~GAZINE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC. * October 1962 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY A union of the American H orticultural So ciety and the A merican Horticultural CouncLl 1600 BLADENSBURG ROAD, NORTH EAST . WASHINGTON 2, D. C.

For United Horticulture *** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate horticultural information

B. Y. MORRISON, Editor Directors JAMES R. HARLOW, Managing Editor T erms Expiring 1963 MARY W . M. HAKES Maryland Editorial Committee GRETCHEN HARSHBARGER Iowa JOHN L. CREECH, Chairman FREDERIC H EUTTE W. H . HODGE Virginia W. H . HODGE FREDERIC P. L EE Maryland CONRAD B. LINK ALBERT J. IRVI NG New York CURTIS MAY Tenns Expiring 1964 FREDERICK G . MEYER R . C. ALLEN WILBUR H. YOUNGMAN Ohio P. H. BRYDON Officers California CARL W. FENNINGER PRESIDENT Pennsy lvania JOHN E . GRAF H EN RY T . SKINNER District of Columbia Washington, D. C. GRACE P. WILSON Maryland FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT T erms Expiring 1965 R AY C. ALLEN Mansfield, Ohio HAROLD EpSTEIN New York SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT FRED C. GALLE Georgia FKITS W. W ENT FRED J. NISBET St. Louis, Missouri North Carolina J. FRANKLIN STYER ACTING SECRETARY-TREASURER Pennsylvania GRADE P. WILSON DONALD \~ I YMAN Bladensburg, Maryland Massachusetts

The American Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects_ Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural knowledges of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be published as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editorial Committee should be consulted for manuscript specifications. Reprints will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post­ age, and should be ordered at the time the galley proof is returned by the author: One hundred copies-2 pp $6.60; 4 pp $12.10; 8 pp $25.30; 12 pp $36.30; Covers $12.10.

Entered as second class matter in the post office at Baltimore, Maryland. in accordance with the Act of August 24, 1912. Additional entry for Washington, D.C., was authorized July 15. 1955. in accordance with the pro· visions of Section 132.122. Postal Manual. A subscription to The American Ho,·ticultural Magazine is included as a benefit of membership in the American Horticultural Society. Individual Membership dues being 16.00 a year. OCTOBER. 1962

T"E~ER.ICAN

FORMERLY THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE VOLUME 41 • NUMBER 4

Contents

Native bulbs of Israel for American gardens ABRAHAM H. HALEVY ______.______185 Malayan Fantasy-A new garden cockscomb \IV ILLIAM F. GRANT______201

The Scientific Approach to Summer Mulching ] OHN R. HAVIS ______204 Ornamental Fruiting and Autumnal Foliage Viburnums DONALD R. EGOLF ______209 The Variations of the Australian CTinum fiaccidum L. S. HANNIBAL ______. ______. ______.____ 224 A Book or Two ______227 The Gardeners' Pocketbook Zenobia pulveTUlenta. B. Y. MORRISON ______233 his danfOTdiae. MRS. LEILA B. STAPLETON ______233 Taste and Smell as Aids to Identification. MAUD R. ] ACOBS ______234 Cantua buxifolia. RICHARD W. LIGHTY ______235 :Multipurpose Humus. GRAHAM HEID ______236 Cold Damage in North Louisiana. CAROLINE DORMON ______237 Lady's Mantle. MRS_ WINTHROP J. MEANS ------______237 A Hemerocallis Variation. MAUD R. ]ACOBS ______238 Some Notes on Occasional Plants of the North Gulf Coast. E. ]. HORDER ______239 PteTostYTax hispida. B. Y. MORRlSON ______240 Index to Volume 41 __.______------______243

OCTOBER COVER ILLUSTRATION

PHOTOGRAPH BY IVAN N_ ANDERSON Zenobia pulverulenta, a deciduous or half-evergreen shrub to about six feet, with arching branches and a fine show of flowers, from the massing of the smaller axillary clusters that come from the upper axils of the shoots until they appear as a great ~aceme of bloom. See Page 233. Copyright, @ 1962 Am.erican H orticultural Society, Inc. DONALD R. EGOLF

For about a week in August the Viburnum lantana, Wayfaring Vibur­ num, fruit clusters are a spectacular display of green, orange-red, and black fruits [See Page 209 ] Native bulbs of Israel for American gardens

ABRAHAM H. HALEVY*

Israel is a small country, about the size hot summer. During five to eight of Massachusetts, but this small geo­ months, no rains at all fall in Israel. grahical area is marked by a great divers­ About the edaphic conditions we can say ity of topographic, climatic, and edaphic that in spi te of the great differences, characters. Dr. G. E. Post, who, at the most soils are rich in lime and their re­ end of the last century wrote the first action is slightly alkaline. complete "flora" of this region, says in The three main climatic regions are: his introduction: "This region is un­ 1) The Mediterranean territory, ex­ equalled by any of the same size on the tending along the Coastal Plain and in­ globe, not only for the thrilling and im­ land into the hill country. This region portant events of human history of receives a considerable amount of rain which it has been the theatre, but for -14-25 inches during the six or seven its unique geological structure, its great months of winter. Its natural vegetation diversity of surface and climate, and its develops, when undisturbed, into a forest remarkable fauna and flora." or maquis (a typical Mediterranean The plant-lover tourist crossing the formation of high mostly evergreen country from west to east, will be as ton­ shrubs) . ished to find so many plant formations, 2) The Irano-Turanian territory has within a two-to-three hours drive. On a continental climate, with extreme the Mediterranean coast he will find the seasonal and daily fluctuations in tem­ typical vegeta tion of the sand dunes. A perature. The average annual precipi­ few minutes later he will enter the loamy tation is 7-14 inches, and the typical soils, planted mainly with citrus groves. vegetation is steppe. Further to the east are the alluvial heavy 3) The Saharo-Sindian territory com­ soils of the Coastal Plain, rich in native prises the desert region of South and and cultured vegetation. Leaving the East Israel, which receives 1-6 inches of plain he will start ascending the moun­ rain a year. tain chains of the central part of the In addition to these three main vege­ country (Mount Carmel, Galilee, and tation groups, the flora of Israel includes Judea), some of them denuded and representatives of two minor groups: the some covered with various degrees of tropical-African vegetation and the vege­ shrub and wood formations. Descending tation of the temperate cold zones of the mountains eastward he will arrive Europe and Asia. rather suddenly from the woods to the As a result of the above mentioned arid steppes, and a little farther he will conditions, this small country has a very find himself in complete desert. He rich wild flora comprising about 2,500 will end his trip going down to the deep species of phanerogamic plants, com­ chasm of the Jordan and the Dead Sea, pared, e.g.) to about 1,500 in the British the lowest valley in the world, about Isles and 1,800 in Egypt. To illustrate 1,300 feet below sea level; here he may the variety and richness of the vegeta­ find in some places tropical-African vege­ tion we may state that within a radius tation. All this within a drive of no of five miles from Jerusalem, one can more than fifty to a hundred miles. find more than a thousand plant species Israel is si tuated at the meeting place belonging to seventy families. of three continents and three climatic The great diversity of the topography, and vegetational regions. Some basic climate and vegetation of Israel indi­ facts of its climatic and soil conditions cates that, in spite of its restricted area, are, nevertheless, common to all regions elements of the native flora might be of this country. The most characteristic found suitable for adaptation to certain feature of Israel's climate is the well­ areas within the United States. It is marked difference between the two quite obvious that regions of the south seasons: a mild, rainy winter a,nd a dry, and west with relatively frost-free win­ ters, would be most suitable especially - The H ebrew University. Faculty of Agriculture. Rehovot, Israel. the coastal districts of California, and [ 185] 186 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL IVIAGAZINE

in some areas in the Southwestern States many of the present common cultivars and Florida. Knowledge of the native of these plants differ greatly in form habitat of each species might help in from their wild ancestors. Some of the finding the region in the U.S.A. sui table wild types of these plants are not less for its adaptation. attractive and graceful than the culti­ The native vegetation of Israel and its vated varieties and might interest the neighboring countries is unu~ually rich plant lover and breeder. The breeding in geophytes, i.e., plants haVIng subter­ of these species occurred mainly in ranean storage organs like bulbs, corms, North Europe (the Netherlands, Eng­ rhizomes and tuberous roots. They com­ land, Germany, etc.). As the cultivated prise about ten per cent of all the wild varieties were adapted to the conditions phanerogamic flora-more than 250 of these countries, it is now difficult to species. Some are very common, co,:er­ grow cultivated forms of hyacinth or ing wide areas; some are rare, growIng cyclamen in their native country and in only in restricted locations; and, some other subtropical regions like the ex­ are even endemic, they do not grow at treme southern U.S.A. One can assume all outside this country. that adaptation of the wild types of these Many of the bulbous plants have at­ plants in the South will be much easier, tractive flowers and pleasant fragrance, in addition to their being valuable as and are suitable for growing in the gar­ source plants for breeding, in forming den, and some also as cut flowers. A few varieties more suitable for the southern of them were the source for well-known gardens. cultivated plants, some are grown spo­ Cyclamen persicum. This is one of radically by amateurs, and there are the most common and beloved flowers many others still uncultivated, which, in in Israel. Its flowering season extends the writer's opinion, are at least worth­ throughout the winter, from December while trying. The author will try, in to April, and its beauty and grace attract this article, to describe plants of all these one and all. They grow in all the Medi­ categories. terranean districts of the country, espe­ It may be assumed (until more accur­ cially on hills and mountains, in the ate research can be carried out) that shade of rocks and under shrubs. The ~ost local bulbs are tender or semi-hardy flowers vary in color from red and purple In many parts of the U.S.A. Thus under to pale pink and white. They rise on cultivation they should not be left un­ purplish stalks above the beautiful protected during winter in the north, leaves with their marble-like pattern while in the southern regions which and silvery spots. Each corm produces have dry summers, they may be left un­ many flowers throughout the season, disturbed all year round in an unirri­ each of them lasting about two weeks. g.ated corner of the garden, since irriga­ The plant is very suitable for the rock tIOn of bulbs during their rest period is garden and for bordering flower-beds, undesirable to nlost of the native bulbs. especially in the shady parts of the Some of them, as NaTcissus tazetta, UT­ garden. ginea maTitima, Scilla hyacinthoides, Anemone coronaria. The Poppy P~ncmtium maTitimum, and Asphodelus Anemone is probably the most popular mwroca1-pus, are less sensi tive to moisture of the wild flowers of Israel, flowering in summer, but most other bulbs will profusely in all parts of the country ex­ ~uffer fro.m ~ot, too early sprouting, and cept the desert, and in some places al­ lfregulanty 1I1 flowering. most covering the ground with its bril­ Planting time for most of these bulbs liant blossoms, from January until the in the south will be in October and end of March. The prevailing color in ~ovember, but those which sprout early most places is red, however, blue, violet, In the season (as Oxalis cernua), or those magenta, pink, and white varieties also which blossom in the early autumn be­ are common. There appears to be a fore. the rai~y season starts (as Pan­ definite relation between the occurrence cmtzur:t panJl{loTum, UTginea mm-itima, of a certain variety and the local soil Colchzcum hieTOsolymitanwn) , should conditions. The red variety predomi­ be planted earlier, in August or Septem­ nates in the Coastal Plain, the Negev, ber. Judean hills around Jerusalem, and on First described are plants introduced Mount Carmel. The slopes of the hills to cultivation a long time ago; thus, facing the Lake of Galilee near Tiberias OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 187

abound in white and light pink ane­ locations and in the deep heavy soil of mones, while the damp and basaltic soils the plains. Bulbs should be planted early of the Galilee and the Esdraelon Valley in the seaSOll, relatively deep. N. tazetta are rich in violet, blue, and magenta bulbs are less sensitive than most other flowers. The number of petals is usually local bulbs to moist conditions during six. Completely double anemones are dormancy, and may be left undisturbed not found in the wild, but semi-double in the garden for several years even in ones having up to eighteen petals are irrigated plots and in regions having common. The local anemones resemble a rainy summer. Blooming in about the the De Caen varieties but are much more same time, but much rarer, is N. sero­ persistent in cultivation. Unlike the De tinus. It has lovely dwarf flowers on Caen varieties, the vegetative propaga­ stems six to eight inches tall with no tion of the local anemones is very easy. leaves at all. The only photosynthetic Each flower lasts about ten days. They organ is the green flower-stem, which open every morning and close in the continues growing after blooming, reach­ evening. The geophilous organ of the ing two and a half feet in height. anemone is a small tuber; their natural Lilium candidum. The wild plants depth in the wild is about one or two of the Madonna Lily do not differ great­ inches. In the garden, they should be ly from the cultivated clones. The violet­ planted near the surface, in well-drained green flower-stem is three to five feet soils. high and the petals are pure white. They Ranunculus. Of the sixteen species have a sweet, J asmine-lik.e fragrance of. R~nunculus native to Israel only R. which is much stronger at night. This ~szattcu! (~urban Buttercup) is known plant is probably the "Lily-of-the-Valley" III cultivatIOn. Belonging to the same and the "Lily among thorns" mentioned family as anemone, they resemble each in the Song of Solomon (2: 1-2). (Con­ other in appearance and cultural condi­ vallaria maja lis-known as "Lily-of-the­ tions, growing often side by side. The Valley," does not occur in the Land of most common color in both plants is Israel). The Madonna Lily blossoms red, but orange, gold, and yellow flowers in early summer (April-June) when of ranunculus can be found occasionally. most other flowers have already died and Ranunculus starts blooming about one the fields are covered with thorns and month after the anemones, in February, thistles. As the Madonna Lily was con­ a~d. flo~ers until May. One can easily sidered a sacred plant, many lily bulbs dlstIllgUiSh between them since ane­ were dug out during the centuries and mones do not have a calyx, while ran un­ sent overseas, mainly to cloisters. It is culus flowers have five scaly sepals below now almost extinct and remains in the the five petals. No double forms are wild only in a few places on Mount found in the wild. The storage organ Carmel and within the wood formations of the Ranunculus is a cluster of tuber­ of the Galilee. It grows mainly on the ous roots sprouting from a short root­ shaded slopes of the hills. stock. Hyacinthus orientalis. This beaytiful Narcissus tazeUa. The wild Poly­ plant grows wild on the Galilee Moun­ anthus Narcissus is found in all Medi­ tains and blooms from January till terranean countries and eastward in March. The color of the native flowers Asia. The two most common varieties is pale to dark blue. The racemes are in cultivation everywhere, are 'Paper more sparsely flowered than those of the White' and the pure yellow 'Grand ·Dutch hyacinths and resemble the Soleil d'Or.' A few wild types of Poly­ ~rench-Rom.an hyacinth. Their fragrance anthus Narcissus are found in Israel, the IS more delIcate than that of the culti­ most common has white petals and a vated varieties. deep yellow corona with up to fifteen Muscari. All three native species of flowers to a stalk. Double forms are grape-hyacinth are worth introducing to sometimes found in the wild. This is cultivation: The small, autumn-flower­ one of the earliest flowers of winter­ ing M uscari parviflorum and taller, starting to flower in November and winter-flowering M. commutatum and blooming until February. They are M. racemosum. The first has heavenly­ found in most parts of the country ex­ blue bells, and blooms immediately after cept the deserts, and are especially com­ the first rain of the season. The second mon among rocks on hill-slopes, in wet has deep-purple flowers and a flower ISIS THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

