DOCSLIB.ORG

Parakmeria Omeiensis (Magnoliaceae), a Critically Endangered Plant Species Endemic to South-West China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Parakmeria Omeiensis (Magnoliaceae), a Critically Endangered Plant Species Endemic to South-West China Integrated conservation for Parakmeria omeiensis (Magnoliaceae), a Critically Endangered plant species endemic to south-west China D AOPING Y U ,XIANGYING W EN,CEHONG L I ,TIEYI X IONG,QIXIN P ENG X IAOJIE L I ,KONGPING X IE,HONG L IU and H AI R EN Abstract Parakmeria omeiensis is a Critically Endangered tree attractive and large, and their seed arils are orange, making species in the family Magnoliaceae, endemic to south-west the tree an attractive ornamental plant. However, the species China. The tree is functionally dioecious, but little is known has a restricted range. It has been considered a Grade-I about the species’ status in the wild. We investigated the Key-Protected Wild Plant Species in China since and range, population size, age structure, habitat characteristics has been categorized as Critically Endangered on the and threats to P. omeiensis. We located a total of individuals IUCN Red List since (China Expert Workshop, ), in two populations on the steep slopes of Mount Emei, Sichuan the Chinese Higher Plants Red List since (Yin, ), and province, growing under the canopy of evergreen broadleaved the Red List of Magnoliaceae since (Malin et al., ). forest in well-drained gravel soil. A male-biased sex ratio, lack The tree has also been identified as a plant species with an of effective pollinating insects, and habitat destruction result extremely small population (Ren et al., ; State Forestry in low seed set and poor seedling survival in the wild. We Administration of China, ). have adopted an integrated conservation approach, including Parakmeria includes five species (P. nitita, P. lotungensis, strengthening in situ conservation, cultivation of saplings, ex P. kachirachirai, P. yunnanensis and P. omeiensis), distributed situ conservation and reintroduction, to protect this species. throughout south-east and south-west China. All species in The successful conservation of P. omeiensis has important im- the genus have male and perfect flowers on different plants plications for the conservation of the genus Parakmeria and and are thus morphologically androdiecious. The genus is con- the family Magnoliaceae. sidered to represent a transition from bisexual to unisexual flowers (Liu, ;Xu,;Chenetal.,). Androdioecy is Keywords China, Critically Endangered species, cryptic a rare breeding system in angiosperms (Listen et al., ; dioecy, integrated conservation, Magnoliaceae, narrow Fritsch & Rieseberg, ;Pannell,), and some studies distribution, Parakmeria omeiensis, reintroduction have shown that androdiecious flowers are functionally dioe- cious (i.e. cryptic dioecious), with the morphologically perfect flowers being functionally female (Schlessman et al., ; Mayer & Charlesworth, ; Sun et al., ). When the Introduction sex ratio of dioecious species is : in a population, it can maximize seed yield (Lloyd & Webb, ), but sex ratio is he tree species Parakmeria omeiensis (Magnoliaceae) is often male-biased (Mayer & Charlesworth, ). endemic to south-west China. It was described as the T The following factors have been suggested as threats to type species of the genus Parakmeria (Hu & Zheng, ). species of Parakmeria: habitat destruction, logging, a narrow The earliest specimen was collected from Mount Emei in range, low seed yields, low germination rates, and lack of the city of Leshan in Sichuan province. Parakmeria omeiensis protection (Xu, ; Deng et al., ). Improved knowl- is evergreen, can reach – m in height and blooms from edge of the pollination biology and breeding systems of the late April to mid May (Plate ). The flowers are fragrant, genus is required for developing conservation strategies. It has been suggested (Yu et al., ) that in situ conservation DAOPING YU*, CEHONG LI,TIEYI XIONG,QIXIN PENG,XIAOJIE LI and KONGPING XIE should be improved for threatened species with a cryptic Sichuan Provincial Institute of Natural Resource Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, dioecious breeding system, including monitoring plant sur- China, and Emeishan Botanical Garden, Emeishan, Sichuan, China vival and preventing human disturbance, and that these XIANGYING WEN*† and HAI