The complete their work at their own uni- Chinese motif in architecture is adhered versities. This is a new and positive to more and more in each new building. approach to Pacific understanding. With one-tenth of the student body Through all the difficulties and the children of Chinese emigrants over- achievements of the past two years, two seas, a number of buildings have been facts seem to stand out clearly: first, donated by Chinese people abroad. that an approach to Chinese student Wing Kwong Hall, one of the men's life of a value and effectiveness seldom dormitories, was given chiefly by do- possible to the foreign faculty member nors in Hawaii. Other support has can be made by the undergraduate ex- come from the mainland of the United change student; second, that the practi- States. The Chinese government has cal difficulties, of language, finance, and also helped generously. Java Hall was differing academic emphases, are not a gift of Chinese in the Netherlands insurmountable. East Indies. So it is that Lingnan University is About one-fourth of the four-hun- carrying on a work which, while it is dred-fifty students in the college are Chinese, is in its scope more than Chi- women. This seems somehow to give nese. It seeks to develop men and more the American tone than is the case women of deep human understanding, in countries where coeducation is the of purposeful Christian character, and exception. In spite of the unbalance of of broad national view. Judging from the sexes, a student's problem is rather the achievements of its alumni, it is how to limit than how to extend the succeeding. 130 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935

Dr. Sun Yat Sen, "Father of the Chinese Republic," whose advanced ideas caused his elder brother to withdraw financial support of his education in Hawaii which, in turn, forced his return to China which, in turn, overthrew an empire.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen's School Days in Hawaii

By SHAG CHANG LEE

R. SUN YAT-SEN, "father of Kalakaua the second prize in English the Chinese Republic," was a grammar. He was called a "mathe- boarding student at I olan i matics shark" by his schoolmates, of D School in Honolulu between whom four were Chinese and the rest the years 1879 and 1883. He came Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian. So from Chu Hung Village in south China deeply impressed was he by the gospel near Macao at the request of his elder truths which he had learned from his brother, Sun Mei, a rice planter and teachers and guardians that he wanted to become a Christian, "but was not manager of a small general merchan- permitted by his heathen relatives to be dise store at Ewa ( a plantation district baptized." not far from Honolulu ). Soon after his Upon hearing that Sun Yat-sen was arrival, he was sent to Iolani to learn about to abandon the faith and customs the English language. He was fourteen of his ancestors and embrace the for- years old when he entered the school. eign religion, Sun Mei became furious His teachers were Englishmen, and his and refused to support him any longer. guardians were Bishop and Mrs. Alfred Sun Yat-sen was obliged to leave Ha- Willis. waii. Through the efforts of Rev. In four years' time, Sun Yat-sen ac- Frank Damon, he obtained the passage quired a good knowledge of English, money for his return to his homeland. mastered the ordinary British branches Young Sun Yat-sen carried away of learning such as mathematics and with him some knowledge of mathe- English history, and learned something matics, English history, and the doc- about the life and teachings of Christ. trine of the Anglican church and of the So excellent was his scholarship that at conditions in the Hawaiian Islands. As the closing exercises of the school on far as we can ascertain he did not gain July 27, 1882, he received from King any knowledge of republican principles When Sun Yat Sen was a humble student cumstance (see text, opposite page) which in Hawaii, vast China was ruled from this sent young Sen back to China had much gorgeous Dragon Throne by the Dowager to do with the coup de grace that ended Empress "Old Buddha," masterful mother an empire, founded a republic upon gem- of a dying dynasty. Perhaps a trivial cir- encrusted memories of Manchu might. and of American history at Iolani, but to whose service his mother dedicated certainly he did imbibe a spirit of con- him when he was born. This spirit of tempt for the faith of his parents. This revolt against old tradition led him later was evidenced by the fact that, soon to cut his queue and to start a revolu- after his return to Chu Hung Village, tionary movement which in 1912 he went to the temple of the god of the brought to an end the Manchu rule and north and broke the image of the god, established the Chinese republic.

Painted Mask of the Chinese Stage

By GLADYS LI HEE

(See Plate V)

OWN through the misty ages within the last two decades that an of Chinese history no detailed analytical study of the Chinese theater study of the Chinese stage was has been sustained. D ever attempted, not because To the uninitiated, the Chinese thea- there were no scholars or philosophers ter is a series of unholy noises, and in the race, but because the intelli- drunken hallucinations utterly strange and thoroughly puzzling. gentsia had always regarded drama below their dignity even to consider. A more careful observation and study And yet the Chinese theater has per- would reveal a close resemblance to sisted through the hundreds of years the theater of Shakespeare's day. which have marked the culture of its Were one to transport oneself to the country. However, it has been only old Empress Dowager's theatre in Pe- 132 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

king, one would discover a stage some- with which her father hangs himself, what the prototype to the Shakespear- and the white flag with its paper bits ian stage. There is a level platform or to depict snow are close by and very outer stage which projects itself into much in evidence. And, custodian over an open courtyard surrounded on three all these is the property man, most sides by galleries and balconies. Its probably dressed in underwear made in very high roof is supported by brilliant Ossining, who nonchalantly but sup- red lacquered pillars of stupendous size. posedly quite invisibly to his audience, There is an inner stage which is used doles out his "props" as the play pro- to portray the chamber scenes, and a gresses. On the highly impressionistic balcony above this which was used by Chinese stage, he seems to be quite nec- "deities," were there any, to snatch the essary and appropriate but, to untrained heroine or hero to heaven or to provide Western eyes, he is apt to be too con- the unfortunate heroine an exit heaven- spicuous and the tendency of Ameri- ward. can producers in presenting Chinese Perhaps the Chinese also used the plays is to overemphasize his impor- balcony to depict their versions of Ro- tance and conspicuousness. meo and Juliet episodes. The actors are divided into five main In a typical Chinese stage untainted types, the sheng, who may be bearded by Western realism and port-city ideas or not, according to type, and interprets of Art, the setting is strikingly bare ex- roles of important male characters. The cept for a few chairs, a tea table serv- most exciting and spectacular of these ing for anything and everything, from are the wu sheng or military types, who the interior of a room to an imposing perform wondrous gymnastic feats on mountain on which the villain stands to imaginary horses with imaginary armies sight his prey, a large rug which covers in military scenes taken from important the floor so that the actor will not slip episodes of Chinese history such as in any electrical display of gymnastics San Kuo, the story of the Three King- and muscle contortions, and one big doms. Each movement is accented by embroidered back drop which covers the beat of the drum or the clash of the the central wall back of the stage and cymbals, which lends a very warlike as- lends a glittering magnificence to the pect to the whole illusion. The hsiao otherwise almost perfectly blank stage. sheng must not be disregarded, for it is Embroidered curtains, one on each he who interprets the youthful male side of the central hanging, delineate roles in a high falsetto, who is un- the entrance and the exit, right and left bearded and handsome, and makes love respectively, of the actor. One sees at- in a refined and almost ethereal man- tempted variations of this simplicity in ner. He it is who is the essence of the- the overelaborate and disconcerting stage dilettante. screens which Mei-lan Fang brought to America on his American tour, and in Second of the important stage types the grotesque attempts at Belascolike are the women's roles called the hua tan realism coupled with the obtrusive mod- or young women's parts, comparable to ern sets found in some Cantonese and the soubrette roles of the French stage Shanghai—not to say even Pekingese and sometimes equally as naughty, the —productions. ching-i, or middle-aged women's parts. Not unlike the Shakespearean pro- and the lao-tan, or old women's parts. ductions, the musicians are usually The third types are those with found in desultory array on the stage painted faces called the ching which near the entrance, although in some usually represent human beings if their recent Pekingese productions attempts masks are plain colored, or spiritual be- have been made to hide the musicians ings and foreign warriors if their masks back stage. And, of course, the stage are definitely painted with a design properties, the pillow on which the usually in bright reds, greens, tur- heroine kneels in her cry to the heavens quoise, and whites. against the frailties of men, the rope Those characters who wear white Most exciting and spectacular of the five main types of sheng who interpret important male characters on the Chinese stage are the wu-sheng or military types. Here we see two enacting a military episode from Chinese history. As the pennants carried signify ten thousand soldiers each, it appears that in this battle the contend- ing forces are evenly matched. Battle chargers are indicated by the hobby sticks tufted with horsetails.

butterflies painted on their noses and ended his characterization with a most sometimes on their faces are called touching death scene. chao. They are the comic relief of the The last group are the mou types, Chinese stage. who take the minor parts. In contrast to the usual trend of According to George Kin Leung, stylization in the acting of the other Chinese authority on the drama, "Real- stage figures, the chao is sometimes ism is shunned and in its place is to be highly realistic in action and speech, his found a lightness of touch, markedly pranks and pungent remarks often mov- impressionistic, and heightened by mu- ing an audience to violent laughter or sic, meter, rhythmic gesture, and ex- utter disgust, and sometimes a corn- pressive posture which combine to pro- minglement of both. He it is who im- duce a stylized beauty." provises dialogue, who sings in a nat- Behind the almost perfect stylization ural tone in burlesqueing contrast to of the Chinese theater lie the desires the other characters, who dies in novel and fears, the hopes and faith of a peo- and splitting ways and who makes a ple whose drama is no more quaint than most lively exit even though he has Shakespeare's nor less real than Ibsen's. Tsing Huo College Auditorium, architecturally exotic in that it follows German design, is sober gray in a land of colorful buildings, further accentuated by its romantic setting in the garden of a Manchu princess.

Chinese Foreign Study From Notes Contributed by

PROF. SHAO CHANG LEE, University of Hawaii

SING HUA UNIVERSITY, Pei- Funds are devoted to the develop- ping, China, is built upon the for- ment of scientific knowledge and to the mer Tsing Hua College, founded application of such knowledge to con- in 1911, as the result of remission ditions in China through promotion of by the U. S. Government of a portion technical training especially. The Foun- of the Boxer Indemnity amounting to dation arranges for all scholarships for about $10,785,286. The college was foreign study in connection with the originally intended to be a preparatory Indemnity Fund. Students receiving school for training students to be sent to fellowships from the Foundation for America to carry on advanced studies.' study in America must register at Tsing A university status was adopted in 1925. At present the University con- Hua University. Preparations are made sists of four colleges: Arts, Sciences, annually in Hawaii to entertain these Law and Engineering. There is also a students who travel en masse to enter Research Institute. their chosen institutions on the main- In 1925 the U. S. Government re- land. turned the remaining portion of the The majority of the thirteen foreign Boxer Indemnity amounting to about powers in the original allotment of in- $12,000,000. This was used to estab- demnity have remitted all or most of it lish the China Foundation for the Pro- with the stipulation that it be applied motion of Education and Culture, which to education in China or to develop- is administered by a joint Chinese- ment of public works for the benefit of American board of trustees of fifteen China and incidentally, in some cases, members: Tsai Yuan-pei, chairman, Dr. for mutual benefit of China and the na- Paul Monroe, former president of the tion remitting. The Austrian and Ger- World Federation of Education Asso- man portions were canceled by the ciations, is vice-chairman, and Sohtsu treaties of St. Germain and Versailles G. King ( see Plate IV), honorary respectively. The USSR renounced the treasurer. Russian portion of the indemnity, 1 China sent her first group of students to America whereupon the Chinese government, in 1874. In that group was Tong Shao-yi who be- came Premier of China, later State Counsellor to after satisfaction of all prior obliga- National Government, Peiping. Now a director of the tions, created a fund for the promotion Pan-Pacific Association of China, and Honorary Pres- ident of the Pan-Pacific Association of Shanghai. of education among the Chinese people. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 135

China's Premier Agricultural College

By ALEXANDER HUME FORD

Director, Pan-Pacific Union

HERE ARE TWO colonies of over, both here and in the Philippines, Hawaiian friends at Lingnan Uni- the cow deteriorates from generation to versity, China's premier agricul- generation, while it is believed that the Ttural college near Canton ( see water-buffalo may be made to become plates I, II, III ). One is a group of a more and more of a milk-producer with dozen Hawaiian-born Chinese students; each generation. All the ice cream and the other, a group of Hawaiian-born butter at Lingnan is made from the milk haoles ( Caucasian ) and other teachers of the water-buffalo. Diluted one-half, who hail from Honolulu. Young Hoer- the buffalo milk is still a rich substitute mann is at Lingnan on the staff of edu- for Alderney. The water-buffalo being cators; young Wilson, exchange stu- immune to tuberculosis its milk ( di- dent from the University of Hawaii, is luted ) is a godsend to infants. getting an education. Dr. Henry, the The Hoffmans and Dr. Groff ask me Hoffmans, Dr. Groff and others who what is being done with the lichee tree attended Pan-Pacific conferences in in Hawaii, and all I can say is that it Honolulu are cooperating with Presi- bears luxuriantly and is neglected. It dent Chung and his Chinese adminis- grows excellently here at Lingnan. A trative assistants in directing the des- specialty of the university farm is the tinies of the university. raising of nut crops. Until the revolution in China, Ling- Incidentally, I asked if there were nan was the Canton Christian College. any snakes on the 600 acres of the Today it is the Lingnan University, university grounds and learned that with a Chinese president and attend- there are occasionally a few specimens ance at chapel merely optional. The found. A few of the 37 varieties in this university has some 300 acres set aside part of China are poisonous, and all are for experimental purposes in agriculture edible; even the cobra is encountered and animal husbandry. The govern- once in a while. Poisonous snake flesh ment is a liberal contributor to the work is a delicacy, and while there are res- and assists in the maintenance of the taurants that make these snake feasts a sericulture station on the grounds. specialty and keep thousands of cobras Dr. Hoffman and those who attended and other venomous live snakes in the Honolulu Pan-Pacific Conferences stock, it is a feast for the rich only, one have introduced many plants from Ha- feast costing a thousand dollars. The waii, especially the papaya and the Chinese like their venomous snakes avocado. mixed. I expressed my horror, only to It is here that I first encountered a learn that there is a rattlesnake canning water-buffalo dairy farm some dozen factory in Florida that caters to those exotic tastes that demand strange foods years ago, when the late Dr. Levine to excite their jaded appetites. was preparing his paper on the value I do eat raw oysters and clams. I of water-buffalo milk for the first Pan- Pacific Food Conservation Conference. dearly love a dish of boiled shrimps and The dairy has grown much since then, can eat periwinkles or squid soup, if I for it is found that the water-buffalo don't know it is squid soup, but I will gives milk five times as rich in butter- not knowingly eat eel or snake. Al- fat as does the cow, and that it is more though in the elaborate preparation of economical to use the water-buffalo as Chinese dishes, where a score of meats. a butter-producer than the cow. More- including snake flesh, are included, I 136 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

presume I have eaten and enjoyed different kinds of vegetables, drugs and snake without knowing it. A snake medicines. If the Pan-Pacific Agricul- farm at Lingnan may pay, but I will not tural Congress is to be held in China, encourage the idea. we will begin this collection anew, and The agricultural college has an ap- I hope carry it through. propriation of a hundred thousand dol- Lingnan is willing at once to begin lars a year from the Government and planting little ten-foot squares of all returns half of this amount from the grasses indigenous to China, as well as sale of fruits and vegetables. What squares of those that can be introduced, about trying this in Hawaii? in preparation for an exhibit, at the In Swatow today I learned how just Pan-Pacific Agricultural Congress. common, ordinary snakes are prepared Then a dozen square feet will be set for the purchaser. At a street corner I aside for samples of Chinese and intro- joined a small crowd; in the center was duced trees, etc. It will be quite an ex- a snake vendor with his great baskets hibit and will give the students as well of snakes. In one of these baskets were as China something to work toward. a dozen lively grey snakes, each six or I learned at Lingnan of one result of eight feet long. A Chinese customer the Pan-Pacific Association's efforts in was stirring them around to select the China to create a great national interest longest and plumpest. This accom- in good roads. The Chinese in this plished, he hauled his choice out from area have became accustomed to the its writhing companions and handed it idea of having rows of trees planted by to the vendor, who promptly put a the roadside so that now, with the road noose around the snake's neck, let the built across the new bridge from Can- purchaser hold the cord tightly, while ton to Lingnan Island, they are volun- he, with all his strength, smoothed out tarily planting trees by the roadside. the snake's wriggling form, still alive These modern Chinese look with equi- from end to end, leaving only a foot of nimity on the destruction of the graves the tail which continued to wriggle. In of their ancestors that lie in the route fact, it was still wriggling after the of the road ( see plate X ). Verily, snake was skinned and delivered to the China is changing. customer, the head, skin, and wriggling The good roads movement started in tail being deposited in a basket where China two decades ago by the Pan- other snake tails were wriggling. Pacific Association has assumed gigan- I am sorry I saw this sight for now I tic proportions. It has become a mania. know I shall never be satisfied until I've Roads are being built everywhere, and put skinned eel and snake side by side, roasted both, and sampled them. I hope good roads at that. An automobile I shall like neither. roadway is just being completed from I have toyed so much with the durian Canton to Swatow, north of Hongkong, that I fear I am beginning to acquire a another is to extend from Canton to taste for this disgusting fruit. Next I Amoy, still farther north, and a port shall learn to like limburger, then I shall that, many believe, with the completion certainly feel ready for the grave. or the roadways, is destined to rival At Lingnan, Hoffman showed me the Hongkong and even lessen the impor- collection he is making of the medical tance of that British port. plants of China, bottles with the drug The steamer I am on, of the China or medicine compounded, then great Navigation Company, British-owned, navigates from Canton via Hongkong books containing the leaves of the to Shanghai, via ports including Swa- plants. Soon he will have descriptions tow, which, from the harbor, has every of the plants, the medicinal value and appearance of a modern American city, an account of their effect on the hu- but once ashore the illusion is quickly man system. I told him of the collection dispelled. It is only the outward archi- I was making in South America of this tecture and the oil tanks that are Ameri- sort for the Pan-Pacific Medical Con- can in appearance. gress, and of the market in La Paz, These British boats set a fairly good where a hundred vendors sold as many table, but it is fortunate that I put in MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 137 my supply of green vegetables, for I Agriculture, good roads, and water alone enjoy my luxurious and plentiful transportation are the three great prob- tomato salads and am served with fresh lems of China, and they are being boiled green corn and okra, besides tackled and aided by the Pan-Pacific having in my cabin for dessert the most Association. The good roads movement delicious nectarines I have ever tasted. of the Association has aroused the Chi- The vessels, being British-owned by nese to the importance of binding their a real British company, are actually un- country together by a network of good der the command of the captain and he roads. Vast areas, hitherto closed to sees to it that they are kept scrupulously commerce, are being opened up, and clean. When he gives the steward or- their products transported over good ders, he is obeyed. On the Yangtze, roads to a lucrative market. Good roads there are boats flying the British flag. should eliminate famines in China. The A British captain, first officer, engineer building of good roads to hitherto un- and assistant engineer are aboard as reached agricultural areas is opening up observers, and on the salary list. They a vast new country that may be devoted must be aboard if the British flag is to small farming and enable the farmer flown from the stern. to get his crops to a market quickly. One reason that Chinese-owned The Chinese leaders are awakening steamship lines have not been a success to the value of a Pan-Pacific Agricul- tural Congress held in China to stimu- is that the chief jobs are given to high late, then educate, the people to re- officials or owners, regardless of their newed effort in bringing intensive agri- fitness other than relationship. culture, modern fertilizing, and scien- One Chinese line to Saigon is owned tific animal industry to the knowledge by the son of a coolie, who is one of the of the masses. rich men of Hongkong. It is put under The agricultural universities of Can- the British flag, but the vessels are run ton, Nanking, and Peking are expected as a Chinese coolie would run a boat, to take the lead in preparing for any and it is no credit to the new Chinese agricultural congress to be held in Republic. The Chinese Government China, and it seems certain that such also conducts a steamship company a congress will include in its agenda a and honest efforts are being made to section on Good Roads and modern make its service a credit to China. transportation by land, air, and water.

Jews in Honan for More Than a Thousand Years

N KAIFUNGFU ( Kaif eng ), capital ancestors arrived in China by way of of Honan Province, China, there is India in the Han dynasty ( B. C. 200- I a colony of Jews ( see Plate XVIII ) A. D. 200) and that the founders of said to be a fragment of the Lost Tribes this particular colony made their way of Israel. The colony comprises about to Kaifungfu in the Tang dynasty 400 persons in seven families or clans. ( 618-906) about 800 A. D. The stone Their synagogue, undermined by a bears also an outline of their holy Yellow River flood, fell to ruin long faith showing that, in all their wander- ago. Unable to repair it, the colonists ings, they had not forsaken the God of disposed of its timbers to relieve the their fathers. pressure of their dire poverty. Nothing Survivors still cherish some scrolls of now remains of this ancient house of the Law, written in Hebrew upon worship save a single stone which sheepskins, but no longer have they a marks the site and upon which is re- rabbi to expound it. They have for- corded the varying fortunes of these gotten the sacred tongue and some of forlorn Israelites. them have wandered into the fold of The record avers that their remote Mohammedanism. 138 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935

Rise and Fall of the Greatest Empire

Material might and magnificence fade but memory of Genghis Khan perennial in Mongol minds and hearts after nearly eight centuries.