A. HALVEY

A. b,order 01 A.sphodelus microcarpus stem up to ten inches high. Both are and L eopoldia. Some of them, as B. tri­ common in the Mediterranean regions foliata) grow in wet fields and on heavy of the country. The flowers of M. race­ soils; some, as L. maritima) thrive on the mosum are deep-violet or deep-blue; it sandy soils of the Coastal Plain; and gro:ws mainly in mountain and steppe others, as B. desertorum) are steppe and regIons. desert plants and may be adapted to Bellevalia and Leopoldia. Relatives gardens in the driest zones of the U.S.A. of the grape-hyacinths and resembling Asphodelus. Of the four wild species them, are species of the genera Bellevalia of Asphodelus found in Israel, the most OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 189

u. PAZ Urginea maritima common and suitable for cultivation is scent. Each flower remains alive only A. microcarpus. This is one of the most one day, opening slowly during night attractive winter flowers. Its flowering hours and closing at the same time the season is rather long, lasting from J anu­ next night. The fleshy tuberous roots ary to April. Each plant has many are the only living organs during sum­ branched flowering sterns, reaching four mer. A. microcarpus abounds in all parts feet in height. The leafless scapes bear of the country. Its very attractive rela­ many white-pink flowers with a green­ tive, A. fistulosus, is more common in reddish midrib. They have a light sweet the arid region and even in the deserts, 190 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE and thus might be suitable for adapta­ adapt easily to many soil types and tion to gardens in the arid parts .of t~e weather conditions. S. hyacinthoides southwestern U.S.A. Less attractIve, 111 thrives even in summer-irrigated gardens our opinion, but more common in culti­ and is easily propagated. vation is Asphodelin e lutea (Jacob's Ornithogalum. A relative of the Rod). It is found wild in wet locations squill is the Omit:hogalum (Star of Beth­ and among rocks in various parts of the lehem.) O. umbellatum, often called the country. Unlike Asphodelus the flower­ "True Star of Bethlehem," cannot be the ing stem of Asphodeline is leafy and un­ true "Star," since it does not grow wild branched, reaching three or four feet in in Bethlehem, nor in any other part of height. The color of the flower is orange­ the Holy Land. Ten species of Omi­ yellow. thogalum are native to Israel, six of them Urginec( maritima. The Maritime growing in the Judean mountains in Squill is among the first of the fall-flower­ the vicinity of Bethlehem. The most ing bulbs. As a matter of fact, it starts beau tiful is O. ambiwm. I ts leafless flowering in August, when summer still flowering scapes reach almost three feet prevails and the rainy season is still far in height, bearing up to fifty large ahead, but nights start getting cooler. (up to an inch and a half in diameter) The tall straight flowering stalks, two to pure white flowers, with an elegant five feet high, appear long before the black center. The golden anthers leaves. The attractive flower spikes are and pleasant fragrance of the flowers sold here as cut flowers and many town should also be noted. Cut flowers last dwellers do not realize that this is a wild up to three weeks in water. O. ambicum flower. The pure white flowers in is useful both as a garden and as a cut­ racemes appear first in the lowest floral flower plant. Natural flowering time is whorls; they open at midnight and final­ short, occurring at the end of March ly close, the next night. Next morning through April. Experiments, however, another group of about ten flowers opens are now being carried out at the Hebrew above the previous whorl. The entire University at Rehovot, in cooperation spike flowers over two weeks and even with research workers at Beltsville and the top flowers open when cut and placed in the Netherlands with the aim of ex­ in water. The number of bulblets pro­ tending the flowering time, both for out­ duced naturally are very few, but arti­ door spring-summer flowering and fical vegetative propagation is easy by winter greenhouse forcing. Treatment scooping, scoring, or by any cut or of the bulbs mainly includes various wound applied to the bulbs. Urginea storage temperatures. Preliminary re­ bulbs should be handled with care since sults are promising. In one experiment, the sap of the scales contains a substance saleable flowers were obtained as early which causes skin irritations. U. mari­ as the middle of January, grown in the tima grows mainly in the Mediterranean field. All other local ornithogalums have regions of the country; it also penetrates a green line on the outer side of the into the steppe and the deserts. Another white petals. ·We would like to recom­ species, U. undulata (Wavy Squill) is mend the tall (up to two feet) o. nar­ more common in the Negev desert. Its bonense and the dwarf O. montanum flowers are purple-brown; they also for garden use. bloom in early fall before leaves appear, Pancratium. Blooming even earlier but are less attractive than those of U. than Urginea maritima, in late summer maritima. before the rains, is Pancmti~tm mariti­ Scilla. Related to Urginea are the mu.m, a plant limited to the sandy soils species of Scilla. Of the four species near the sea shore. This is one of the found in Israel, we would like to recom­ few plants which resists the salty sea mend. one fo~ garden use: the spring­ water sprinkled upon their leaves by flowenng Sczlla hyacinthoides. This winds. Its large white flowers up to six b.eaut.iful blue flower appears at Easter­ inches long, are very fragrant; they are tIme 111 open racemes of up to a hundred produced in umbels of up to ten flowers flo:wers on scapes reaching three feet in borne on a solid scape up to two feet height. The racemes also are often used in height. The long tubular perianth ~s cut flowers. The plant is found wild consists of six segments (tepals) and 111 most parts of the country except in an inner, bell-like crown. The flowers the steppes and desert regions, and will open before sundown and bloom during OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 191

A. SHUB

Scill(J) hyacinthoides

the night and next day. The plants ing fall and early winter (September­ are easy to cultivate in well-drained .J anuary) , but is not fragrant. Its flowers soils. They grow well even if irri­ are smaller (about two inches long) but gated during summer. Under such las t longer than those of P. maritimum. condi tions the plant remains evergreen A white stripe occurs along the middle and sometimes flowers twice a year, in of the leaves. This plant is found not the natural blooming time (August­ only in the Coastal Plain but in our October) and in spring (April-May). mountain regions as well. The third Natural vegetative propagation of this native species of Pancratium, P. sicken­ plant is very easy. Another native Pa11- be1'geri, grows in the sandy soils of the cratiwn is P. parvifiorum. It blooms dur- Negev wilderness. Its scape is about a 192 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

A. SHUB

Pancratium maritimum in its native habitat

foot to a foot and a half tall bearing It may be of value both as a garden and five to eight flowers, each about three as a cut flower, since it keeps well, from inches long. The latter two species grow ten to twenty days, in water. It should well in irrigated gardens, thrive in the be planted in well drained unirrigated full sun. and in half-shady places. soil. lxiolirion montanum. A relative of Arum palaestinum is known in culti­ Pancratium, in the Amaryllis family; it vation as Black Calla. The long spathe is is quite distinct in form, color, and grow­ greenish outside and dark-purple inside. ing conditions. It has lily-like blue flow­ More attractive, but having an unpleas­ ers on scapes a foot to a foot and a half ant scent, especially at night, is Arum high. This charming flower grows main­ dioscoridis. Its Calla-like blooms, a foot ly in the arid steppe regions of the long, are greenish-yellow, and purple­ country-Judea and the Negev desert. spotted wi thin. Both species are spring- OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 193

Y. SHUB A border of Allium neapolitanum flowering, growing mainly in the moun­ again attracted, by the special scent, into tains and in the Coastal Plain. Blooming another flower, and thus pollinate it. at the same time in shady places and Orchis. About thirty species of orchid river banks is A. hygrophilum. Arums are native to Israel, most of which are are grown more for their curiosi ty than of little horticultural value, or very rare. beauty. Their flowers are built as traps At least one of them, however, is worth into which insects fall and are im­ introducing into gardens, Orchis lax i­ prisoned from one to ten days. , Only fiorus. This is a tall plant with spikes when anthers open and insects are cov­ reaching two feet in height and bearing ered with pollen, do they escape, to be up to fifty purple flowers, It is a terres- 194 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL ?vIAGAZINE

A. SHUB

Tulipa sharonensis

trial plant thriving on heavy damp soils It blossoms during winter Oanuary­ and swamps in various parts of the coun­ April) in shady places or in full sun, on try. It might easily be grown in gardens many kinds of soil. The three-angled of southern U.S.A. having poor drainage scape, about a foot high may be easily and ample water. distinguished from the round scapes of Alliums. About thirty species of Al­ other alliums. lium are natiye to Israel. Although many Resembling A. neapolitanum and wild onions are lovely, we would like growing with it is A. hirsutum_ It has particularly to recommend five: somewhat smaller flowers and produces A. neapolitanum is one of the prettiest up to twelve flowering stems to a bulb. native alliums with pure white flowers. A. eTdelii grows even in the more arid OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 195

A. SRUB

Gagea damascena places of the Negev. Its long-lasting other native alliums, we consider A. flowers are straw-colored and bell-shaped. sch7.lbeTti, the most attractive kind we A charming but rare species is A . as­ know. The flower scapes, two to three clepiadeum. It is found wild only in feet high, bear large globose umbels, the woods of the Upper Galilee, but more than a foot in diameter, with nu­ grows easily in cultivation and propa­ merous p ink, lilac, and violet flowers. gates well. Its lovely, white flowers, The peclicles vary greatly in length. on foot high scapes, have a dark-purple Those of the sterile staminate flowers center, and a pleasant fragrance. Of the are exceedingly long, while those of the 196 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Y. GAUL Iris nazarena fertile ones are shorter. They flower in base of each tepal. Flower scapes of T. early summer (April-May) and grow shaTOnensis are usually only five to ten mainly in the alluvial heavy soils of the inches' high, while those of T. oculus­ plains. solis are taller, reaching a foot and a Tulips. Three of the four species of half in height. Both tulips may reach Tulipa native to Israel are worth intro­ two and a half feet when grown among ducing into southern American gardens. weeds and in half shady places. T. T. sharonensis and T. oculus-solis have shaTOnensis abounds in the sandy soils bright red tepals with large, black spots of the Sharon and other regions of the and sometimes yellow margins at the Coastal Plain. T. oculus-solis is found OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 197

Y. GALIL Iris mariae mainly on the much heavier soils of the a purple line on their outer side. Un­ mountains-Mount Carmel, Judea, and like the two red-flowered tulips which Galilee. Both are spring-flowering plants thrive in the Mediterranean regions of blooming from the middle of February the country, the latter species is a steppe to April. T. oculus-solis is of more value and desert plant, found mainly in the for horticultural purposes. The third Negev. It flowers in April. tulip is T. polychTOma. It is a dwarf Colchicum. Many bulbs with crocus­ plant up to seven inches, with · white like flowers are common among the na­ flowers, yellow spotted at the base of tive flora. Among them are autumn, each tepal. The three outer tepa Is have winter, and spring flowering species. The 198 THE AIVIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGi-\Zl.KE

Y. GAUL

Iris haynei

first to bloom are species of Colchicum, with flowers about two inches in diame­ two of which are the First-rain colchicum ter. Both species thrive mainly in the (C. stevenii) and Jerusalem colchicum hills and mountains. C. stevenii usually (C. hierosolymitanum). The pink-pur­ is found among rocks and shrubs in un­ ple flowers of both species appear in cultivated hill slopes; C. hierosolymitan­ autumn and early winter, immediately um grows in ploughed fields, vineyards, after the first rain. Jerusalem colchicum and olive groves. Its bulb is buried starts flowering usually even before the deep in the ground, about ten inches, rains begin. It is the largest and most whereas the bulbs of C. stevenii lie no beautiful Colchicum of the country, more than two inches below ground. OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41 , NUIvLBER 4 199