REN (Corresponding author, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3744-8007) Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South approaches should be coupled with ex situ conservation to China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, maintain genetic diversity for potential reintroductions. China. E-mail [email protected] Individual P. omeiensis trees with perfect hermaphroditic HONG LIU Department of Earth and Environment, International Center for flowers were first found on a steeply sloping ridge of Mount Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, USA Emei at an altitude of , m(Wu&Wu,). We began to *Contributed equally collect seeds from all fruiting female trees of the Biandanyan †Also at: Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK population during –, germinating them at Emeis- Received April . Revision requested July . Accepted August . First published online June . han Botanical Garden and obtaining seedlings. The first Oryx, 2020, 54(4), 460–465 © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International. doi:10.1017/S003060531900111X Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.34.90, on 29 Sep 2021 at 00:52:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531900111X Integrated conservation 461 PLATE 1 The flower (a, b), fruit (c) and an individual of Parakmeria omeiensis (d). individual grew from seed to m high and began flowering Magnolia denudata,fromMarch to March ,asa in May .By, individuals had flowered. propagation experiment. All seedlings were transplanted into Only preliminary studies have been conducted on the nursery bags, with mixed humus and pearlites, at least year associated plant communities (Zhuang et al., ), tissue before they were planted out. We carried out reintroductions culture (Chen & Ma, ; Yu et al., ) and breeding sys- (sensu IUCN, )attwosites(Fig. ): Zhanglaoping is within tems of P. omeiensis (Yu et al., ). Here we provide up- the known range of the species and Xixinsuo is close to dated information on the species’ range and population size, the known range. We reintroduced both grafted female plants investigate population structure and threats to the species, and seedlings of unknown sex. In March of each of –, and develop an integrated conservation strategy. c. individuals were outplanted into evergreen broadleaved forests at ,–, m altitudes on Mt Emei. Methods Results To identify the range of P. omeiensis,wereviewedtheFlora ofChina(Xiaetal.,) and other literature, and examined Range and habitat all specimens of the species in the herbaria of the Chinese – Academy Sciences. We reassessed the populations based on From field surveys and herbarium studies during , data collected during –,confirmingthatallknownP. we found only two populations, km apart, at Biandanyan omeiensis are located on the north-east and north-west slopes ( km ) and Shisungou ( . km ), with a total of asso- of Mt Emei, in south-west Sichuan Province, China (Fig. ). ciated vascular plant species ( tree, shrub, herb During – we recorded the altitude, slope and soil and three vine species). The plant community is a subtrop- type where the species is found. To investigate the size struc- ical evergreen broadleaved forest, with . % of individual ture of P. omeiensis populations, we measured the height, trees being evergreen. The climate is subtropical, with abun- diameter at breast height (DBH, for tree, height . m), dant rain and fog and warm, humid monsoons. The plant and crown area of all plants located. We established three communities in the two areas are similar, dominated by × m plots to survey all tree species and five × m sub- species of the families Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae. The – plots within each plot to survey shrubs and herbs. During canopy is m high, the plant community comprises – we interviewed eight local managers of the Mt one tree layer, one shrub layer and one herb layer, and – Emei Scenic Spot and seven local villagers, to investigate plant cover was %. Parakmeria omeiensis was scat- – – any factors affecting the species. tered within the Michelia martini Neolitsea levinei – In the flowering period (April–May) at Emeishan Lithocarpus cleistocarpus Sinarundinara nitida community – – Botanical Garden during –, flower visiting insects at altitudes of , , m on slopes of °. The were caught and identified. We also carried out bagged