From the CHINA WEEKLY CHRONICLE of April 28, 1935

ESTERDAY the Mongols in It was April 27, 1162 A.D., in the Peiping, simultaneously with their Spring-burgeoned grasslands of fellow-countrymen in Mongolia it- Mongolia. On that morn came a self, or at any rate in Inner Mon- man-child to the yurt of a Mongol golia, celebrated the birthday of the chief. One tiny fist did not flutter, great Genghis Khan, founder of the remained tightly clenched. Curious, great Mongol dynasty that afterwards apprehensive, the father opened it, obtained temporary rule over China revealed a clot of blood. Thus to and at one time threatened to desolate the world came Genghis Khan, and the whole of Europe. (See Plate IX. ) that astounding sweep of bloody Genghis Khan himself, the son of a conquest which created the great- Mongol chieftain, was a warrior from est empire in all history. Glut of his youth up. He fought successfully luxury undermined it, degeneracy with various Tartar tribes, took the title of its Khans hastened decay, re- of emperor in 1206, at the age of 44, ligion and disease canker its senil- and began the invasion of China. By ity today. 1215, the date of Magna Carta, he had secured possession of all the country publics—destines them to a place in the north of the Yellow River except Pe- history of the next half century; but king. He then made peace with the whether they will play a role or be Chin Emperor, reecived the submission merely figures on a chessboard time of Korea, and in Central Asia became alone will show. the master of Tashkend, Bokhara and Mongol Dreaded in the West Samarkand; and after a life of warfare died in Kansu in 1227. It was under his It is not often realized that the Mon- successors that the Mongol Empire gol Empire, at its height under Kublai swept westwards and disturbed the Khan, was in extent the greatest Em- peace of Europe, even threatening to pire the world has ever seen, stretching overrun the whole of that subcontinent. from the Pacific to the confines of Prague and from the Arctic circle to To this day the memory of Genghis the Equator. Khan is venerated amongst his people. Fear of the Mongols was for years In the guest-yurt at Pailingmiao, di- the nightmare of Europe, so much so rectly facing the main entrance, and the that even the Danish fishermen were most striking thing in the yurt, is a afraid to put to sea on account of it. large portrait of the first of the great Their very name made men shudder; Mongols; and the same honor is done they were put down as a "scourge from him in many a Mongol encampment. It God"; old writers refer to them as a is something more than a dream of the "visitation from God," demons who had Mongols that they will again play a been sent to chastise mankind. Europe great part in history, and undoubtedly did not look on the Mongols as human their frontier position between two enemies or as a common foe, but as great states—the Republic of China something supernatural. Men believed and the Union of Socialist Soviet Re- that they had heads like dogs and fed scourge from God," floated in human blood the Not before nor since has any cavalry equalled the greatest empire. Nothing of that glory now re- troopers of Kublai Khan in rawhide toughness, mains save the Mongol's superb horsemanship. ferocity, persistence, and horsemanship. Sweeping Even today the Mongol scorns a poor horseman. eastward, they became to all Christendom "the on human flesh. What was thought Feared in the East about them in Europe may be gathered Nor was their reputation in the Far from the following passage in Matthew East any better than it was in the far Paris: West. A Chinese historian of that period exclaims with disgust that: That the joys of men be not enduring, nor worldly happiness long lasting without lamen- "Since the commencement of the world tations, in this same year (i. e., 1240) a detest- no nation has ever been as powerful as able native of Satan, to wit, the countless army the Mongols are at the present time. of Tartars, broke loose from its mountain-en- They annihilate empires as one tears up vironed home. . . . Swarming like locusts over the face of the earth, they have wrought ter- grass. Why does Heaven permit it?" rible devastation to the eastern parts (of Eu- Another writer says: "In Asia and rope) laying it waste with fire and carnage. eastern Europe scarcely a dog might They are inhuman and beastly, rather mon- bark without leave of the Mongols.- sters than men, thirsting for and drinking blood, tearing and devouring the flesh of dogs and The Mongol power was so dreaded in men, dressed in ox-hides, armed with plates of Europe that the rulers of Europe were iron, short and stout, thick-set, strong, invin- called upon to bind themselves to- cible, indefatigable, their backs unprotected, gether to resist it. The Holy Roman their breasts covered with armour; drinking with delight the pure blood of their flocks, with Emperor, Frederick II, addressed a let- big strong horses, which eat branches and even ter "to Germany, ardent in battle; to trees, and which they have to mount by the France, who nurses in her bosom an help of three steps on account of the shortness intrepid soldiery; to warlike Spain; to of their thighs. England, powerful by its warriors and They are without human laws, know no comforts, are more ferocious than lions or its ships; to Crete, to Sicily, to savage bears. . . . They know no other language than Hibernia, to frozen Norway,- begging their own, which no one else knows; for until them to join a great crusade against now there has been no access to them, nor did they go forth (from their own country), so the nomad invaders. What the Mongol there could be no knowledge of their customs meant for Europe may be gathered or persons through the common intercourse of from a passage in this letter: men. They wander about with their flocks and A people issuing from the uttermost parts of their wives, who are taught to fight like men. the world, where they had long been hidden And so they. came with the swiftness of under a frightful climate, has suddenly and vio- lightning to the confines of Christendom, rav- lently seized upon the countries of the north, aging and slaughtering, striking every one with and multiplied there like grasshoppers. One terror and incomparable horror. 140 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935

knows not whence this savage race derives the name of Tartar, but it is not without the mani- people by various forms of national fest judgement of God that they have been protective mimicry, adopting in some served for these latter times, as a chastisem ent measure various phases of moderniza- for the sins of men and, perhaps, for the de- tion. struction of Christendom. This ferocious and barbarous nation kno The problem of the political future nothing of the laws of humanity. They hae s, of Mongolia possibly resolves itself into however, a chief whom they venerate, and a race against time. If the conflict that whose orders they blindly obey, calling him the God of earth. These men a short and thick- many people see as almost inevitable but strong, hardy, of immovable firmness, aset, amongst Russia, Japan and China be- at the least sign from their chief, rushing wnd, comes acute and develops into an impetuous valour into the midst of perils 'of armed struggle before the Mongols every kind. They have broad faces, eyes set have become a regenerated people, then obliquely, and they utter the most frightful cr ies the Mongols as such will not count in and yells, which correspond too well with the feelings of their hearts. the settlement; but if the regeneration They have no other clothing than the hi des of the Mongols can be brought about of oxen, asses, and horses, and, up to the pr es- before the crisis becomes acute the ent time, they have had no other armour th an rough and ill-joined plates of iron. But alrea Mongols themselves may be able to dic- dy —and we cannot utter it without a groan—th y tate their terms and determine their are beginning to equip themselves better, frorn own destiny. The question is, can Mon- the spoils of Christians; and soon the wrath of 5401 regeneration be effected at all; and God perhaps will permit us to be shamefully massacred with our own weapons. if so, can it be effected in time? The The Tartars are now mounted on the fin est answer to the first half of the question horses, and they now feed on the most dain ty is, possibly yes; and the answer the viands, and dress richly and with care. Th ey are incomparable archers. second half is, probably no. In spite of the fact that there are amongst the Such was the reputation of the Mo Mongols many fine individuals, the de- gols four thousand miles from then- generation of the rest seems to have native land within thirty years aft it gone so far that recovery and salvation their first forays; and no doubt they d er cannot be expected for a very long served their reputation. e- time. Reasons for Decline Decline to Insignificance For many years the Mongols hav It is almost unbelievable that a peo- been insignificant in themselves but im e ple who five centuries ago were feared - from the Palisades to Paris should have portant because, by reason of their ver Y weakness, they have been an invitatio sunk to their present insignificance. to the stronger Powers to the north an n Two main reasons are assigned for this the south. During the Manchu perio d collapse; religion and syphilis; and the they acknowledged the sway of thd two may be closely connected. Many Manchus, but with the weakening oe observers have pointed out that the no- Manchu authority came the advance o t tional religion, Lamaism, is largely re- f sponsible for the degeneration of the Russia and for a long time there ha s people. been a rivalry betwen Russian and Chi The very essence of Lamaism nese interests for the domination of th - is tranquillity, passivity, and those qual- whole Mongolian region. The positio e ities that are opposed to initiative, in- at present is far from stable. n quiry and the pursuit of knowledge; so Russia has for the time being estab that this warrior race has become a race lished her dominance over Outer Mon - largely of quietists. At the same time golia, whilst China is seeking to retain- the Lamaist religion absorbs a large proportion of the male population. and even to strengthen what remains o f Chinese influence in Inner Mongolia Every family makes its sacrifice of one and the aspirations of both Powers are or more boys to the priesthood, and the being challenged by Japan from the lamaseries, practically the only per- East. The Mongols themselves realize manent establishments in the country, the precarious position in which they are usually more populous than the are and the more enlightened of them nearest cities or towns. The great army are trying to save themselves and their of lamas is a burden on the people. There is a constant struggle on the part In 459 B.C., nearly sixteen centuries before the birth of Genghis Khan, the Mongol menaced China and prompted the world's greatest defensive engineering enterprise. Two thousand years were required to complete the Great Wall's 3,930 writhing miles. It didn't stop Genghis Khan. In the accompanying picture which side of the wall faces north, and why? of the laymen to provide their parasitic almost incredible except by the physi- brethren with the best fruits of the cian who has worked amongst Mongols earth. The indolent life of the lama- and knows its incidence. Except for the series has become a quality of the peo- efforts of a few medical missionaries ple, and the exemption of the lamas, scattered through a million square for many generations, from military miles of territory, there is nothing being service has increased the desirability of done to combat this scourge; and there the priestly career. At the same time, are those who think that it is possibly the celibacy of the priesthood, which too late to do anything effective. Con- means of half the male population, has ditions are such that these two forces, lowered the birth-rate. All this has re- religion and disease, which should be sulted in what may be called excessive opposed to each other, are virtually overhead charges, that is to say the allies in a silent war against the very maintenance of the majority of the pop- existence of the Mongol people. ulation in idleness at the expense of a constantly decreasing minority, and this Yet the situation is not hopeless. decreasing minority is increasingly un- There are enlightened men, princes and able to provide for the maintenance of others, who are striving to save their the whole population. people, and who cherish the hope that The other cause of degeneracy, syph- before the passing of this generation ilis, is not so easily analyzed. The date the Mongols will have reasserted them- of its entry is unknown, but it is prob- selves and become an active and vital ably comparatively recent, and yet its factor in the determination of their own ravages are so enormous as to be destiny. Their hats are most peculiar, of a stiff, black gauze-like buckram ... about four sizes too small . . . held in position by a broad ribbon tied under the chin ... habitually they dress in white . . . have a passion for cleanli- ness. These gentlemen are viewing a parade.

Korea

Land of the Morning Calm

By A. H. C.

in the Rabaul Times, New Guinea

S WE TRAVELLED south- two fellow passengers, who were both wards from Harbin we saw the residents. country had already taken to An-Tung, on the Yalu river, is not a Asleighs, the frozen rivers and very big town though it promises to streams forming excellent highways. be, as the Manchus are opening it up as Mountainous stacks of soya beans, both a port and rich alluvial gold has lately bagged and loose, were to be seen at been discovered in the vicinity. East- every station, and we thought dismally ward at some distance are the Korean of another fall in the price of copra gold fields. Both Japanese and Ameri- when we heard there had been a can companies have been dredging and bumper crop and that under the strict sluicing here for many years and much laws of the Japanese it was hoped that gold has been won. Enquiries concern- the output would be doubled the com- ing these fields elicited the fact that we ing year. do not know what cheap labor is at Twenty-four hours comfortable Morobe. Ordinary Korean mining boys travel with a Japanese commercial man cost Yen 8 per month and the employer and a humorous person who claimed he is not responsible for food, medical at- was a Spanish Jew (although I noticed tention or anything whatsoever beyond he travelled on a British passport ) these wages—experienced boys, and some of these act as dredge winchmen, brought us to An-Tung, the Korean at Yen 12. At the present rate of ex- border town. Besides what we had ob- change that is 12/2 and 18/3 respec- served from the carriage windows we tively. These boys are both intelligent learned much of the country from our and plentiful. Compare them with our Everybody works but father . . the employed members of the family are iron- ing clothes by beating the cloth with round sticks. This pro- duces a lustre unequalled by any other means. A like- able, hospitable, peaceful people who like their own ways best, come what may on the tide of modernism.

N. G. boys costing in all from E2/10/- became fewer but neatly kept apple or- to E3/10/- a month, at Edie Creek. chards and tea plantations covered the As on the Manchukuo frontier the hillsides. Pyeng-yang, the second city customs examination was very cursory, of Korea, is a delightfully picturesque although I had to display every ciga- spot. The poplar-lined Daido river rette in my possession; 500 were al- winds about it and towering mountains lowed in free; any over that number form a grand background. were confiscated. On the platform was We arrived at the capital, Keijo, a large clock with four hands showing once called Seoul, and found accom- both Manchu and Korean time, there modation at the Chosen Hotel. This being one hour difference. hotel is kept by the Chosen Govern- The Chosen Government Railway ment Railway and proved to be par proved very comfortable. An obsequi- excellence, certainly the most lavish ous boy came around with a large selec- hotel we saw in the East and the Ko- tion of bound English periodicals, sup- reans claim it to be so. The marble plied free. They were dated right up stairway is comparable to that of the to the last "Home" mail. There was Grand Opera House in Paris in magni- also a free library on the train, good ficence and its sun parlor and grounds books in several languages—and this were outstanding. In the latter was a was second class. Fascinating Korean small replica of the Temple of Heaven girls about 16 years of age served in in Peking. the dining car. On entering the train Korea has an area of 86,000 square an attendant had replaced our shoes miles, and a population of about 12,- with slippers and before arriving at our 000,000. Formerly it was a dependency destination they were returned carefully of China, but after the war between polished. China and Japan in 1894 it was de- Korea is mountainous and therefore clared independent. In 1904 Japan de- looked much prettier than China or clared a protectorate over it and in 1910 Manchukuo. Autumn tints appeared, it became part of the Japanese Empire and fortified villages, surrounded by under the name of Chusen or Chosen. mud walls, gave way to open villages At this time it was a decadent and very set in cultivated valleys. Many of the backward state; graft, greed and ennui houses were painted white. They were debased all politics. Education was en- usually L or square U shape and were tirely neglected and the roads, even in very pretty with their heavily thatched the capital, were merely wheel tracks. roofs; everywhere cleanliness was the Since annexation Chosen has shared order of the day. The persimmon trees with Japan all its modernization and 144 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

progress, and like that country it has Korea is rightly named "The Land of lost none of its quaintness or national the Morning Calm." I know of nothing characteristics. quite like the impression gained on The Koreans are distinct in features, climbing a hill and looking over this dress, and customs from both the Chi- quaint old capital on an early winter nese and Japanese. They are the most morning. Surrounded by blue moun- likeable people in the Far East, not tains, a willow-bordered river winding having the sly appearance so common about, it nestles in a granite-strewn val- in the Chinese nor the smugness so ap- ley a picture of peace and tranquillity parent in the Japanese. Whereas to —of morning calm. On a neighboring the passing traveler China is inimical spur stands a Shinto shrine; below, the with dirt and Japan with color, Korea ancient gateways of the city and old immediately registers cleanliness. In palaces stand out, whilst several mod- this respect they are the Dutch of the ern white buildings add to the beauty Far East and the similarity is further of the panorama. displayed by the women with their We joined a sight-seeing bus, the broad hips, voluminous dresses and only Europeans aboard. Our Korean wooden clogs. The dress of both men fellow passengers smiled their welcome. and women, even those working in the It had been pointed out to us that fields, is of spotless white. The women these busses did not cater to Europeans draw their jet black hair tight from the —the few tourists that did visit Keijo forehead to a large bun on the nape of usually hiring cars and guides—but we the neck, above their large pleated skirts were very glad we joined that bus, and they wear a bolero and for indoors their later in Japan we always sought out clogs are replaced by black or white these sight-seeing busses, much to the pantaloons tied at the ankles. The astonishment of the drivers and guides. effect is both quaint and pleasing. They not only proved by far the cheap- The men keep their hair clipped very est means of sight-seeing, but took us short or in queues. Their hats are most into many out-of-the-way places and peculiar, of a stiff, black gauzelike buck- buildings rarely visited by Europeans, ram; some are like miniature belltop- and brought us more closely in contact pers, others are like skull caps and on with the natives. The whole of the pas- top of this is fixed a weird contraption sengers would "adopt" us for the day, hard to describe. There is a broad rim continually smiling and bowing. They and high crown, but a square segment would hand us fruit or sweetmeats, or is cut out of the front of the crown, order special dishes for us at lunch. stiffly wired. Both styles of hats are Usually one or two could speak Eng- always worn about four sizes too small lish and would carefully translate all and are held in position by a broad the girl guide repeated, adding further explanations of history and customs; ribbon tied under the chin. The comi- thus by this means we learned a great cal effect can be imagined. We could, deal of Korea and Japan which we however, not ascertain the history of, would not have learned in any other or reason for, these hats. Presumably manner. it is an old custom having either re- The bus took us climbing on the sur- ligious or superstitious foundation, for rounding hills, stopping at good "look- they protect the wearer neither from rain nor sun. Their dress is long panta- outs," and then to the old palace, part loons tied with a ribbon at the ankles of which is still occupied by the de- and a long white coat tied near the left throned king of Korea. The banqueting shoulder. They carry long walking hall, on a tiny island in an artificial sticks and when one gets over the shock lake, was particularly beautiful and of their comical apparel they appear reminiscent of the fretwork and gilding, very dignified, a dignity not shared fantastic gables and gargoylish orna- either by the Japanese or Chinese neigh- ments of old Peking. The government- bors. The children look delightful, general buildings, an immense white dressed as their parents, the white linen pile, were very lavish within and the replaced by gaily colored satin. mosaic flooring of the royal audience MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 145

room must have been very costly. The ports. Chemulpo is the principal of towering city gates are still intact; cov- these ports and serves the capital from ered with ivy and Virginia creeper, which it is no great distance. America they are very stately, but most of the has had an almost unopposed market city wall has disappeared. for, motor cars, oil and benzine in Ko- That Korea has rapidly advanced rea, as well as Japan and Manchuria, under Japanese rule is not to be dis- for many years, but shortly the Japa- puted, but whether the Koreans are nese hope to flood the world's markets happy as Japanese subjects is another with cheap cars and these three coun- question. They are given equal status, tries will be the first to be monopolized. including the benefits of the excellent Russian oil, sold at staggeringly low Japanese educational system; they still prices, is already driving America out retain their old customs and practices of this market. but political disturbances and revoluz In Korea there are only two curren- tions are by no means unknown. The cies in circulation, the Chosen, based Japanese law operates here in toto, on silver, and the Kinko, or ordinary therefore any dissenter is meted out Japanese money, based on gold; they severe punishment. The slightest sug- are of like value in Korea, but the for- gestion of Communism, revolutionism mer is invalid on the Japanese main- or reactionism means ten to twenty land. We had been fortunate in judg- years' imprisonment and any definite ing our monetary requirements, having action in this direction means death. In very little monies in hand when leaving a discussion in the British House of the various towns in China and Man- Commons someone once stated: "Every chukuo. empire has its Ireland." Korea is the Of the half million inhabitants of Ireland of Japan. For self-protection, Keijo the British number less than 50, Japan had to make Korea part of her and the total European population of country, but she has learned how dif- the whole of Korea is very small, espe- ficult it is to keep a people in subjection cially if the American missionaries are and intend to benefit by this lesson and excluded. American missionaries se- allow the Manchus home rule. cured a foothold here whilst Korea was Koreans are not becoming Japanized, an independent kingdom and are just but by education and example a patri- as unpopular with the Europeans as otic and national spirit is being engen- elsewhere in native countries. dered in the children which will prob- There is little or no night life in Keijo. ably smooth out the present troubles The keisainq, or dancing girls, are very charming, albeit very expensive to en- within a generation or two. Shintoism gage. They are always hired in num- is the basic religion of the Japanese. bers for private parties, never appear- Buddhism is so grafted onto it, and rec- ing in public. Korean cooking is very ognized as its peer, that it can now be elaborate and totally different from classed with the former as the national either Japanese or Chinese and is much religion. No country in the world was more expensive. so permeated with the tenets of Bud- The journey from Keijo to Fusan dhism as Korea in past centuries. The takes one day; much beautiful moun- glorious Kongosan ( Diamond Moun- tainous country is passed. At wayside tains) are studded with the ruins of a stations, sportsmen joined the train thousand Buddhist temples and even at laden with game. Korea is a sports- present there is a large monastic popu- man's paradise. Several kinds of game lation living under rigidly ascetic con- birds, besides rabbit and hare, are nu- ditions. merous and big game, such as bear and Foreign trade flourished for many tiger, are to be found. Fusan is the years in Korea; the exports were prin- second most important treaty port in cipally ginseng, beans, gold and hides. the peninsula. It was a good market for cloth and Crossing the Korean Straits by night manufactured goods, but Japan has ferry, we found ourselves next morning now captured all this trade, and foreign in Shimonoseki, where we boarded a shipping is rarely seen in the treaty train for Kobe. Jane Addams visited Hawaii in 1928 as Interna- tional Chairman of the First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. Bedecked with many fragrant floral lei I Hawaiian ceremonial wreath) the great founder of Hull House is shown acknowledging Ha- waii's public ovation on her arrival at Honolulu.

Jane Addams of Hull House

During the Conference Miss Ad- dams was made a Minister of Friend- ship of the Pan-Pacific Union, the first woman to receive that honor. On this occasion Miss Addams was an hon- ored quest at a luncheon given at the HE PAN - PACIFIC UNION Pan-Pacific Research Institution in and its affiliated associations join honor of two hundred Chinese ex- the world in tribute to the memory change students en route to the U. S. Tof Jane Addams of Hull House, mainland. The late Wallace R. Far- whose splendid career was closed by rington, then Governor of Hawaii and death on May 21. She was born at President of the Pan-Pacific Union, Cedarville, Illinois, U. S. A., Sept. 6, presided. 1860. A permanent organization of Pa- In 1928 Miss Addams visited Hawaii cific women followed this initial con- as the international chairman of the ference. Two later meetings were held First Pan-Pacific Women's Confer- at Honolulu in 1930 and 1934, with a ence. Women from eleven Pacific fourth scheduled for 1937 in Japan or countries attended that first meeting. Canada. Many of the women said that they At a dinner given in her honor, came chiefly to meet Miss Addams, Washington, D. C., three weeks before whose promise to attend had been ob- her death, Harold L. Ickes, Secretary tained four years previously by Alex- of the Interior, paid a tribute to Jane ander Hume Ford, Director of the Pan- Addams which voiced aptly the pro- Pacific Union. found respect and admiration shared In her opening address Miss Ad- by all peoples of the world for this dams said: great woman. He said: The women who have come to this Conference may well ask: why not use all How few of us have the courage to live the modern methods of communication and up to our professed principles. Be it said stay comfortably at home? Why should to her everlasting credit that Jane Addams we come to listen to papers that may have has. She does not talk about Christian been written weeks before the conference virtues, she practices them. She does not and could have been printed, translated, and find it in her comprehending heart to then read by each woman in her own preach. She lives in gracious fellowship country? and human understanding with persons of Every conference is in essence a protest all races, of all colors, of all creeds. against the mechanization of communica- tion. We not only meet to talk together, Jane Addams visited Hawaii in 1923, but to discover topics of mutual concern September 7, en route home via the which we could discover in no other way. Orient from a world tour. With Ches- We are so ambitious as to hope that we ter Rowell she addressed a mass meet- may be able to think together and this is being made more possible year by year, ing under the joint auspices of the Pan- as the process called creative discussion is Pacific Union and the League of Wo- more highly developed. men Voters, Hawaii branch. Born September 20, 1926,His Majesty Anan- da, King of Siam (in cir- cle), is not yet 10 years of age, hence for many years he must content himself with the status of absolute monarch in name only. Former King Prajadhipok (right, with his wife, former Queen Rambai Barni) abdicated March, 1935, which, by the law of succession, made his nephew, H.R.H. Prince Ananda Mahidol, king. Below, left to right, members of the Regency Council, Prince Anuvotana, chairman; Prince Aditya and Prince Chao Phya Yomaraj.

The King and the Government in Siam

By M. SIVARAM

N SIAM, traditionally known as the the latest political crisis, involving the "Land of the Free", politics was abdication of a beloved monarch, as I comparatively unknown until the the result of a protracted dispute with bloodless revolution of June 24, the governing body regarding his con- 1932. Outwardly at least, Siam had stitutional rights and privileges, created been perfectly calm and peaceful dur- much of a sensation in Siam. When ing the days of the time-honored the announcement was made in London absolute monarchy. The Constitu- that King Prajadhipok had signed the tional form of government, established formal abdication, foreign news after the coup d'etat, enlivened the agencies and journals pressed their masses and inspired in them a con- Bangkok correspondents for news re- siderable degree of nationalism but, garding the "reaction in Siam". But nevertheless, brought a series of polit- all was calm and quiet in Siam. The ical disturbances on its trail, so much abdication of King Prajadhipok was so that Siam has been something of a accepted with graceful serenity and his "marching sensation" of the Orient 9-year-old nephew, Prince Ananda during the past three years. Mahidol, was proclaimed successor. The glamorous land of the White That is the philosophy of Siamese Elephant and the Emerald Buddha has politics, appallingly mild and graceful been changing steadily, but she has still even at the most crucial moments—,a retained her characteristically charming unique feature perplexing to the aver- and peaceful atmosphere. Not even age foreign observer. 148 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935

where it takes a strong, consistent and highly diplomatic ruler to control and cooperate with the newly formed political factions and nationalistic tendencies. A quiet, affable and generous-minded person, King Prajadhipok's policies had served to wean the old regime away from him but he was not able to line himself up in complete harmony with the ideals and aspirations of the Siamese nationalists. He has always been serious and sincere in his desire for the welfare of his country and his people but he was a bewildered man. He could not reconcile himself with the new state of affairs, though he was fully conscious of the progressive trend of his country. He obviously lacked consistency of opinion and action and was frequently influenced by palace intrigues and ill-conceived counsel. Honolulu's celebration of Pan-Pacific Day, During the seven years that he ruled Sept. 25, 1931, included an exhibition of as "absolute monarch" of Siam, he was Hawaiian surfriding at Waikiki Beach. Here in fact just a figurehead, with little we see the then King and Queen of Siam freedom of thought or action, state tensely watching incoming riders from a seat affairs being under the absolute control of honor in front of Outrigger Canoe Club. of a Supreme Council of State com- prising elderly members of the Royal Family whose policies the King prob- King Prajadhipok's abdication of the ably had no courage to denounce. throne of Siam, it appears, has been When the Constitutional Government the inevitable result of the formation was established, most of these elderly of a gulf between himself and the na- princes left the country and the king tional leaders which was incapable of became a solitary figure. And the being bridged over. It has been a paradoxical situation that led Prajad- problem of adjusting himself to the administrative changes, which he him- hipok to renounce his royal duties, for, self sanctioned, became more complex while the conditions set forth by the than ever. King for his resumption of the throne were undoubtedly prompted by the A keen and sensitive person, King utmost sense of sincerity and the high- Prajadhipok's attitude since the foun- est sense of duty, the natural sequence dation of the democratic regime has of their acceptance by the Government been marked by contrasts and contra- and the National Assembly in Bang- dictions, the exact significance of which kok would have been disastrous to the only history could reveal. In 1931. traditions of the Thai Race. when he visited the United States, the According to King Prajadhipok's ex-King of Siam ( then an absolute secretary in London, the King of Siam monarch ) made the sensational an- signed his abdication with feelings of nouncement that he was contemplating "sad relief". In fact, King Prajadhipok the granting of suffrage to the Siamese inherited no easy task when he people. In June 1932, when the civilian ascended the throne of Siam in 1925, and military coup d'etat established the and if he had consulted his own free constitution, King Prajadhipok wel- will, without thought of duty, he would comed the change with profuse expres- have been glad to lay down his royal sions of enthusiasm and appreciation. duties long ago. He is now relieved, Time and again, the ex-King had ex- probably because he has been able to pressed his most implicit confidence in escape the onerous duties in a country the administration headed by Premier MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 149