Y. GALIL Iris lorteti

Sternbergia. Blooming with the col­ long. The flowers open every morning chicums, but much rarer, are the stern­ and close in the evening and on cloudy bergias. They are called Yolk-flowers in days. This beautiful plant is not found Hebrew, and indeed they look like yolk­ outside the Holy Land, and even here yellow crocuses. S. lutea occurs here as it is limited to areas in the mountain well as in Southern Europe; it is known region. It, no doubt, deserves to be in­ in cultivation. Much bigger and more troduced into cultivation. It should be beautiful is S. spaffordiana, with tepals planted six inches deep. Natural vege­ up to four inches long, brought together tative propagation is slow, although it in a single flower of up to six inches may be propagated from seeds. 200 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Crocus. About a month after the ap­ blue, purple or lilac flowers. Both are pearance of colchic.ums a~d sternbergias, common in most regions of the country, when the winter rams set 10 and weather including the steppe, but are of little is cooler, the crocuses come out. The horticultural value. I. vartani belongs most common is CTOCUS hyemalis which to the subgenus Reticulata. It is a occurs in the cool and shady places of bulbous plant. The flowers borne on the hill and mountain regions. The ten-inch stems are lilac-blue with green snow-white blossoms are provided with lines on the outer side of the segments. golden stigmas, purple anthers, and a It is endemic to Israel and grows in yellow throat; the flowers have a delicate various mountain regions. and pleasant fragrance. The leaves mark The group best represented among the plant by the silvery line running local iris species belong to the subgenus down the middle. Oncocyclus, with at least seven species. Romulea. vVhen the colchicums have All of them are beautiful, up to two feet quite disappeared and the crocuses are tall, and of high horticultural value. no longer found, in the middle and late Nearly all are endemic to Israel and winter (] anuary-March), the charming grow only in a few limited places. Some sweet-scented flowers of Romulea bulbo­ are very rare and almost extinct. A de­ codium make their appearance. Their tailed description of the Oncocyclus crocus-like blooms are violet-colored. irises of Israel and their habitat has been They appear in small groups on the recently published by Mr. Zvi Ginsburg hills of the Coastal Plain and among the of the Gevim Nurseries, which is the on­ rocks of the mountains. ly commercial nursery growing these Gagea. The latest flowering of the plants. Interested gardeners and ama­ crocus-like flowers are the spring-bloom­ teurs are referred to this article. Some ing species of Gagea. This plant is called ~i.nts for the grower of the Oncocyclus "golden flower" in Hebrew, to indicate IrIses: Neutral to slightly alkaline soils its golden-yellow color. A distinguishing are best, acid soil must be avoided. The mark is the green line that runs down ~atu~al soils of these plants are very poor the middle of the outer side of each 10 llltrogen, thus one must add fertil­ petal. Seven species of Gagea grow wild izers carefully. We will give here only in Israel, each adapted to its own habitat, a brief description of these irises. Fol­ from the cool-rainy Upper Galilee to the lowing Mr. Ginsburg's method we will Negev desert. We will mention two of divide them into three groups according them: G. commutata and G. damascena. to their geographical distribution: !hey ~re re!atively tall, reaching eight 1. The Negev Species: I. mariae and I~ches 10 _heIg~t. Both grow in groups, I. atrofusca. Both grow in the un favor­ sIde by sIde, 10 the mountain regions. a~le climatic conditions of the Negev The flowers of G. commutata are some­ wIlderness, even in areas where annual what larger than in G. damascena and rainfall totals about four inches or less. their tepals are acute. They thrive in cultivation even in places Iris. We would like to conclude this having twenty inches of rain, if planted article with what, we consider to be the on well-drained soils. I. mariae grows most precious treasures of our native mainly on dunes and sandy hills. Its flora, the wild irises of the subgenus big flowers, four inches in diameter, Oncocydus. The native irises of Israel are lilac-purple with a velvety dark pur­ belong to five subgenera: Iris grantduffii ple patch at the throat. I. atrofusca and I. pseudacorus of the subgenus Apo­ generally grows on calcareous hills and gOIl. The first has greenish-yellow flow­ on loess soils of the desert. Its big flow­ en on stems a foot high; while the second ers are dark brown with black veins. In has tall stems three feet high with fra­ some regions where these two species grant, deep-yellow, purple-veined flowers. grow together, natural crosses have oc­ Both a.re water-loving plants, the first curred. Consequently, one can find grows 10 places where water stands in natural hybrids with varying shapes and winter and dries up during summer, and colors of the flowers. the second thrives in permanently wet 2. The Coastal Plain Species: I. atro­ places. I. palaestina of the subgenus purpurea. This iris resembles I. atro­ Juno and I. sisyrinchium of the subgenus fusca, but is smaller in size. It is often Gynandres are both dwarf plants. The called "the black iris," but many shades first has light-yellow, and the second of purple can be found in the wild, rang- OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 201 ing from almost black to golden-yellow. pretty brown-red patch at the base. I. This is the best known and most com­ lorteti is now limited to only a few mon of the Oncocyclus irises, and thrives places in the Upper Galilee mountains. on the sandstone hills and sand dunes The mean temperature in its habitat is of the Coastal Plain. the coolest of all Israeli Oncocyclus iris 3. The Northern Mountain Species: -61 °F., compared to 66 ° for I. nazarena I. haynei, I. nazarena, and I. lorteti. and 71 ° for I. haynei. Where it occurs Although all three species grow on the the annual precipitation is about thirty­ mountains of the northern part of Israel, two inches as compared to twenty-six for each grows in a restricted area of its own. I. nazarena, nineteen for I. haynei, and I. haynei is one of the largest and finest about four inches for the Negev species. Oncocycli. Flowers are lilac-purple with The writer is very grateful to Profes­ darker veins and spots. It occurs only sor H. R. Oppenheimer, Dr. J. Galil, in small areas on Mount Gilboa. The Mr. Y. Alber and Mrs. H . Yahel, who annual precipitation there is a little less read this manuscript and offered many and the temperature higher than in the useful suggestions. Coastal Plain area. I. nazarena is a very lovely and striking plant. Its large flowers are cream-colored with reddish­ References brown lines, spots and blotches on the Feinbwn, N . and R . Koppel. Wild plants in outer segments and delicate blue veins the Land ot Israel. Hakibutz Hameuchad Publ., Tel Aviv. 1960. (With color illustra­ and small purple spots on the inner seg­ tions) . ments. It is confined mostly to the Ginsburg, Z. The natural growing conditions Lower Galilee mountains in the vicinity of Oncocyclus irises in Israel. The Iris Year­ of Nazareth. I. lorteti is the most beau­ book 1956:51-63. The British Iris Society. Moldenke, H. N. and A. L. Moldenke. Plants tiful iris we have seen and, in our opin­ of the Bible. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, ion, the finest of all native Israeli bulbs. Mass. 1956. The basic color of the inner segments is Post, G. E. Flora of S)'ria. Palestine and Sinai. grayish-white with fine deep pink veins. 2nd ed. by J. E. Dinsmore. American Press, Beirut, 1932. The creamy outer segments are covered Zohary, M. Plant life of Palestine (Israel and with very small purple spots with a Jordan). Ronald Press, N. Y. 1961.

Malayan Fantasy-A new garden cockscomb*

WILLIAM F. GRANT

The common garden cockscomb, Celo­ on historical record, and the earliest rec­ sia cristata, exists in a magnificent pro­ ords indicate it only as a cultivated fusion of morphological forms as a re­ plant. The origin of cockscomb is un­ sult of abnormal cancer-like growths known, but some authorities consider it which in the plant kingdom are known was originally native to India. It is be­ as fasciations. Recent cytotaxonomic lieved to have been saved from extinc­ studies have shown cockscomb to be a tion through the religious significance distinct species and not a variety, or and magical superstitions which have derived from, the closely related species, been associated with it by the Indian, C. argentea, as once believed. Cocks­ Burmese, and Chinese people who have comb is the oldest of the fasciated plants planted and still plant cockscomb around their temples and in their gardens. Most commonly encountered are the red­ · Contribution from the Department of Genetics, flowered cockscombs in which the base Macdonald College of McCill Uni,'ersity, Macdonald College Post Office, Quebec, Canada. of the flower through the abnormal pro- 202 THE AMERICAN HORTICULT URAL MAGAZINE

W . F. GRANT

A p·lant of 'Malayan Fantasy' showing varying degrees of fasciation of the inflorescence OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 203

liferation of cells has become broad, recently been shown that tumor forma­ thick, and more or less ruffled like a tion is greatly enhanced in tobacco cock's comb-hence the common name. plants by the exclusion of visible light Forms also exist in which the head is from the top half of young plants. In more feathery or plume-like. These are any case, the new fasciated plant arose generally referred to as plumose types. presumably as a mutation of C. whiteii In addition to the red-flowered cocks­ of which a description follows: combs, pink, orange, and yellow-flowered Celosia whiteii Grant 'Malayan Fan­ plants are commonly grown. Most often tasy' n. cv. the plants are green-stemmed and green­ The plants have a deep red coloration leaved, but red-stemmed and red-leaved of the stems and leaves, like some ones occur. Studies have shown that forms of common cockscomb, but grow these different forms of the common much taller, reaching three feet or garden cockscomb are inherited true to more. The cylindrical flower spikes type from generation to generation. resemble the wild C. aTgentea but are In 1954, the writer collected seed from deep red on the upper one-half to one­ a plant of Celosia growing in a garden third and white on the basal portion. in Malacca, Malaya, wi th the character­ Multiple fasciated spikes develop as istics of C. CTistata and C. aTgentea, the spikes mature, as shown in the another species commonly found as a illustration. The most distinctive as­ weed. Subsequently, plants grown from pects of the plant are the deep red this Malayan seed were studied cytologic­ coloration of the leaves and the col­ ally and found to have 108 chromosomes ored, fascia ted flowering spikes. The -three times the number possessed by plants grow to three times the height the common garden cockscomb. Such of the common garden cockscomb. In plants with an increased number of a garden they may be planted as a chromosomes are known as polyploids. center piece in a flower bed or in small The writer has discussed the probable groups for best effect. In all character­ mode of origin of these allopolyploid istics with the exception of the fasci­ plants with 108 somatic chromosomes ated inflorescences, the new mutant elsewhere. Such a polyploid Celosia had plant resembles C. whiteii. never before been described and was Plants of 'Malayan Fantasy' are much named C. whiteii. Plants of C. whiteii slower in growth than the common gar­ have been grown annually since 1955. den cockscomb. This characteristic has As may be seen in the illustration, the been found to be quite typical of certain cockscomb to be described here develops polyploid plants. With a relatively short a fairly extreme type of fasciation, simi­ growing season in the vicinity of Mon­ lar to some well-known forms of the treal with approximately 135 frost-free common garden cockscomb. The original days, the plants must be started indoors fasciated plant was discovered in gravel­ early in the spring if they are to flower ly soil in the greenhouse beneath a bench during the summer. The plants, how­ on which several pots of C. whiteii were ever, are attractive for the red foliage being maintained. It is believed that a and may be brought indoors in autumn few mature seeds fell through the slats to bloom. This plant should reach full­ of the bench, and as a result of some un­ est development in more southerly re­ known environmental condition a seed­ gions. At present, seed is available for ling mutant developed into a fasciated experimental purposes only. It is hoped plant. From the original fasciated plant that within two years seed may be avail­ seeds were collected and have since been able for commercial distribution. Per­ grown for three generations. So far all sons interested may direct enquiries to plants are similar to the original plant, the VV. Atlee Burpee Seed Company. and the progeny in subsequent gener~­ tions may be expected to produce fasCl­ References ated plants. The reasons why plants Grant, W. F. 1954. A cytological study of Celosia argentea, C. argentea var. cristata, and their become fasciated are not known. Of hybrids. Bot. Gaz., 115: 323-336. current opinions the most favored one Grant, W. F. 1961. Speciation and basic chromo­ would attribute the sudden change to some number in the genus Celosia. Canad. J. some disturbance in the metaboli~ sys­ Bot., 39: 45-50. Grant, W. F. 1962. Speciation and nomenclature tem resulting from a change in nutrient in the genus Celosia. Canad. J. Bot., 40: In requirement or lighting condition. It has press. The Scientific Approach to Summer Mulching

JOHN R . HAVIS*

The use of summer mulches has long contain sufficient stored food to support been recognized as good horticultural the young seedlings for a limited time. practice. Observant gardeners have seen When the stored food is gone, the leaves response to mulches in healthier, more of the young plant must be making new vigorous growth of ornamentals, larger supplies of food, or the plants will die. yields of vegetables and fruit. The rea­ To control weeds, the mulch must be son for these beneficial effects, and some deep enough that the young weed seed­ possible deleterious ones, may not be lings cannot grow through it on stored well understood. Our purpose, then, is food, and it must block out enough light to discuss the effects of mulches on soils so that the seedling leaves cannot carry and plants, with the gardener in mind, on photosynthesis. As far as weed con­ but drawing strictly on scientific evi­ trol is concerned, therefore, the kind of dence. material used for mulching is unimpor­ A bibliography on the subject of tant as long as those two conditions are mulching would list several hundred accom plished. scientific papers spanning more than a There is one other point, however. century. The research on this subject The mulch material itself should not be has been conducted largely on field and favorable media for growing weeds, or orchard crops, but the principles can be else control may be unsatisfactory. Ani­ applied to the home gardener. mal manures, often mentioned in older For our purposes, mulches are defined literature, give poor weed control for as natural materials: mineral, such as this reason, and, even worse, they are gravel; organic, such as peat, leaves, saw­ rich sources of weed seeds themselves. dust or shavings, hay, straw, or other Dr. Ticknor compared shredded sugar crop wastes; or manufactured materials, cane and ground bark mulches at the such as paper, foil, polyethylene, and the Waltham Experiment Station a few years like. It does not include the so-called ago. His results showed that sugar cane dust or soil mulch. gave better weed control than bark. The likely explanation is that wind-blown Weed Control weed seeds found a favorable media for Much has been said recently about growth on the bark, but much less favor­ chemicals for con·trolling weeds. They able conditions for becoming established have a place for certain lawn problems, on the sugar cane mulch. but weed killers should not be used in the home vegetable garden, flower or Soil Moisture and Erosion shrub border for the following reasons: One of the often mentioned benefits (1) Herbicides are specific in character, of mulching is t.he maintenance of a i.e., a chemical may be safe for one plant higher and less variable moisture level in but deadly to another plant a few feet the soil. Mentioned in the same breath, away-in other words, the risk of dam­ and often given as the primary reason age. is t?O great. (2) Accuracy in appli­ for mulching, is the prevention of soil catIon IS of utmost importance and is erosion. With sufficient repetition, these not likely to be accomplished on the advantages may be accepted without home-garden scale. Mulches are the serious question but the inquiring gard­ most practical method of controlling ener may well ask, "How does it main­ weeds in the home garden. tain a more uniform level of moisture?" The soil should be free of weeds when and "Why does a mulch prevent soil the mulch material is applied. Mulch erosion (or washing)?" These are logi­ reduces weed growth by blocking out cal questions and their answers are in­ light on the soil surface and, therefore, teresting to explore. on the young weed seedlings. Weed seeds One of the most important benefits of · Department of Horticulture, University of a loose, porous mulch is the ease of pene­ Massachusetts, Amherst. tration of water from rain or irrigation. [204J OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 205