pol- average soil pH was . , and soil was well-drained gravel lination experiments using the ex situ population, to assess with . % organic matter, . % nitrogen and . % fruit-set from hand-pollination (cross-pollination with pol- phosphorus. We observed Near Threatened Tibetan rhesus len from a male tree) and self-pollination. As a control treat- monkeys Macaca thibetana frequently; they sometimes ment we used untreated flowers that were accessible to damaged branches and immature fruits of P. omeiensis. natural pollinators. We used flowers for each treatment. Seeds were collected from the Emeishan Botanical Garden Population structure in mid September –, stored in a refrigerator for months and sown in garden soil in March of each of the fol- We found a total of individuals of P. omeiensis in the two lowing years. We grafted P. omeiensis scions to rootstocks of populations: in Biandanyan,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Critically Endangered Plant Species Endemic to South-West China
    Integrated conservation for Parakmeria omeiensis (Magnoliaceae), a Critically Endangered plant species endemic to south-west China D AOPING Y U ,XIANGYING W EN,CEHONG L I ,TIEYI X IONG,QIXIN P ENG X IAOJIE L I ,KONGPING X IE,HONG L IU and H AI R EN Abstract Parakmeria omeiensis is a Critically Endangered tree attractive and large, and their seed arils are orange, making species in the family Magnoliaceae, endemic to south-west the tree an attractive ornamental plant. However, the species China. The tree is functionally dioecious, but little is known has a restricted range. It has been considered a Grade-I about the species’ status in the wild. We investigated the Key-Protected Wild Plant Species in China since and range, population size, age structure, habitat characteristics has been categorized as Critically Endangered on the and threats to P. omeiensis. We located a total of individuals IUCN Red List since (China Expert Workshop, ), in two populations on the steep slopes of Mount Emei, Sichuan the Chinese Higher Plants Red List since (Yin, ), and province, growing under the canopy of evergreen broadleaved the Red List of Magnoliaceae since (Malin et al., ). forest in well-drained gravel soil. A male-biased sex ratio, lack The tree has also been identified as a plant species with an of effective pollinating insects, and habitat destruction result extremely small population (Ren et al., ; State Forestry in low seed set and poor seedling survival in the wild. We Administration of China, ). have adopted an integrated conservation approach, including Parakmeria includes five species (P.
    [Show full text]
  • THE Magnoliaceae Liriodendron L. Magnolia L
    THE Magnoliaceae Liriodendron L. Magnolia L. VEGETATIVE KEY TO SPECIES IN CULTIVATION Jan De Langhe (1 October 2014 - 28 May 2015) Vegetative identification key. Introduction: This key is based on vegetative characteristics, and therefore also of use when flowers and fruits are absent. - Use a 10× hand lens to evaluate stipular scars, buds and pubescence in general. - Look at the entire plant. Young specimens, shade, and strong shoots give an atypical view. - Beware of hybridisation, especially with plants raised from seed other than wild origin. Taxa treated in this key: see page 10. Questionable/frequently misapplied names: see page 10. Names referred to synonymy: see page 11. References: - JDL herbarium - living specimens, in various arboreta, botanic gardens and collections - literature: De Meyere, D. - (2001) - Enkele notities omtrent Liriodendron tulipifera, L. chinense en hun hybriden in BDB, p.23-40. Hunt, D. - (1998) - Magnolias and their allies, 304p. Bean, W.J. - (1981) - Magnolia in Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles VOL.2, p.641-675. - or online edition Clarke, D.L. - (1988) - Magnolia in Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles supplement, p.318-332. Grimshaw, J. & Bayton, R. - (2009) - Magnolia in New Trees, p.473-506. RHS - (2014) - Magnolia in The Hillier Manual of Trees & Shrubs, p.206-215. Liu, Y.-H., Zeng, Q.-W., Zhou, R.-Z. & Xing, F.-W. - (2004) - Magnolias of China, 391p. Krüssmann, G. - (1977) - Magnolia in Handbuch der Laubgehölze, VOL.3, p.275-288. Meyer, F.G. - (1977) - Magnoliaceae in Flora of North America, VOL.3: online edition Rehder, A. - (1940) - Magnoliaceae in Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America, p.246-253.