Phya Bahol. When the armed insur- Public opinion, as an organized insti- rection of October 1933 broke out tution, is only in the making in Siam. Prajadhipok openly censured the move- It is not a ruthless suppression of press ment and congratulated the Govern- and public opinion that is being en- ment for its efforts towards putting forced in Siam; on the other hand, it down the rebellion. is a guiding and advisory influence that The mysterious element in the King's the Government has offered them and sentiments towards the new Govern- it is appreciated rather than resented ment started with his dramatic move by those concerned, inasmuch as they towards the demilitarized zone near the are aware of the good intentions of the Malayan frontier, instead of returning authorities in exercising a form of to Bangkok, soon after the rebellion liberal control. was crushed by the Government. Since Now, let us consider the part played then, Prajadhipok has been the "mys- by the defense forces in the political tery man" in Siamese politics. He left regeneration of Siam. As an idealistic Siam for England last year, to undergo democrat, the King demanded that the treatment for an eye afflicted with Army and Navy be excluded from cataract and, after a protracted dispute active participation in politics. Theo- with the Government and the National retically, His Majesty was right; but, Assembly, he has finally tendered his practically, will it be possible for a abdication of the Throne of his august purely civilian government to pilot Siam ancestors of the Chakri dynasty. peacefully through this period of tran- The conditions which Prajadhipok sition? What will be the fate of Siam set forth for the resumption of the in case of internal disorder and unrest? throne have been widely publicized and Let us look at a few actualities, to those who do not possess first-hand which will throw new light on the situ- knowledge and experience of condi- ation. Siam is a buffer state almost tions in Siam, it might justly seem as surrounded by territories and colonies if King Prajadhipok renounced his belonging to powerful Western na- royal duties as an ideal exponent of tions. She has to safeguard the lives, strict democratic practices. properties and other vital interests of It is all well to talk of asking all the thousands of foreign residents. The nominated members of the National maintenance of Siam's national inde- pendence rests upon this thin ice. Assembly to resign ( one of the condi- None of the many "revolutions" this tions demanded by the King ) and be country has experienced during the replaced by representatives elected by past three years has given the slightest popular vote. But conditions in Siam cause for alarm and excitement, and it today are such that if this is done, the has to be admitted that the power be- National Assembly so constituted will hind this ideal situation is the unified be of a ridiculously low standard in patriotism of the Siamese defense composition and efficiency. Most of forces. the Siamese people who possess any In view of the special responsibilities education and experience of state of this country to maintain absolute affairs today are in the Government internal peace, the part played by the services and a legislative body com- defense forces in Siam constituted a prising only unofficial members will not great asset towards national unity and be worth having for any practical order.—that is how it strikes one who purpose. observes the situation from close quar- Likewise, it is glorious to talk of the ters. It is to be hoped, however, that freedom of the press and the freedom of speech as the guiding principles of after a time when the situation has a strictly democratic regime. But the regained normalcy, the Army and press and public of Siam cannot be Navy in Siam will slowly and willingly rightly compared to those of Western go back to their legitimate position in democracies. The Siamese press is a modern democracy, though it will be enthusiastically progressive but it is nothing short of national suicide if a nevertheless young and it is sometimes sweeping change is effected immed- prone to misguide its reading public. iately. 150 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

The most important demand of all, Government and the people are cogniz- advanced by the King, was the release ant of the fact that nothing short of a of political prisoners, and the re- miracle could have averted this eventu- instatement of officials dismissed for ality. As for the King, he has always political offenses. This is a subject on been what he himself has termed a which opinion in Siam naturally differs. "political sportsman" and he has As the traditional Poh Muang ( father naturally accepted the present develop- of the land ) the King made a magnan- ments in a philosophic manner, in the imous gesture in demanding amnesty true Siamese spirit. for his erring subjects. But, if this is But what about the future of Siam? granted, and if a peaceful compromise That is the question over which much cannot be effected, what will be the concern has been expressed every- fate of Siam, the Land of the Free? where. It is a well-known fact that to Revolutionary leaders, no doubt, the masses of the people in Siam, the were tempted to stage the armed insur- King constitutes the foremost unifying rection of 1933 with a view to formulat- symbol of the nation and as such the ing the progress of their country after fear has been expressed in many quar- their own political convictions but the ters as to whether the Government will measure they adopted, though it might still be able to enjoy the confidence of have been in the name of patriotism, the people. It is impossible to make an might very well have deprived them of accurate prediction but from current their national independence, had it not indications it is apparent that the recent been for the timely action of the Gov- developments have not in any manner ernment. The new administration of marred the peaceful atmosphere of Siam has its drawbacks, but genuine Siam or lowered the Government in patriotic motive and unreserved sin- the esteem of the people. cerity of service are not among them. The Siamese are a peace-loving And, one of these days, after the nation people. To them, their national inde- has safely passed its transitional period, pendence is sacred. The new Govern- it is to be hoped that the political pris- ment has always proceeded sensibly oners will be released and their assist- and cautiously and now that it has ance and cooperation utilized towards emerged from the most crucial test in the attainment of further national history, it is to be hoped that Siam unity and progress. will still continue on the path of peace- It is this political cross-word puzzle ful progress under the strong and able that has been solved by the tragic exit control of her national leaders and the of King Prajadhipok, causing profound new unifying symbol of the nation, His regret in all quarters in Siam. The Majesty King Ananda Mahidol.

Pan- Pacific Represented at Oxford

In response to an invitation extended Oxford from August 10 to 17, 1935. by the National Union of Teachers of The Pan-Pacific Union is an asso- England and Wales, the World Fed- ciate member of the World Federation eration of Education Associations; the of Education Associations and will be International Federation of Teachers' represented at the Oxford meeting by Associations; and the International Miss Alida Shinn of Mills College, Federation of Associations of Second- California, who was a delegate at the ary Teachers are arranging to synchro- Third Pan-Pacific Women's Confer- nise their respective Conferences at ence in Honolulu in 1934. Australian aboriginals are believed to be the for the photographer have made, at his request, oldest living race of mankind upon earth since certain small sartorial amendments. The two extermination of their nearest kin, the Tasma- with pants are consciously snobbish, and the one nian. Habitually naked, these gentlemen posing with shirt AND pants practically an expatriate.

Australian Aborigines

With Reference to Their Treatment in Queensland

By E. J. T. BARTON On the Staff of United Empire Magazine

0 MANY dark chapters are there is reported to have happened elsewhere. in the authentic history of the It may therefore be useful to afford treatment of aboriginal races by some particulars of the treatment of the S the invaders of their country aboriginals in what has been termed from overseas, that tales of horrible the north-eastern quadrant of Austra- cruelty and bloodshed in that connec- lia, having an area of something like tion are apt to receive ready accept- 700,000 square miles. Its geographic ance. Thus in recent times such state- situation and extent give it a very wide ments have been broadcast over the range of climate, and its original inhab- English-speaking world to the dishonor itants differ proportionately in their of Australia, and few indeed are the lis- physical and social conditions. Never, teners who have troubled to inquire so far as we know, was the country at minutely into their truth, or whether all thickly peopled, and, indeed, arti- possibly there may not be a very differ- ficial methods were adopted, by some at ent side to the picture if less sensational least of the tribes, to prevent the growth facts became known. of population in excess of food re- The State of Queensland, though sources. Their dwellings were mere separated by the breadth of a vast con- temporary shelters, and though each tinent from that portion of Australia tribe had its own form of government, given as the venue of recent atrocities, and its own jealously guarded range of is yet a part of the same Common- territory over which to hunt and fish, wealth, and so not easily separated in they were continually on the march, the minds of distant readers from what owing to the inevitable exhaustion from 152 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

time to time of Nature's seldom over- in their "walk-about" proclivities, in stocked larder. The surplus supplies of the assurance that ere long they will good seasons obviously could not be gladly return to the routine of station stored against the ever-recurring pe- life and station food. The duties of the riods of drought or devastating flood Protector in relation to these men is to or cyclone. see that the employer duly observes the In the earlier days of white settle- terms of his agreement as to payment ment ignorance of each other's ways and general treatment, and that the and lawlessness on both sides resulted law, as for example prohibition of the too often in something very like guer- supply of opium and alcohol to any of rilla warfare in many parts of the coun- the natives remaining in their district, try before the white man and his flocks is properly carried out. In this connec- and herds could dwell peacefully in tion it may be noted that whilst careful what had formerly been the undisputed attention is bestowed on the health of home of the colored race. It is not the the natives at the various settlements object here either to describe or to ex- and mission stations, provision is made cuse the deplorable happenings of those for their treatment when sick at district earlier days, though incidentally it must hospitals in convenient centers, the be said that the faults were by no numbers so relieved in the course of a means invariably on one side. Rather year aggregating altogether several is it desired to lead up to some account thousands, including out-patients. Pro- of things as they are today. vision is made also for the support and The Government of the State of education of orphan children in various Queensland carries responsibility for parts of the state. the safety and welfare of some 18,000 At five centers, mainly in the far to 20,000 of the aboriginal races, in- North, mission stations have been es- cluding half-castes. The whole State is tablished by different denominations, divided into districts supervised in the the work differing somewhat in detail, interests of these people by nearly a according to the degree of civilization hundred aboriginal protectors appointed attained by the natives themselves, but by Government ( usually the senior po- all conforming to certain general prin- lice officer of the area ), and answerable ciples as adopted by the Government Department concerned. Habits of self- in this respect alone to the Chief Pro- respect, self-reliance, and independence tector in Brisbane. are everywhere encouraged; native hab- In the neighborhood of the principal its of life, where suited to their condi- cities there are quite a number of abo- tions, are not interfered with; clothing rigines who have received education is of the simplest consistent with de- and training which render them quite cency and cleanliness. Where circum- capable of fending for themselves in stances permit, the inmates are trained most respects, but their employment not to depend on European food sup- and general treatment by those engag- plied by the Mission, but still to utilize ing them are still subject to supervision the indigenous fruits, honey, and other by the Protector. Many women are available supplies; and their bushcraft engaged in domestic service, whilst the is not allowed to pass into desuetude, men engage in rural work. On occa- as may be seen in their skill in hunting sion the women may be seen in our and fishing where opportunity exists. streets, as well behaved and quite as Where for any reason parents find it tidily dressed as any of their white sis- desirable to leave their children for a ters. time in charge of the missionaries dur- Out in the pastoral districts the men ing their own temporary absence, they are particularly useful amongst cattle are expected to pay in kind for their and horses; they take to stock-riding maintenance. On some stations quite a and droving as "to the manner born." creditable degree of what in other com- The chief drawback is their periodic munities would be described as civic lapse for a time into primitive habits of pride has been established. Palm-leaf life; and their employers fully recognize huts of two or three rooms, fairly im- that these people must be indulged pervious to the weather, and ranged in MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 153 orderly rows, have been built, palms kinds, beche de mer, tortoise shell, and and crotons planted as well as plots of pearl oysters, and the largest pearling sweet potatoes, other vegetables and fleet in North Queensland is entirely papaya fruit trees, the whole constitut- owned by them. Money was advanced ing a decidedly charming village well by Government to enable them to ac- suited to the needs of the people. In quire their pearling luggers, but the some districts small herds of cattle have whole of this has long ago been repaid. been acquired, and there, of course, The produce of their activities is sold fodder crops have to be cultivated. by auction, their business being under In mission stations farther south, the the management of the Aboriginal In- natives have shown wonderful apti- dustries, their own Communal Trading tudes, and are well able to hold their Station on Badu Island, and their ac- own both in industry of suitable char- count with the Commonwealth Savings acter and in sport. An aborigine from Bank shows a very substantial credit. one of these stations won his way to an The children have the benefit of a prop- honored place in first-grade cricket, and erly supervised State school education; it was even suggested that he might be and many of the boys, by their subse- included in the Australian team to meet quent training, have become experts in Jardine's eleven. The idea was not the use of carpenter's tools, so that the adopted, but he actually played against whole of the dinghies required in the the Englishmen in a friendly game. It pearling fleet are now built by them in is safe to say that body-line bowling proper clinker-built fashion. had no terrors for him. Quite recently Religious teaching naturally is pro- aboriginal teams of footballers put up vided on the Mission Stations, and at an excellent game on one of Brisbane's those Government settlements within finest sports grounds, attracting some reach of city churches voluntary service thousands of spectators. is rendered by ministers of different de- Mention should be made of three nominations. large settlements of a semi-penitentiary Something also may be said as to the character, established by Government financial aspect of this comprehensive as a kind of sanctuary for natives who effort on behalf of a once-neglected have become detribalized and to a race who have been maligned as consti- greater or less degree contaminated by tuting the most degraded examples of humanity. According to the latest avail- association with degrading conditions able returns, it seems that the total in the vicinity of towns, or who have amount earned by these people, which been found in destitute circumstances. passed through the hands of Govern- These are health-clearing stations, ment officials last year, was about properly equipped with medical and £160,000, exclusive of the produce sold nursing staffs, and with up-to-date for them by the missions, or of food methods of treating tropical diseases. crops and fodder raised and consumed Each of these settlements is able to give on the various stations. If the conserv- training in manual labor, and with saw- ative estimate of £20,000 be taken as milling plant for utilizing the natural the value of these efforts, it appears timbers available, and this applies also that out of the total of about £220,000 to several of the older-established mis- the cost of maintenance of the native sionary settlements. population, about £180,000, was raised On a quite different plane are the in various ways by themselves, the aborigines located on some of the Government being responsible for the islands of Torres Straits. These people cost of administration, subsidizing of have assimilated rather to the Papuan Missions, protective institutions, or- type, and are entirely self-supporting, phanages, and indigent relief. though their welfare is car e f ully Official returns presented to Parlia- guarded both by the Government and by the missionaries. The islands so in- ment show that sums to the credit of habited are entirely protected against Provident and other funds derived white settlement of any kind. The sur- mainly from the efforts of the natives, rounding waters abound in fish of many and held in trust for them either indi- 154 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935

vidually or collectively, together with a the welfare of the aboriginal race, and number of personal accounts in the that experience has permitted of a more Government Savings Bank, aggregate intelligent adaptation of means to the some hundreds of thousands of pounds. ends in view. Indigent, decrepit, and invalid natives Whatever regrettable happenings as well as those not actually cared for may even now occur in remoter parts in settlements or mission stations are of this vast continent ( comparable in supplied with necessaries of life and extent with the whole of the United accommodated in hospitals where this States ) there is a very real desire on seems desirable. the part of the people of the Common- It may be added that for the effec- wealth to insist upon the natives being tive policing of the waters of Torres protected from lawlessness on the part Straits, with its innumerable islands, of whites, or from interference by cas- and of the Gulf of Carpentaria, a small ual visitors to our shores in sparsely motor-driven vessel is provided for the populated regions of the northern coast- use of the local Protector. This vessel line. The progressive opening up of the is used also as a tender for the Aborig- interior through the aid of motor car inal Industries Store at Badu Island, and aeroplane, is doing much to render services rendered in this direction being the way of transgressors hard, and to paid for by the native fishermen them- put the fear of the law into the hearts selves. of those who otherwise might be in- It is true that, as in the case of most clined towards practices belonging aboriginal races in contact with civiliza- rather to eras of frontier warfare than tion, the numbers of our Australian na- to these more enlightened days. tives tend still to decrease. Yet the births over the whole area under con- On the Other Hand trol of the Protector have in recent years exceeded the deaths, and the For the following account in contrast credit is extended to the Fiji Times-Herald. training given to the young people, taught as they are in the various insti- THE. EDITORS. tutions, will insure a healthier and more N THE HINTERLAND of Aus- virile posterity. tralia, where the white man seldom Given the benefit of a common school I treads, there are aboriginals who education, these young people display sleep unclothed throughout bitterly cold bright intelligence and readiness to nights, awake chilled every morning, learn, though not often proceeding be- and thaw themselves out by the heat of yond the elementary stages. On the fires. These facts were revealed in a Government Settlements, as well as on lecture on aspects of the recent Science the mission stations, encouraging evi- Congress in Melbourne, given recently dences of social progress can be seen, under the auspices of the Workers' particularly in the willingness to work Educational Association by Mr. Gilbert for better living conditions and in the Archey, director of the Auckland War neatness and cleanliness of their simple Memorial Museum. homes, as well as in an increasing con- Graphic details of a novel film shown cern for the orderly life of their commu- to anthropologists at the congress were nities. At all the institutions recognition related by Mr. Archey, who said it was is given to the necessity for outdoor a remarkable revelation of the work-a- sports and indoor recreation, so that in day life of a tribe of aborigines. "The the more advanced centers, a cheap natives, who slept without any clothes, form of gramophone and even wireless were shown waking up and actually sets are in use, and fully appreciated thawing themselves out with heat," the by young and old. speaker continued, "and the children From what has herein been described appeared to be specially affected. Then it may be gathered that, so far as the day's work began. Food was so Queensland is concerned, there is a scarce that none was left from the pre- keen desire on the part of the authori- vious day, and the youngsters were ties, and of those in charge of the Mis- soon pulling over dead trees and grub- sions, to promote in every way possible bing for sustenance." MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 155

As the day wore on, and the tribe like animals, some creeping away to eat wandered over the barren countryside, their food in furtive secrecy. the women and children began to suffer The fact that anthropologists were from thirst, but it was some time before strong champions of the cause of the strenuous grubbing by the younger aborigines was emphasized by Mr. Ar- members revealed the presence of chey, who said that action had been water. taken to protect them from exploitation. In the course of a day, a flashing "The efforts to ameliorate their condi- spear would spell the death of a dingo tions so often mean collecting them in or kangaroo. "The only touch of com- reservations," he remarked, "and it is mercialism in the hunt was the retention said they are not happy in this state. In order to live fully, the aborigines of the dingo's scalp," said Mr. Archey, must retain their ritual, magic and "which is valued at 7s., although the ceremonies, which are deeply ingrained money would be of no use to the hunts- and call back to their ancestry." Al- man." though it was not suggested that the With night falling, the aborigines natives should not be taught other be- huddled in the shelter of rocks, and liefs, such as Christianity, any altera- what food had been secured was dis- tion in their lives, it was urged, must tributed among the tribe, the head men have due regard to their inherited be- being served first. They were almost liefs.

Mexico the Magnificent

From a report of the Ministry of For- eign Affairs, United Mexican States.

EWSPAPERS and magazines attractive scenery. Passenger traffic have done a great deal in the is handled by a splendidly equipped way of making known the bus line, and by the railroad which N beautiful and interesting places links the city of Monterey to the rest of to be found in many countries but the the country. best advertiser has ever been the trav- The entrance to Monterey is majestic eler himself, as he has felt and received and imposing; hills here and there are in his mind the most delightful pic- crowned by ancient buildings dating tures and the subtlest impressions. from colonial times, while the cele- Mexico as a country inviting one to brated Saddle Mountain, and a range rest and pleasure has never needed of hills of the deepest blue fill the spec- costly pushing in the press, but has tator with delight at the grandeur of always been a land from which the the view spread out before him. traveler returns home delighted at Monterey sits snugly in the middle everything he has seen and felt at gaz- of the valley and a little river runs ing upon its natural, monumental, his- through it, the streets are level and torical, and archaeological beauties and exceedingly clean, and wear the aspect attractions. of a Spanish colonial city. Monterey is Mexico's manufacturing Visitors from the eastern United States with not very much time at their metropolis, with no less than 304 dif- disposal yet wishing to see a few pic- ferent industries, which makes of it a turesque places near the border, are busy place with over 100,000 inhabi- advised to spend their vacation at Mon- tants. terey, which they can easily reach by The industries that will well repay entering the country at Nuevo Laredo, a visit are the largest brewery in Amer- Tamaulipas, and thence over 167 miles ica, shoe and furniture factories, metal of smoothly paved highway through refining plants that handle one sixth 156 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

of the world's gold, silver and lead, orated with fresco paintings by that glass works, cordage works, nail fac- celebrated artist, Diego Rivera, repre- tories, the great iron and steel works, senting historical scenes from ancient etc., most interesting, all of them. Mexican history. There are many places to go, both by Cuernavaca is a most attractive town, day and night, and in the city itself or with its hilly streets, red-tile-roofed its surroundings, especially the hot houses, old colonial buildings and the springs of Topo Chico and others in luxuriant vegetation that surrounds it, near-by hills, while at night people con- and the orchards in which many of its gregate in the parks and gardens to houses are set, abounding in tropical amuse themselves by listening to the fruits. strains of typically Mexican brass and By contrast, if the visitor wishes to string hands. enjoy high mountain scenery, he can, Excellent accommodation can be se- in little over an hour, reach the Nevado cured at the hotels, well provided with de Toluca, snow-capped volcano on all modern conveniences. whose lower slopes nestles the city of No less than 102 trains enter and that name. A good road, which crosses leave Monterey daily, bearing passen- the Las Cruces range, under scented gers and freight to all parts of the pines and firs, leads right up to the Republic. volcano itself. If London, Paris, Rome or Berlin Beautiful mountain scenery of a sim- enjoyed, like Mexico, the enormous and ilar character may be enjoyed along the peculiar advantage of having towns highway that leads to the historic City with a tropical or subtropical climate of Puebla, famed for relics of colonial only an hour or so away, they could times. The road crosses the Sierras, ask for nothing more. and one may, from the higher points, The Capital of Mexico has by Dame gaze at the majestic volcanoes, Popoca- Nature been granted that enviable tepetl and Ixtaccihuatl, their aspect privilege, inasmuch as a few scant miles changing at almost every yard, as the away, easily traversed within the hour road winds hither and thither and up over a splendid highway through a and down. wildly mountainous country rich in pic- Nor is mountain scenery lacking turesque scenery, lies the city of Cuer- along another road that links Mexico navaca, which with its tropical climate, City with Cuautla, in the State of Mo- though without the excessive heat of relos. This road for a considerable dis- the torrid zone, welcomes the traveler tance follows the broad smooth flank to the "hot lands." of Popocatepetl, in its drop from the So that when the residents of Mexico higher plateau to the lowlands. Cuau- City wish to flee from occasional chilly tla is replete with attractions for the or inclement weather on their lofty pla- visitor. teau, they rush down to Cuernavaca Those who find the sterner land- there to bask in the balmy atmosphere scapes of mining districts pleasing may, of a warm climate. within an hour and a half, reach Pa- Cuernavaca is joined to the Capital chuca, a mining camp renowned for of the country not only by a magnifi- the many rich silver mines surround- cent smooth highway, much frequented ing it. because it also forms part of the trunk From the city of Mexico interurban road to Acapulco on the Pacific Coast, roads and highways spread out like a but also by a line of railway. Cuerna- fan in every direction, leading to de- vaca was in very early days the dwell- lightful spots; to lake villages enjoying ing place of the Conquistador, Hernan eternal spring, like Xochimilco, the Cortes, and centuries afterward the fa- town of the floating gardens, Tlahuac vorite resort of the Archduke Maxi- and Ixtapalapa; to old colonial villages milian of Austria and of his consort, with an atmosphere of their own, such Princess Charlotte of Belgium, when as Tlalpan, Coyoacan, San Angel ( now they bore the titles of Emperor and Villa Obregon ) and Atzcapotzalco; Empress of Mexico. the Desierto de los Leones, an ancient The walls of Cortes' palace are dec- and secluded retreat of the Carmelite MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 157

Most amazing of all architectural antiques and a fretful puzzle to archaeologists, the monks; and to any number of other magnificent Maya ruins of Mexico stub- places where a building, a garden, a bornly hold their tongues regarding the glory of their builders, what became of them, monastery, or an orchard may fill the why they abandoned these splendid cities. excursionist or the observer with delight. And the lover of archaeology and of they dwelt in wonderful gardens, relics of a dim and distant past will abounding in delicious fruits, they find, only an hour from Mexico City, dragged on a monotonous existence be- the pyramids of Teotihuacan that ex- cause the Sun and Moon had not yet cite the wonder and admiration of all been created, and all things were beholders. They may be easily reached wrapped in darkness and silence. The over the Pachuca road. And on the sacrifice, by them consented to, of two near side of Puebla is another pyra- of the gods chosen at a meeting, a sac- mid, that at Cholula, an ancient Indian rifice which consisted in throwing them- town, but likewise boasting splendid selves upon a great funeral pyre on the specimens of colonial architecture. Still massive pyramid that proudly rises nearer Mexico City, on the road to there, brought about the appearance of Tlalnepantla, is yet another pyramid, the Sun and Moon, one after the other, considered by archaeologists, for a as the gods had, on being devoured by number of reasons, one of the most in- the flames, been converted into those teresting monuments of antiquity. heavenly bodies, in order henceforth to The archaeological city of Teotihua- light up the world. can, or Abode of the Gods, is situated Archaeological studies of the city in the northwestern part of the Valley and excavations carried out in the vari- of Mexico, 30 miles from the capital ous strata of the underlying soil show and about a mile and a half from the that it flourished at different periods, station of San Juan Teotihuacan on the like all cities extremely ancient, and Mexican Railway. also that the earliest buildings are of There are a number of stories in re- the type known as archaic. gard to this legendary metropolis, but The intermediate period is built over we shall mention only the Indian myth and around structures of the preceding on the subject of the creation of the period as a basis or nucleus, and is dis- Sun and Moon, closely connected with tinguished by its greater size and by this place, which tells us about the the decorative work on the buildings, awkward situation the gods were in known as the Teotihuacan type, which when they came to earth where, though we shall describe further on. 158 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935