Most of us know from experience how the soil surface has a high humidity. slowly water penetrates a hard crusted Mulches such as straw, sawdust, peat and soil surface. We know that a crust will the like obviously shade the soil and re­ shed much of the water from a spring duce the temperature as compared with or summer shower; that the plants will uncovered soil that is exposed to the sun. get little benefit, because the crust seems (This effect on soil temperature is ex­ to be almost impenetrable, and further plored in more detail later in this arti­ that such shedding of water causes soil cle), These mulches also increase the erosion. Most of us feel that breaking humidity of the air immediately over the up the crust (or cultivation) makes the soil surface because they act as insulation soil more receptive to the water from slowing the movement of vapor into the showers or irrigation and, therefore, less drier atmosphere above the mulch. run-off occu'rs. We may be surprised to That both shading and insulation are learn, however, that this benefit of cul­ important was proven in experiments tivation on unmulched soil lasts for only conducted in Nebraska by Russell. He the first few minutes of a shower. Soil found that merely shading bare soil re­ physicists have found that the action of duced evaporation 36 per cent, but straw rainfall on the soil surface is to disperse mulch reduced evaporation 73 per cent the soil particles, resulting in the pack­ as compared with bare soil exposed to ing of small particles between the larger the sun and wind. ones so that the pores are plugged and Baver in his textbook on Soil Physics water cannot penetrate freely. This quotes experimental data obtained in condition of the soil, when dried, is the 1883 showing 84 to 90 per cent reduction well-known surface crust! in evaporation over a one month period Bear in mind that this action on the from two inches of chopped straw, beech soil particles is merely from raindrops leaves, pine needles and fir needles. In (or irrigation drops) falling on the bare the same experiment one-fourth inch of soil. A suitable mulch over the soil chopped straw reduced evaporation absorbs the physical impact of the rain­ about 58 per cent. This thin layer shaded drops, delivering the water gently to the and thereby cooled the soil, but the two soil surface and thus preserving its pore inch depth gave greater insulation. structure or receptive ability. Surface There is evidence that mulches con­ crust does not form. This is why a por­ serve moisture primarily in the upper 6 ous mulch allows greater penetration of to 10 inches of soil. Recently reported water from rain or irrigation, less run­ experiments in citrus orchards of south­ off, and less soil erosion. ern California showed that at four-foot We normally think of straw, shavings, depths there was no difference in the and the like as typical porous mulches rate of moisture depletion between that would accomplish the improved mulched and bare soil. Mulch gave no water penetration. Plastic sheeting can benefit in yield. It was explained that do the job equally as well if small slits the roots of the trees were deep and ex­ are made at intervals to allow penetra­ tensive, and the important route of mois­ tion of wa~er. ture loss was through the trees. There We have spoken of how mulches keep is extensive evidence that mulches con­ the soil surface open and receptive to serve moisture in the upper layers of moisture. Mulches may also reduce the soil, and plants that depend largely on rate of loss of soil moisture by evapora­ moisture in the upper six to eight inches tion. show marked benefits. In order to visualize how mulches can A rather minor consideration, perhaps, check evaporation we need to under­ but one that does affect loss of soil mois­ stand what causes evaporation. Evapora­ ture is the influence that mulches may tion takes place in response to a gradient have on the relative rate of transpiration in vapor pressure. This means that mois­ by plants. Transpiration is the loss of ture vapor moves from a region of high moisture through the leaves of plants, A humidity to a region of low humidity highly reflective surface underneath and the movement becomes more rapid plants causes higher radiation to lower as the temperature rises. Thus, evapo­ surfaces of the leaves and increases tran­ ration from soil will be reduced when spiration, A recent repol t of experiments the soil surface and the air immediately shows that, as compared with bare soil, over the soil is cooled, and when air over mulches such as tar paper and foil caused 206 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE significant increases in transpiration. season has often been observed in de­ Hay, black film, and dusty translucent layed growth from preventing the soil film had no effect. warming as rapidly as uncovered soil. This problem of cold soils in the Soil Temperature spring has been given some attention by A summer mulch of plant resid~es, research people in Connecticut, Maine, peat, and the like usually h~ve a c.o0lmg and elsewhere. Professor Whitcomb at effect on the soil. Scores of mvestlgators Waltham, Massachusetts, has observed have recorded soil temperatures .un~er earlier ripening of melons that were mulches and bare soil. A compIlatIOn mulched with black polyethylene. Sev­ of the records shows that more striking eral others have made similar observa­ than the cooling effect is the sm~othir:g tions with vine crops, tomatoes, beans, out of daily and weekly fl~ctuatIOns .m and strawberries. It has been common­ temperature. This effect IS most stnk­ ly felt that the reason for faster growth ing in regions of highest summer tem­ and earlier maturity was that the black peratures,_ as might be expected. Rec­ plastic raised the soil temperature early ords from Puerto Rico, for example, in the season and forc€d the plants to show fluctuations of as much as 38 ° F. in start faster. Dr. Waggoner, of the Con­ a 24-hour period on unmulched soil but necticut Experiment Station, after taking only 12 ° F. on mulched soil. This I?eans many temperature measurements, showed that the temperature does not ns.e as that black polyethylene mulch increased high in the middle of the .day, n~Ither the soil temperature by only about two does it drop as much at mght. Sl~ply degrees for the entire growing season. shading the soil surface from the dIrect Furthermore, he found that the higher rays of the summer sun would account temperature resulted largely from pre­ for some moderation of temperature. venting as much drop in temperature at Some scientists speak of an insulation night. He also found that the black effect based on records that show soil plastic itself got very warm on a sunny temperatures less than the air tempera­ day and emitted a great deal of heat to tures in the shade. A few investigators the air above it. Is it possible that the have thoughtfully measured the mulch faster growth of melons could be caused material itself and recorded temperatures more by warming the leaves than the about as high as bare soil. The soil be­ roots? low remains cool if the mulch material Dr. Waggoner showed that translucent is a poor conductor of heat. This means, polyethylene warmed the soil faster than from a practical standpoint, that a loose black pol yet h y len e, hay, or paper and dry mulch protects against a high mulches. This has also been shown by temperature extreme better than a wet investigators in Kansas with the sugges­ or compacted material such as paper. tion that clear plastic film be used to The color of the material mayor may warm the soil early in the spring, but not be important. Black paper may raise then to exchange it for straw when the the temperature higher than bare soil, weather gets warm. Anyone trying clear whereas white paper moderates midday or translucent plastic as a mulch in the temperatures due to greater reflection. garden will find one disadvantage: With poor conductors, such as hay, on weeds will grow profusely u~der the the other hand, only very small differ­ plastic because one of the reqUirements ences are measured under dark, weath­ for weed control- exclusion of light­ ered material as compared with bright, has not been supplied. The disadvan­ unweathered straw. tage of extra weeds could outweigh the This slightly cooling action in the advantages! summer, and the greater uniformity of soil temperature, are assumed to be bene­ Soil Aggregation and Porosity ficial to most plants. A saving in the High porosity is a desirable character­ rate of evaporation of soil moisture (al­ istic of soil because it provides free move­ ready discussed) may be the most im­ ment of moisture and allows good aera­ portant actual benefit to the plants. Re­ tion for plant roots and for ac.tivity.of search literature is a bit deficient on the beneficial microorganisms. PorOSIty var!es total plant responses to independent with the soil texture, that is, the relative variations in root temperature. A dis­ proportions of different size partic~es. advantage of mulching too early in the soils wi th more sand and gravel bemg OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 2M more porous than soils with high clay mulching materials and of the soil be­ content. More important, perhaps, is neath them 15-18 months after applica­ the improved porosity due to increases tion of the mulches. Fir sawdust had in soil aggregation. Most gardeners ap­ pH 5.0 and oak leaves pH 7.4. When preciate good aggregation intuitively. unmulched soil had pH 6.6, soil under They recognize it as good tilth or say the sawdust had pH 6.6 and soil under the soil "feels good." In order for the oak leaves had pH 6.3. Dr. Judkins in soil particles to form aggregates (or Virginia has experimented with sawdust granules) a bonding or cementing agent mulches for many years and states that is necessary. This cementing agent is "contrary to popular belief, sawdust does humus, which is the decomposition prod­ not cause the soil to become acid." uct of organic material. The improvement of aggregation is Soil Nutrients probably the most important reason for The use of mulches can both decrease incorporating readily decomposable or­ the amounts of certain plant nutrients ganic material into garden soils. It is and increase other nutrients. The effect also a benefit of mulching with organic depends on the mulch material that is materials that gradually decompose, with used. Nitrogen is the nutrient that most the break-down products being carried often is made deficient for plant growth. into the soil by rainfall. Of the dozen Potash is the nutrient most often in­ or so studies of the effects of mulches creased, with phosphate and calcium on aggregation only a few have found being affected occasionally and to a measurable improvement in as short a lesser degree. time as one or two seasons. The mea­ A mulch material such as sawdust can surements that show great improvements actually rob the soil of nitrogen and are those that are made in soils that have cause stunting of plants unless addition­ been under mulch continuously for ten al nitrogenous fertilizer is added along to twenty-five years. A more rapidly de­ with the mulch. The reason for this caying mulch material would probably "robbing" of nitrogen is that the bac­ produce faster results. teria that decompose the mulch require The influence of earthworms on soil a certain ratio of nitrogen to carbon for aggregation and porosity should not be their diet. A 1 to 20 ratio of nitrogen to ignored. A higher earthworm popula­ carbon is about the break-even point for tion is usually found under mulches be­ mulches. Usually, a material that con­ cause they are protected from tempera­ tains about one per cent nitrogen does ture extremes, moisture conditions are not rob soil of nitrogen. If the mulch favorable, and decomposing mulch ma­ is carbonaceous, that is, mostly carbon terial provides food. Counts have shown and very little nitrogen, then the ba£­ considerably higher earthworm popula­ teria will take the necessary supply of tions under decomposing plant residues nitrogen from the nearest source, which such as straw, leaves, and the like, than is the soil. The fact that the stolen under relatively inert material such as nitrogen is eventually returned to the paper and burlap. soil at the completion of the bacterial We are not aware of aggregation mea­ action is comforting but does not help surements under polyethylene plastic the immediate situation. The obvious mulches but would expect little improve­ answer to the problem is to supply extra ment since these materials would con­ ni trogen from commercial fertilizer tribute neither organic material for ce­ sources to approximate the ratio needed menting soil particles nor food for earth­ by the bacteria. For fresh sawdust this worms. is about one pound of nitrogen to each Soil Acidity 100 pounds of dry sawdust. The follow­ Most mulching materials have an in­ ing supply one pound of nitrogen: 2.2 significant effect on soil acidity. In tests pounds of urea; 3.3 pounds of ammoni­ where soils under mulches become more um nitrate; 6.25 pounds of sodium ni­ acid, it was seen that corresponding un­ trate; 5 pounds of 20-10-5 fertilizer; 10 mulched soils also became more acid. pounds of ] 0-6-4 fertilizer; 20 pounds of Many gardeners mistakenly believe that a 5-10-10 fertilizer; about ]6 pounds of sawdust and oak leaves have high acidi­ an activated sewage fertilizer. fying effects. Boller and Stephenson in Many other materials often used as Oregon measured the pH of various mulches, such as straw and shredded 208 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

sugar cane, are also carbonaceous and upper layers where good aeration en­ additional nitrogen may be advisable. courages growth. Plants also develop as Shavings and chips cause less trouble be­ extensive a root system under mulches cause their particles are larger and thus as they do in bare soil. Thus the surface break down more slowly. roots are in addition to the usual root Potash is almost always significantly distribution. Sometimes the mulched increased in soil by mulching. In most plants concentrate most of the roots near instances the additional potash is be­ the surface. This would probably occur lieved to have been leached out of the in wet or heavy soils where deep rooting mulch material. Potash in plant material would be limited by poor aeration. The is almost wholly water-soluble and sub­ type of root distribution varies with dif­ ject to leaching. Grasses, straws, and ferent kinds of plants, of course. hays contain up to one per cent by Summary weight potash. A generous mulch of such materials would supply a significant We have seen that the use of summer amount of this nutrient element. mulches brings about some rather im­ Certain plant residues, for example portant changes in the soil and in the tobacco stems and cocoa shells, carry environment for the roots of plants. sufficiently high levels of potash to cause 1\:1 ulc~es w~)Uld be worth while on many injury to certain plants. Tobacco stems situatIOns If they accomplished nothing contain about 6 per cent potash, and co­ more than to keep down weeds. The coa shells about 3.5 per cent. Work at improvement in moisture penetration the Waltham Field Station of the Uni­ and retention, moderation of soil tem­ versity of Massachusetts demonstrated perature fluctuation, improvement in severe injury to Azalea and Rhododen­ aggregation and encouragement of sur­ dron from cocoa shell mulch. Examina­ face rooting, all amount to exceptional tion revealed that not only were there advantages to be gained by judicious no roots directly under the mulch but use of proper mulches. that roots had been killed in the soil Mulching is not always advantageous. 3 to 4 inches below the mulch. Extreme­ however, as has been mentioned. The ly high levels of potash were found in application of a mulch early in the the soil, and it was believed that excess spring may delay warming of the soil potash toxicity caused the death of the unless a clear plastic is used to trap the roots and subsequent injury to the heat and hasten warming. Certain ma­ plants. terials, highly carbonaceous, can bring Getting ?ack to ~ormal levels of pot­ about nitrogen deficiencies unless some ash, some mcrease m the soil has been extra fertilizer is supplied. This really observed under materials such as glass­ should not be considered a disadvantage. wool that could not contribute the ele­ but merely a point to be remembered_ ment. ~t has .been suggested that an in­ The wrong mulch materials can cause crease m avaIlable potash is an indirect damage to the plants. Products rich in benefit of the more uniform moisture nutrients, particularly potash, should and temperature levels under mulch. not be used as mulches but should be used as fertilizers and at appropriate Root Distribution rates. For those wishing to pursue further Cul~ivation around plants destroys the scientific aspects of summer mulching. r?ots I~ the upper zone that often is rIchest .m nutrients. Drying of the sur­ the following materials are suggested. f~ce soIl also makes unfavorable condi­ References tIOns for root gro~th. Weeds and grass Baver, L. S. 1956. Soil Physics. Third edition_ are s.trong competitors for moisture and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. Jacks, G. V., '''T. D. Brind, and Robert Smith_ nutnents near the soil surface. A good 1955 . Mulching. Technical communication ~ulch obvious~y encourages surface root­ No. 49 of the Commonwealth Bureau of Soil mg by cont.ro~hn~ weeds, retaining mois­ Science. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. ture and ehmmatmg cultivation. Fa~nham Royal, Bucks, England. Judkms, W. P. 1957. Sawdust as a Mulch. Cir­ Root growth near the soil surface and cular 650, V.P.1. Agricultural Extension Serv­ often directly under the mulch or i~ the Ice, Blacksburg, Virginia. mulch itself .is commonly observed. Waggoner, P. E., P. M. Miller and H . C. DeRoo_ Favo~- ~b l e mOIsture and temperature 1960. Plastic Mulching. Bulletin 634, Connec­ tIcut Agricultural Experiment Station, Ne\\r condItIOns allow the roots to exist in Haven, Connecticut. Ornamental Fruiting and Autumnal Foliage Viburnums1