    [Show full text]
  • A Note on Magnolia, Mainly of Sections Manglietia and Michelia Subgenus
    A note on Magnolia, mainly of sections Manglietia and Michelia subgenus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) A note of caution concerning the ultimate heights that may be achieved in cultivation by numerous of the newer evergreen magnolias from Asia, is the theme of this article by CHRIS CALLAGHAN and S. K. PNG of the Australian Bicentennial Arboretum (ABA). Following Thomas Methuen-Campbell’s interesting report in the 2011 IDS Yearbook concerning the study weekend held in June of that year at RHS Wisley, Surrey, to discuss “summer” flowering magnolias (see Endnote), the authors thought they should write to mention an important consideration before contemplating planting of these trees in gardens, or indeed any tree in a garden, particularly the average small garden. We are not sure if the ultimate size of many of these magnolias was discussed with those attending the study weekend, since most of their maximum known heights were not mentioned in the article. However, we believe any readers tempted by the article to purchase and plant out most of the evergreen magnolias featured (previously in the genera Manglietia, Michelia or Parakmeria) in a normal suburban front or backyard in relatively 46 warm, sheltered, near frost-free areas, will be ultimately dismayed by the sizes they reach (see Figlar 2009 for reasons behind the reduction of genera). Even allowing that these predominantly warm-temperate to sub-tropical forest trees may not achieve their maximum potential sizes in the milder regions of temperate Europe, most are still likely to overtop (and overshadow!) two or three storey homes or apartments, especially with a warming climate.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Classification of Magnoliaceae by H
    An updated classification of Magnoliaceae by H. P. Nooteboom circumscissile, rarely indehiscent. Seeds 1 or more each fruiting carpel, Recently I have given a new large, in dehiscent carpets hanging classification of Magnoliaceae from the elongated spiral vessels of (Nooteboom, Blurnea 31. 1985:65- the funiculus, with arilloid testa, 121) which is an emendated version rarely, when fruit indehiscent of Dandy's classification in Treseder, adherent to the endocarp; endosperm Neil G. , Magnolias, 1978. Upon copious, oily; embryo minute. request I give here a condensed Characters of rare occurrence— version of my paper for the magnolia Leaves 2-10 lobed in Ldriodendron. votaries interested in the Flowers unisexual in ffrneria. classification of the family. Anthers extrorse in Liriodendron. MAGNOLIACEAE Fruit a loculicidal capsule in Pachylarnax, samaroid, winged, A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. Pl. :280 deciduous, and indehiscent in (1789) (Magnoliae). Lirlodendron. Trees or shrubs, glabrous or with Size and distribution —Seven an indumentum of single hairs. genera in temperate and tropical Leaves spirally arranged, simple, Southeast and East Asia and from entire or 2-10 lobed, penninerved North America southward through evergreen or deciduous; stipules the West Indies and Central America present, at first enclosing and to southern Brazil. protecting the innovations, later caducous and leaving an annular scar I. Subfamily MAGNOLIOIDEAE around the node. Flowers terminal or pseudo-axillary on a short shoot in Leaves entire or occasionally 2 the axils of the leaves, bisexual, lobed at the apex; stipules free from rarely unisexual, pedunculate. the petiole or adnate to it. Anthers Peduncle bearing 1 or more caducous introrse or latrorse.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnolia Obovata
    ISSUE 80 INAGNOLN INagnolla obovata Eric Hsu, Putnam Fellow, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Photographs by Philippe de 8 poelberch I first encountered Magnolia obovata in Bower at Sir Harold Hillier Gardens and Arboretum, Hampshire, England, where the tightly pursed, waxy, globular buds teased, but rewarded my patience. As each bud unfurled successively, it emitted an intoxicating ambrosial bouquet of melons, bananas, and grapes. Although the leaves were nowhere as luxuriously lustrous as M. grandrflora, they formed an el- egant wreath for the creamy white flower. I gingerly plucked one flower for doser observation, and placed one in my room. When I re- tumed from work later in the afternoon, the mom was overpowering- ly redolent of the magnolia's scent. The same olfactory pleasure was later experienced vicariously through the large Magnolia x wiesneri in the private garden of Nicholas Nickou in southern Connecticut. Several years earlier, I had traveled to Hokkaido Japan, after my high school graduation. Although Hokkaido experiences more severe win- ters than those in the southern parts of Japan, the forests there yield a remarkable diversity of fora, some of which are popular ornamen- tals. When one drives through the region, the silvery to blue-green leaf undersides of Magnolia obovata, shimmering in the breeze, seem to flag the eyes. In "Forest Flora of Japan" (sggII), Charles Sargent commended this species, which he encountered growing tluough the mountainous forests of Hokkaido. He called it "one of the largest and most beautiful of the deciduous-leaved species in size and [the seed conesj are sometimes eight inches long, and brilliant scarlet in color, stand out on branches, it is the most striking feature of the forests.
