In Vitro Plantlet Regeneration from Mature Zygotic Embryos of Pinus Pinea

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In Vitro Plantlet Regeneration from Mature Zygotic Embryos of Pinus Pinea In vitro plantlet regeneration from mature zygotic embryos of Pinus pinea L.: overcoming the rooting problems Carla Aparecida Ragonezi Gomes Lopes Thesis presented to obtain the PhD degree in Biology by the University of Évora Thesis presented to obtain the PhD degree Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Maria Amely Zavattieri in Biology Prof.by the Dr. UniversityMaria do Rosário of Évora Martins Prof. Dr. Ana Teresa Caldeira A s ÉVORA, MAY 2013 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA Contactos: Universidade de Évora Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada - IIFA Palácio do Vimioso | Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apart. 94 Funding 7002-554 Évora | Portugal Tel: (+351) 266 706 581 Fax: (+351) 266 744 677 email: [email protected] Ragonezi, C. (2012): In vitro plantlet regeneration from mature zygotic embryos of Pinus pinea L.: overcoming the rooting problems. Doctoral Dissertation presented at University of Évora, Portugal. Keywords: Adventitious rooting, biotization, ectomycorrhiza, in vitro mycorrhization, micropropagation, Pinus pinea L. This thesis was financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) SFRH / BD / 44119 / 2008 I hear and I forget I see and I remember I do and I understand Confucius (551 A.D. – 479 A.D.) Agradecimentos Como nenhuma grande realização da nossa vida é alcançada sozinha, esta parte da minha tese destina-se àquelas pessoas que fizeram com que este sonho longínquo e aparentemente intangível fosse certeza. Foram muitos anos, muito trabalho, muitas pessoas, distintos laboratórios, inúmeros equipamentos, muitas conversas, telefonemas e favores, por isso espero que aqueles que são citados tenham paciência de ler, e peço desculpas adiantadas para aqueles que me esqueci (não foi por mal, mas estava na fase crítica da entrega da tese). Primeiro, gostaria de agradecer às instituições que forneceram apoio financeiro, instalações e equipamentos, permitindo que este trabalho fosse possível. Pelo apoio financeiro através da bolsa de doutoramento agradeço à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). Este estudo foi realizado na Universidade de Évora, principalmente no Laboratório de Melhoramento e Biotecnologia Vegetal do ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (instituição de acolhimento), no Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Departamento de Química e no Laboratório HERCULES, nos quais eu gostaria de agradecer por fornecerem as condições necessárias de trabalho. Nada seria possível sem o apoio incondicional da minha querida orientadora e amiga (creio que posso utilizar este termo) Prof. Dr. Amely Zavattieri. Esta tese foi construída com uma receita equilibrada entre orientação, autonomia e muito trabalho. Obrigada pelos grandes momentos vividos e por todo o apoio (dentro e fora do Lab.). Nada mais importante para cooperar com a orientadora do que uma co-orientadora. No meu caso tive sorte pois consegui duas. Prof. Dr. Maria do Rosário Martins e Prof. Dr. Ana Teresa Caldeira, agradeço imenso por todo o auxílio, todas as horas despendidas no laboratório e todos os conselhos que foram oferecidos. Com vocês as componentes moleculares e bioquímicas ficaram mais divertidas. Dedico um parágrafo à parte para a conselheira científica do nosso grupo Dr. Krystyna Klimaszewska. Obrigada por ser uma excelente pessoa e investigadora, sempre muito dedicada e disponível para colaborar com conselhos extremamente importantes. Para complementar todo o trabalho despendido na tese, agradeço a toda equipe de profissionais que trabalhei na Universidade de Évora, que foram cruciais para a conclusão deste trabalho. Principalmente Prof. Dr. Dora Teixeira, Prof. Dr. Luís Dias, VI Prof. Dr. Augusto Vieira Peixe, Prof. Dr. Celeste Santos-Silva, Prof. Dr. Paulo Oliveira, Msc. Mário Castro e Lic. Cátia Salvador. Às técnicas de laboratório que comemoraram comigo nos dias felizes, me ajudaram nos momentos de desespero (como quando o meio de cultura não solidificava, ou quando eu não tinha como repicar meus fungos) e me consolaram nos dias chuvosos, tristes e que tinha saudades do Brasil. Sem vocês nenhuma tese de doutoramento é realizada e agradeço imenso toda a assistência. Aqui cito principalmente as técnicas Virgínia Sobral, Elsa Ganhão, Otília Miralto e as técnicas do Departamento de Química Á minha família em geral (que estão aqui e os que já não estão), principalmente aos meus pais e minha irmã. Minha mãe e meu pai que recebem comigo os frutos deste árduo trabalho, uma vez que sempre investiram em mim apostando na minha formação académica e como pessoa. Obrigada por não me tirarem da “Cultura Inglesa” . Uma gratidão especial vai para a Luana, pois sem ela, não estaria em Portugal finalizando esta etapa tão importante da minha vida. Ao Samuel, meu marido de fé, companheiro incansável que me deu todas as forças para continuar quando a energia já estava acabando (e às vezes a paciência). A todos os