DONALD R. EGOLF2

Viburnums are a group of shrubs solution to the home gardener seeking which become increasingly evident in the dependable shrubs with easy mainte­ autumn landscape. In addition to hav­ nance. Most species will thrive on a range ing ornamental attributes, viburnums are of soil types and are relatively free of great bird attractors. The fruit, botan­ insect pests and diseases. ically referred to as a drupe, often per­ The majority of the species tolerate sists on the bush until March. During diverse soil types and various exposures, the summer, fall, and winter the fruit is but most will thrive somewhat better on eaten by song birds, ruffed grouse, bob­ a deep rich, loamy soil with a pH of 6.0 white quail, pheasants, foxes, skunks, to 6.5 and a moderate amount of mois­ opossums, and racoons. The thicket­ ture. In general, the Chinese species forming species, such as Viburn71:m ~en­ flourish on calcareous soils, whereas the tatum, V. scabrellum, V. prunzfolzum, native American species prefer a slightly V. lentago, and V. cassino ides, provide cover for wild life and browse for rab­ acid soil. V. acerifolium, V. furcatum, bits and deer. Viburnums are used for and V. alnifolium, are exceptions that conservation planting by game and con­ grow best on a moist, organic soil with servation organizations. A few fruiting a more acid reaction, in pH range 4.5- viburnums in the home landscape plant­ 5.0. Species adapted to moist areas are V. ing will do much to encourage birds into cassin 0 ides, V. den tatum, V. lentago, V. the garden. nudum, V. scabrellum, and V. trilobum. V. acerifolium, V. opulus, V. prunifolium The autu~n fruits are sometimes more and V. rafinesquianum are adaptable to colorful than the spring flowers, and the both shady and dry conditions. Although fall foliage often has a splendor all its they tolerate shade, a generous amount own. The cymose or paniculate clusters of sunlight and good drainage are re­ of blue, black, yellow, or red fruits may quired for best flower and fruit produc­ be evident for a week or persist well into tion. Many will thrive in the shade of winter and spring. Although few other the woodland but, except for several na­ ornamentals can rival the viburnums in tive species, V. acerifolium, or V. denta­ fruit, it is the composite of flower, fruit, tum, all will fruit sparsely. foliage, growth habit, ease of cultuf(:, and diversity of form that place VI­ Late-autumn or early-winter planting burnum foremost amongst ornamentals. is often preferable to setting new plants in the spring, but planting any time Cultural Procedures during the dormant season is satisfactory. Balled and burlapped plants can be The sturdy shrub group encompassed transplanted during the sum~er , w?en by the variable viburnums is undemand­ in leaf, if well watered and gIVen lIght ing and of simple culture. It offers a shade for a few days. A wilt-proof spray applied to the fo!iage, prev~ous to .trans­ lOrnamcnlal Deciduous FiowC1°i17g Viburnums, being the first paper in a ~er i es di sc~ss in g th7 Vjburn~m s, planting plants m . full folIage, wIll .be appeared in the July Issu e of 7 he ArneT/can HortIcul­ tural Magazine. Evergreen .viburnums a nd a Checkhst beneficial. Mulchmg generously With of Viburnum Cultivars WIll be published In future leaves, sawdust, or compost after autumn issues of the Magazine. . 'Cytogeneticist, U.S. National Arboretu m, Crops Re­ planting will preclude freezing and search Division, Agricultural Res.earch SerVIce, U.S. Department of Agriculture, WashIngton, D. C. heaving. [209] 210 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Since the fibrous roots are fairly near carlesii, V. X cadcephalum, V. fmgmns, the surface, the plants should only be :md V. lantana, will be more compact. it shallowly cultivated. A high fertility the tips of vigorous-soft-sucker shoots level is not required. Plants will thrive are pinched. Doing this will promote on low to medium·high nutrient levels, branching and will not affect flower-bud but growth will be more lush with initiation. Little pruning of such vigor­ greater fertility. An early-spring broad­ ous shoots, however, should be done after cast application of fertilizer at the rate of mid-July. Understock growth of grafted two pounds of a 5-10-5 fertilizer per 100 plants should be immediately removed. square feet will maintain vigorous growth and fruiting. Heavy application Insects and Diseases of a nitrogen fertilizer should be avoided, White fiy, aphids, and dogwood twig as it will encourage soft sucker growth borer are the only serious destructive that will initiate few flower buds. Al­ insects. White fly is particularly trouble­ though many species will endure moder­ some on mature specimens of the ever· ately dry soil, most will benefit by sup­ green V. tinus and. V. suspensum. In plemental water during periods of early spring a foliage spray of DDT drought. A thorough watering will be (dichloro diphenyl trichlorethan(l), lin­ beneficial, but frequent light watering dane (gamma isomer of benzene hexa­ will encourage surface roots that are chloride) , or malthion will control this susceptible to drought and winter injury. insect. With a heavy infestation, spray­ A ml!.llch will do much to retain moisture ing may be required through the sum­ and sustain growth. mer. On V. opulus, leaves and branches As a group, the viburnums are amena­ tha t have become distorted by the feed­ ble to pruning, but heavy pruning is ing of the snowball aphids provide an seldom required. The indiscriminate easy identification characteristic for this pruning of v. pZicatum f. tomentosum, species and its cultivars. Sprays of mala­ and V. prunifolium can destroy the hori­ thion or lindane before the leaves have zontal lines of the branches. In general curled will readily control the aphids. the species are best left to develop natu­ The dogwood borer can become a serious rally. Infrequently the pruning shears, pest in an old collection. The eggs are in the hands of the amateur, results in laid in the rough bark of the trunk and a ?ob~ed mound that might be appro­ large branches. The % inch-long borer pnate 111 a cemetery but not in the home feeds under the bark and if the borer landscape. Such species as V. tinus, numbers are sufficiently great, they will V. lantana, V. pnmifolium, V. suspen­ girdle the trunk. Effective control can sum, V. lentago, and V. dilatatum, (an be secured by painting or spraying the be sheared to yield dense hedges, while trunks and branches with DDT or diel­ drin, three times at 20-day intervals, the dwarf compact V. op~tlus var. nanum, starting in early May rin the Washington, V. fmgrans var. nanum, V. opulus 'Com­ D.C. areal On occasion, populations of pactum', and V. trilobum 'Compactum,' mp.aly flata, tarnish plant bug, thrips, and normally develop into compact hedges mites may be troublesome. A compli­ without any pruning. Only the densely cated spray schedule need not be followed branching forms should be selected for to grow viburnums. hedges as the more upright and leggy Bacterial leaf spot and powdery mil­ forms wi1l require constant shearing to dew alJe the two diseases most frequently achieve a thick compact hedge. If minor encountered. On the leaves and young pruning is required to improve the plant stems b acterial leaf spot appears as shape, it should be done after flowering water-soaked spots that develop into and not during winter or spring, as with irregular sunken brown areas. Bacterial many other shrubs. Many of the species leaf spot is seldom prevalent enough to set flower buds in late summer and fall. disfigure the foliage or cause defoliation Usu ally these much expanded terminal on the susceptible members of the lan­ naked or scaly buds are readily visible. tana group. Leaf spot can be controlled Should pruning be undertaken after by p icking off and burning all infected these have been developed, the following leaves. To prevent new infections spray year's flowe~ and fruit display wjJJ be three times, at weekly intervals, with suppressed, If not destroyed. Species like Bordeaux mixture; one of the fixed V. grandlf/ontm, V. X burkwoodii, V. copper fungicides, Copper A, or Fermate OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 211

(ferric dimethyl dithocarbamate). Pow­ a new race of mongrels that probably dery mildew, which may become evident warrant little space in any yard. in late summer on plants in shaded Even though there will always be the situations, can be controlled with a odd, inferior segregates, it is not inferred Karathane or a Mildex (dinitro capryl that certain species cannot be grown phenyl crotonate) spray. Shoot blight from seed with a resultant popUlation causes grayish brown decayed spots or of reasonable uniformity in the charac­ may cover the entire leaf. The twigs so teristics of growth, flower, and frui t. infected may be killed and the inflores­ With the ease of vegetative propagation cence may become blighted. This disease however, greater stress need be placed is not common and can be controlled on select clones that definitely produce with a Ferbam spray. Rust may infect outstanding ornamentals. There has V. suspensu.m and possibly a few other been emphasis on seedling viburnums species, but this is rarely serious enough to insure fruiting; but this cannot be to demand control measures. Sulfur or substantiated, as many of the select sulfur containing sprays or dusts should clones, when isolated, will be interfertile not be used on viburnums. It takes but yet fruit abundantly. Possibly a few of one dusting or spraying to turn the the shy fruiting species do require a leaves black and defoliate the entire higher degree of cross pollination. The plant. Plants of the Lantana group are planting of several select clones will particularly sensitive to sulfur injury. insure abundant fruit on all plants rather Lead arsenate plus a sticker will likewise than relying on a heterogenous seedling cause defoliation within 36 hours after population in which a third or more of application. the plants may be inferior. In suburban areas rabbits, starlings, Mass propagation is best achieved by and sparrows may become destructive. sowing seed in outdoor bed or stratifying During the winter or early spring as the in sand in outdoor bed. The behavior buds expand, birds may pick on the of viburnum seed is very variable. Seed flower buds and thus destroy the subse­ germination is complicated by epicotyl quent ornamental flowering and fruiting. (embryonic root) and hypocotyl (em- Bird feeding stations will usually allevi­ bryonic shoot) dormancy, and inhibitors. ate this dilemma. During the winter the Pretreatment of the seed at 68°F. will trunks and branches are susceptible to induce root development. If after a cutting and girdling by rabbits. A rabbit prescribed time lapse the seed is exposed repellent of rosin or a prepared paint or to a cold treatment, 41°F., the epicotyl, spray on the branch and trunk will deter or shoot, will develop. The procedure any damage during snow bound periods of many propagators of sowing the seed when food is scarce for rabbits, as well in outdoor beds in early summer and as for other roden ts. allowing the seed to freeze during the winter, will simulate the warm period Propagation followed by a cold period that initiates Viburnums may be increased by cut­ germination. Because many species ma­ ting, division, grafting, layering, and seed ture seed in the autumn it is impossible techniques. Regardless of the chosen to harvest the seed, remove the fleshy propagation method, only the very best pulp, treat with a surface fungicide, and cultivar stock plants should be perpetu­ sow before cold weather. Germination ated. The plant often offered by the of this late-sown seed will be delayed nurseryman to the home gardener may until after the second winter as it will be a mongrel hybrid that has been sold not have achieved sufficient temperature without any awareness of misrepresenta­ pretreatment. Often viburnum seed col­ tion. Since viburnums are self- and cross­ lected from cultivation will not come compatible in varying degrees, pollen true. It is recommended that propaga­ from a poor ornamental specimen may tion be carried on by cutting, layering, be blown by the wind, or carried by an or grafting. insect to a flower on the select clone Before the widespread use of inter­ from which seed is harvested. Although rupted mist propagation, most vibur­ the propagator selects seed in good fai th, nums were produced by seed, layerage, grows the plant, and continues the cycle graftage, and hardwood cuttings. Soft­ for a number of generations, he is not wood cuttings taken in mid-June and maintaining the species, but is evolving early July can be well rooted in three tend to be a heat trap and the cuttings may be scorched. The polyethylene bag conserves moisture and provides a near­ saturated atmosphere that prevents leaf' wilting and thus hastens rooting. The rooted cutting can be potted or trans­ planted to a cold frame for the winter. Such early propagations will make suffi­ cient growth to winter well. Hardwood cuttings, six to eight inches long, taken after the leaves have fallen in late November, will not root as readily as softwood cuttings and may require several months for rooting. Hardwood cuttings placed in deep pots or fiats in a cold frame or cold basement will callus and root the following spring. Often with the facilities available to the home gardener a few plants can be obtained by this technique. Such hardy species as V. opulus, V. plicatum f. tomentosum, and V. tTilobum are commercially mass­ produced by burying hardwood cuttings in outdoor frames during the winter and planting in nursery rows in early spring. Asexual propagation of select clones can be achieved by graftage, but does not produce the most desirable plant. V. caTlesii and hybrids of this species, are commonly veneer grafted or shield bud­ ded on seedling understock of V. denta­