    [Show full text]
  • The Progressive and Ancestral Traits of the Secondary Xylem Within Magnolia Clad – the Early Diverging Lineage of Flowering Plants
    Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Acta Soc Bot Pol 84(1):87–96 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2014.028 Received: 2014-07-31 Accepted: 2014-12-01 Published electronically: 2015-01-07 The progressive and ancestral traits of the secondary xylem within Magnolia clad – the early diverging lineage of flowering plants Magdalena Marta Wróblewska* Department of Developmental Plant Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland Abstract The qualitative and quantitative studies, presented in this article, on wood anatomy of various species belonging to ancient Magnolia genus reveal new aspects of phylogenetic relationships between the species and show evolutionary trends, known to increase fitness of conductive tissues in angiosperms. They also provide new examples of phenotypic plasticity in plants. The type of perforation plate in vessel members is one of the most relevant features for taxonomic studies. InMagnolia , until now, two types of perforation plates have been reported: the conservative, scalariform and the specialized, simple one. In this paper, are presented some findings, new to magnolia wood science, like exclusively simple perforation plates in some species or mixed perforation plates – simple and scalariform in one vessel member. Intravascular pitting is another taxonomically important trait of vascular tissue. Interesting transient states between different patterns of pitting in one cell only have been found. This proves great flexibility of mechanisms, which elaborate cell wall structure in maturing trache- ary element. The comparison of this data with phylogenetic trees, based on the fossil records and plastid gene expression, clearly shows that there is a link between the type of perforation plate and the degree of evolutionary specialization within Magnolia genus.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships in Magnoliaceae Subfam
    Plant Syst. Evol. 242: 33–47 (2003) DOI 10.1007/s00606-003-0055-5 Phylogenetic relationships in Magnoliaceae subfam. Magnolioideae: a morphological cladistic analysis J. Li1 and J. G. Conran2 1Kunming Division of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China 2Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Environmental Biology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia Received December 13, 2001; accepted February 19, 2003 Published online: November 26, 2003 Ó Springer-Verlag 2003 Abstract. Relationships within Magnolioideae morphological data are needed to improve phylo- have been the subject of persistent debate; the genetic signal. Our results support the molecular main point at issue mostly being the disposition of analyses in suggesting that Magnolia is best con- tribes, genera and sections. A morphological cla- sidered to be a large and diverse genus, but that the distic analysis of the subfamily using Liriodendron relationships between the taxa within it require as the out-group showed that Magnolioideae con- more detailed clarification, with more extensive sisted of a large basal polytomy, but with five sampling and a combined molecular and morpho- resolved and variously supported clades. Manglie- logical approach being needed. tia constituted a clade with sect. Rytidospermum of Magnolia subg. Magnolia. Kmeria and Woonyoun- Key words: Angiosperm, Magnoliaceae, Magno- gia formed a pair. Pachylarnax, Parakmeria and lioideae, Phylogeny, morphology, relationships, Manglietiastrum were grouped together, and sect. Magnolia. Splendentes and Dugandiodendron also formed a pair. The largest and best supported clade consisted Introduction of Magnolia subg. Magnolia sects. Oyama and Maingola, Magnolia subg.