The last period of all shows the in- The Temple of Quetzalcoatl, a mon- fluence of races of Aztec origin and an umental group of buildings and carv- increase in the size of the buildings ings is, beyond question, of greatest in- which cover those of the preceding pe- terest among those so far discovered in riod, although inferior in artistic value this archaeological area. Before the of the stone carving and finish of the work of excavation was undertaken, it paintings. was known as , the Citadel, as its shape That ancient metropolis was very is that of a great square platform in the skillfully laid out and in it the temple of center of which a high mound rises. the Sun, the temple of the Moon, the Since the work of exploration, uncov- temple of Quetzalcoatl and others stood ering and restoration of the structures out prominently by majestic propor- composing it has been done, it now tions and artistic style, as they were takes the form of a great square cover- cleverly disposed along a wide avenue ing an area of about 40 acres, and its running from north to south and cover- two main axes are oriented in the direc- ing about five hundred acres. tion of the four points of the compass. The Pyramid of the Sun, devoted to Each one of the sides of this square Sun worship, is sixty-six meters, or two consists of a platform four hundred hundred and twenty feet high, its base meters long by eighty wide and seven covering an area of about ten acres. It high, on which there are at regular in- is composed of five pyramidal stories tervals four small pyramids communi- with a wide stairway on the west side. cating with the platform and the Round about it are an enormous number square by means of stairways. The of buildings which together constitute platforms are mostly composed of a the square of the Pyramid of the Sun. double series of rectangular prisms An opening made to the east side built upon truncated pyramids with rec- allows one to see that the internal tangular bases. structure is composed of adobe. In the central part of the plaza there The pyramid of the Moon was at one are two pyramids, separated by a nar- time devoted to the worship of the earth's satellite. Forty-two meters or row space which is the result of a cut one hundred and forty feet high, its made through the hillock constituted base covers four acres. Composed of by both structures before the work of truncated pyramids, it has in addition exploration began. The structure of on the south side, at the level of the these pyramids is similar to that of the first story, a great projecting balcony platforms, as each story constituting or salient. them consists of a truncated pyramid The Avenue of the Dead crosses a supporting a square prism with stair- great portion of the archaeological ways on their west sides. The two zone, and is so called because accord- pyramids differ in that the greater, ing to tradition it is lined along both which is referred to the first or best sides by tomb-like structures which are period, is adorned with great plumed now reduced to mere mounds of earth. serpents carved in alto, mezzo At its north end the avenue begins at and basso relieyo, the square where the pyramid of the likewise plastered over Moon is situated. and painted in different colors and sur- There are other temples or buildings, rounded by representations of conchs like the Temple of Agriculture, the depicting the god of the winds or Quet- walls of which were found to be zalcoatl. In the body of each one of the adorned with frescoes representing serpents there are inlaid large-sized flowers, sea shells and conchs; the carvings done in an elaborate style, for Superposed Edifices, which belong to which no satisfactory meaning has as two different periods of development, yet been found. and the Temple of Tlaloc, god of rain, The less lofty of the two pyramids so called because carved images of this belongs to the second or decadent pe- god were found in the rooms on the riod, as it shows neither carvings nor ground floor. decorative work of any kind. It seems incredible that within a few miles of this beautiful Victoria, Capital of British Co- lumbia, grizzly bears maul their enemies, great mountain trout leap in foaming streams, deer, elk, and a wealth of other wild life carry on in a magnificent wilderness. But it is so.

Western Canada the Last Frontier By D. LEO DOLAN

RITISH COLUMBIA, Pacific younger parts of Vancouver Island. gateway to Canada, is called Her smooth lawns, well-kept gardens, America's last frontier. Prob- immaculate houses and public buildings B ably it has changed less, in many are a far cry from the primeval forests features, than any other section of which climb the mountains of the North America since the days of the island's interior and fringe her eastern first fur traders 200 years ago. There and western shores. is Vancouver Island for example. The first tourist trip around Vancou- It would be hard to find a country ver Island took place in 1879 when the anywhere with so many advantages Hudson's Bay steamer Princess Louise from the sportsman's standpoint as left Victoria with a party of 40 passen- Vancouver Island, where rugged coun- gers, practically all of them residents of try is so readily accessible within a few Victoria to whom the West Coast was short miles of commodious steamship mainly an unknown territory. It ap- service to Vancouver, Seattle, San pealed strongly to the imagination, a Francisco and other centers of popula- land of picturesque Indian villages, un- tion. rivalled for the rugged grandeur of its Though the wildest kind of country deeply indented coastline. abounds, a constant challenge to the Reading a description of this early angler and hunter, it is not so remote tourist jaunt it is difficult to note any from regular lines of railway and mo- great development between then and tor traffic as to be hard to reach. the establishment of the Nootka trad- An example of this feature is the ing post 90 years previously. Trading Forbidden Plateau, near Courtenay, posts had been established in Barclay in the northeastern part of the island. Sound and in Kyuquot Sound, other- Courtenay is within 100 miles of Van- wise the West Coast was still in its couver by steamer and rail and the pla- virgin state. teau is but a 14-mile horseback ride in Today the tiny villages and trading from Courtenay, through which the posts of this remote empire remain Esquimault & Nanaimo Railway and much as they were 200 years ago, yet the Island Highway pass. just a few hundred miles away are the Victoria, capital of British Columbia, bustling ports of Vancouver, Victoria, is in sharp contrast to other and Seattle and Portland, reached by fast, 160 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 comfortable and modern ships that pack of coyotes through the snow, for offer six and a half day cruises over the instance. Because o f its weight the 1,000-mile round trip from Victoria to deer will break through the snow. The Port Alice and return. coyote, slinking along on the surface of It is a lazy, go-as-you-please sort of the ice-topped snow, will snap the ten- trip. There is plenty of time while the dons of the deer's hind legs. busy little steamers are taking on and The mountain lion kills more deer discharging cargo to step ashore at the than the coyote, however. It often at- various interesting ports and browse tacks by jumping from a tree onto the around looking at local points of inter- frightened deer, cutting the cords of est; fishing operations, Indian burial the throat of the doomed animal. grounds and totem poles or the Barn- The principal defehse of the deer field cable station. against his enemies is his speed, al- In Glacier Park, a Canadian Na- though when a fight actually starts the tional Park with an area of some 525 deer has no chance against many of his square miles in the Selkirk Range, enemies. Deers frequently fight each western British Columbia, wild life is other; before their antlers have grown plentiful. Goat, caribou, deer and bear out the young male deer fight by rising are numerous and many small fur- on their hind legs and striking out with bearing animals are increasing rapidly. their front hoofs as does a boxer. These The Rocky Mountain goat is most hoofs are sharp and cut like knives. difficult to photograph because it climbs Bears in this region have been stud- to extreme altitudes, has a keen sense ied more closely than any other animal. of smell and dwells on the most rugged Some people do not know it, but black part of the mountain. It jumps from and brown bears come from the same rock to rock with great speed, and once family; that is, a mother black bear it gets going there is no chance of snap- might give birth to two brown cubs and ping its picture. one black. The young are born in Jan- The goat has two spiked horns, but uary or February and are usually two the Rocky Mountain sheep has curved or three to a litter. horns. As the sheep gets older the The grizzly or "silver tip" is a won- horns continue to grow in a curved derful fighter. On one occasion two fashion until they obstruct the vision. black and two brown bears were seen The old fellows overcome this by rub- to pounce on a grizzly, and it was an bing the horns against rock until they interestng sight to see how that old break off, at least the part obstructing "silver tip" went to work. their vision. He does not fight by hugging or by There are only two animals which biting, as some people imagine, but maintain sentinels at all times, like In- strikes out with those powerful fore- dian tribes did long ago. These two paws. He knocked those four black and are the Rocky Mountain sheep and the brown bears in all directions, as well as elk. Nothing makes a big ram, leader the others who came to their rescue. of his herd, so mad as to discover that One of the most remarkable birds in his sentinel has failed him. Glacier Park is the ptarmigan, a bird An eye witness tells of a fierce fight which changes color according to its between two rams. The one, a big fel- background. When it is on a glacier low who was leader of his herd, came living on insects it is as white as snow to the rescue of a smaller one who was and cannot be seen until one is within being beaten. He charged his adver- four or five feet of it. They are such sary and bowled him off a ledge into a tame birds a hat can often be dropped canyon below. So sometimes an animal over one. When the ptarmigan goes comes to the rescue of a friend quicker to the shores of one of the higher lakes, than does a human being. it turns the color of the gravel along The coyote and the wolf are the the shore. It dwells in the high alti- leading enemies of the Rocky Mountain tudes, usually around glaciers. This sheep. The coyote is a despicable ani- bird's protection against its foes is not mal. It attacks the deer by biting and only protective coloration but total lack cutting the tendon of its hind leg. The of odor. Even a fox cannot scent a deer may be trying to get away from a ptarmigan. JOURNAL of the PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION For April-June, 1935. Vol. X. Number 2

An open forum for discussion of problems concerning food pro- duction, distribution, conservation and consumption; public health; current habits and customs, or any subject relative to human welfare in countries bordering upon the Pacific Ocean. Address all communications to MI D- PAC I F IC MAGAZINE, 1067 Alakea St., Honolulu, Hawaii, for attention of THE EDITORS.

Strange Life in the Okhotsk Sea

By DR. PETER SCHMIDT'

Scientific Secretary of the Pacific Committee, Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R.

N 1932 the Pacific Scientific Fisher- these seas has been made clear in gen- ies Institute ( Vladivostok ) and the eral outline.

I State Hydrological Institute ( Lenin- Of particular interest are the results grad ) with the cooperation of the obtained from studying the Sea of Academy of Sciences of the USSR Okhotsk, which is of quite a specific organized a large expedition to study nature and unique. Its expanse is enor- the three Far Eastern seas—the Sea of mous, as it is five or six times larger Japan and the Okhotsk and Bering than the Baltic. The northern part of seas. Dr. K. M. Deryugin ( Leningrad ) the sea is subjected to the influence of and the author of this article headed winter cold since the coldest point of this expedition. Sixty scientific work- the globe, known as the "center of ers of different branches of science par- cold," near Verkhoyansk, is not far ticipated and in addition to zoologists from the sea. The temperatures of the and ichthyologists there were ocean- lower layers of water are below zero ographers and chemists. and at the bottom always 1.7 or even We had at our disposal during the 1.9 degrees C. Pack ice can always be summer season five trawlers and a mo- seen near the Shantar Islands some- tor schooner, so that two exploring times even in July and August, and at ships carried on the work in each of times this ice lasts till the formation of these seas. However. we managed to new ice. have three ships working during one Due to these atmospheric conditions, month in the Okhotsk Sea. One ship which are similar to those observed in each sea was assigned to the study near the coast of Greenland, it is quite of the biology of fish and their distribu- natural that the northern part of the tion, and the other was engaged in a Sea of Okhotsk is poor in fauna. Mol- study of oceanography and the inves- luscs and starfish, typical of the Arctic tigation of fauna. The enormous region, are found in the cold depths amount of scientific material collected in from 170 to 270 meters, the tempera- all the three seas is being studied by ture of which is never above zero Cen- numerous specialists, and the nature of tigrade. Pacific salmon and herring are the only food fish which are able to live The author of this article is an outstanding Soviet ichthyologist who, since 1900, has been engaged in in these waters. They are not in abun- studying the fish of the Pacific Ocean. He has headed a number of scientific expeditions to the Far East. dance, and there is, therefore little His report made at the recent session of the Academy chance for the establishment of fisher- of Sciences is given in this article in a condensed form. ies in this part of the sea. 162 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

In the southern part of the Sea of life there became impossible. The in- Okhotsk between Sakhalin Island, habitants of these depths were forced Kamchatka and Kurile Islands, a huge to descend to greater depths and adapt deep from 3,000 to 3,500 meters is placed themselves to new conditions of life. and a wide channel 1,750 meters deep Presumably, here lies the explanation running therefrom north along the of the new wonderful fauna discovered Eastern coast of Sakhalin was discov- by our expedition. ered by our expedition. Deep-sea fish are mainly of scientific At these great depths we succeeded interest whereas practical interest is for the first time in catching genuine centered on fish found along the sea deep-sea fish. So far we have caught coast, or at a depth above 200 meters. only seven species. Of course, the life of food fish is closely Besides fish, our expedition found connected with the temperature of the other deep -sea animals, such as water in which they live, since very few sponges, special coral polyps, holothu- of them can adapt themselves to the rians, brightly colored red crayfish cold climate of the sea. with long antennae, starfish, molluscs, Therefore, the western coast of Kam- new fauna consisting not only of new chatka, where there is a warm stream species but also of new genera and branching off the Kuro-Siwo (Japan families. This fauna is being studied Current ), is the most favorable region and described by a group of specialists for fisheries. This is perhaps the rich- headed by Professor Deryugin. est region along the Soviet coast of the Of still greater interest, however, are Pacific, a Soviet Newfoundland. A the inhabitants of the depths between great variety of food fish and other 200 and 1,000 meters. The fish at useful animals is found there. these depths are mostly all unknown Large schools of six species of most and most remarkable is the fact that valuable salmon, one of which is found they are all representatives of the Arc- nowhere else, enter the rivers along the tic families usually found along the coast of Kamchatka. Immense schools coast at depths above 200 meters. of herring come near this coast and a Adapting themselves to life at these large quantity of cod, giant halibut, and depths, these fish have undergone great species of excellent flatfish. Although changes, have acquired many proper- many valuable species of food fish are ties inherent in genuine deep-sea fish. not yet caught in these waters, the Sea They have gelatinous, watery and of Okhotsk at present furnishes many sometimes half diaphanous b o die s, more products than do the Japanese large eyes, long antennae or fin rays and Bering seas, since the annual catch for feeling, and black bodies. One fam- of salmon alone already runs as high as ily of fish, which generally lives near from one to two million centners. the coast, has suckers on the under- As to the amount of fish and other sides to hold to stones and algae so as products furnished by the three Soviet not to be thrown on land. These fish Far Eastern seas combined, they oc- (Liparidae), having emigrated to great cupy the second place in the Soviet depths, have lost this sucker since it is Union, being second only to the Cas- of no use to them any longer. pian Sea. There is no doubt, however, The inhabitants of the depths above that if properly developed, their fisher- 200 meters undoubtedly point to an in- ies would furnish more products than teresting period in the life of the Sea the Caspian Sea. of Okhotsk. Probably, during the ice Enormous scientific work must be age, when the temperature was much carried out to develop properly all the below that at preesnt, the waters along resources of the Okhotsk and neigh- the coast above a depth of 200 meters, boring seas, so as to preserve these re- which are still cold, were frozen and sources for the future also. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 163 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

A Check List of the Fishes of the Pelew Islands

By ALBERT W. C. T. HERRE Stanford University, California

HE PELEW or Palau Islands are 8.-*Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt) the most westerly group of the 9.-*Stolephorus tri (Bleeker) Carolines and form the western Family SYNBRANCHIDAE Toutpost of Micronesia. They lie 10.- Synbranchus bengalensis (McClelland) about 750 miles due east of Davao, Family LEPTOCEPHALIDAE Mindanao, P. I., and are crossed by 7 11.-*Leptocephalus cinereus degrees North Latitude and 135 de- grees East Longitude. The Pelew Family MYRIDAE Island group is about 135 miles in 12.-*Muraenichthys macropterus Bleeker length and perhaps 15 miles in breadth, Family OPHICHTHYIDAE with no streams of any consequence. 13.-*Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay & Bennett) Fresh-water fishes are therefore few in 14.- Chlevastes colubrinus (Boddaert) number. 15.-*Ophichthus cephalozona (Bleeker) 16.- Callechelys marmoratus (Bleeker) The present list comprises but a small part of the total fish fauna, which is in Family MURAENIDAE general the same as that of the opposite 17.- Evenchelys macrurus (Bleeker) shores of the Philippines, Halmahera, 18.-*Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl) 19.- *Gymnothorax meleagris ( Shaw ) and New Guinea. Nearly all my col- 20.,-*Gymnothorax richardsoni Bleeker lecting was on the reefs about the small 21.-*Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede) island of Gorror, where the seat of gov- Family PLOTOSIDAE ernment is located. A very little collect- 22.-*Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch) ing was done near the southern end of the large island of Bab-el-Thuap. A Family SYNODONTIDAE few months spent in collecting in vari- 23.-*Saurida argyrophanes (Richardson) ous parts of the Pelew group would 24._*Saurida gracilis (Quoy and Gaimard) 25.-*Synodus japonicus (Houttuyn) more than double the present list. Specimens determined by me are Family MYCTOPHIDAE marked with an asterisk, *. No speci- 26._*Diaphus malayanus M. Weber mens of albacore or bonito were kept, 27.-*Myctophum affine (Liitken) but specimens of all others starred are Family BELONIDAE in the museum of Stanford University. 28.-*Tylosurus incisus (Guy. and Val.) Family CARCHARHINIDAE Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE 1._*Carcharinus melanopterus (Quoy and 29.- Hemiramphus far (Forskal) Gaimard) 30._*Zenarchopterus buffoni (Cuv. and Val.) Family DASYATIDAE Family EXOCOETIDAE 2.- Dasyatis sephen (Forskal) 31._*Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus 32.- Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson) Family ELOPIDAE 33.- Cypselurus altipennis (Cuv. and Val.) 3.-*Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet); in fresh water Family HOLOCENTRIDAE Family DUSSUMIERIDAE 34._*Holocentrus binotatus Quoy and Gaimard 4.-*Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett) 35.-*Holocentrus caudimaculatus (Ruppell) 36.-*Holocentrus diadema Lacepede Family CLUPEIDAE 37.-*Holocentrus ruber (Forskal) 5._*Harengula punctata (Ruppell) 38.- * Holocentrus sammara (Forskal) 6.-*Sardinella leiogaster (Cuv. and Val.) 39.-*Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal) 40.-"Holocentrus tiereoides Bleeker Family ENGRAULIDAE 41.-*Myripristus. adustus Bleeker 7.-*Engraulis baelama (Forskal) 42.-*Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) 164 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

Family SYNGNATHIDAE Family AMBASSIDAE 43.- Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus 86._*Ambassis (Priopis) buruensis (Bleeker) (Sleeker) 44.-*Corythoichthys fasciatus (Gray) Family KUHLIIDAE 45.,-*Doryrhamphus melanopleura (Sleeker) 87.-*Kuhlia marginata (Cuv. and Val.); in 46._*Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker) fresh water; Bab-el-Thuap 47.-*Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch) 88._*Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede); fresh water; 48._*Syngnathus spicifer Riippell Bab-el-Thuap 49.-*Hippocampus kuda Bleeker Family FISTULARIIDAE Family SERRANIDAE 50.- Fistularia villosa Klunzinger 89._*Variola louti (Forskal) 90.-*Cephalopholis pachycentron (Cuv. and Family CENTRISCIDAE Val.) 51.-*Aeoliscus strigatus Gunther 91.-*Cephalopholis rogaa (Forskal) 92.- Cephalopholis sexmaculatus (Ruppell) Family ATHERINIDAE 93.- Cephalopholis sonnerati (Cuv. and Val.) 52.-*Atherina endrachtensis Quoy and 94.--*Cephalopholis urodelus (Cuv. and Val.) Gaimard 95.- *Epinephel us caeruleo-punctatus ( Bloch ) 53.-*Atherina forskali Riippell 96.- Epinephelus corallicola (Cuv. and Val.) 54.-*Atherina temmincki Bleeker 97. * Epinephelus fusco-guttatus ( Forskal ) 55.-*Hepsetia pinguis (Lacepede) 98.- Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch) 99.-*Epinephelus merra Bloch Family MUGILIDAE 100.- Epinephelus nebulosus (Cuv. and Val.) 56._*Liza seheli (Forskal) 101..-*Epinephelus summana (Forskal) 102.- Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal) Family POLYNEMIDAE 57.-*Polydactylus sexfilis (Cuv. and Val.) Family PLESIOPIDAE 103.-*Plesiops melas Bleeker Family SCOMBRIDAE 104.- Plesiops nigricans (Ruppell) 58.-*Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker) 59.- Rastrelliger kanagurta (Ruppell) Family PSEUDOCHROMIDAE 105. * Pseudochromis fuscus Mueller and Family THUNNIIDAE Troschel 60.-*Neothunnus macropterus (Schlegel) 61.-*Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) Family PEMPHERIDAE Family CARANGIDAE 106._*Pempheris mangula Cuvier Blepharis ciliaris (Bloch) Family LUTIANIDAE 63.-*Caranx forsteri Cuv. f Val. 64.-*Caranx sex fasciatus (Quay and 107.- Alpheus furcatus (Lacepede) Gaimard) 108.- *Lutianus argentimaculatus ( Forskal ) 65. *El ag atis bipinnulatus ( Quoy and 109.-*Lutianus flavipes Cuv. and Val. Gaimard) 110.-*Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal) 66.-*Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) 111.- *Lutianus johnii ( Bloch ) 112.-*Lutianus lineatus (Quoy and Gaimard) Family LEIOGNATHIDAE 113.- Lutianus lutjanus (Bloch) 67.,-*Leiognathus equulus (Forskal) 114.-*Lutianus monostigma ( Cuv. and Val.) 115.- Lutianus niger (Forskal) Family GERRIDAE 116..-*Lutianus spilurus (Bennett) 68.-*Gerres filamentosus Cuvier 117.-*Lutianus vaigiensis (Quoy and 69._*Gerres macrosoma Bleeker Gaimard) 70.-*Gerres oyena (Forskal) 118.- * Lutianus vitta (Quoy and Gaimard) Family APOGONIDAE Family POMADASIDAE 71.-*Apogon bandanensis Bleeker 119.-*Caesio caerulaureus Lacepede 72.-*Apogon exostigma Jordan and Seale 120.- Caesio maculatus Cuvier 73.-*Apogon frenatus Valenciennes 121.- *Caesio pisang Bleeker 74..-*Apogon lateralis Valenciennes 122. * Plectorhynchus albovittatus ( Riippell 75.-*Apogon melas Bleeker 123.-*Plectorhynchus chrysotaenia Bleeker 76.-*Apogon novemfasciatus (Cuv. and Val.) 125.- *Plectorhynchus diagrammus (L. ) 77.- Apogon nigricans Day 126.-*Plectorhynchus nigrus (Cuv. and Val.) 78.-*Apogon orbicularis (Cuv. and Val.) 127.-*Scolopsis bilineatus (Bloch) 79.-*Apogon sangiensis Bleeker 128._*Scolopsis cancellatus (Cuv. and Val.) 80._*Apogonichthys auritus (Cuv. and Val.) 129.,-*Scolopsis ciliatus (Lacepede) 81. *Archamia bleekeri ( Gunther) 130.-*Scolopsis margaritifer (Cuv. and Val.) 82._*Archamia lineolata (Cuv. and Val.) 131.-*Scolopsis monogramma (Cuv. and Val.), 83._*Archamia zosterophora (Sleeker) 132.-*Scolopsis trilineatus Kner 84.-*Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus (Cuv. and Val.) Family THERAPONIDAE 85.-*Pseudamia polystigma (Bleeker) 133.-*Therapon jarbua (Forskal) MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 165 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