J. P. ROCHE tum, V. lantana, or V. Thytidophyllum during the summer or winter. ~uch techniques produce salable plants 111 a shorter period than do cuttings.. The The scarlet fruits of Viburnum competition between stock and SCIOn, as the plant matures, may terminate with plicatum f. tomentosum, Doublefile the understock being the dominant V~burnum, are held upright above the plant. The gardener on the vig!l with horizontal branches the pruning shears may recognize. the difference between the stock and SCIOn, but the amateur may be unaware of understock growth and may realize after a few years that he has a plant of the weeks or less, depending on the species. inferior V. lantana or V. den tatum Cuttings, six to eight inches long, taken rather than a select V. caTlesii culti­ from vigorous current season's growth, var. The compatibili ty and differential should be inserted to a depth of at least growth rate of stock and scion produce two nodes in a medium of vermiculite, a weak point on the trunk suitable for coarse sand, or a mixture of two-thirds bacterial or fungal infection that may coarse sand and one-third peat moss. result in the mature specimen suddenly Supplemental bottom heat will be advan­ being lost to graft blight. tageous, but is not a necessity. Inter­ At the Montreal Botanic Garden nor­ rupted mist maintains turgid foliage that mal V. opulus was grafted on the dwarf promotes rapid rooting. The home V. opultts var. nanum to produce a dwarf gardener without interrupted mist facili­ plant. Even though many of the vibur­ ties can achieve the same result by plac­ nums are too large for many landscape ing a few cuttings in a clay flower pot purposes, the use of dwarf understock covered with a polyethylene bag. The has limi ted possibilities. Since such covered pot should be placed in the grafted plants will produce sucker shoots shade as the polyethylene in the sun will it wj]l require constant attention to [212J OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 213 maintain the dwarfed plants. Likewise, f. tomentosum, the long, pendulous nhe cost of commercial production will leaves of V. se tigerum, the fine-textured probably I be prohibitive. The horticul­ foliage of V. X chenaultii, or the ever­ turists, however, can produce a few green, wrinkled leaves of V. rhytidophyl- dwarf-grafted plants for a select garden 116m , can be combined in the border to coni1er utilizing one of the dwarf culti­ provide a pleasing summer composition. vars as understock. Such foliage variants as V. lantana Whenever only a limited number of 'Aurea Marginata' with white-margined plants are required division or layering leaves, V. lantana f. variegatum with can be employed. To produce a few variegated foliage, V. opulu,s 'Aureum' plants by either of these techniques re­ with golden foliage that severely burns quires no extensive propagation facili­ in the hot summer sun, V. opulus f. ties. A sucker shoot that appears near variegatum with variegated foliage and the base of the plant can often be severed V. sargentii 'Puberulum' with new shoots from the parent plant with a few roots maroon-red, can be displayed to some attached. After two to three years in the advantage but most foliage color variants nursery row or corner of the garden, a are monstrosities with little ornamental specimen plant will have developed from fruit. Many of the cultivars have more the division. A vigorous young branch is subtle foliage coloration, petioles colored tip-layered in early spring by wounding to compliment the foliage, or leaves with with a slight cut in the bark near the tip, bronzed or maroon foliage which con­ and burying the branch in soil wi th the tras t pleasingly in a mass planting. tip exposed. Species with stiff branches Red to Black-Fruited Viburnums not limber enough to be bent down to the ground are best mound layered. A Even though the spectacular fruit dis­ peat or soil mound should be made to play on several of the early-maturing cover the basal portions of the plant to species is of brief duration, it is often a height of approximately ten inches. more appreciated at that season when With adequate moisture, layers will few shrubs are in flower and fruit. V. strike roots the first season, but they will fragrans (5b) *, Fragrant Viburnum, is probably benefit by not being severed the first species to mature fruit in late from the parent plant and transplanted June. The pendulous, 2-3-inch diameter, until the second season. The home scarlet clusters becom@ black after several gardener can produce a few plants by weeks and are readily eaten by birds. air layerage, but the technique is not The white-flowered V. fragrans var. al­ economical for commercial production. bum (5b) has pale yellow fruits at ma­ An air layer is prepared in the early turity. spring by wounding a stem, treating the The horizontal rows of upright in­ wound@d area with hormone powder, florescences with scarlet fruits on V. pli­ and applying a generous handful of catum f. tomentosum (5), Doublefile moist sphagnum that is securely held in Viburnum, provide contrast with the place by a piece of polyethylene film. soft, medium-green foliage but are evi­ The rooted air layer is cut from the dent for only a few weeks before ripen­ parent plant and grown for a season or ing to black in early July and being de­ two in a sheltered corner before planting­ voured by birds. After the disappearance in the shrub border. Layers and divi­ of the fruit this select shrub passes to sions shmIld always be taken from select another ornamental phase and is envel­ cultivars as poor cultivars will pay little oped with many fine purplish-red au­ interest, but select forms will provide tumn hues. The native V. alnifolium dividends with abundant flowers and (4), Hobblebush Viburnum, enlightens fruit. the northeastern acid woodlands with The universal adaptability of vi­ scarlet fruit fo'r a few weeks in June and July before the fruit matures to black burnum does not cease with the flower­ and is eaten by wildlife. ing anticlimax in mid-June. The diverse The scarlet V. sieboldii (5) , Siebold foliage types and textures, such as the Viburnum, fruits mature in August and velvety-textured leaves of V. buddleifoli­ um, the deeply rugose leaves of V. sie­ ·The numbers in parentheses after the species in the boldii, the smooth glossy leaves -of V. text refer to the h ardiness zo ne according to the Plant Bardiness Zone Mat), U.s. Dept . Agr. Misc. Publ. 814 prunifoliurn and V. cassinoides, the pli­ (See The Amer. Hort. Mag., Oct. 1960 ). The suffi x b with the hardiness zone indica tes that the plant is cate opposite paired leaves of V. plicatum hard y only in the warmer parts of th e zone. 214 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

J . P. ROCHE The brilliant scarlet fruit of ViburnuTn dilatatuTn, Linden ViburnuTn, Tnatures in SepteTnber and persists on the plant into the winter are soon obliterated by birds. After the Bitchiu or Yeddo Viburnum; V. X che­ fruit is gone the red pedicels remain to naultii (5), Chenault Viburnum; and enhance the plant. The deeply rugose, V. X bU?'kwoodii C5b) , Burkwood Vi­ shiny-dark green leaves assume a pur- burnum, mature to black in early Au­ plish bronze in autumn. gust. For but a very brief period the Many of the select flowering viburn- fruit may be colored red or orange. In urns lack the autumnal display of fruit mid-August the fruit display of V. lan­ and foliage coloration. The fruits on tana (4), Wayfaringtree Viburnum, af­ such species as V. carlesii (5b) , Korean- fords a striking display for about a spice Viburnum; V. bitchiuense (6) , week, when the fruit clusters contain the OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 215

luminescent orange-red fruits in various The eastern woodland V. ace?-ifolittm stages of maturity from green to orange­ (4), Maple Leaf Viburnum or Dock­ red to black. A mature 6- 8-foot speci­ mackie, thrives on acid soil despi te shade men is not outstandingly ornamental but and drought. V. aCeTifolium is common it combines good traits with hardiness on dry woodland slopes from Quebec and adaptability to dry environments so and the New England states southward as to provide a useful shrub for adverse to the mountains of Georgia and Ten­ sites. The more abundant fruiting V. nessee. The common name refers to the lantana var. rugosum (4) has larger, deeply lobed leaves that closely resemble darker green, and more wrinkled leaves. the leaves of maple. The early June The cultivar grown under the name V. cream-yellow flowers produce the up­ lantana 'Macrophyllum' (4) has larger, right clusters of black frui ts. This serv­ medium-textured leaves and fruit clus­ iceable 3-6-foot plant warrants extensive ters that may be as large as 8 inches in use in naturalistic plantings and will diameter. enhance any woodland trail with some rich purplish and crimson hues in late Blue and Black-Fruited Viburnums autumn. The blue- and black-fruited viburn­ The horizontal black branches with ums are most prevalent among the North abundant spur growth of V. p1-unifolium American species. Since blue and black (4) , Black-Haw or Stag Bush Viburnum, do not contrast sharply with green or compose a large upright shrub or small autumn-colored foliage, the fruit display tree 15-feet high that somewhat resem­ is less showy than on the red-fruited bles some of the crabapples .. The Black­ species. However, the blue- and black­ Haw is generally more rigid and twiggy fruited species rate a select position in than V. lentago becoming thick and the viburnum border as they combine broad through the middle and forming noteworthy characteristics with fruits almost impenetrable native thickets. The that often includes green, pink, and red pointed, slate-gray buds unfold into to black in the same cluster. broad-elliptic to ovate, sharply serrate The large multiple-colored fruit clusters of Viburnum lantana 'Macrophyllum' are well displayed on a large shrub DONALD R. EGOLF 216 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

DONALD R. EGOLF The contrast o f the glossy green leaves or russet autumn foliage and the glossy scarlet fruit places Viburnum wrightii, Wright Viburnum, among the select fruiting species leaves, which are a glossy green in sum- than V. p?-unifolium, buds that are vel­ mer and turn wine red to shining red in vety dark brown and elliptic-obovate, 2- autumn. The mid-May cream-colored 3-inch leaves that are glossy green above flowers are followed by fruits that droop and rusty pubescent beneath. The f10~",­ pendant fashion trom the heavily laden ers are cream colored and the frUIts branches. In August and September the bright blue-black covered with a glaucous maturing ornamental, mul ticolored fruits bloom. Autumn foliage colors are in in the same cluster are green, rose, blue, tones of m aroon, red, and purple. V. and black and covered with a heavy ntficlulttm is a suitable plant for south­ bloom. The fruits are palatable and ern culture but in northern areas V. sweet after being exposed to frost, but pntnifolium is the superior plant. rather dry. The V. prunifoliwn n atural- The somewhat more open V. lentago istic appearance and tree-like growth (3), Sheepberry, Nannyberry, or. Wild habit are combined with mass flower R aisin Viburnum, is closely alhed to display, abundant blue-black fruit, and the Black-Haws. V. lentago is a much­ fine foliage to provide an ideal landscape branched shrub or small tree up to 30 specimen for the modern designed home feet tall found native in meadows and on a small lot. A weeping form 'Holden' open pastures from the Hudson Bay area (4) was selected at the Holden Arbore- south to Georgia and Mississippi. The tum, Mentor, Ohio. The cultivar 'Glad- finely toothed, shiny green leaves change :",yne' (4~ is an exceptionally fine fruit- in fall to tones of orange, scarlet, and mg speCimen included in the unique red. The bright-blue fruits in drooping garden of select native plants created by clusters ripen to black in September and NIrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Penn- October and will persist on the plant sylvania. into the winter. The graceful arching The southern counterpart of the branches of the round-topped V. lentago Black-Haw is V. Htficlu lum (6), Southern produce an excellent shrub for specimen Black-Haw or Rusty Black-Haw. This planting, screens, or windbreaks, but in native from Virginia to Florida is a large either case must be given ample room. shrub or small tree to 30-feet tall that The form V. lentago f. sphae1"Ocm'pum has stiffer and more horizontal branches (3) with globular fruits is not signifi- OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 217 f '

J. HORACE l\'I C F ARL AN D The Viburnum setigerum, Tea Viburnum, branches are often ccrched under the weight of the abundant, oval-shaped fruits cantly different from the species and is to black. In the wild the plant is otten an inferior ornamental. a straggly shrub, but in moist acid The hybrid V. X jackii (4), (V. len­ gardens it becomes a symmetrical plant tago X V. pnmifolium) originated in the 6 feet tall. V. cassinoides var. nanum (4) Arnold Arboretum before 1900 and was is a distorted compact plant with noted by J. G. Jack in 1908. V. X jachii crinkled leaves that appears to have is intermediate between the parents and been the perpetual residence of aphlds. not of significant ornamental merit. An­ V. nudum (6), Possumhaw Viburnum, other hybrid V. X vetteTi (5), (V. len­ is closely akin to V. cassinoides but more tago X V. nudum) , between two North adaptable for southern planting. V. American species, originated before 1879. nudttm is a larger plant than V. cassin­ V. X vetteTi is known only to be culti­ oides and has 3-4-inch long, lustrous vated at the Cambridge Botanic Garden, leaves, which become dark red in Cambridge, England. V. X vetteri and autumn. The blue-black fruits m ature V. X ja,ckii have blue-black fruit. in September. V. mtdwn, likewise, is a V. cassinoides (4), Withe-rod, Swamp plant for moist areas in gardens south Viburnum, Swamp Black-Haw, False of central Pennsylvania. Paraguay Tea, Wild Raisin, or Appal­ Although a multiple-stemmed plant achian Tea Viburnum, is a swamp native of V. dentatum (3), Arrowwood Viburn­ of the Atlantic coast of North America. um, may be 15 feet tall, plants in the The common name Withe-rod refers to native environs of eastern North Amer­ the practical application- as a switch by ica will produce thickets in moist areas. country school teachers in pioneer times. The glossy, russet, autumn foliage will The thick, dull-green elliptic or ovate accent any naturalistic planting. The to oblong, finely toothed, wavy margined abundant blue-black fruits mature in leaves turn orange-red in the autumn. September and remain on the plant until In early] une the yellowish-white flowers winter, when they provide an excellent appear in loose 4-5-inch flat clusters. source of food for birds. The Arrow­ The multicolored fruit clusters are. spec­ wood Viburnum is a shade-tolerant filler tacular in August and September as the plant for the large shrub border or fruit changes from green to pink to blue naturalistic woodland trail. V. dentatum 218 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE var. pubescens (3), V. Tecognitum (3), Three other yellow-fruited selections V. scabTellum (6), V. bmcteatum (6), have been reported, but are not known V. molle (6), and V. mfinesquianum (3) to be in cultivation. A plant of a yellow­ are related species. Only two of these fruited V. acerifolium was located in species are ornamentally significant from northern New York. A yellow-fruited V. V. dentatum. The 12-foot V. molle, Ken­ trilobtlm was cultivated at East Lee, tucky Viburnum, has interesting peeling Massachusetts, but apparently has now bark that reveals a shiny under surface. been lost. In Europe V. betulifolium V. mfinesquianum, Downy Arrowwood, 'Auranticum' has been cultivated, but is a compact shrub 3-6 feet tall that has no authentic plants have been located. fine-textured foliage and grows naturally In the future, selections with additional in dry-rocky soils. frui t colors will undoubtedly be located Yellow-Fruited Species among seedling populations that will further enhance the viburnum shrub The four yellow-fruited viburnums border. are worthy of cultivation as there are relatively few yellow-fruited ornamen­ Red-Fruited Viburnums tals. As the frui ts rna ture they pass Because red provides a more distinct from pale yellow to dark orange and brown on V. opulus f. xanthocaTpum contrast than yellow, blue, or black, the (3b) , the Yellow-Fruited European persistent red-fruited viburnums are the Cranberrybush Viburnum, V. saTgentii f. most highly prized. Except for V. opulus flavum (5), the Yellow-Fruited Sargent from Europe and V. edule and V. tTil­ Viburnum, and V. setigem,m f. aumnti­ obum from North America, the red­ acum (6), the Yellow-Fruited Tea Vi­ fruited species are all of Asiatic origin. burnum. The firm pale-yellow fruits of The Asiatic red-fruited viburnums may V. dilatatum f. xanthocaTpwn (5b) , not be as hardy as their North American Yellow-Fruited Linden Viburnum, per­ relatives, but they are adapted to most sist much longer on the plant than on parts of the United States and southern the other yellow-fruited viburnums. The Canada. yellow-fruited selections will compli­ The brilliant-scarlet fruit of V. dilata­ ment plantings of other species. The tum (5b) , Linden Viburnum, combined plants of the yellow-fruited forms are with masses of cream-white Bowers in similar to the species; however, the fol­ May, compact growth habit, and russet­ iage will be lighter yellow green. V. red autumn foliage, place this plant opulus f. xanthocaTpum and V. sargentii near the top of any select-species list. ~. flavtln~ will display good yellow foliage V. dilatatum, a native of China and m the autumn. Japan, was introduced into England in The plants of V. dilatatwm f. xantho­ 1846 by Robert Fortune. Not until 1888 caTpum received at the Arnold Arbore­ did plants raised from seed received tum from J. H. Bowditch, Pomfret, from the Agricultural College, Sapporo, Conn., in 1919 fruited first in 1921. The Japan flower at the Arnold Arboretum. Arnold Arboretum was the home of The leaves are variable in size and shape, V. saTgentii f. flavum, which was raised 2-5 inches long, often broad, orbicular­ together with typical V. saTgentii from ovate or obovate, usually terminating in seed sent in the autumn of 1904, by the an obtuse point, densely pubescent and Japanese botanist Uciyama from Korea. coarsely toothed. The bright-red fruits V. sargentii f. flavum is a bush of im­ borne in 5-inch diameter clusters are posing stature that fruits as abundantly ovate, much fl attened, and about 1/ 3- as the species and is superior to V. inch long. The fruits mature in Septem­ oPylus £. xanthocal'pum. Among plants ber and will persist on the plant into raJ.sed from seed sent in 1907 by E. H. the winter. An 8-£00t specimen covered WIlson from Chang-Io-hsien, Hupeh, with fruit can provide a focal point to China, to the Arnold Arboretum was V. any landscape. The form V. dilatatum setigenlm f. aurantiacum, which bore f. pilosum (5b) differs from the species fruit of a bright-orange. Young plants in having the leaves and stems densely ten~ to be leggy and open at the base, covered with stiff-black pubescence. The whIle mature specimens are decidedly planting of cultivars such as V. dilata­ vase-shaped. The compact round-topped tum 'Moraine' and 'Improved' will guar­ V. opulus f. xanthocarpum was culti­ antee a fine fruiting specimen, whereas vated prior to 1840. the usual seedlings sold by nurseries will OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 219 produce shy fruiting as well as good sparsely but older 12 foot high, wide­ fruiting plants. arching specimens are masses of pendu­ Unfortunately the superb V. w1·ightii lous, vivid-red fruits. V. betulifolium is (5b) , Wright Viburnum, marauds as a not a reliable plant in the North and misnomer to many nurserymen under will usually be severely winter killed; the disguise of an inferior form of V. however, in milder climates the fruit dilatatwn. In 1892 C. S. Sargent collected display surpasses that of other species. seed in Japan, which was subsequently V. betulifolium 'Trewithen Form' (6) is grown at the Arnold Arboretum. A an exceptionally good fruiting selection mature V. wTightii plant 9 feet tall has from the garden of the late G. H . J ohn­ ovate, glabrous leaves and shoots with stone, Trewithen, Cornwall, England. the terminal bud enclosed by red bud Augustine Henry discovered V. hupe­ scales. V. wrightii is distinct from V. hense (6) , Hupeh Viburnum, near Fang, dilatatum which has soft pubescent 'Western Hupeh, in 1888 but it was not leaves, densely villous branches, and until 1908 that E. H. Wilson collected gray-brown pubescent bud scales. The seed. The 2-3 inch long, ovate leaves, frui t of V. wrightii) which is larger than subcordate at the b ase, densely pubes­ that of V. dilatatum) begins to color a cent on both surfaces, turn purplish glossy scarlet in early August and per­ bronze in autumn. The stellate-pubes­ sists on the plant for several months. cent branches are laden with fruit, at The plant commonly sold as V. wrightii first yellow-orange but at maturity bright is only a pubescent variation of V. dila­ red. The rather insignificant floral dis­ tatum. Many inferior seedlings will re­ play is only a prelude to the autumnal sult from seedling populations of either splash of fruit on a specimen 6-8 feet tall. of these species. The dwarf compact, 5- The leaves of V. se tigentm (6) (V. foot V. wTightii var. hessei (5b) , which theifentm) Tea Viburnum, are used by fruits as abundantly as the species, was the monks on ]\lIt. Omei, Szechuan, named after Herman Hesse, '!\Teener, China, to make an infusion of sweet tea, Germany, who introduced the plant which is famed for its medicinal proper­ about 1900. ties and sold at much profit to pilgrims. The Chinese red-fruited V. lobophyl­ The tea is described as sweet with the lum (6b) was introduced from Western flavor of coarse congou (a kind of black China by E. H. Wilson in 1901. V. lobo­ Chinese tea) with a plentiful addition phyllum is an upright shrub, which of brown sugar. The Tea Viburnum grows 15 feet tall. The leaves are broad­ was first introduced into cultivation by ly ovate, abruptly narrowed at the apex, E. H. Wilson in 190 I from Kui, Hupeh, rounded at the base, shallow toothed on and distributed by the Veitch Nurseries. the margins, bronzy-green in summer, V. setigenlm is an ungainly, leggy plant and a claret color before falling in the growing 12 feet tall, and with arching autumn. The shiny red berries in 4-5- branches. The ovate-oblong leaves, 2V2 inch diameter clusters are more densely to 4 inches long, glossy dark green above, borne on older plants, but at maturity glabrous except for silky hairs on the the abundant clusters persist until cold veins beneath, are tender and will often weather, when birds find them a source be nipped by late-spring frosts and again of food. in the fall in northern zones before any V. betulifolium (6), Birch-leaved Vi­ appreciable yellow-orange coloration has burnum, which was introduced in 1901, developed. The branches often are may be confused with V. lobophyllum. arched under the weight of the large The leaves of V. betulifolium are ovate clusters of brilliant orange or red, oval­ to diamond-shaped, broadly wedge­ shaped fruits dangling on long stems. shaped at base, the terminal part grad­ Upon exposure to freezing, the fruits ually tapered, and coarsely toothed. become translucent and soon brown. In Probably the seed, referred to as a stone, milder regions the plant will attain a is the best distinguishing characteristic vase shape and grow to 12 feet tall; but for separating V. betulifolium and V. in northern areas the plant is subject to lobophyllum; in V. bet~difolium smaller winter injury and is a scraggly shrub, and nearly circular in outline, and in V. rarely more than 6 feet tall. V. phlebo­ lobophyllum ovate, tapering to a point tricum (7) is closely akin to V. seti­ at one end and more deeply grooved. gerum. V. setigentm !s distinguished Young plants of V. betulifolium fruit from the lower growmg V. phlebo- 220 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