    [Show full text]
  • NAM Notes Ontaxonomy and Conservation of Magnoliaceae From
    5/22/2017 VIETNAM NANTIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY (VNUF) COLLEGE OF FORESTRY BIOTECHNOLOGY (CFB) Xuân Mai, Chương Mỹ, Hà Nội, Vietnam NOTES ON TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION OF MAGNOLIACEAE FROM VIETNAM Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vu Quang Nam ([email protected] [email protected]) Tel. 0084(0)984 622 611 Varadero, 28-3/Dec/2016 1 5/22/2017 I can't imagine that Let me ‘Red listing’ No, we say!!! makes me so don’t think (BGCI) tired !!! so !!! Have you finished to I don’t like you access that mention on species? ‘threatened species’ Contents during eating! • Introduction to Magnolias • Taxonomy of Magnoliaceae in Vietnam • Conservation status 2 5/22/2017 What is Magnoliaceae? ° Magnoliidae: Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae ° 2 (17!) genera: more than 300 species ° Mainly in SE Asia and in Central America, E and S North America, including Mexico and Antilles, and N South America ° Many ornamentals and timbers • Stipules present => annual scars Characters of: Flowers • Inflorescence: solitary • Flowers: most perfect, flowering bract, 3-merous, actinomorphic. • Tepals (not sepal and petal). 3 5/22/2017 Androecium: numerous spirally Stamens: anthers arranged stamens Laterally dehiscent Gynoecium: many simple Extrorsely dehiscent carpels spirally arranged on an elongated receptacle Gynophore (superior). Introrsely dehiscent Fruits: aggregate of follices Magnolia-type: spherical, ovoid, ellipsoid (Magnolia, Manglietia, Kmeria, Parakmeria etc.) Michelia- type: cylindrical one of the earliest Archaeanthus linnenbergeri groups of the flowering Some irregularly dehiscent Fossilized specimens datting back over 100 berrylike structure or samaras million years are thought to be ancestors of plants in Angiosperms existing Magnolias Taxonomy of Magnoliaceae in Vietnam ° Tropical and temperate zone with a strong • South-East Asia, Indochinese Peninsula monsoon influence • 331.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College
    Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College Andrew Bunting rom the inception in 1929 of the Scott of plants—and one that has stood the test of Arboretum of Swarthmore College, the time—has been the magnolia collection. Early Fmission has remained the same—to col- on, new magnolia accessions were received from lect and display outstanding ornamental plants, notable nurseries, organizations, and individu- specifically trees, shrubs, and vines. Since als including Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford, 1931, one of our most prominent collections New Jersey; Andorra Nursery, Chestnut Hill, tum RE o RB ott A C S Part of the magnolia collection at the Scott Arboretum. Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum 3 tum RE o RB ott A C S The original type specimen of Magnolia virginiana var. australis ‘Henry Hicks’ still thrives at the Scott tum RE Arboretum (above). This cultivar bears fragrant, creamy o white flowers and cold-hardy evergreen foliage (right). RB ott A C Pennsylvania; the Arnold Arboretum; Hicks S Nursery, Long Island, New York; and Highland Park, Rochester, New York. At the time, John Wister, first director of the Scott Arboretum, was developing the campus based on an evolutionary or phyloge- netic tree, so all genera in a plant family were planted together, and hence all species in a fam- ily resided together. the magnolia collection housed both species and cultivars alike. In 1931, Wister began to get regular deliver- ies of many plants, especially magnolias, from Henry Hicks of Hicks Nursery on Long Island, New York. on may 8th, 1934, Hicks brought Wister a gift of plants which included 61 acces- sions representing 3,143 individual plants.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Losada JM, Herrero M, Hormaza JI and Friedman WE
    Losada JM, Herrero M, Hormaza JI and Friedman WE 1 1 Losada et al. Stigma receptivity and AGPs in Magnolia 2 3 ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINS MARK STIGMA RECEPTIVITY IN THE 4 PROTOGYNOUS FLOWERS OF Magnolia virginiana (MAGNOLIACEAE)1 5 6 Juan M. Losada2,3, Maria Herrero4, Jose I. Hormaza5, William E. Friedman2,3 7 8 2Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford 9 Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA; 3Arnold Arboretum of Harvard 10 University. 1300 Centre Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02131 USA; 11 4Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC. Avda. Montañana 12 1005, Zaragoza, Spain 50059; 5Department of Subtropical Fruits, Instituto de Hortofruticultura 13 Subtropical y Mediterránea “la Mayora,” (IHSM la Mayora–CSIC–UMA). Algarrobo–Costa, 14 Málaga, Spain 29750. 