Family LETHRINIDAE 181.-*Zebrasoma velifer (Bloch) 134.-*Lethrinus amboinensis Sleeker 182.-*Naso annulatus (Quoy and Gaimard) 135..-*Lethrinus haematopterus (Schlegel) 183.- Naso brevirostris (Cuv. and Val.) 136.- Lethrinus mahsena (Forskal) Family SIGANIDAE 137.-*Lethrinus reticulatus Cuv. and Val. 138.-*Lethrinus ramak (Forskal) 184.-*Teuthis concatenata (Cuv. and Val.) 139.-*Lethrinus richardsoni Gunther 185.- Teuthis corallina (Cuv. and Val.) 140._*Pentapus caninus (Cuv. and Val.) 186.-*Teuthis doliata (Cuvier) 141. Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal) 187.- Teuthis fuscescens (Houttuyn) 188.-*Teuthis hexagonata (Sleeker) Family SPARIDAE 189.-*Teuthis oramin (BI. and Schn.) 142. * Synag ris mulloides ( Sleeker) 190.-*Teuthis puella (Schlegel) 143._*Synagris tolu (Cuv. and Val.) 191.-*Teuthis rostrata (Cuv. and Val.) 192.- Lo vulpinus (Schlegel) Family KYPHOSIDAE Family SCORPAENIDAE 144.- *Kyphosus lembus ( Cuv. and Val.) 145.-*Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy and 193.- Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy and Gaimard) Gaimard) 194.-*Sorpaenodes scabra (Ramsay and Family MULLIDAE Ogilby) 146.-*Upeneoides tragula (Richardson) 195.- Scorpaenopsis gibbosus (B1. and Schn.) 147.-*Upeneoides vittatus (Forskal) 196.- Sebastapistes albobrunneus (Gunther) 148.-,*LIpeneus barberinus (Lacepede) 197.- Sebastapistes dentatus (Gunther) 149.-*Upeneus cyclostomus (Lacepede) 198.-*Sebastapistes tristis (Klunzinger) 150._*Upeneus moana (Jordan and Seale) 199.-*Pterois volitans (L.) 151.-*Mulloides auriflamma (Forskal) 200.- Dendrochirus zebra (Quoy and Gaimard) Family MALACANTHIDAE Family CARACANTHIDAE 152.- Malacanthus latovittatus (Lacepede) 201.- Caracanthus unipinna (Gray) Family CIRRHITIDAE Family PLATYCEPHALIDAE 153.- Cirrhitus oxycephalus Sleeker 154.- Cirrhitus oxyrhynchus (Sleeker) 202.- Cocius crocodilus (Tilesius) 155.- Paracirrhites melanotus (Gunther) 203._*Thysanophrys tentaculatus (Riippell) Family MONODACTYLIDAE Family POMACENTRIDAE 156.-*Monodactylus argenteus (L.) 204.-*Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort 157. * Monodactylus falciformis Lacepede 205.-*Amphiprion percula (Lacepede) 206.- Amphiprion perideraion Sleeker Family PLATACIDAE 207.- Amphiprion polymnus (L.) 158.- * Platax orbicularis (Forskal) 208.- Chromis analis (Cuv. and Val.) 209.-*Chromis caeruleus (Cuv. and Val.) Family TOXOTIDAE 210.-*Dascyllus aruanus (L.) 159._*Toxotes jaculator (Pallas) 211.-*Pomacentrus amboinensis Sleeker Family CHAETODONTIDAE 212.-*Pomacentrus bifasciatus Sleeker 213.-*Pomacentrus chrysopoecilus Schlegel 160. - *Chaetodon aurig a Forskal and Muller 161.-.*Chaetodon bennetti (Cuv. and Val.) 214.-*Pomacentrus dimidiatus Sleeker 162.- Chaetodon ephippium (Cuv. and Val.) 215._ *Pomacentrus dorsalis Gill 163.-*Chaetodon fasciatus Forskal 216.-*Pomacentrus lividus (Forster) 164.- Chaetodon melanotus Bl. and Schn. 217.- Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede) 165.- Chaetodon meyeri Bl. and Schn. 218.-*Pomacentrus trimaculatus (Cuv. and 166.- Chaetodon pelewensis Kner Val.) 167.- Chaetodon rafflesi Bennett 219.,-*Pomacentrus tripunctatus (Cuv. and 168.,-*Chaetodon speculum (Kuhl and Van Val.) Hasselt) 220.-*Abudefduf assimilis Gunther 169. * Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park 221._*Abudefduf behnii (Sleeker) 170.-*Chaetodon vagabundus L. 222._*Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch) Family ZANCLIDAE 223._*Abudefduf brownriggi (Bennett) 224._*Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuv. and Val.) 171.-*Zanclus canescens (L.) 225._*Abudefduf leucozona (Sleeker) 172.-*Zanclus cornutus (L.) 226._*Abudefduf melas (Cuv. and Val.) Family ACANTHURIDAE Family LABRIDAE 173.- Acanthurus elongatus (Lac.) Acanthurus fuliginosus (Lesson) 227.-*Choerodon anchorago (Bloch) 175.-*Acanthurus matoides (Cuv. and Val.) 228.- Labroides dimidiatus (Cuv. and Val.) 176.-*Acanthurus nigroris (Cuv. and Val.) 229.- Stethojulis axillaris (Quoy and 177._ *Acanthurus olivaceus (B1. and Schn.) Gaimard) 178.-*Acanthurus triostegus (L.) 230.- Stethojulis casturi (Sleeker) 179.- Paracanthurus lambdurus (Sleeker) 231.-*Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett) 180.-*Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett) 232.- Stethojulis trilineata (Bl. and Schn.) 166 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZI NE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pon-Pacific Researc h Institution Section

233.-*Halichoeres binotopsis Bleeker 288.-*Chonophorus genivittatus (Cuv. and 234.-*Halichoeres chloropterus (Bloch) Val.) 235.-*Halichoeres flos-corallis Jordan and 289.-*Ctenogobius criniger (Cuv. and Val.) Seale 290.-*Ctenogobius decoratus Herre 236.-*Halichoeres gymnocephalus (B1. and 291.-*Cryptocentrus geni-ornatus Herre Schn.) 292.-*Gnatholepis puntangoides (Bleeker) 237.-*Halichoeres hoeveni Bleeker 293.-*Gobiodon hypselopterus Bleeker 238.-*Halichoeres hyrtlii Bleeker 294.-Gobiodon quinquestrigatus (Cuv. and 239,-*Halichoeres leparensis Bleeker Val.) 240.- Halichoeres margaritaceus (Cuv. and 295.-*Gobius ornatus RUppell Val.) 296._*Macrodontogobius wilburi Herre, new 241.-*Halichoeres melanurus (Bleeker) species 242.-*Halichoeres notopsis (Cuv. and Val.) 297.-*Mars caeruleo-maculatus Herre 243.-*Halichoeres papilionaceus (Cuv. and 298.-*Oplopomus oplopomus (Cuv. and Val.) Val.) 299.-*Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Riippell) 244.- Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy and 300.-*Periophthalmus barbarus Linnaeus Gaimard) 301._*Stiphodon pelewensis Herre, new spe- 245.- Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch) cies; in fresh water, Bab-el-Thuap 246.- Coris gaimard (Quoy and Gaimard) Island 247.- Coris greenovii (Bennett) 302.-*Vaimosa horiae Herre, new species; in 248.- Hologymnosus semidiscus (Lacepede) fresh water on Bab-el-Thuap Island 249.- Thalassoma schwanefeldi (Bleeker) 250.- Thalassoma umbrostigma (Riippell) Family ECHENEIDAE 251.-*Cheilinus chlorurus (Bloch) 303.-*Echeneis remora Linnaeus 252.- Cheilinus diagrammus Lacepede 253.- Cheilinus oxyrhynchus Bleeker Family CALLIONYMIDAE 254.-*Cheilinus undulatus Ruppell 304.-*Callionymus enneactis Bleeker 255.- Cymolutes lecluse (Quoy and Gaimard) 256.- Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepede) Family BLENNIIDAE 305.-*Petroscirtes eretes (Jordan and Seale) Family SCARIDAE 306.-*Petroscirtes gorrorensis Herre; new 257.-*Scarus balinensis (Bleeker) species 258.- Scarus blochii Bleeker 307.-*Petroscirtes obliquus Garman 259.-*Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker 308.- Petroscirtes rhinorhynchus Sleeker 260.-*Scarus erythacus (Jordan and Seale) 309.-*Salarias edentulus (B1. and Schn.) 261.-*Scarus erythrodon Cuv. and Val. 310.-"Salarias fasciatus (Bloch) 262.-*Scarus forsteri Cuv. and Val. 311.- *Salarias fuscus Ruppell 263.-*Scarus garretti (Gunther) 312.- Salarias nitidus Gunther 264.- Scams mutabilis (Gray) 265.- Scarus nuchipunctatus Cuv. and Val. Family BROTULIDAE 266.-*Scarus oviceps Cuv. and Val. 313.- Brotula ensiformis Gunther 267.-*Scarus pectoralis Cuv. and Val. 268.- Scarus pulchellus Riippell Family CARAPIDAE 314.- Family ELEOTRIDAE Jordanicus gracilis (Sleeker) 269.-*Asterropteryx semipunctatus Riippell Family BALISTIDAE 270._*Bunaka pinguis Herre 315,-*Balistapus aculeatus (L.) 271.-*Butis amboinensis Bleeker 316.- Balistapus rectangulus (Bl. and Schn.) 272.-*Eleotris macrocephalus (Bleeker) 317.-*Balistapus undulatus (M. Park) 273.-*Eviota afelei Jordan & Seale 318.-*Balistapus verrucosus (L.) 274.-*Eviota distigma Jordan and Seale 319.-*Balistes chrysopterus Bl. and Schn, 275._*Eviota pruinosa Jordan & Seale 320.- Balistes viridescens Bl. and Schn. 276.- Guavina gyrinoides (Bleeker) 321.- Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch) 277.-*Lizettea pelewensis Herre, new species; fresh water Family MONACANTHIDAE 278.-*Ophiocara aporos Sleeker; fresh water 322.- Alutera monoceros (Osbeck) 279.- Ophiocara macrolepidota (Bloch) fresh 323.-*Stephanolepis tomentosus (L.) water 280.- Ophiocara porocephala (Cuv. and Family OSTRACIIDAE Val.); fresh water 324.- Ostracion nasus Bloch 281.-*Valenciennea muralis (Quoy and 325.-*Ostracion tuberculatus L. Gaimard) Family TETRAODONTIDAE Family GOBIIDAE 326.- Tetraodon mappa Lesson 282.-*Amblygobius perpusillus buanensis 327.-*Tetraodon nigropunctatus Bl. and Schn. Herre 283.-*Amblygobius phalaena (Cuv. and Val.) Family DIODONTIDAE 284.-*Amblygobius sphynx (Cuv. and Val.) 328.- Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus 285.- Apocryptes rictuosus Cuv. and Val. 286.-*Bathygobius fuscus (Riippell) Family SOLEIDAE 287.-*Callogobius hasselti (Bleeker) 329.- Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacepede) MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 167 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Honolulu, Hawaii, where lectures on scientific subjects are held weekly on Friday evenings and where members of the Pan-Pacific Union sometimes reside while pur- suing their academic or research work in Hawaii.

Adventures in Friendship

By GEORGE H. AKAU, JR.

President, Pan-Pacific Students' Club

HE PAN-PACIFIC Students' Pacific Union, and a committee of Club was organized on September scientists. 8, 1933, by a group of university Weekly science dinner meetings Tstudents residing in the student were held at the Institution until it building at the Pan-Pacific Research gradually became known as one of the Institution in Manoa, Honolulu. As leading centers in the Territory where the birth of this club was in a state of people who had the interest of Pacific development for several years, it would problems at heart could go for an be worthwhile to review past events at exchange of ideas. the Institution and also the early activi- The enthusiasm for scientific prob- ties of former students who came from lems emanating from this center was so the far corners of the Pacific to study infectious that in 1926 a Junior Science and live cooperatively. Council was started by a group of After the first Pan-Pacific Food scientifically inclined university stu- Conservation Conference in 1924, dents ( some of them residents in the members of the Castle family of Hono- students' building ), with Northrup lulu generously loaned the old Castle Castle as its chairman. Junior meet- home and buildings at Puuhonua to the ings were called every Friday night at Pan-Pacific Union for scientific and which photography, radio, and research educational research. It was placed problems, particularly those pertaining under the authority of Alexander to new sources of food supplies, were Hume Ford, Director of the Pan- discussed and possible s o l u t i o n s 168 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

planned. Much work was done in ogist as well as international peace developing and printing new lantern advocate, and honorary president of slides and in classifying old ones. At the Pan-Pacific Research Institution; this time the Junior Science laboratory Dr. Alva Davis, plant physiologist, had 40,000 pictures from Pacific lands University of California; Dr. T. G. and as many more on Hawaii, which Yuncker, botanist at DePauw Univer- were put on still films so that animal sity; Dr. Hachiro Yuasa, formerly industries, forestry, native life, school entomologist with the Imperial Uni- life of each Pacific land could be shown. versity of Kyoto and now newly ap- By 1929 more than a hundred educa- pointed president of Doshisha Uni- tional films were made in this labora- versity; Dr. Wu Lien Teh, formerly tory. Some of these are used on the head of the Manchurian Plague Pre- mainland and throughout the Pacific as vention Service and now head of the well as in public and private schools of National Quarantine Service; Dr. W. Hawaii. A. Osborne and Dr. Robert Pulleine of The Junior Science Council (now in- Australia, and scores of other delegates, active ) comprised three departments; both men and women, while in attend- science, radio and photography. One ance at the various Pan-Pacific inter- group took up photography and micro- national conferences. Theodore C. photography, the latter especially useful Zschokke, former extension forester, in biological work. Membership in the resided at the Institution along with the Council was open to all youths of all students from the earliest times. He Pacific races who had made up their will be remembered by many of the minds to become scientists in some line early Junior Council members and resi- useful to mankind. dent students for his unselfishness in Junior Scientists had their own build- presiding at meetings, working out ing and experimental grounds on the conference schedules, seeking employ- other side of the island of Oahu near ment for youths, and in doing scores the present Boys' Industrial School of kind deeds. where they introduced new food crops While the oral and visual educa- from Pacific lands for experimentation tional work of the Institution was under the guidance of senior scientists. progressing, another phase of educa- Radio equipment which had been tional research has been carried on for used at the Institution for some years some years, consisting of a sociological was moved to McKinley High School, study of interracial groups who live where a special hall was prepared and together cooperatively at the student where the work of the Pan-Pacific building. In the beginning two promis- Radio Club was conducted, as that ing Samoan youths who were sent by location was found to be better for the Samoan government to the Terri- amateurs who wished to talk with their torial Normal School resided at the friends around the Pacific. Institution. These boys were Andrew The Junior Science Council, active in Napoleon Tuiteleleapaga and Sivaa the beginning, later became defunct. Iaponi Afoa. Later a Siamese, C. To use the words of former Governor Wadhana, a former Junior Council Farrington, "such bodies have their member and employed by the Hono- days of rising and falling enthusiasm lulu Star-Bulletin for years, took up his but the Pan-Pacific is always an organ- residence at the student's building as ization 'in being'." Graduation of he prepared himself in journalism to be Council members from the University of service to his native Siam on his of Hawaii, lack of spare time, residen- return there. tial changes, contributed to the Coun- Among the university students who cil's later inactivity. have lived at the students' building are In passing, mention should be made Louis and Orlando Blackburn, both of the noted scientists who have lived from Oklahoma Agricultural College, at the Institution and who have made Tulsa, Oklahoma, both prominent foot- lasting impressions upon the minds of ball players; Chadwick Dunstan, ex- students. Among these are Dr. David change student from Pomona Junior Starr Jordan, world-famous ichthyol- College, California, who studied sugar Resident Students

These young men enjoy an "Adventure in Friendship" and minimize their living expenses by cooperative housekeeping at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution while attending the near- by University of Hawaii. Groups resident since 1931 are shown. Read all groups from top, left to right: ti 1931-32, rear, George Akau, Jr., Francis Shimokawa, Masao Koga, Achong Young. Front, Victor Jenkins; George Hewitt, Theodore Zschokke. Q 1932-33, Lucius Jen- kins, Akau, Don Sloan, Chadwick Dunstan, Zschokke, Young, Shimokawa. fg 1933-34, L. Jenkins, Hewitt, Akau, Zschokke, V. Jenkins, Koga, Shimokawa. 1934-35, inset, left, Kapilroy Parekh, B.Ag., Bombay University, sugar technology; rear, Anastacio Luis, Akau, Richard Martin, Nobu Tominaka. Front, Peter lopa, You Wai Wong, Gilbert Kimura, Sutejiro Sato. 170 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section technology and is at present a local Sloan, world-traveler from California, Federal Revenue officer; Shigeo and Eugene Ressencourt from Chicago, Yoshida, B. A. ( Class of '30 ), a also a world traveler, were the only teacher at Liliuokalani Intermediate three non-university students. School; Lincoln Kanai, B. A., ( Class Since the foundation of the Pan- of '30), a teacher; Clarence Alapa who Pacific Students' Club in 1933 the was a student at St. Louis College; Don members have been as follows:

NAME CLASS COURSE HOME ADDRESS Masao Koga 1930 Agriculture Hawaii (now agriculturist on Hawaii) Lucius Jenkins 1934 Engineering California (now assistant engineer at Calif. Pkg. Corp.) Achong Young 1935 Teaching Hawaii • Manuel Kwon 1935 Teaching Oahu Francis Shimokawa 1935 Pre-medic. Maui Sutejiro Sato 1935 Lang., Lit. E Arts Hawaii (Club Treas.-Secretary) John Kwon 1935 Vocational Agr. Oahu Richard Martin 1935 Teaching California Yau Wai Wong 1935 Bacteriology Oahu ( formerly of Lingnan Univ., China) Kapilroy Parekh 1935 Sugar Tech. India (graduate of College of Agri., Poona Bombay Univ.) Ogden Nishizaki 1935 Teaching Hawaii George Akau, Jr. 1935 Sugar Tech. Hawaii (Club Pres.) Teruo Tog ashi 1936 Agriculture Kauai Gilbert Kimura 1937 Econ. & Business Hawaii (Club Vice-Pres.) Nobu Tamanaka 1937 General Science Maui (Club Assist. Treas.-Sec'y) Anastacio Luis 1937 Econ. & Business Maui John Han 1938 Econ. & Business Hawaii George Hewitt (Special student) England Charley Chu Hing ( Special student) Hawaii (now agriculturist on Molokai) Victor Jenkins ( McKinley High student) California Phillip Duncan Artist Montana ( former Univ. of Montana student) Peter Iopa Piano student Oahu R. Buckhalter California ( former Univ. of student) Herbert Hiroshige (Graduate, Univ. of Cal.) Hawaii (now agriculturist on Hawaii) Thomas . Rosenthal Special student in Chinese Austria (graduate of the Technische Hochschule, Wien)

The Pan-Pacific Students' Club is studies. The school also has assisted not under the student government of the needy and deserving students with the university. The Club has estab- scholarships and part-time jobs and re- lished its own student government and cently not a few of the students have rules of conduct, and its members live benefited by FERA employment. on a cooperative housekeeping sched- While the majority of the students ule. The rooms in the students' build- are employed, they take considerable ing are assigned to students, preferably part in the extracurricular activities at in agriculture or science, who are work- the school. The club has contributed ing their way through school. one vice-president to the student gov- Since 1934 only university students ernment of the university, one senior are eligible to membership. Care is class pr e s i d en t, one track-record taken to allot rooms to as many dif- breaker, football players de luxe, de- ferent racial stocks as practicable in baters, numerous dramatists, and a order to have as cosmopolitan a group score of other participants to various as possible and to further the sociolog- student activities. ical experiment. Economics has been of major interest Summer employment at the pine- to all the students and at the time of apple canneries has enabled many of writing a detailed grocery survey and the students to further their university price correlation study is being made. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 171 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

Some interesting data and conclusions will be available in the near future, no doubt. To the surprise of many and to the relief and satisfaction of the Pan- Pacific Union, the "cosmopolitan stu- dent experiment" has succeeded beyond all expectations. In this living together each race has learned of the other races, appreciated their merits, customs and habits, condoned their weaknesses and, together, have discussed the burn- ing questions of the day. Every meal time is a signal for discussion and an informal exchange of ideas. The Pan-Pacific Students' Club has truly been an experiment in "adven- tures in friendship" as former Governor Farrington so ably defined Pan-Pacific Unionism. How well the experiment has turned out and how much its in- fluence will be felt in the future, can- not be appreciated adequately today.

Coconuts Do Poll on People

By GEORGE H. AKAU, JR.

EAR AFTER YEAR, visitors to our fair isles have asked the ques- Y tion "Has anyone been hit by a coconut?" or "Has anyone ever George Akau, Jr., a resident student at the been killed by a falling coconut?" and Pan-Pacific Research Institution, exhibits the other similar questions. Even local coconut that fell on his head; advances people have been curious as to the fall- a theory regarding Nature's forethought. ing coconut's effect upon a human skull. (Tree, left background, is a sago palm.) It has been the writer's novel ex- perience to have a coconut drop on his head. This freakish accident, excep- from which the nut fell was approxi- tionally rare, took place on the morning mately 30 feet tall. of Friday, November 25, 1932, at 10 Besides experiencing a mild case of o'clock in the presence of Achong shock and dizziness, no ill effects were Young, Masao Koga, Victor and suffered. It is the opinion of the writer Lucius Jenkins, on the trail leading to that only dry coconuts fall from trees the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. due to the drying up of their axis. The writer was one of a group of Furthermore, a coconut falling on a • five students, residing at the Research man will not injure him because the Institution, selected to repair the trail. dry coconut is light; its shape and During the course of the work a mild smooth surface causes it to glide off gust of wind was felt. A second later any object it meets and, lastly, the a thump on the head, like that of a fibre or mesocarp between the inner blackjack lightly swung, was exper- shell ( endocarp ) and its outer surface ienced. The coconut, a dry one, ( exocarp ) affords a springiness which bounced into a neighboring yard. The greatly lessens the force of the impact. witnesses seemed to think the incident Probably that accounts for no known funny and laughed merrily. The tree instance of injury from falling coconuts. 172 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

Japanese and Occidental Family Life Contrasted

By T. KITAOKA*

ET US CONSIDER some of the family first, the rest will take care of fundamental differences between itself." L the Japanese family in Japan and Let us in the second place consider the Occidental family, say in this problem from a religious point of America. view. In Japan, the family again pro- Perhaps one of the most striking dif- vides the value to the religious activity ferences between them is that the for- of its members. Filial piety and ances- mer is based on "familism" and the tor worship are the greatest religious latter on individualism. virtues. The relationship of the de- Someone has said that the individual pendents to their elders regulates the is the unit of society in the West, obligation of one to the other. whereas the family is unit in the East. The attitude of obedience and re- While this may be too categorical a spect toward parents is the supreme statement to be entirely true, it raises rule, in fact, filial piety is the very foun- several interesting questions: Is indi- dation of Japanese society. viduality suppressed, causing greater Ancestor worship plays a major part uniformity of personality in the Orient? in the activity of the family and its Is morality more socialized in the East? members because the dead are part of Is there more democracy in the West? the family just as much as the living In Japan, the family is the basis of members. As a result of filial piety and individual activity. The individual is ancestor worship the family becomes a subordinated under the welfare of the religious movement. Needless to say, family. such is not the case in an occidental Let us consider this phase of the sit- family, where individualism is stressed uation first, from an economic stand- to an extent that the father may belong point. The family takes care of the to one religion and the son to another. individual members. The earnings of It is not for me here to say whether the members are for the entire family. one type of family is superior to the The father and son go to work and the other, but rather simply to show the entire earnings are used for the family differences. In Japan, the fact that the budget. The son receives only that por- whole culture is engrossed in the fam- tion of the money which is given him by ily gives it stability and power. The the family head. many rites and ceremonials of the fam- A Japanese is forced by custom and ily bind its members in closer ties of public opinion to give more heed than union. in the West to the wishes of his family Let us compare these two family sys- and be guided by its dictates even after tems from a social standpoint. In Japan adulthood is reached. Many times he you place the family name before the enters an occupation that is in accord- personal name, in contrast to the Occi- ance with the tradition and wishes of dental custom of placing the surname the family. In the West there is greater last. This fact, at first, may seem su- freedom of choice in occupation as well perficial and insignificant, but with as other things. The individual occu- serious thought we can readily see the pational career, the individual initiative importance of the family in the East. and the development of individual po- Now consider the roles of the various tentialities are somewhat hampered in members of the family and their rela- the East. Someone has said, "In Japan, don to one another, which is quite con- trary to that of Occidental families. The * A graduate of the University of Hawaii, June, 1934, and a delegate, immediately after, at a Japa- father is the supreme head of the house, nese-American Students' Conference in Tokyo. whose authority is unlimited. He is a MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 173 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