meus amigos e colegas (deste lado do Atlântico e do lado de lá) que me apoiaram, que aguentaram as reclamações e que ouviram com uma tolerância incrível a todos os meus problemas. Obrigada ainda pelos momentos felizes, pelas risadas exageradas e pelos ótimos momentos que tive nestes últimos anos. Por último, mas não menos importante agradeço a todas as pessoas que de uma forma ou outra, direta ou indiretamente fizeram parte desta fase da minha vida e que contribuíram para a conclusão de um trabalho tão gratificante. Obrigada a todos! VII Acknowledgments No great accomplishments are made in life without the help of others, and I would like to thank those who have helped bring this seemingly impossible task to fruition. Many years of hard work have gone into this project, involving many people. I apologize in advance to anyone I may have forgotten. First of all, I would like to thank the institutions that have provided financial support, facilities and equipment, making this work possible. For Ph.D. scholarship funding I thank the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). This study was conducted at the University of Évora, mainly at the Laboratory of Breeding and Plant Biotechnology of the ICAAM - Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (host institution), the Laboratory of Biotechnology at the Chemistry Department and the HERCULES Laboratory, which I would like to thank for providing support for my work. Nothing would have been possible without the unconditional support of my dear friend (I think I can call her that) and supervisor Prof. Dr. Amely Zavattieri. This thesis was written thanks to a combination of guidance, autonomy and hard work: many thanks for the great moments and for all the support you gave (both inside and outside the lab). Nothing is more important than cooperating with the supervisor than collaborating with a co-supervisor. In my case I got lucky because I managed to get both: to Prof. Dr. Maria do Rosario Martins and Prof. Dr. Ana Teresa Caldeira, thank you very much for all the help you gave, all the hours spent in the laboratory and all the advice that you provided. You made the molecular and biochemical components more fun. To the group scientific advisor, Dr. Krystyna Klimaszewska, thanks for being a great person and researcher, extremely dedicated and always willing to help and provide great advice. In order to complement all the work spent on the thesis, I thank the entire team of researchers who I worked with at the University of Évora, who were crucial to the successful completion of this work, especially Prof. Dr. Dora Teixeira, Prof. Dr. Luís Dias, Prof. Dr. Augusto Vieira Peixe, Prof. Dr. Celeste Santos-Silva, Prof. Dr. Paulo Oliveira, Mário Castro, M.Sc. and Cátia Salvador, B.Sc.. Laboratory technicians that cheered with me the good days, helped me in times of despair (as when the medium is not solidified, or when I had to cultivate my fungi) and comforted me on rainy and sad days that I missed Brazil. Without you no doctoral thesis VIII is held and I thank all the assistance. Here I quote primarily the techniques Virgínia Sobral, Elsa Ganhão, Otília Miralto and the technicians of the Chemistry Department. To my family (those who are with us and those who are no longer with us), especially my parents and my sister. My mother and father share with me the fruits of all the hard work I have done, since they have always supported me in my academic training and personal development. Thank you for sending me to the “Cultura Inglesa". My special thanks go to Luana, because without her, I wouldn't now be in Portugal in the last stage of a process which is so important in my life. To Samuel, my husband, a tireless companion who has given me the strength to continue when I was lacking in energy (and sometimes patience), thank you. To all my friends and colleagues (on both sides of the Atlantic) who have supported me, endured my complaints and listened with incredible tolerance to all my problems. Thank you also for the happy moments, the great laughs and the great moments we've shared throughout all these years. Last but not least, I would like to thank all those who in one way or another directly or indirectly figures in this stage of my life and who contributed to the completion of such a rewarding piece of work. Thank you all! IX Resumo Regeneração in vitro de plântulas de embriões zigóticos maduros de Pinus pinea L.: superando os problemas de enraizamento Na natureza, as plantas e os microrganismos estabelecem associações de várias ordens. Nas culturas in vitro de plantas, mesmo as associações favoráveis com microrganismos foram, durante muitos anos, consideradas como contaminantes. Só mais tarde, as vantagens da inoculação in vitro (co-cultura) foram demonstradas e as técnicas de biotização (bacterização ou micorrização) usadas com o objetivo de melhorar as condições de crescimento in vitro. As dificuldades do enraizamento in vitro de uma das espécies mais importantes da floresta mediterrânica portuguesa, Pinus pinea L., conduziu à escolha deste sistema biológico, como matéria de estudo para a tese.
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