15 16 17 Losada JM, Herrero M, Hormaza JI and Friedman WE 2 1 Acknowledgements 2 JML has been supported by a FPI fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Science and 3 Innovation, a Deland Award for student research (summer 2011) and a Putnam Scholar 4 (summer 2012), both from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Research 5 supported in part by NSF grants to WEF [DBI-0421683, RCN 009281] and by grants from 6 the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad to MH [AGL2012-40239] and JIH 7 [AGL2013-43732-R]. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1Manuscript received _____________________; revision accepted______________. 23 3e-mail for correspondence: [email protected] Losada JM, Herrero M, Hormaza JI and Friedman WE 3 1 ABSTRACT 2 Premise of the study: Factors affecting flower receptivity in angiosperms remain opaque, 3 but recent studies suggest that the acquisition of stigma receptivity associated with cell 4 wall related arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) may be a widespread feature of flowering 5 plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Floral Anatomy and Ontogeny in Magnoliaceae
    Pl. Syst. Evol. 258: 1–15 (2006) DOI 10.1007/s00606-005-0361-1 Comparative floral anatomy and ontogeny in Magnoliaceae F. Xu1 and P. J. Rudall2 1South China Botanical Garden, Academia Sinica, Guangzhou, China 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK Received November 16, 2004; accepted June 9, 2005 Published online: March 8, 2006 Ó Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract. Floral anatomy and ontogeny are de- Key words: Floral development, Floral morphology, scribed in six species of Magnoliaceae, representing Liriodendron, Magnolia, Michelia. the two subfamilies Liriodendroideae (Liriodendron chinese and L. tulipifera) and Magnolioideae, including species with terminal flowers (Magnolia Introduction championi, M. delavayi, M. grandiflora, M. pae- netalauma) and axillary flowers (Michelia crassipes). Magnoliaceae are a well-defined and horticul- The sequence of initiation of floral organs is from turally important family of about 230 species proximal to distal. The three distinct outermost of trees and shrubs characterised by large organs are initiated in sequence, but ultimately form flowers with numerous tepals and fertile parts a single whorl; thus their ontogeny is consistent with inserted separately on an elongated axis. More a tepal interpretation. Tepals are initiated in whorls, than 80% of species of Magnoliaceae are and the stamens and carpels are spirally arranged, though the androecium shows some intermediacy distributed in subtropical and tropical regions between a spiral and whorled arrangement. Carpels of eastern Asia; the remainder occur in Amer- are entirely free from each other both at primordial ica, indicating a relictual tropical disjunction stages and maturity. Ventral closure of the style (Azuma et al. 2001). Renewed debate on the ranges from open in Magnolia species examined to systematics of the family has been stimulated partially closed in Michelia crassipes and completely by several recent cladistic analyses, both closed in Liriodendron, resulting in a reduced stigma morphological (Li and Conran 2003) and surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Morphology and Ultrastructure of Selected Species of Magnoliaceae
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of selected species of Magnoliaceae By: Feng-Xia Xu a,*, Bruce K. Kirchoff b Xu, Feng-Xia, and B. K. Kirchoff. 2008. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of selected species of Magnoliaceae. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 150: 140-153 Made available courtesy of ELSEVIER: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503359/description#description ***Note: Figures may be missing from this format of the document Abstract: The pollen morphology and ultrastructure of 20 species, representing eight genera of the Magnoliaceae are described based on observations with light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The family represents a homogeneous group from a pollen morphological point of view. The pollen grains are boat-shaped with a single elongate aperture on the distal face. The tectum is usually microperforate, rarely slightly or coarsely rugulose. Columellae are often irregular, but well-developed columellae do occur in some taxa. The endexine is distinct in 14 species, but difficult to discern in the genera Parakmeria, Kmeria and Tsoongiodendron. Within the aperture zone the exine elements are reduced to a thin foot layer. The intine has three layers with many vesicular-fibrillar components and tubular extensions in intine 1. The symmetry of the pollen grains, shape, type of aperture and ultrastructure of the intine show a remarkable uniformity in the family. Nevertheless there is variety in pollen size, ornamentation and the ultrastructure of the exine. The pollen of Magnoliaceae is an example of an early trend of specialization, and supports the view that Magnoliaceae are not one of the earliest lines in the phylogeny of flowering plants.
    [Show full text]