Thus Japanese home life was brought to mium fixtures, electrification and adop- Hawaii but few examples remain against tion generally of America's home-making the rising tide of tinted tubs and chro- facilities and freedom for the individual. potential gOd and is worthy of great Even in Hawaii, a common sight dur- respect. He is the overlord and is the ing the celebration of boys' day is the economic, as well as social head. More- floating of hundreds of large, beauti- over, he is the official representative of fully colored paper carp at the Japa- the family in all its affairs; nothing can nese homes. It is a symbol that signi- be undertaken without his consent and fies the strength and power of boys. In approval. Japan, family shrines are visited and The role of the mother or wife is respects are paid to the dead ancestors. solely the bearing of and caring for Romance and love, quite contrary to children for her husband. In other the Occidental conception, are insigni- words, she is merely a means by which ficant in marriage. Usually, the parents the husband's family line is prolonged. choose the wife or husband, as the case The role of children in a Japanese may be, and the individual has nothing family is completely wrapped up in filial to say in the matter. He practically has obedience and ancestor worship. The no choice. The family regulates the law of primogeniture prevails. The in- field of contact of the individual. Here terdependence of the members of the again individuality is at the minimum. family upon each other is greatly in- We see that the wife exists only to add creased due to the obligation of one to prestige to the new family and satisfy the other. its needs. One aspect of the Japanese family The function of marriage in a Japa- widely remarked and praised by for- nese family is primarily to carry on the eign writers is the love for children. family life and to gain prestige and Children's holidays are numerous; spe- honor for the family. The bride after cial days are set aside for their cele- marriage is no longer connected with bration. her family, but becomes a member of 174 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZI NE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Reseorc h Institution Section

the new family and honors the dead an- In the economic activities of the cestors of her husband. A ceremony Japanese family here in the islands, we comparable to a funeral rite is held observe that the individual is acquiring when the bride departs from her home. greater power and prestige. In most Of course, emphasis must be placed on cases, an adult no longer advances all the fact that ideas and practices are of his earnings to the head of the fam- rapidly changing with the passing of ily as he thinks the family needs. Fur- time. thermore, an individual is not wholly Thus we see that the Japanese fam- guided by the dictates of the family but ily is based on familism, whereas the is in a better position to choose his Occidental family is based on individ- occupational career. He has more op- ualism. portunity to develop his individual abil- Furthermore, in Japan the family ity, capacity and initiative. controls and regulates the economic life In religious activities the general of an individual to a great extent, while tendency is that the family no longer in the Occident the individual has more determines the religion of the individ- freedom and choice in his economic ual. The individual is free to join the life. A Japanese family provides the religion of his choice. The father may value of religious activities, principally be a Buddhist and the son a sincere by way of ancestor worship and filial Christian. piety, whereas in an Occidental fam- Ancestor worship and filial piety do ily, one has more independence in that not play the important roles they once line. Finally, it is evident that a Japa- did. This does not mean that among nese family has far greater powers in the Japanese families there is no re- choosing an individual's life mate than spect for parents and elders. On the an Occidental family, which has little contrary, the Japanese in Hawaii are or no direct powers. widely known for these virtues. The Let us now consider the Japanese fact is that ancestor worship and filial family in Hawaii and note the various piety do not have the strong grip they changes that have taken place in a fam- used to hold upon the individual mem- ily system that was so rigid and hard, bers of the family. Here again we see a system which measured the values to the great influence of the Occidental the economic, social and religious ac- family system upon the stable Japanese tivities of the individual. On certain family system. customs and practices, the changes have Reviewing the situation from a social been radical. However, with the major- point of view, in connection with the ity of them the changes have been slow roles of individual members and their and gradual with the passage of time. relation to the family, we notice that These changes have been brought there are definite changes in the posi- about by the numerous adaptations of tion of the father. Although he is the- the Japanese immigrants to the new en- oretically the supreme head, the chil- vironment, but certainly the greatest dren of today do not look upon him as changes are due to the rise and growth a potential god. His powers in respect of the second generation of Japanese to the affairs of the family have been youths, born and reared under the decidedly lessened. There is more of American flag. the idea of mutual respect and coopera- Learning the English language un- tion. der the American educational system, The role of the mother or wife is and adopting American ideas, ideals gradually changing. Her role is not only and customs, this new generation of that of bearing and caring for. children "New American" necessarily brought but that of taking more active part in about a conflict with the older genera- the social and economic activities of the tion in the religious, economic, social family. and other activities of the individual in The Japanese women in Hawaii, par- his relation to the family. ticularly those of the second genera- No one will deny that the problem tion, are holding numerous important will be practically solved with the rise social and economic positions. They of the third generation. are given greater opportunities to ex- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZI NE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 175 Pan-Pacific Researc h Institution Section press themselves. They are not bound days without the traditional long drawn by rigid customs and traditions to out ceremony which calls for a tre- which their mothers were almost com- mendous expenditure of money. pelled to adhere. They wear modern The general tendency is to have a American costumes and act and speak simple, unceremonious marriage with like modern American girls. A Japa- only the members of the family and a nese flapper is a good example of the few friends attending. To the ances- extent a Japanese girl can be modern- tors of the family, such a form of mar- ized by her surroundings and com- riage would have been not only un- panions. thinkable, but a disgrace and shame. Boys and young men of the second We see then that the Japanese fam- generation are given the freedom and ily system has been greatly influenced opportunities which every young Amer- by the new environment. We have re- ican should possess. viewed the changes that have taken Romance and love, contrary to the place in the relationship between thc old Japanese custom, play important individual and the family. roles in the Japanese marriage of to- We see a gradual departure from day.—indeed, they are considered es- the Oriental family system based on sential to marriage. The young people familism, to the Occidental system of today demand the right to choose based on individualism. We witness their own brides and bridegrooms. the major role played by the second There are many instances where generation in breaking away from the young couples have married despite old system. We know that it is only a family opposition. More than that, matter of time before the problem of young Japanese couples marry these American assimilation will be solved.

Pan-Pacific Research Institution Dinners

EMBERS of the Pan-Pacific northwest of Hawaii, stopping at Ni- Union resident in Honolulu, hoa, Necker, French Frigates Shoal. visiting members from Pacific Laysan Island, Lisianski, Pearl and M lands and guests from all Hermes Reef, Midway, and Ocean corners of the world meet weekly for Island in fruitless search of possible re- dinner on Fridays, at the Pan-Pacific mains of the ill-fated Australian plane. Research Institution in beautiful Manoa Subject: Some Aspects of the Outlying Valley, Honolulu. Occasionally a meet- Islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago, ing is omitted when a counter-attraction illustrated by balopticon machine. in the form of some visiting scientist is Dr. F. X. Williams, Associate Ento- scheduled to speak at the University, mologist, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' As- Academy of Arts or elsewhere in the sociation Experiment Station. Subject: Eight Months' Sojourn in Guatemala-- city. From February 1 to the end of June illustrated with slides. ten dinner meetings have been held fea- Dr. Wilhelm W. Krauss, of the State turing, in the order named: Institute of Race Biology ( Staten Insti- Dr. Martha R. Jones, Director of tute vor Rasbiologi), Uppsala, Sweden. Ewa Health Center, who had recently Subject: Race Biological Population returned from New York City, where Questions. she was a guest speaker at the Cen- George Marvin, of the Sandwich Is- tenary of the American Dental Asso- lands Honey Company, Ltd, recently ciation. Subject: Changing Concepts assistant apiculturist, Bee Culture Lab- of a So-called Adequate Diet. oratory, U. S. Department of Agricul- Capt. Northrup H. Castle, of the ture. Subject: The Realm of the Honey Bee, illustrated with a new 4-reel film schooner Lanikai, who had recently cruised for 39 days through the islands from the U. S. Department of Agricul- 176 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

ture shown through the courtesy of the Richard Martin, Education as a Career; University of Hawaii Extension Divi- Gilbert Kimura, The Coffee Situation in sion. Another speaker on the same pro- Kona; Kapilroy Parekh, The Rise of gram was H. E. Coffey, Associate with the Indian Sugar Industry; John Akau Sandwich Islands Honey Co., Ltd. Sub- Jr., American Student Movement; Yau ject: Honey Production in the Hawai- Wai Wong, formerly from Lingnan ian Islands. There was an exhibit of University, Lingnan University; Teruo products of the honey industry and Togashi, My Opinion of the Pan-Paci- general discussion. fic Students' Club; Anastacio Luis, Re- E. H. Lewis, Supt. Santa Catalina lation Between College and Non-Col- Island Bird Park, California, showed lege Youth. colored motion pictures of birds, accom- Peter Iopa and J. White rendered pi- panied by a running lecture. ano selections and T. Rosenthal violin Dr. John H. Payne, Instructor in selections. Chemistry, University of Hawaii; for- 0. C. McBride, in charge Fruit-fly merly associated with Du Pont Corp., Division, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. Wilmington, Delaware. Subject: The Subject: Some Recent Entomological Chemical Future of Hawaii. Problems. An added attraction was Beatrice Krauss, Associate Plant Harry P. Field, Hawaiian Electric Physiologist, Pineapple Producers' Co- Company, with a demonstration of the operative Assn., University of Hawaii, Edgerton High Speed, a machine made who had recently returned from a visit at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- to Russia. Subject: Russia's Scientific nology. Featured in slow motion action Institutions. Miss Krauss' lecture fol- as swift as the dart of a snake's tongue lowed a program by members of the or the bursting of an electric light bulb. Pan-Pacific Students' Club, composed Capt. George T. Plummer, New Bed- of University of Hawaii students re- ford, Massachusetts. Subject: Old New siding at the Pan-Pacific Research In- England Whaling Days and Their stitution, under Chairman George Akau, Association with the Hawaiian Islands. Jr. Speakers and their subjects were: Illustrated with motion pictures of a Sutejiro Sato, Why I Am a Pacifist; whaling cruise. BULLETIN of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION

For April-June, 1935. Number 174

All Pan-Pacific associations and clubs throughout Pacific countries are requested to send in reports of current activities for publication in this section. Address commu- nications to MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, 1067 Alakea Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, for attention of THE EDITORS.

Amazing Developments in China

Changes during thirty years impressive; relation Philip- pine independence to Oriental development a subject for grave consideration; fabulous future for Pacific.

By CAMERON FORBES

S THE YEARS ROLL by and Cameron Forbes, former Governor- my experiences multiply, my General of the Philippines, head of thoughts seem to dwell more the American Economic Mission re- A and more upon the important cently engaged in a survey of the part which the Pacific Ocean must play Orient, was guest of honor at a as the future and greatest theatre of luncheon given by the Pan-Pacific world commerce. On the Asiatic side Association of Shanghai, May 9, its shores are inhabited by the vast and Dr. H. H. Kung, Minister of Finance dense populations of China, Japan and and Vice-President of the Executive the Dutch East Indies, and beyond by Yuan, presiding. The accompanying the teeming millions of India. article embodies the main points of On the Eastern side of the Pacific Mr. Forbes' address on that occa- Ocean lies the rich territory of the sion.—The Editors. Americas which, within the time of my memory, were very sparsely populated munication, then the greater will this and even today are not nearly occupied traffic become. to capacity. The progressive and active American peoples will undoubt- Phenomenal Growth edly populate the waiting spaces, de- I came first to the Orient in 1904 velop their resources and business as and the growth of business that has the years roll on, until their Pacific taken place since that time is truly States develop to a degree comparable phenomenal. Greater, faster and more to that which has taken place on the commodious steamers are plying the Atlantic seaboard. waters of the Pacific. History proves that whenever there If one wants to get an indication of are vast populations bordering on an the potential business between the ocean, there will arise the necessity for United States and China, one need a proportionate trade. The peoples of only consider the growth which has the Western and Eastern shores of the taken place in our trade with other Pacific will, without question, maintain places in the Pacific, such as the Philip- a great and an increasing commerce. pine Islands, Japan and Hawaii, calcu- It is axiomatic that vast creative late the trade on a per capita basis and populations must and will interchange then estimate the population of China commodities; and the greater the popu- and learn the almost unbelievable pos- lation, the greater their purchasing sibilities which the future holds for the power; the greater their means of com- growth of trade between China and 178 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

the United States, even if both popula- made providing means of inter-com- tions remain at their present size. With munication in China. Railroads are the increase of population the figures being built along strategic lines: also will be proportionately greater. we have figures indicating that 47,000 I have mentioned larger and faster miles of highways are now available to steamers but I should also mention the traffic, mostly opened up in the last five fact that the peoples of the Pacific are years, and that road-building is going now using recently added telephonic on at a rapid, we might almost say facilities; we can now talk across the feverish, pace. I came away from the Pacific, and with the opening up of Orient in 1932, having traveled many radio we have wireless communication miles in China, and it seemed to me connecting up the world in a way be- then that the automobile had not ar- lieved absolutely impossible even as rived in China; roads were mostly non- late as the beginning of the century. existent, and as one looked out of the Within different countries there is now train windows one saw bull carts, a regular air service, and we see in donkey carts, carts pushed by men and the newspapers frequent mention of pulled by men and dogs, produce possible overseas air service. carried on the backs of men, women, and animals. I have been here only a Drawn Together few days and our survey of the Re- The two sides of the Pacific, by these public of China has just begun, but the various agencies, are being drawn difference I note is amazing. At Nan- nearer and nearer together; and this king, where we spent two days, are inevitably means greater and more seen extensive highway construction profitable commerce. and important progress being made on The object of our Mission is to study the streets; and in addition to rickshas, the history of the movements which bullock carts, etc., we saw automobiles are now taking place, to note develop- in many directions and, what is more ments and growth and, where evidence significant, motor trucks loaded with shows a tendency to a decrease of heavy freight. business, we want to find out the reason for it. We want to find the underlying Dawn of New Era factors causing increases and decreases, All this means that a new era has and return to our principals and make dawned in China—an era of inter- a report which will tend to stimulate communication, offering passage for business, lessen the obstacles, and per- the products of the interior to the haps make suggestions that will result ports of the rivers and the seacoast, in new lines of business. and of articles of importation from the At a meeting like this I cannot set outside to interior points. It is an era forth any details which belong properly of great possibilities, and I believe it to the report which we will make on is only just at the beginning. We learn our return. At any rate, it is too early with great satisfaction of the work in in our journey to formulate a report— flood control, irrigation, forestation even if it were proper to make it; and and other important developments. I we are of necessity at the present look to see a growth and development time limiting ourselves to the studies in China which will transcend anything incident to our survey. I can, how- hitherto found in its 40 centuries of ever, speak without any reservations, known history. mental or otherwise, on the importance Moreover, China is taking its place I attach to Oriental trade in general among the foremost nations of the and to trade between China and the world as being air-minded. Note- United States in particular. It is a case worthy schools of aeronautics are being of straight mathematics—the gross maintained and Chinese pilots trained. potential per capita increase. A regular air service is being conducted Our visit has enlightened us in re- between strategic points. I have made gard to one thing in particular of which several dozen aeroplane trips but the very likely you who live in China are most noteworthy was the one I made cognizant—the immense strides being on Thursday from Nanking. We took MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 179 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section off from that city at four in the after- Philippine Islands and keep in touch noon in a plane capable of carrying 14 with operations and conditions there. passengers and without tipping or The trade relations between the circling once ( something wholly new in United States and the Philippine my experience ) we landed on the field Islands will remain as before with the at Shanghai in less than an hour from exception of sundry limitations on a the time we started. The great, hardly few specified products exported to the accessible areas of China will ultimate- United States and a quota for immi- ly come within easy reach as this gration. This will continue for five marvelous service achieves its full years, after which there will be a development. change in the form of duties paid on products going into the United States Philippine Islands from the Philippines. This experi- It seems appropriate to mention that mental situation will carry on until ten part of the Oriental Pacific that has years from the date of the passage of remained for over 30 years under the the act, at which time complete inde- American flag. I refer to the Philip- pendence will become effective unless pine Islands. The United States has some other arrangement is agreed upon now completed in its entirety whatever in the interim. promises may have been made to the This makes a wholly new situation Filipinos in the matter of granting in the Orient and one which the Phil- them independence. An act, passed by ippines will have to face with a good the Congress of the United States and deal of careful thought and intelligent approved by the President, has been consideration, especially with respect to accepted by the Filipino people, who the markets which they are to substitute are now in process of forming a com- for the American market when its monwealth. Under the sovereignty of tariffs go into effect at the expiration the United States they will have virtual of the ten years. This may mean a control of their own internal affairs, and burden too great for many of their in- operations will be conducted by officers dustries to support. elected by the Filipino people, and The cordiality of our reception, not under a President chosen by them. The only in China but in Japan, and by authority of the President of the United all elements, gives us great hope that States will be exercised by a High something tangible may be the result Commissioner who will reside in the of our efforts.

What Filipino National Language?

By TRINIDAD A. ROJO

HE CONVENTION which Tagalog as our national language, as it drafted the Constitution for the would meet a great deal of opposition future Philippine Republic ap- from the masses in the non-Tagalog T pointed an academy to select one provinces. But we can do much by way of the dialectsl to be adopted as our of preparatory steps. The Tagalog national language after the Islands fi- newspaper, talkie, and radio industries nally receive their independence in should realize that if Tagalog is 1940. The Academy is scheduled to adopted as our national language they make a report at that time. Tagalog will be immensely benefited; and they seems to be the favorite. Needless to should unite to campaign for its even- say, the time is not yet ripe for us to tual adoption. pass legislation for the adoption of An organization should be formed whose function is to engage speakers to After it had rejected the adoption of English as tour the provinces and deliver lectures the national language of the Philippines. 180 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

on behalf of the Tagalog dialect, in century. They borrowed learned order to prepare public opinion for its words, scientific, philosophical, military, adoption. The lecturers could start on ecclesiastical and legal terms from the the college students, high school teach- Greek and Latin. English also made ers and students, and on the elementary heavy drafts upon the French language. teachers attending the normal insti- Professor Greenough and Professor tutes. A textbook on national solidarity Kittredge in their work, Words and discussing, among other things, the Their Ways, picture to us the linguistic need of a national language should be situation in England during the infancy written for the intermediate schools. At of the English language as follows: first the campaign should be carried on tactfully, even indirectly, but it must Latin was a second vernacular to the educated for many centuries. Not only be well planned and persistently car- was it the language of learned professions ried on, becoming gradually more direct but it also long served as a means of com- and powerful. Perhaps after ten years munication among all but positively illiter- we shall then be ready for the adoption ate. To learn to read was to read Latin. Grammar was Latin grammar. Roger of Tagalog as our national language. Ascham remarks in a matter-of-fact way A great many Tagalogs have the that it would, of course, have been easier feeling that they are the cream among for him to write his Toxophilus in Latin the children of Juan de la Cruz. It is than in English. Legal documents, even the most ordinary kind, were indited in imperative that they should tone down that language. So were records of every their superiority complex; for it in- sort, not only of those of the state, but the creases the unwillingness of the Iloca- journals of guilds, and trade companies nos, Visayans, and others to accept the also. All important accounts were in Latin. Queen Elizabeth talked Latin with foreign dominance of the Tagalog dialect. ambassadors. Cromwell had Milton for his Ideally the organization to campaign on Latin secretary. behalf of Tagalog should be composed of persons from various parts of the Yet the native language, particularly Islands. There are influential Ilocanos, the dialect in London, triumphed in the Visayans, Pangpangos, and so on, who end because the native tongue is more are in favor of the adoption of Tagalog. deeply rooted in the feelings, emotions These should be asked to join the or- and moods of the people. While Latin ganization, and if possible carry the was used as the official language, Eng- propaganda amongst their own people. lish occupied itself assimilating learned A committee of scholars should col- words—scientific, philosophical, mili- lect and organize the materials for a tary, ecclesiastical and legal terms from pamphlet which will serve as a basis for the Greek, Latin, and French—a prac- the speakers on the linguistic problem. tice which is still in vogue today. Tagalog philanthropists should give The French language was also bar- prizes similar to the Nobel prize in lit- ren of learned words during the time of erature, which should be valuable Charlemagne. As late as 1532 Olivetan enough to arouse an epoch-making in- speaks of the French language as a bar- terest in the development of Tagalog barous jargon compared with Greek literature. They must be tempting and Hebrew. In 1559 Jean Bodin was enough to induce Ilocano, Pangpango, still complaining, "It would be a good Moro, and other writers to master Ta- thing if the arts and sciences were galog with the hope of entering the taught in the vernacular." In the words competition. of Tilly, "Certainly, the condition of The exponents of the adoption of the French language at the beginning English as the national language of the of Francis I was far from encouraging, Philippines confront those who cham- and it required a robust and discerning pion the vernacular with the question, faith to foresee its future glories." "How shall we translate scientific French, like English, Spanish, Italian books, the dialects being poor in scien- and other languages, has taken heavy tific terms.- We cannot do that yet. loans of learned words from Latin and Even English itself was barren of sci- Greek sources. entific terms as late as the sixteenth We should not disdain to do what MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 181 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section other peoples have done. Let English The immediate need then is not to continue to be the basis for instruction; make Tagalog the basis of instruction, let us keep it indefinitely for science, not to make it our official language, nor scholarship, diplomacy, and interna- to translate scientific books into Taga- tional commerce. But as an initial step, log, but to take the initial step for its courses in Tagalog should now be ini- preparation as our national language by tiated in the elementary schools as Ger- ( 1 ) newspaper propaganda; ( 2 ) the man and French are taught in the high establishment of a league to sponsor the schools of the United States. Mean- development of Tagalog language and while Tagalog will be absorbing appro- literature, and to engage lecturers on priate elements from foreign and its adoption as our national language; native sources, until it becomes an up- ( 3 ) the giving of prizes similar to No- to-date language that can be used with bel prizes to Tagalog literature, and by precision and efficiency not only for teaching courses in Tagalog in our ele- literary but also for scientific purposes. mentary schools, so that eventually a The resultant language will have Taga- Macabebe can use Tagalog for trading log as its core with a large amount of in Batanes Islands, an Ilocano tourist admixtures from the other dialects and in Palawan can use it as a lingua franca considerably enriched with Spanish and with the people there, a Manilan can English elements. In other words, our interview the sultan of Sulu in Tagalog, national language through the process Filipino leaders like Quezon and Os- of linguistic evolution guided by plan- mena can address the masses through- ning will be a fusion of our dialects out the Islands with interpreters, so with Tagalog as the foundation, and that Tagalog books, newspapers, and with English and Spanish as its intel- cinema films could have a national cir- lectual equipment and adornment. It culation. It would also be easier for us will be a composite language—a faith- to mobilize public opinion on behalf of ful reflection of the complex racial and a national program. cultural composition of our nation. If the Tagalog dialect is not accept- It might be objected that it will take able to the non-Tagalog Filipinos, we generations for Tagalog to develop into can resort to a compromise—a sort of a competent language for science. It Filipino Esperanto. We can take Ta- might, but what of it? Language is the galog as a whole as the basic dialect, expression of the social thought and and take synonyms, words denoting you cannot have a scientific language ideas, sentiments and things that do not where the nation is not scientifically exist in Tagalog from the other dia- minded, any more than a person can lects, and borrow scientific terms from express ideas which he does not have. Spanish and English as has been indi- Progress in science occasions vocabu- cated above. Then we shall have a lary expansion in scientific terms and language which is essentially indig- not vice versa. At all events the lan- enous, the handiwork of countless gen- guage of science is only for a limited erations of Filipinos from all over the few. Technical terms in English are archipelago. We shall have a compos- not intelligible to the English and ite native tongue which bears the stamp American masses. Therefore, in so far of the national genius quickened, invig- as science is concerned, there is not orated and enlarged through its politi- much difference if we adopt Tagalog as cal, social and economic relations with our national language, provided we other nations. In short, we shall have a keep English for scholarly and scientific common language born of patriotism, purposes at least until Tagalog shall broadened and seasoned with interna- have donned modern clothes. tionalism. 182 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