The abundant pink and blue-black fruits of Viburnum cassinoides, Withe-Rod, are complimented by the glossy-green leaves tricum by its larger and longer stalked, foregoing are-V. dasyanthum (6b) , V. thicker, denticulate-serrate leaves, by the emsum (6), Beech Viburnum, V. foetz­ longer stamens, and by the outermost dum (8), V. ichangense (7), Ichang scales of the winter buds being more Viburnum, and V. wilsonii (5b) , Wilson than half as long as the whole bud. The Viburnum. V. rlasyanthum was intro­ Tea Viburnum is a much more vigor­ duced from central China in 1907. The ous shrub and will fruit freely if given ovate to oblong dark-green leaves have sunlight and good drainage. purplish petioles that are near the recl­ Several other red-fruited Asiatic spe­ brown to dark purple color of the cies which are less ornamental than the branches. The bright-red, ellipsoid fruit, OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 221

DONALD R. EGOLF The blue·black Viburnum prunifolium, Black.Haw, fruits are borne on the tips of spur growth borne in 4-5-inch clusters is of firm tex­ ol'ientale (6), Oriental Viburnum, and ture and most spectacular. The 6 foot V. sargentii (5), Sargent Viburnum from tall Japanese V. erosum has been culti­ Asia; and V. trilobttm (2), Pembina or vated at the Arnold Arboretum since American Cranberrybush Viburnum and 1880. The slender much-forked branches V. edule (2), Squash-bush or Mountain are sparsely covered with the oblong­ Guelder Rose, from Nonh America. ovate leaves and produce lax, pubescent, The flowers on all these species except long-stalked clusters of red fruit. The V. kansttense are cream white and com­ disagreeable odor of the bruised leaves prise an inflorescence of many small fer­ well explains the name of V. foetidum tile florets encircled by a marginal row (8). This semi-evergreen variable spe­ of enlarged sterile florets in a Queen­ cies from India and China has scarlet­ Anne's-Lace arrangement. The fruit is crimson fruits packed close together in oval to spherical in shape, contains a 4-inch clusters. The plant is a fine com­ flattened seed, is highly acid, becomes pact shrub with handsome frui ts, but translucent at maturity, and persists on rather tender. The leggy 6-foot tall V. the plant un til late winter. ichangense was introduced by E. H. Wil­ The American Cranberry bush Viburn­ son in 1901. The slender branches laden um, V. trilobum, grows far north into ~ith small scarlet fruits are spectacular Canada and will survive the severest In the autumn. V. wilsonii was intro­ winters. However, it is less frequently ?uced from Szechuan, China, by Wilson cultivated than the European Cranberry­ In 1908. A mature V. wilsonii plant will bush Viburnum, V. opulus. The preva­ be 6-10 feet tall. lent aphid distortion serves as a V. Among the Cranberry bush group of opulus identification characteristic, but viburnums with deeply lobed, maple­ V. trilobum is immune from this disfigur­ like leaves are several select red-fruited ation. These two species are much be­ forms. These species are represented in muddled and the true V. trilobum, which both the Eastern and vVestern hemi­ h as three-dis tinct-broad lobes, small spheres by V. opulus (3b) , the Eur:opean glands at the petiole base, a n arrow, Cranberrybush Viburnum, from Europe; grooved petiole, branches smooth light V. hanSllense (6), Kansu Viburnum, V. gray-brown, and an overall wide spread- 222 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

DONALD R. EGOLF The native Viburnum trilobum, American Cranberrybush Viburnum fruits heavily and is a select ornamental for northern regions

ing habit of growth, is not readily ob­ a substitute for cranberries. However, tainable. The fruit of V. trilobum is the cranberry harvested from bogs is not edible and makes fine jelly or jam; that related to the American Cranberrybush of V. opulus is bitter. Viburnum. A clear, fine-flavored jelly V. trilobum is common on hummocks is made from the fruits, which are rich in acid bogs, along streams, and wooded in pectin. A jelly that approximates that uplands from Newfoundland and British of currant can be quickly prepared. The Columbia south to New Jersey and ripe fruits are covered with water and Oregon. The plant will grow 8-10 feet boiled for a minute, the juice strained tall but will be somewhat coarse in ap­ off, an equal amount of sugar added, pearance with leaves 4-6 inches long and boiled for 2 minutes, skimmed and the more suitable for large places. The jelly is done. The remaining pulp can growth will be superior in cool, moist be used for jam. regions, and the plant will not survive, A. E. Morgan undertook the improve­ except in mountainous regions, much ment of V. trilobum at East Lee, Massa­ south of Pennsylvania. The nearly glab­ chusetts. By a study of fruit from rous dark-green, lobed leaves turn Alaska to Newfoundland he noted the orange-yellow to reddish-purple in the natural variation. A more intensive autumn landscape. The large, long­ search for select plants was pursued by stemmed, drooping clusters of fruit start personal survey of sections of New York to ripen in late J ul y and turn scarlet be­ and New England. Plants assembled fore becoming soft and translucent. The from this survey established the planta­ acid juicy fruits are not apparently the tion in the Berkshire Mountains, at chosen food of birds as they remain on Jacob's Pillow near East Lee, in 1915. the plant until late winter. These red About 3,300 plants propagated from fruits add interest w the winter garden these select clones were distributed to blanketed with snow. cooperating experiment stations. In the In portions of the northern states and spring of 1921 the plantation was turned the prairie provinces of Canada, the over to the Bureau of Plant Industry of P~mbina or American Cranberry bush the U.S. Department of Agriculture. VIburnum is utilized as a jelly fruit and After a period of observation, three of OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 223

D0NALD R. EGOLF The translucent, red fruits persist on Viburnum opulus, European Cranberry­ bush V~burnum, and provide a winter display in those areas where Viburnum trilobum cannot be successfully grown the best selections were named 'Andrews,' selected by Roy Hahs, another of Mor­ 'Hahs,' and 'Wentworth' and introduced gan's collectors, in 1915. The clusters and through commercial nurseries in 1922. fruit of medium size ripen in September. Several ornamental selections wete made, 'Hahs' was selected because of the vigor but these h ave apparently been lost. of the bushes, its productiveness, and After 10 years of critical evaluation of its high pectin content. The cultivar the V. t1"ilobum accessions the plan- 'vVentworth' was selected by Frank tation was abandoned by the U.S. De- Andrews on the farm of O. E. Went­ partment of Agriculture. In the inter- worth near Lancaster, New Hampshire. vening years the underbrush became 'Wentworth' is a vigorous, spreading competition for the viburnum selections bush with large, somewhat drooping and many succumbed. The author visited clusters that matures fruit early. the site in 1960 only to learn that the Of more recent origin are the cultivars major portion of the planting had been 'Manito' and 'Philips.' 'Manito' was obliterated by the construction of the named by Morden Experimental Farm, Massachusetts Turnpike. Only on an Morden, Manitoba, in 1947. This culti­ isolated corner do about a dozen plants var found by an Indian, growing in the still survive. wild at the south end of Lake Manitoba, Fortunately the three varieties 'An- near Delta, Manitoba, was selected for drews,' 'Hahs,' and 'Wentworth' have its larger than normal fruit. In 1956 an been preserved. 'Andrews' was selected unusually fine plant near vVest Acton, by Frank Andrews, one of Morgan's Maine, which was free of the odor and field collectors, in 1917 near Lancaster, flavor typical of V. trilobum was brought New Hampshire. The plant is a sturdy, to the attention of the University of New erect grower, with dark-green foliage, Hampshire and named 'Philips.' A pink­ and about 6 feet high. The individual flowered V. trilobum has been raised brilliant-red fruits, which are late ripen- from seed collected in Peace River Dis­ ing are larger than those of the .other trict of Alberta, Canada. V. trilobum cultivars and the clusters are held erect 'Compactum' (2b) grows 5 feet tall and by stout stems. The cultivar 'Hahs' was produces many thin stems that fruit well. 224 THE Ai'vIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

The V. opulus red fruit remain attrac­ for half-shady, moist, cool situations. tive all winter. For more southern areas This straggling shrub commonly grows V. opulus can withstand the heat and in peat bogs and along streams. The prove a tolerant shrub for dry situations. Chinese V. kansuense belongs to the Where the 12-foot V. opulus may be too Opulus group but differs in that the large the cultivar 'Compactum' (3b) , flower inflorescences lack sterile marginal which rarely exceeds five feet in height, florets and that the 1-2-inch leaves are will be adaptable. The compact form more deeply lobed. 'The pale-pink flow­ fruits freely. For foreground planting, ers in :May are followed by red fruit that hedges, or edging the 2 foot tall V. is usually sparse. V. orientale, native of opulus var. nanum (3b) can be recom­ the Caucasus and Asia Minor, produces mended; seldom, however, will any flow­ large red ornamental fruits on a 10-foot ers or fruits be produced. The large­ shrub. The type plant is not known to fruit selection V. opulus 'Notcutt' (3b) be in cultivation in the U.S. is a noteworthy substitute for V. opulus. The autumn foliage of V. opulus contrib­ Recommended Viburnums utes some good orange-reds. From the diversity of blue-, black-, V. sm-gentiz was raised at the Arnold yellow-, and red-fruited viburnums many Arboretum in 1882 from seed collected selections could be made that would be on the mountains near Peking, China. equally effective in the landscape. To The Sargent Viburnum differs princi­ condense the selections and assist the pally from V. opulus by having thick, home gardener with little spa,ce the often dark, corky bark on older branches, following species are recommended: larger marginal florets, longer stalked blue and black fruit: V. acerifolium (4), purple anthers, smaller fruit, and dark­ V. cassinoides (4), V. dentatwn (3), V. green leaves with elongated terminal pnmifolium (4); yellow fruit: V. dila­ lobes, especially on young vigorous tatum f. xanthocarpum (5 b) , V. sar­ growth. The thick, dark-green leaves, gentii f. flavum (5), V. setigenlm f. which are superior to the foliage of V. {lumntiacum (6); red fruit; V. dilatatum opulus, acquire an orange-red color that (5b) , V. hupehense (6), V. lobophyllum accentuates the landscape. Usually the (6b) , V. opulus 'Compactum' (3b) , V. fruit is less abundant than that on V. opulus 'Notcutt' (3b) , V. sargentii (5), opulus and V. t1·ilobum. V. setigenlm (6), V. trilobum 'Compac­ V. edule, V. kansuense, and V. orien­ tum' (2), V. trilobum cultivars (2), V. tale are seldom to be found in American wrightii (5b) , V. wrightii var. hessei gardens. V. edule, 5 feet tall, is a plant (5b) .