Pan-Pacific Movement in China

A Brief History of Its Development in Twenty-two Years

By DR. KUANGSON YOUNG

Executive Secretary, Pan-Pacific Association of China

HE PAN-PACIFIC MOVE- was the first president of the Associa- MENT in China had its begin- tion, which position he held until ning in 1913 when Dr. Amos P. elected as honorary president in April, Wilder, American Consul-Gen- 1928. On April 27, 1929, Dr. C. T. eral in Shanghai, organized the Satur- Wang, who had been serving as vice- day Club, the membership of which president of the Association since its was composed of men and women of inception, was elected pr e s i d en t. various nationalities. In those early Among those who have served or are days the club played an important part serving as vice-presidents are Major in the social and business life of Shang- A. Bassett, Col. L. M. Cosgrave, Dr. hai, providing means of bringing to- J. W. Ross, Dr. D. McGillivray, gether different elements in a common Messrs. H. B. Campbell, Yang Tcheng, effort for civic improvement. The Club H. Middleton, and T. Funatsu. The actively promoted friendly relations late Mr. S. C. Chu and Messrs. F. J. among Chinese and foreigners and Raven, Y. M. Chien, and K. P. Chen offered opportunities for them to con- have served successively as treasurer. sider problems of common interest. During the first year, Mr. A. G. In the following year, as the result Loehr served as executive secretary. He of a visit by Mr. Alexander Hume succeeded in arousing much interest in Ford, director of the Pan-Pacific Union, the objects of the Association. Unfor- a group of the members met to consider tunately, he was obliged to return to enlarging the interests and activities of the United States and had to resign the organization. The late Dr. Wu from the post. From the very begin- Ting-fang and Y. C. Tong, with ning, Mr. George A. Fitch, who was Messrs. M. Y. Chung, F. J. Raven, instrumental in founding the Pan-Pa- H. Middleton, and K. Kanasaki were cific Association of Shanghai, has active in this work. After several meet- served as honorary secretary. He has ings, a constitution was submitted to done more than anyone else in keeping the members of the Saturday Club for the Association alive as well as pushing their consideration and adoption. forward its various activities. Dr. Fong Unfortunately, the World War held F. Sec, Miss A. Viola Smith, Mr. Jabin up the scheme which was not taken up Hsu, and Mr. P. K. Chu have also again until February, 1920. In the served as honorary secretaries and di- meantime there was organized at Hono- rectors at one time or another, and to- lulu the Pan-Pacific Union, whose gether with the directors and other name and objects made a strong appeal executive officers were responsible for to those interested in similar causes. the remarkable progress made by the The Advisory Committee of the Satur- Association during its fifteen years. day Club redrafted the proposed con- The work of the Pan-Pacific Asso- stitution, and the first meeting of the ciation of Shanghai received added Pan-Pacific Association, Shanghai, was zeal and impetus when, in 1921, it was held on August 1, 1920, when the con- host to a party of one hundred Ameri- stitution was formally adopted. can Congressmen who were making a Dr. Tong Shao-yi, the vet er an tour through the Orient under the aus- statesman, former Premier of China, pices of the Pan-Pacific Union, Hono- Pan-Pacific Leaders in China

Officials of the Pan-Pacific Association of ciation of Shanghai; right (top), Vice-Presi- China: Top, center, President Dr. H. H. Kung, dent Dr. Wu Lien-teh, head of the National Quarantine Service, and Director Gen. Wu Te- Minister of Finance; left, (top) Vice-President chen, Mayor of the Municipality of Greater Dr. Sun Fo, son of Sun Yat-sen, President of Shanghai. ¶ Below, officials of the Pan-Pa- Legislative Yuan, National Goverment, and cific Association of Shanghai, left to right: Director Dr. C. T. Wang, Member Central Directors Mr. Arthur Bassett and Dr. J. Usang Executive Committee of the National Govern- Ly, President Chiaotung University, and Vice- ment, and President of the Pan-Pacific Asso- President Mr. H. B. Campbell. lulu. At the banquet held in honor of event one of the most interesting and these American lawmakers, Dr. Sun notable in the Association's history. Yat-sen, honorary president of the From the very beginning, the Pan- Pan-Pacific Union, was the main Pacific Association of Shanghai has speaker of the occasion, making the been devoting a great deal of its atten- 184 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

tion to the improvement of means of Officers and Directors of the Pan- communication in China. As a result, Pacific Association of Shanghai, Shang- a Committee on Good Roads, under the hai Trust Bank Building, 190 Peking chairmanship of Dr. C. T. Wang, was Road, Shanghai, China: formed to arouse the Chinese authori- ties and people as well as foreign resi- OFFICERS TONG SUAO-1'I, Honorary President. dents in China to the necessity of C. T. WANG, President. organizing a Good Roads Association R. CALDER-MARSHALL, Vice-President. P. W. Kuo, Vice-President. to push and encourage the building of H. P. CAMPBELL, Vice-President, T. FUNATSU, Vice-President. good roads throughout the country. P. K. Clip, Honorary Secretary. The movement was launched on May G. A. FITCH, Honorary Secretary, K. P. CHEN, Honorary Treasurer. 4, 1921, under the leadership of Dr. MRS. MARGUERITE C. CHEN, Executive Secretary. C. T. Wang. It is today a powerful DIRECTORS national movement and its influence A. BASSETT, C. H. GROBOIS, S. HUTCHINSON, P. Y. permeates the remotest parts of the HO, T. H. LEE, A. Eico, J. USANG LY, BRUCE MACDON- ALD, S. 1). REN, MISS A. VIOLA SAIITH, T. C. TAI, country. HRS. C. H. WANG, and S. U. ZAU. For the purpose of putting into effect the various projects undertaken and PROGRAM COMMITTEE advocated by the Pan-Pacific Associa- One member from each national tion, numerous committees, in addition group: MRS. E. H. Catssv, Chairman, American. to the one on Good Roads, were Miss A. VIOLA SMITH, American. formed, such as those on entertainment, MRS. C. M. BASTO DA SILVA, Portuguese. L. V. ARNOLDOV, Russian. publicity, membership, finance, educa- S. MATSUMOTO, Japanese. S. H. TONG, Chinese. tion, etc. The Publicity Committee P. K. CHEW, Chinese. published a handbook, China: A BRUCE MacHorsat,n, British. Source Book of Information, which MRS. MARGUERITE CHEN, Ex-officio. was much appreciated. The Tourist National Association Bureau Committee did noteworthy work in getting the railway authorities WENTY-TWO YEARS' prog- and some of the hotels to give money ress of the Pan-Pacific Movement to start a bureau for looking after the T reckoned from the formation of tourists who come to China. Although the Saturday Club in 1913, was amaz- much has been accomplished by the ing and surpassed the expectation of Association in this direction, a great its founders. Consequently it was deal remains to be done. With the deemed opportune to nationalize the popularization of the movement on a movement by establishing in the vari- national scale, the tourist business in ous cities Pan-Pacific Associations for China may be considerably developed the promotion of good will and fellow- and promoted. ship between the Chinese and peoples The Association has also attempted of other lands residing and doing busi- to establish an Art Museum for Shang- ness in China. The visit of Alexander hai. It publishes the Pan-Pacific Bul- Hume Ford to China in 1932 and 1933 letin to keep the members informed of was again timely and his assistance was the activities of the Association and sought in this expansion campaign. At kindred organizations in other Pacific a preliminary meeting held under the lands. chairmanship of Dr. C. T. Wang, it In addition to its attempts to put was decided to invite a number of through the prescribed program, the prominent leaders in China to become Association holds at least one meeting members of the Board of Directors. each month at which distinguished men Those who responded to this invitation and women of national and interna- were Dr. Tong Shao-yi, Dr. H. H. tional repute are given an open forum Kung, Dr. C. T. Wang, Dr. Sun Fo, to express their views on various sub- Li Ming, Chang Kia-ngau, K. P. Chen, jects. The monthly meetings also pro- the late Dr. C. C. Wu, Dr. Hu Shih, vide opportunities for the members as Dr. Y. T. Tsur, Dr. Chang Po-ling, well as leading persons in Shanghai to Dr. P. W. Kuo, Dr. Wu Lien-teh, Dr. meet together and cultivate more inti- Fong F. Sec, Dr. Tsai Yuan Pei, and mate acquaintance. Mayor Wu Te-chen. At a subsequent MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 185 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section meeting of the Provisional Board of Di- members of the Shanghai Association, rectors, held on April 8, 1933, under it is expected that before long the Pan- the chairmanship of Dr. C. T. Wang a Pacific Movement in this country will drafting committee was appointed, be popularized and that prosperous composed of Jabin Hsu, Drs. Fong F. Pan-Pacific Associations will be estab- Sec and P. W. Kuo, with Hsu as sec- lished in the various cities of China. retary and convenor. Hsu and his col- Dr. Sun Fo at Nanking, Dr. Chang leagues produced the draft of the Con- Po-ling at Tientsin, and Drs. Hu Shih stitution and By-Laws which were and Y. T. Tsur at Peiping, have all adopted at the first meeting of the formulated plans for the organization Board of Directors held on April 28, of Pan-Pacific Associations in their re- 1933, spective localities to provide ample At the first meeting of the Board, facilities for Chinese and foreigners in Dr. H. H. Kung, Governor of the Cen- China to get better acquainted and to tral Bank of China and now concur- cultivate the best of relations among rently Vice-President of the Executive them. Yuan and Minister of Finance, was The mission of the Pan-Pacific elected president of the National Asso- Movement is the promotion of good ciation, with Drs, C. C. Wu and Wu will and understanding among the peo- Lien-teh as vice-presidents, Dr. P. W. ples of the world in general and the Kuo, honorary secretary, and K. P. peoples of the Pacific area in particular. Chen honorary treasurer. The execu- It is an effort on the part of the intelli- tive officers and the Board of Directors gent leaders in the various Pacific coun- were officially inducted into their of- tries to bring about permanent peace fices. At the request of both the Na- and prosperity in the Pacific regions tional and Shanghai Associations, the and to supplement other peaceful en- Bank of China consented to assist the deavors for the promotion of interna- promotion of the Pan-Pacific movement tional good will and fellowship. by assigning Milton C. Lee to spend Officers and directors of the Pan- part of his time with the two Associa- Pacific Association of China, 302 Con- tions as executive secretary, which tinental Emporium, Nanking Road, position Lee assumed on August 1, Shanghai ( telegraphic address, Cheki- 1933. In April, 1934, Lee was obliged aiagi) : to resign, due to his transfer to Canton, and Mrs. Marguerite C. Chen was ap- OFFICERS pointed by the Board to succeed him. H. H. KUNG, President. SUN Fo, Vice-President. In January, 1935, due to the increasing Wu LIEN-TER, Vice-President. duties of the local Association, Mrs. K. P. CHEN.; Honorary Treasurer. P. W. Kuo, Honorary Secretary. Chen resigned from the National As- KUANGSON YOUNG, Executive Secretary. sociation and the Board voted to ask the President to appoint an executive DIRECTORS CHANG KIA-NGAU, Shanghai. secretary to take up the work, where- CHANG Po-LING, Tientsin. upon Dr. C. Kuangson Young, Special FOND F. Stc, Shanghai. Hu Simi, Peiping. Inspector of Foreign Affairs for the 1,1 MING, Shanghai. Provinces of Hunan and Hupeh, Minis- TONG SHAO-YI, Canton. TSAI YUAN-PEI, Shanghai. try of Foreign Affairs, was appointed Y. Y. Tsu, Shanghai. Y. T. TsuR, Peiping. to fill the vacancy. With perfection of C. T. WANG, Shanghai. the organization, the Pan-Pacific Asso- Wu TE-CHEN, Shanghai. ciation of China, national in scope and HONORARY BOARD for the purpose of promoting the Pan- Ti. E. D. BocomoLorv, U. S. S. R. Ambassador to Pacific Movement in China, came into China. being. H. E. A. WILDEN, French Minister to China. Ti. E. A. NAVARRO, Portuguese Minister to China. Under the able leadership of His H. E. W. J. R. THORBECKE, Netherlands Minister to China. Excellency, Minister H. H. Kung, and H. E. A. ARIYOSHI, Japanese Minister to China. the energetic cooperation of the other H. E. SIR ALEXANDER CADOGAN, K.C.M.G., C.D., British Minister to China. officers and directors of the National HON. P. SMART, Chilean Charge d'Affaires in China. HON. E. S. CUNNINGHAM, U. S. A. Consul-Gen- as well as the Shanghai Association, eral in Shanghai. together with the hearty support of the HoN. M. EREsco, Mexican Consul in Shanghai. 186 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

ADVISORY BOARD nomic Research, the three organiza- JTJLEAN ARNOLD. L. V. A RNOLDOV. tions jointly directing publication. ARTHUR BASSETT. It is planned to make LOUIS BEAI,E. The China R. CALDER-MARSHALL. Quarterly the most authoritative Chi- C. D. DIXON. GEORGE A. FITCH. nese magazine in English on political, ESSON M. GALE. economic and social problems of the J. M. HENRY. A. L. MARKER. great Far East. SIR FREDERICK MAZE. F. SAUSSINE. Directors: H. H. Kung, Honorary MRS. C. M. BASTO DA SII,VA. Chairman; K. P. Chen, Chairman; T. LEIGHTON STUART. II. YOKOTA KE. P. W. Kuo, Managing Director; Y. S. Tsao, Chief Editor; C. K. Young, New Magazine Managing Editor; W. K. Tang, Treas- urer, and J. S. Tow, Secretary. Planned for first issue July 1, 1935, Board of Editors: Y. S. Tsao, Chair- The China Quarterly is sponsored by man; C. K. Young; W. K. Tang, C. L. The Pan-Pacific Association of China; Hsia, K. K. Lieu; C. S. Kwei; M. T. Z. China Institute of International Rela- Tyau; Hollington Tong; Su-Hsi Hsu; tions and Institute of Social and Eco- Y. C. Hoe and P. Q. Hsu.

Pan-Pacific Clubs in Japan

IVE PAN-PACIFIC CLUBS in each meeting are made for file in the Japan are located, one each, in Club's archives, and sent weekly to the FTokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe and Pan-Pacific Union in Honolulu where Nara. Advice of activities and of- they are frequently published in the ficial personnel of the Pan-Pacific Club MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE. Meetings are of Tokyo has been received from Mr. open to the public. Application for Akira Uchida, Secretary of the House membership should be sent to head- of Peers and Secretary of the Club, as quarters. follows: Officers: Headquarters: Office of the House of Honorary President: H. E. Prince Iye- Peers, Uchisaiwaicho, Kojimachiku, sato Tokugawa. Tokyo ( Telephone Ginza 3955-3959). Honorary Vice-Presidents: H. E. Gen- Object of the Club: To promote eral Tsiang Tso-Ping, Chinese Minis- friendly relations and to create mutual ter to Tokyo; H. E. Marquis Toshinari understanding among nations border- Maeda; H. E. Marquis Yorisada To- ing on the Pacific Ocean. kugawa. Brief History: The Club was founded President: H. E. Viscount Tadashiro on April 21, 1923, and has held weekly Inouye. luncheon meetings continuously during Vice-Presidents: Dr. Thomas Baty; the last ten years except in summer Mr. Everett Wells Frazar; Dr. Bunji vacations. Mano; Mr. Edwin L. Neville. Present Membership: About 350 mem- Directors: Mr. H. B. Benninghoff ( Lec- bers ( May, 1935). turer, Waseda University); Mr. Tsugi- Membership Fee: An annual fee of yoshi Cho (Chief Secretary, House of Five Yen ( Y5.00). Peers ), Executive Director; Dr. Kingo Meeting: The Club meets for luncheon Goto ( Red Cross Hospital ); Mr. Jiuji every Friday noon at 12:30 at the Im- Kasai (member, Tokyo Municipal As- perial Hotel. Luncheon: Yen 1.50 per sembly ); Mr. Soichi Saito ( General person. Secretary, Y. M. C. A. of Japan ); Mr. Remarks: Guests and speakers of the Enji Takeda ( Secretary of American- Club include prominent foreign diplo- Japan Society); Mr. H. L. Yang ( Sec- mats, businessmen and visitors in To- retary of Chinese Legation ). kyo as well as eminent Japanese. Steno- Secretary: Mr. Akira Uchida, Secre- graphic and photographic records of tary, House of Peers. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 187 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

the world had to be weaned from a Books Received malignant growth. Between the ideal DOCUMENTARY TEXTBOOK ON INTER- of world peace and the actuality of it NATIONAL RELATIONS, A Text and lies what, in the face of past confer- Reference Study Emphasizing Offi- ences, must seem an insurmountable cial Documents Relating to World barrier—war. The conferences, in fact, Peace and International Coopera- seem to build up the barrier, stave off tion, by John Eugene Harley. Sut- its ultimate collapse, which should be tonhouse, Los Angeles. their wish. If this book as a textbook does HIS well-indexed book with its nothing else but breed in the young a excellent bibliography should be vast and healthy disrespect for the the desk book of any person read- feeble compromising statesmen of the T ing or writing on the affairs of na- past, it will have freed the world of one tions. In fact, its approach is entirely of the greatest causes of war, and a documentary one threaded only at in- equipped another generation with a tervals with judiciously placed text. strength and outlook that should de- Hence, it is an entirely detached volume mand peace, and demanding it, be sat- and not shot full of irrelevant opinions. isfied with nothing less. The reader is allowed to supply his Chronologically, the contents are de- own, and, to me, that invitation is an veloped under these parts: One, In- alluring one. Here are the documents ternational Organization and Coopera- themselves without the benefit of apol- tion; Two, Pacific Settlement of Inter- ogists. Where there are apologists to national Disputes; Three, The Renun- speak, the opposition is always given ciation of War; Four, The Limitation likewise. and Reduction of Armaments. Your favorite treaty will be in this book, and your favorite conference. THE CUBAN CRISIS AS REFLECTED IN The World Court and the League of THE NEW YORK PRESS ( 1895-1898), Nations are presented both in still life by Joseph E. Wisan. Columbia Uni- and in action pictures. Nation rebukes versity Press, New York. 477 pages. nation and you may pick your prefer- $4.50. ence at invective. In short, you can be omniscient and omnipresent at the mak- EOPLE who complacently believe ing and breaking of nations, and see our nation is so emotionally stabi- for yourself how all attempts at peace Plized that we cannot be forced into seem to beget one thing—war. a war through the direct influences of Mainly, that is the outstanding im- hysteria will find much to upset their pression as one reads--the futility of smug beliefs in The Cuban Crisis, re- all attempts toward a permanent peace. leased by the Columbia Press as a It is like a nation that votes for prohi- scholarly treatise on the part New York bition and continues to drink. Each newspapers played in stampeding the nation feels its destiny the chosen one; U. S. into the war with Spain. votes for peace to protect the weaker This volume offers the first complete nations, while having no idea of main- survey of the news and editorials of taining that peace if the most minor of the New York daily press in relation her own rights is infringed. That the to the Cuban Rebellion and Spanish- basic ideal for the prohibition of war is American relations in the eventful years right, they all agree, yet at the first 1895-1898. It begins with the outbreak hint of a complete disarmament em- of fighting in Cuba in 1895; it closes bracing all nations, each feels that it with our declaration of war against has at least one good war left under its Spain. Between these dates it furnishes belt, and chooses to wait. The implica- a compact and enlightening survey of tion is always that in disarmament it is the news as it was covered in Wash- necessary to taper off slowly. This ington, Madrid, Havana, and with the should appeal to a thoughtful person to Cuban and Spanish forces in the field. be as ridiculous as that of a doctor cut- The Cuban Crisis also traces every ting out a cancer piecemeal. It is as if change in editorial opinion as the con- 188 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

flict developed and the United States historical parallel is traced between the moved toward war. constitutional principles upon which These were the years in which a the commonwealth rests, and the prop- large section of New York journalism ositions made by the American colonists was most "yellow" and sensational. prior to the Revolution and rejected by The most widely circulated newspapers the Imperial authorities. went to extreme lengths in exciting The second lecture is concerned with sympathy with Cuba, in arousing con- the emergence of Canada as a demo- tempt and hatred towards Spain, and cratic nation, the winning of respon- in trying to push the American govern- sible government, the confederation of ment toward intervention and war. This provinces, the extension of the Domin- volume shows how effective their work ion of Canada to the Pacific, and the was. It also does full justice to the coming of legislative independence. In contrasting labor of conservative jour- all these steps it is shown that the nals which supported Cleveland and United States had a predominant, if McKinley in their efforts to maintain a unconscious, influence upon Canada. neutral role. In the final lecture, Dr. Dafoe re- It affords an excellent study of .the marks upon contemporary problems, successive steps in the creation of a the trade situation, and the interchange war psychology. of populations. Continuing, he pene- trates the North American outlook toward world affairs and the possibility CANADA, AN AMERICAN NATION, by of cooperation John W. Dafoe. Columbia Univer- toward peace. sity Press. $2.00. In this last section the reader may ponder. For all of our common back- HE AUTHOR of this book, let it ground and pioneering tradition, there be made clear from the beginning, must be some difference between the two nations. When the 25,000,000 Tis not the Dr. Dafoe of Canadian Americans who cross the borders into Quintuplet fame. Dr. John Dafoe is an authority on Canadian-American rela- Canada each year walk through the streets there, one would be hard put to tions and is the editor-in-chief of the Free Press of Winnipeg. tell them from their neighbors. But, as The book is made up of three lec- some poet wrote, whose name escapes tures given on the Julius Beer Foun- me: "Underneath the brown felt hat, leaps thought, the agile acrobat." dation at Columbia University during 1933-1934. The lectures, in the order given, are: Canada's Rise to Nation- THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELA- hood; Canada as a Democracy; Canada TIONS IN THE UNITED STATES ( Sur- as a Neighbor. That the doctor is an vey for 1934 ), Edited by Edith E. outstanding authority on his subject Ware, Ph.D., New York: Columbia becomes evident as the lectures pro- University Press. 503 pages. $3.50. gress. UBLISHED for the American Na- For a man caught between two fires, tional Committee on Intellectual a Canadian patriot lecturing on an Cooperation of the League of Na- American fellowship at an American tions, this book is the product of well institution, Dr. Dafoe succeeds with a disciplined and exhaustive research minimum of backscratching. To me, into America's stand, position and in- this carries a larger implication of tellectual grasp of its connection with neighborliness than does the text which the world of nations. The book was he presents. It is only when two na- compiled between 1933 and 1934, but tions are very amiable indeed that they covers the period from the World War may drop all self-consciousness in the until that time. Every indication is presence of each other. given that America and Americans are The first lecture deals with America's becoming more internationally minded. influence on Canada; reckons with the The number of societies which con- common language factor, inherent so- tribute to this development is astound- cial attitudes and political beliefs. A ing. Amiability toward the world out- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 189 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

side of national barriers seems more dent of Columbia University has signed widespread than one would think, and his name, given mouth to, or sanctioned in this book one is taken in by the will- no less, according to my calculations, ingness of not only scholars, but groups than 3880 pieces of Butlerana, ranging as a whole, to see all sides of each from books on international affairs to international problem which arises. A his Christmas cards. review of the methods of cooperation The book is more than a bibliog- and coordination making this work raphy. It is a chart defining the course possible would offer a commentary sec- of the American liberal mind, and the ond only to the book itself. growth of America's greatest liberal The chapter on the Pacific area gives institution, Columbia University. a summary of the work done by the Through the pages devoted to ad- Institute of Pacific Relations. It finds dresses, essays and articles, one follows that most of the conclusions reached by the thought of this century. An essay, the Institute are considered tentative as The Permanent Influence of Immanuel yet, but that they are none the less Kant, is the opening item. Closing this valuable inasmuch as they augur well section is an address given at a lunch- for the future. A good explanation of eon. In the middle and latter parts of the Institute's working plan is given. the same section one finds Dr. Butler Acknowledgment is also given the Pan- deserting the learned societies and ad- Pacific Union for its work of establish- dressing the Chambers of Commerce, ing friendly international understand- bankers' associations, and patriotic or- ing throughout the Pacific and for its ganizations. In 1917 and 1918 this is furthering and coordinating studies in particularly true. On Thanksgiving the field of natural science for the Pa- Day, 1917, we find him able to deliver cific area. In this connection, the work an address, Steadfast in Faith, and of the Bishop Museum of Honolulu is willing to have it reprinted in Scholar- mentioned. ship and Service. In the same year he The book is divided into five parts: found time to confer degrees upon (1) Organization and Research; ( 2 ) George Ellery Hale, Robert Andrews Discipline of Study and Research; ( 3 ) Millikan, and Paul Elmer More, write Regional Fields of Study and Research; on academic freedom, bid farewell to ( 4 ) Education in International Rela- his students going to war, and send tions; ( 5 ) The League of Nations, and greetings to New Russia. At Albany Study and Research in International he acted as apologist for the Republi- Relations. The subdivisions under the can party. five headings are well chosen and fall In 1929 we find the Doctor still ad- naturally into place. There is an excel- dressing the commercial and industrial lent index directory. clubs, and in this year he confers his This book belongs in the library of bumper crop of degrees. The repeal of every person, or group, who takes the the 18th Amendment noses out other word "international" to be something items through 1930-1931-1932. Clos- more than the trade name of a press ing that year he writes A Program for service or a harvester company. Peace and Prosperity, and titles his Christmas cards, Looking Forward. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NICHOLAS MURRAY Besides the section devoted to ad- BUTLER 1872-1932, compiled by Mil- dresses, essays, and articles, there are ton Halsey Thomas. New York: sections devoted to School and College Days, Books ( he has authored 18), In- Columbia University Pres. 438 pages. troductions and Prefaces, Translations, $5.00. Books and Periodicals edited, and An- R. BUTLER is fortunate, as is nual Reports. The volume is well posterity, in finding a bibliog- indexed but it has less need for an D rapher so diligent as Mr. index than any bibliography the re- Thomas. If any item of Dr. Butler's viewer has read. It is a book to be utterance is skipped in this book of 438 taken as one takes an epic poem or a pages, one would be hard put to find novel. it. In his career of 40 years, the presi- WALKER WINSLOW 190 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

TOWARD UNDERSTANDING JAPAN, by three pacts, . . . But Japan was wrong Sidney L. Gulick; Macmillan Co., much earlier . . . when she signed those 1935. pacts. . . . She is economically justified in her course of action." TS TITLE well describes the object The author presses for the recogni- of this book, for we find here a clear tion of Manchukuo, which would make I and vigorous exposition of Japan's for peace. The United States might attitude towards the economic and poli- thus show approval of the acknowl- tical problems facing her both in the edged change for the better in the gov- national and international field. It is in ernment administration of that country; truth a frank representation of Japan's a virile nation can not remain static, nor case to the world, her fears and hopes, can the former conditions be restored her interests, policies, and demands. after four years have passed. We can The author went to Japan in 1887, envisage here the well-founded fear of and has spent nearly thirty years there, her powerful neighbors, Russia and acquiring an intimate knowledge of China, and also Japan's naive surprise the language and life of the people, and at her own moral isolation and at the writing a number of books. Although distrust with which the whole world the motto of this book seems to be "If regards her! we see to it that there is no White Other important matters dealt with Peril for the yellow man, there will be are Japan's claim to naval parity, her no Yellow Peril for the white man," choice now to be made between a dic- yet it is impartial in distributing praise tatorship by the military party, or rep- and blame where it seems due, and the resentative parliamentary government; author emphasizes especially the shat- her settled determination to be predom- tered prestige of the white race in late inant in all Asia, and to come through years. this critical year with enhanced power Not many pages are devoted to and prestige. A "stupendous drama" the problems of China, which for the is being unfolded before us in the East, present "lies helpless at Japan's feet," and cannot be ignored by teachers and thanks to the failure of Great Britain leaders in the Occident. As Dr. Gulick and the United States of America to says, the United States cannot now get combine their forces to protect her out of the Far East, is getting ever when attacked in 1932. However, we more deeply in, and must stay there. are given a revelation of c e r t a in But on what terms? As an enemy, or hitherto unrealized aspects of the as a friendly neighbor? Twenty-One Demands on China made Under his constructive proposals to by Japan in 1915; these are extenuating meet the problem, he puts first the facts which considerably soften their avoidance of needless irritations; the harshness, though not justifying them. abolition of the clause excluding Japa- Dr. Gulick thinks that there is defi- nese from the United States; the recog- nitely a rising tide of hostility to the nition of Manchukuo; the promotion of white peoples, who have mistreated, exploited, and despised Oriental ones clearly defined trade agreements; con- too long, so that there is much talk of trol of the movement of capital and a Pan-Asia League to foster a common goods by foreign merchants and finan- race consciousness and resist aggres- ciers, which often leads to the threat sions from every side—"the East is of war; and a revision and reshaping awake!" of our naval policy towards Japan. In one vigorous paragraph we are These are indisputably wise proposals given a clear insight into the causes though involving sacrifices on all sides; that led up to the explosion over Man- all will not agree with some others churia in 1931. And he goes on to made by the author, but these do not quote the opinion of a noted economist, affect the contribution of the book as a Dr. Eldridge of Columbia University, whole to our knowledge of the soul and who supports Japan's move into Man- mind of Japan. Many people, however, churia—"Legally, Japan is wrong; it will agree that it is time for the setting has violated the spirit and letter of all up of machinery to deal with the spe- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL-JUNE, 1935 191 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section cial problems of justice and peace in peace as they are ready to make in East Asia, and perhaps for a Security war; that this is the only way to avoid Pact among the Pacific powers. conflicts in the future. Throughout this interesting book, the This book of Dr. Gulick's should author seems to bear in mind Lord therefore be of value to the cause of Cecil's weighty pronouncement at Ge- true peace in the world, and particu- neva, i. e., that all countries must be larly in the Pacific, with which area we prepared to make as great national sac- are chiefly concerned. rifices in the pursuit and attainment of MILDRED STALEY.

Pan-Pacific Luncheon Meetings

EGULARLY on Mondays the Civic Association. Subject: Fifty Years Pan-Pacific Union holds lunch- After. Exhibits sent to the Pan-Pacific eon meetings in Honolulu fea- Union from the Junior Red Cross of R turing speakers from Pacific Japan were shown with paintings and lands and all parts of the world. Fortu- other gifts received by Mrs. W. A. nately, here at the Crossroads of the Angwin. Pacific, there is exceptional opportunity Dr. Wilhelm W. Krauss of the State for engagement of cosmopolitan talent Institute of Race Biology ( Staten Insti- and the meetings are consistently well tute vor Rasbiologi ), Uppsala, Sweden. attended. Subject: Social Race Problems. Dr. From January to June inclusive the Krauss came to Hawaii for several principal speakers and their subjects months' research and was invited to live have been, in the order named: at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. Teijiro Tamura, Consul-General for Dr. A. F. Roadhouse, Inglewood, Japan in Hawaii. Subject: A Selfish California. Subject: Hebrew Ivasion of Talk from a Selfish Viewpoint—an un- Palestine. He stressed the fulfillment of usually frank talk on Japan's position in Old Testament prophecy in this historic the Far East. Anthony Euwer, author, land, which he had just visited on a artist. and lecturer from the Northwest, world tour. entertained with limericks. Dr. Harold J. Hoflich, Department of Dr. Syngman Rhee, noted Korean Economics, University of Hawaii, for- educator, recently returned from Wash- merly connected with the California ington with his young Viennese bride, Emergency Relief Administration. Sub- related experiences during his two ject: President Roosevelt's Security years' absence from Hawaii, including Program. a visit to London and Geneva. Rev. and Marshall L. McEuen, president of Mrs. W. L. Swallen, missionaries in the Hawaii Joint Labor Board. Subject: Pyeng-Yang, Korea, for forty-two The Townsend Plan—Pro and Con. years, spoke briefly and sang Korean Dr. K. C. Leebrick of Syracuse Uni- hymns. versity, New York, formerly with the Yiffin Huang of the Chinese Consul- University of Hawaii. Subject: Aspects ate in Hawaii. Subject: Reply to Japa- of the Roosevelt Administration. nese Consul-General Tamura—Prob- Ray Semmes, director of the Federal lems of the Far East From a Chinese Housing Administration in Hawaii, and Point of View. Gladys Li Hee gave a his assistant, J. Stowell Wright, Univer- Chinese dance—a bit of Peking opera. sity of Hawaii graduate. Subject: The Celebrating the 50th anniversary of National Housing Act and Its Applica- the arrival of Japanese immigrants in tion to Hawaii. Hawaii. Col. Curtis P. Iaukea, Hawai- Col. P. A. Moore, of Banff, Canada, ian statesman and diplomat of the for- lecturer, guide and big game hunter, mer Kingdom of Hawaii. Subject: Japa- also a member of the Royal Geographi- nese Immigration. Masaji Marumoto, cal Society. Subject: The Early His- president of the Hawaiian Japanese tory of Canada. 192 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

Miles E. Cary, Principal of McKin- Marshall L. McEuen, President of ley High School. Subject: Trends in the Hawaii Joint Labor Board. Subject: High School Education. One of his Is Recovery Possible Without Reform? students, Marjory Okimoto, spoke on Special guests of honor at this luncheon Some Aspects of Humane Week, dra- were twelve student participants from matically interpreted by a group of the other islands in the Honolulu Star- Mrs. Fern Weaver McQuesten's stu- Bulletin's annual oratorical contest on dents in a skit written by Beatrice Lum the Constitution of the United States. and directed by Ellen Cutter. Frank Wilson, Redlands, California, E. H. Lewis, superintendent of Santa exchange student to Lingnan Univer- Catalina Bird Park, California, related sity, China, now preparing at the Uni- strange stories of bird life in the Ori- versity of Hawaii to teach at Lingnan ent, the Dutch East Indies and the this fall. Subject: Chinese-American Philippines. Mr. Lewis is in Hawaii for Cooperation—Can Students Maintain the purpose of establishing an aviary at Kapiolani Park which will be one of the It? Thomas Blake Clark, instructor in most beautiful and complete bird sanc- English, University of Hawaii. Subject: tuaries in the world. The World Peace Federation. John Dr. Paul S. Bachman, Assistant Pro- Akau, Recreation Commission, City fessor of Political Science, University and County of Honolulu. Subject: The of Hawaii. Subject: The European Sit- Junior Republic in Hawaii. Piano selec- uation. tions by Peter Iopa, a resident at the Wade Warren Thayer, Honolulu Pan-Pacific Research Institution. Many financier, gave high lights of his recent members of the Women's International trip with Mrs. Thayer to Australia and League for Peace and Freedom at- New Zealand. Theodore Rhea, Direc- tended. tor of Health Education, Territorial De- Earl Carroll, Insular Life Assurance partment of Education, spoke of the Co., engaged in Y.M.C.A. and insur- Significance of Child Health Week. ance work in the Philippines from 1930 Capt. George T. Plummer, New to 1934. Subject: After Four Years in Bedford, Mass., author and lecturer. the Philippines. Subject: Old New England Whaling Ray J. Baker, lecturer and photog- Days. Capt. Plummer is in Hawaii for rapher, returned from a year's tour of further research on this subject. As a the United States mainland. Subject: part of International Music Week Mrs. Rain-water and the Price of Gas, based S. Motoki and pupils gave selections on on visits to Boulder Dam and other the Japanese koto, a thirteen-string re- government water conservation proj- cumbent harp. ects.

Proud of Membership

Mrs. Elizabeth Hasse Andrae, writ- the same conviction that there is only ing from Los Angeles, California, says: one kind of soul beneath or inside all "I am so happy that my budget at the variegated `outsides.' present permits me to enclose a check "What the psychology of this is, I ( $10.00) for a Sustaining Membership do not attempt to analyze—but with in the Pan-Pacific Union. I'll get a any thought of your organization at 1,000 per cent thrill out of being so any time there is a curious sense of humbly associated with an undertaking color vibration, of vividness. There- of such dramatic, historic significance. fore I feel that whatever the other "I want to thank you for the copy associate editors grant me in the way Of THE MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE. Mem- of space in the summer issue of the ories of sojourns in the various coun- Peace Digest will be vivified with espe- tries represented in the tropical articles cial accent on my Pan-Pacific Union survive, and also as I read there was items." MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Page A-1

Aims and Objects of the Pan-Pacific Union

HE PAN-PACIFIC UNION is a non- 4. To follow out recommendations of scien- profit educational institution incorporated tific and other leaders for encouragement of sci- (1917) under the laws of the Territory entific research of value to Pacific peoples; to T of Hawaii. Not officially affiliated with aid in establishment of research institutions any government, it enjoys the good will of all where need seems to exist. in advancement of mutual understanding be- 5. To secure and collate accurate information tween peoples of the great nations bordering concerning the material resources of Pacific upon the Pacific Ocean where dwell more than lands; to study the ideas and opinions that half the world's population. mould public opinion among the peoples of the Aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union several Pacific races, and to bring together men are: and women who can discuss these in a spirit of 1. To bring together from time to time, in fairness that they may point out a true course friendly conference, leaders in all lines of of justice in dealing with them internationally. thought and action in the Pacific area, that they 6. To bring together in round-table discus- may become better acquainted; to assist in sion in every Pacific land those of all races resi- pointing them toward cooperative effort for the dent therein who desire better understanding advancement of common interests. and cooperative effort among the peoples and 2. To bring together ethical leaders from races of the Pacific for their common advance- every Pacific land who will meet for the study ment, material and spiritual. of problems of fair dealing and ways to advance 7. To bring all peoples of the Pacific into international justice in the Pacific area. closer friendly commercial contact and relation- To bring together from time to time scien- 3. ship. To aid and assist them better to under- tific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great Pan-Pacific scientific stand one another and, through them, spread problems, including those of race and popula- abroad a friendly spirit of interracial coopera- tion. tion.

Membership in the Pan-Pacific Union

EMBERSHIP in the Pan-Pacific Union is County of Honolulu), and Sustaining Members open to men and women, not only of (i.e., resident anywhere in the world or in the M Pacific countries, but to all who are inter- City and County of Honolulu). ested in Pan-Pacific scientific research, informa- MEMBERSHIP FEES: (There is no en- tion on current and historical development of trance fee.) the Pacific area, and in the promotion of mutual understanding and harmony among Pacific RESIDENT MEMBERS, annual, $7.00. Life mem- peoples in relation to the interests of peoples bership, $200.00. (NOTE: Residents of the City throughout the world. and County of Honolulu can, if they wish, take the status of non-resident members.) CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP: Member- NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS, annual, $3.50. Life ship comprises Resident Members (i.e., resident membership, $100.00. in the City and County of Honolulu), Non- resident Members (i.e., outside the City and (Continued on Next Page)

YOUR IDENTIFICATION

with the magnificent march of events in the vast Pacific area, now definitely the theatre of human progress without prece- dent in history, can be signified in a manner highly satis- factory to yourself and gratifying to all peoples of Pacific countries by joining the Pan-Pacific Union. Incorporated in Hawaii in 1917, this beneficent organization has made a splendid record of achievement in bringing together in the name of education, science, commerce, industry and sociol- ogy the peoples of the Pacific, thereby promoting mutual understanding and international good will. Your membership will add to its usefulness and glory, (See next page.)

Page A-2 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935

SUSTAINING MEMBERS, annual, $10.00. Life all privileges within the scope of the Pan-Pacific membership, $300.00. Union and to recognition by affiliated Pan-Pa- PRIVILEGES: (All memberships include cific associations and clubs throughout Pacific subscription to the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE.) countries. RESIDENT MEMBERS: Use of the Pan-Pacific AFFILIATED ASSOCIATIONS AND CLUBS: Certain Research Institution, Honolulu, which offers Pan-Pacific associations and clubs impose their pleasant and economical living quarters when local membership fees according to their indi- available; lecture hall and equipment; library; vidual requirements. reading and work room; a forwarding address for all correspondence, and all available services THE MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, official publica- of the Pan-Pacific Union staff. tion of the Pan-Pacific Union, is published to further its purposes and for the satisfaction and NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS: Identification by entertainment of its members. Supported by official membership card which entitles the holder memberships in the Pan-Pacific Union and by to the courtesies and facilities of Pan-Pacific patrons of its advertising pages, all receipts are Union headquarters in Honolulu and of all affil- invested in the magazine itself or in projects iated Pan-Pacific associations through Pa- directly affecting the work of the Pan-Pacific cific countries. Union. Membership in any classification includes SUSTAINING MEMBERS: Whether resident or subscription to the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, non-resident, sustaining members are entitled to mailed to any address in the world.

The Eyes of the World are upon the mighty Pacific where dwell more than half the inhabitants of this globe. As they prosper in peace and harmony, so shall the world prosper now and for generations beyond the comprehension of finite minds. As an instrument for expression of your interest, as a certificate for the part you wish to play in this great drama of the Pacific, as an opportunity for priceless service to all mankind, there is nothing more fitting, more satisfying to yourself, than membership in the great Pan-Pacific Union.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP To the PAN-PACIFIC UNION, 1067 Alakea St., HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A.

IResident I hereby apply for Non-Resident 1 membership in the PAN-PACIFIC UNION, and enclose Sustaining

cheque for $ years in payment of fees for S,. 8 including subscription to ( life the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE. (Fees: Resident, annual $7.00; Life, $200.00. Non-resident, annual $3.50; Life $100.00. Sustaining, annual $10.00; Life $300.00.)

NAME

ADDRESS MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Page A-3

Notable Pan-Pacific Conferences 1920 to 1934 Inclusive

Hawaii, Crossroads of the Pacific, Natural Meeting Place

FIRST PAN-PACIFIC SCIENCE CONFERENCE-- ence dinner meetings have been held regularly AUGUST, 1920, HONOLULU. Second, third, since 1924, and many visiting scientists from fourth in 1923-26-29, in Australia, Japan, and Pacific lands have been housed. The work of Java respectively under auspices of a science the Junior Science Council, including high school body organized at the first meeting in 1920. and university students interested in radio, The fifth was held in Canada from June 1-14, photography. agriculture, botany, zoology, etc., 1933. is another activity of the Research Institution. FIRST PAN-PACIFIC EDUCATION CONFERENCE FIRST PAN-PACIFIC FISHERIES CONFERENCE,— --AUGUST, 1921, HONOLULU. Second in San HONOLULU, JULY TO NOVEMBER, 1925. Dr. Ishi- Francisco, July, 1923, under auspices of the Na- kawa, one of the delegates from Japan, brought tional Education Association, with a section ar- eggs of the ayu fish and spats of oysters and ranged by the Pan-Pacific Union with delegates clams which were planted in Hawaiian waters from China, Japan, etc. At that time was or- with considerable success. ganized the World Federation of Education FIRST PAN-PACIFIC WOMEN'S CONFERENCE— Associations whose sectional meeting was held HONOLULU, AUGUST, 1928. in Honolulu—July 25-30, 1932—Oren E. Long, General Secretary, Hawaii Committee. FIRST PAN-PACIFIC SURGICAL CONFERENCE-- HONOLULU, AUGUST, 1929. A second meeting First official Pan-Pacific Educational Confer- ence, called by President Coolidge, Honolulu, will be held in Honolulu August 20 to 29, 1936, April, 1927. The Pan-Pacific Union was asked under the auspices of a Pan-Pacific Surgical to help in arranging the program and in inter- Association organized at the first meeting. esting delegates from Pacific countries. SECOND PAN-PACIFIC WOMEN'S CONFERENCE FIRST PAN-PACIFIC PRESS CONFERENCE—HO- --HONOLULU, AUGUST, 1930. At this confer- NOLULU, OCTOBER, 1921. ence the Pan-Pacific Women's Association was FIRST PAN-PACIFIC COMMERCIAL CONFERENCE organized, first organization of women of Pa- —HONOLULU, NOVEMBER, 1922. cific countries. The third conference was held in Honolulu in August, 1934, under the auspices FIRST PAN-PACIFIC FOOD CONSERVATION CON- of the Pan-Pacific Women's Association, as- FERENCE—HONOLULU, AUGUST, 1924. The In- ternational Sugar Technologists Association sisted by the Pan-Pacific Union. The fourth was one result of this meeting; also the Pan- conference is scheduled for the summer of 1937, Pacific Research Institution, where weekly sci- to be held in Japan or Canada.

Balboa Day, September 25 Inaugurated (1913) and Sponsored by the PAN-PACIFIC UNION

Celebrated annually throughout Pacific countries to commemorate discovery of the Pacific Ocean on September 25, 1513, by Vasco Nunez de Balboa.

Membership in the Pan-Pacific Union identifies you personally with this splendid celebration. If you are not already a member, send in your application now (see opposite page) and receive your membership card forthwith. Page A-4 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935

The United Chinese Society and The Chinese Chamber of Commerce of Honolulu

CAPITOL MARKET, LTD.

HONOLULU, HAWAII

LEONG BOO JEWELRY MANUFACTURING JEWELER AND WATCHMAKER 1025 NUUANU AVENUE HONOLULU, HAWAI I

Phone 4770 PO.Box 1493 CHUN HOON C+11NA SILK +10112SE DIRECT IMPORTERS FROM MANUFACTURERS * Wholesale Island and California 11;4 FORT ST —s,1141.11=1" BETWEEN HO1EL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OPPOSITE C"'";11'°d' AND MANI STREETS

Fresh Shipments Weekly L. Y. Hoy, manager Retail Groceries SILKS - ORIENTAL GOODS Phones 2178 and 3215 LADIES' NOVELTIES NUUANU and SCHOOL STS. Honolulu, Hawaii 1114 Fort Street, opposite Kress' Honolulu, Hawaii

Luau Supplies Complete Luau Equipment 96 N. Beretania St. Phone 2121 Chairs, Tents, Cutlery for Rent Honolulu, Hawaii Paper Dishes, Bowls, etc. Supplies for Any Party

MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Page A-5

We manufacture ANYTHING IN WOOD with experienced mechanics, quality materials and reliable service. HONOLULU PLANING MILL, LTD. LEADERS IN SUPERIOR MILLWORK IN THE TERRITORY SINCE 1864 ALA MOANA, HONOLULU, HAWAII TELEPHONE 6114

LIBERTY BANK OF HONOLULU • Complete Banking and Exchange Service

Phone 6096... 99 North King Street, Honolulu, Hawaii

UNITED CHINESE NEWS BO WO The Outstanding Chinese Newspaper Company, Limited in Hawaii Manufacturers of Jade Jewelry Published every Tuesday, Thursday, Watches, Clocks and a Complete Line of Saturday American and Oriental Jewelry Wires from China every day Phone 4374 English Section on Saturday 58 NORTH HOTEL STREET Honolulu, Hawaii $8 per year $2.50 for Saturday only

Agents and Importers of Garden Construction . QUALITY TRADE MARK Horticultural Products Tree Moving (. Dealers in Trees El Shrubs Sprinkler Systems Palms, Native and Rare Lawns and Pools Plants, Orchids, Ferns, Horticultural Service 'c''TONGG: Water Lilies Tree Surgery HORTICULTURALPRODUCTS Garden Furniture Pruning, Spraying Seeds Estate Maintenance MID-PACIFIC INSTITUTE FARM Mid-Pacific Horticultural Establishment Honolulu, Hawaii TELEPHONE 98002

Ladies', Children's and Infants' Ready-to-Wear Yat Loy Co., Ltd. Men's and Boys' Clothing Quality Dry Goods AGENT FOR McCALL PATTERNS 12-24 South King Street, Honolulu, Hawaii Page A-6 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 * AMERICAN CAFE * Phone 3583 180 South King Street, Honolulu

The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- tion supplies the pure milk used for children and adults in Honolulu. It also supplies the city with ice cream Honolulu Trust Co., Ltd. for desserts. Its main office is in the Real Estate - Insurance Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku streets. The milk of the Honolulu Oceanic Investment Co., Dairymen's Association is pure, it is rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- Limited ciation has had the experience of more Character Loans than a generation, and it has called upon science in perfecting its plant and 25 North King St. Phone 5801 its methods of handling milk and de- HONOLULU, HAWAII livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- tomers.

Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended • to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and Renny Co., Ltd, 20 South Queen Street. Men of almost every Pacific race are employed by this firm, and the men of The Chinese each race seem fitted for some particular part of the work, so that quick and effi- cient is the loading and unloading of University vessels in Honolulu. Women's Club

Geology of Hawaii of Hawaii

How Nature builds a volcanic island is scientifically, dramatically, told in a book recently off the press. congratulates

AN ISLAND IS BORN—Norah D. The Pan-Pacific Union Stearns. 115 pages; 55 illustra- on the tions from photographs, diagrams, CHINA ISSUE graphs; deals with building of the basaltic island, Oahu, Hawaii, from of the beneath the sea to full develop- Mid-Pacific Magazine ment. $1.25 a copy, postpaid to any address.

HONOLULU STAR-BULLETIN Publishers HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935 Page A-7

C. BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED

C. Brewer and Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000p00, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Planta- tion Company, Hvtchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch. and all kinds of insurance.

The Haleakala Ranch Company, with The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with head offices at Makawao, on the Island a power station generating capacity of lighting and of Maui, is, as its name indicates, a 32,000 K.W., furnishes power service to Honolulu and to the cattle ranch on the slopes of the great entire island of Oahu. It also maintains mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 its cold storage and ice-making plant, feet above the sea. This ranch breeds supplying the city with ice for home pure Hereford cattle and is looking to consumption. The firm acts as electrical a future when it will supply fine bred contractors, cold storage, warehousemen cattle to the markets and breeders in and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- plies, completely wiring and equipping Hawaii. buildings and private residences. Its • splendid new offices facing the civic center are now completed and form one The Matson - Lassco - Oceanic Steam- of the architectural ornaments to the city. ship Company maintains a regular, fast, reliable passenger and freight service The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, has its motor trucks meet all incoming between Honolulu and San Francisco, steamers and it gathers baggage from Los Angeles, South Seas, New Zealand every part of the city for delivery to and Australia. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., are the outgoing steamers. This company local agents for the line, whose comfort, receives, and puts in storage until needed, service and cuisine are noted among excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu world travelers. and finds many ways to serve its patrons. Page A-8 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, APRIL -JUNE, 1935

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants

An experimental plot of sugar cane. Home of the American Factors, Limited Fort at Queen Street, Honolulu, Hawaii

Sugar Plantation Agents Wholesale General Merchandise Insurance

American Factors, Limited HONOLULU, HAWAII NORTH • SOUTH a EAST a WEST

Wherever you are going we will handle all details of your trip

Making your travel comfortable and complete, getting you the best serv- ice at the lowest rates is our busi- ness. We represent all principal steamship lines. transportation com- panies. hotels. We can fit the trip to your budget. No cost to you for our service: No obligation on your part for consultation with us .

CASTLE and COOKE TRAVEL BUREAU Merchant St., Honolulu