The Variations of the Australian Crinum flaccidum

L. S. HANNIBAL

Crinum fla,ccidum Herbert [Curtis's and Quirindi in New South 'Wales often Botanical Magazine, t. 2133 (1820) ] of comply with this general description. Australia is described as having white However in the vicinity of Quirindi a flowers with open tepals about three or natural hybrid population has recently four inches long and three-fourths of an been found which varies from pale fink inch wide at the midpoint. A current to a wine red. The tepals on many 0 the survey of the species, which is still under plants are quite broad and often over­ way, has disclosed a very wide distribu­ lapping, and to confuse the botanists tion of the plant and the existence of a still more, the tepal tubes are straight number of local specific variants. The in lieu of being curved. Thus until bulb originally described by Herbert further studies are made this natural probably came from the Darling River hybrid seemingly involves two Crinum area as plants growing near Gilgandra subspecies: Codonoc?-inum and Stenaster, OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 225

A. R. R. HIGGINSON

Criuzl-m flaccidum, do'se-up of the blossoms of the yellow-flowered fo·rm (above) and the habitat in Saltia, Pichi Richi Pass, Port Augusta, South Australia

DAVID SYMON 226 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE a hybrid'" which we would not expect to blossoms are a light cream or amber. be fertile or give such a wide distribu­ A mature bulb drives down some thirty tion of hybrid segregates. Selected deep­ inches into the desert sand and reported­ ly-colored wide-petaled forms are re­ ly has a twelve foot root system which is ported to resemble magnolia blossoms in an amazing adaptation when one realizes effect since the bulk of the pigmentation that the bulb itself is rarely more than is on the exterior of the blossom leaving three inches in diameter. There is the interior a soft pastel shade. usually less than six inches of rainfall ATea 1. The majority of the Darling annually in this area. The storms gen­ River bulbs are found almost entirely in erally strike in the winter but at odd alluvial silt or overflow land and drive intervals a heavy monsoon summer storm down to a depth of twelve to eighteen may strike inland. Flowering occurs inches. Part of the population, however, afte.r a heavy storm, either in the spring has wandered out into the desert and has or m the summer. To our knowledge adopted drier condi tions. The general none of these bulbs have been collected. population area is roughly 250 miles A rea 4. The final form is nearly un­ north-west of Sydney. The climate is known. It has a showy open cluster of quite dry and very similar to Southern 10 or 15 blossoms which are a bright California except that the bulk of the butter-yellow, resembling a cluster of rains fall in midsummer. A three inch Sternbergia lutea in color and shape. rain can bring literally thousands of The tepals are considerably wider than plants into flower along the river ter­ the Crinllm flaccidum type-form and races. range in colors of citron and green to a ATea 2. A second distinctive growing near golden yellow. The tepal tubes area is 300 miles to the south in the vary from 2Y2 to 4 inches in length. Murray River basin where it bounds Some are nearly straight with spreading New South Wales and cuts through anthers which again suggests a proximity South Australia. The typical form has to subgenus Stenaster. The most acces­ slightly narrower petals than the white sible specimens are found growing on flowered Darling River type, but in addi­ the rocky north-east slopes of Pichi Richi tion to this white form, which is rather Pass near Quorn in South Australia. thin in substance, there is a pale cream Here heavy contractile roots pull the type with a light amber tube. These young bulbs down some 20 to 30 inches bulbs all grow in alluvial soil and are into rocky formations where digging is usually found near water. In addition nearly impossible. Other isolated colo­ to. these local variants there is a type nies range to the north of Flinders Moun­ WIth a bulb not unlike Crinum moorei tains up to Birdsville some 450 miles to which grows along the high benchland the north,- an uninhabi ted, dry, bleak bordering the lower portion of the Mur­ desert region of eroded hills and wind­ ray River about 40 miles due east of swept washes where the thermometer Adelaide. The soil in this area has a pH may hit 125 degrees Fahrenheit on a of 8 or 9. All of the variants have been mild summer day, and rain is an unde­ erroneously described in the literature as pendable and scarce as at Andamooka. ".C. pedun~ulatllm/' a subtropical spe­ Like the Andamooka bulb these plants CIes found m Queensland. '" * Locally the have been adapted to desert conditions. plants are known as the Murray River Foliage and fl owers appear after the Lily. rains only to dry up and vanish when A1·ea 3. A third growing area is in the the moisture is exhausted. In a true op.en desert near ~he Andamooka Opal sense the plants are not deciduous, but Mmes some 300 mIles north of Adelaide at times they must go dormant for several near the western shore of Lake Torrens years in order to carryover dry spells. (usually a dry salt sink). This particu- lar group has very long n arrow tepals . ·· C,-inum 1Jeclu'I1culatum is very sim il ar to C. asia­ I.eum and belongs to the subgenus Stenasler. The and a tepal tube of five or six inches flo."Iv.ers of a Sl~naS le'1 ' species have rad ial symmetry, a len gth. The overall coloring of the stl 31ght tube, lmea,r segments, and spreading stamens. ~he subgenus Coao17ocrinum which contains C. fla c· cldum ~ as a. fu nnel shaped perianth, a curved tepal . · Since preparation of the manuscript for this arlicle tube which g Ives t he blossom bilateral symmetry, oblong It has been fo und that G. f/aeeidum belongs to subgenu; s eg~e n ts, and decimate stamens and style which are r Plal " as ~er In lieu C?f CodanOel"inurn as long su pposed. contIguous. Nor~a ll y one would expect a crossing of The . ~ lfor oc~ u rs In the drawing of the stamens in subgenera LO gIve sterile hybrids. The borderline GurUs s BOlanteal Magazine, I 2 133. The colored form fealures of. sevel:a l of the C. flaccidum va riants is there· IS merely a va ri ant. fore of unIque mterest. OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 227

In a garden where the bulbs receive an plants a popular garden specimen in any occasional watering the foliage remains locality, but a word of caution is worth evergreen. mentioning. Desert Crinum cannot tol­ Light colored pink variations may erate much summer moisture. They exist in the Flinders Range but have not would rot under Florida conditions, been collected. The Darling and Mur­ and like most crinums they will refuse ray River forms are definitely unknown to flo~er if the average winter temper­ in the inland desert areas. Several hun­ ature IS much under 50 °F for any pro­ dred miles of elevated waste land which longed length of time. Transplanted is a southerly extension of the Grey Hills bulbs should never be watered, and completely separate the river forms from water should be witheld until the root the inland desert types. In geological systems reestabli sh themselves. The times the interior of Australia was not so yellow flowered form promises to be a arid and a plant bridge between the good breeder and in all probability two areas could have existed, but long when crossed with the wine-reds or pinks isolation has produced a number of will give orange-bronze hybrids. To ecological populations which may justi­ our knowledge C. flaccidum has not been fy division into several subspecies. used for breeding purposes. Examples of several C. flaccidum forms vVe are deeply indebted to A.R.R. including the Quom yellow flowered Higginson, David Symon, and T. R . N. type have been imported and seedlings Lothian rJour. R.H.S. p. 344, Aug. 1957] may eventually be available. Their de­ who have furnished the bulk of the lightful fragrance should make the information on CTinwn flaccidum.

A Book or Two

Diseases of Turfgrasses Ground Covers for Ell'sier Gardening Houston B. Couch. Reinhold Publishing Daniel .J. Foley. Chilton Company, Book Di­ Corporation, 430 Park Avenue, New York vision, 56th and Chestnut Streets, Philadel­ 22, New York. 1962. xiv + 290 pages. II· phia 39, Pennsylvania. 1961. 224 pages. Il­ lustrated. $10.00. (Library). lustrated. $5 .50. (Library) . Those interested in turf grass management Ground covers are not only a valuable sub­ will find in this book detailed descriptions of stitute where grass is hard to grow but provide symptoms of diseases, their causes, importance, many opportunities for landscaping. The book and methods of control by chemicals, cultural lists over 100 cover plants in addition to which practices, and use of disease-resistant grasses. many varieties of rose, ivy, phlox, heather, There are cross indexes of names of grasses ferns, vines and dwarf shrubs are included. and of fungus and nematode names. The book For each is given common and scientific would be a suitable college-level text. name, height, suitable hardiness some together Authoritative information is given about with general characteristics and conditions fungicides, nematocides, and their use. Coined favoring their growth. General consideration is names of pes ticides are listed alphabetically. given to soils, planting, feeding, mulches, care The literature list has 198 references. Three color plates and numerous black and white re­ and maintenance. To many gardeners cover productions of photographs and lined drawings plants will supply a new and rewarding garden help one to identify diseases. The amateur activity. The iIIustrations are excellent and 4 may find this book rather technical, but re­ color plates detail parts of 32 different plants. warding for its accuracy, comprehensiveness, A hardiness zone map is included. and logical organization. M. J. E. G.

(Books available fo·r loan to the ["'[embe.-shij) a're designated: (Library). Those not so designated are in private collections and a?'e not available for loan. Books available for sale to the Member­ ship are designated with the special ,-edu,ced Il?-ice and are sub/ect to the usual change of price without notice. Orders must be sent through the American Horticu. ltw·al Society accomj)(l11ied b)1 the p,·oper pa)lm.ent. Please allow two 10 three weeks fo,- delivery. Those not designated for sale to the M.embe,-ship at ,-educed p,-ices can be pU?'chased th,-ou,gh the Society, however, at the ?-etail p"ices given. Tn these instances the full P?"Ofit is received by the Society to be used for increased sen.lices and benefits of I he Membership.) 228 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

am pies are discussion of improvements in pro­ All About Vines and Hanging Plants pagation techniques over the past quarter cen­ For Interior Decorations, in the Landscape, tury and listings of species and horticultural in Container Gardening varieties_ Sleumer's rearrangement of the series Bernice Brilmayer. Doubleday and Company, in the genus Rhododend,-on, including his treatment of Malaysian species, is generally Inc., 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York. 1962. 384 pages. Illustrated. $5.95 . (Li­ followed . Descriptions of the origins of the various azalea groups have been modified and brary) . expanded. H ardiness and merit ratings are still T his book is in two parts: the first dealing those of the British and not those of the Ameri­ with the aspects of use, culture, propagatIOn, can Rhododendron Society, the latter better and pests of vines and hangIllg plants; the sec­ reflecting our climatic conditions. ond, a descriptive listing in a lph a~etIca l ar­ The lovely color plates of the first edition rangement of vines. and. plants SUItable fo r made from colored drawings by Franck T. hanging purposes. It IS dIVIded somewhat equal­ Bowers and the author, are retained, as well ly between these two parts and an appendIx as the author's numerous line drawings and adds information on sources of plants, con­ two maps of rhododendron regions. The second ta iners, and lists some references. edition continues to present full disc ussion of Certain aspects of the first part will not site, planting, hardiness, insects and disease, be new to the reader-these deal with propaga­ and other cultural problems and of h ybridizing. tion, watering, mulching, so il , and fertilizer. The recommended li sts of rhododendrons and Probably the treatments on use indoors and azaleas for various regions in this country are in the o·arden will con tain new ideas for most com pletely revised. readers.'" As for the plant list, it is a good one, One wishes that publisher's limitations h ad co nta inino· the authentic Latin name and the not prevented even more ex tensive revision, comm on "name for each species discussed. I particularly when the publisher's price of the think the range of adaptation is somewh at second edition, despi te a few less p ages, is conservative. For example, I grow Falshedem $25.00 as against $10.00 fo r the first edition. lizei outdoors in Maryland and Slaunloma Incidentally the fir t edition is out of print hexa-phylla can also be lI sed as a vine in the and rare, selling frequently in the secondhand vicinity of W·ashington, D. C. T hese are minor issues and the book is generall y authentic and market for $50 to $75 or m ore. thoroughly prepared. FREDERIC P. L EE .T . L. C. Contemporary Flower Arrangement and Rhododendrons and Azulells Workbook of Containers, Stands and Their Origins, Cultivation, and Development Mechanics Clement Gray Bowers. The Macmillan Com­ R ae L. Goldson, H earthside Press, Inc., 118 pany, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York II, New East 28th Street, New York 16, New York. York. 1960. Second Edition. 525 pages. Il­ R evised and Enlarged Edi tion 1962. 127 pages lustrated (i n color) by Franck Taylor Bowers plus bOll11d-in supplement of 31 pages. Il­ and the au thor; and with pen and ink draw­ lustrated. $4.95. (Library) . ings by the author. $25.00. (Library). The author's approach is apparently for the This is a revision up-da ting a volume first neophyte. To the homemaker and the yo ung published in 1936. The review of the first edi­ in the field of study in the art of fl ower tion appearing in the National Horticultural arranaina, much valuable information can be MagaZine at the time stated that "One h as obta iI~ed" from this book. H er illustrations are great admiration for the thoroughness of the n ot nearly as co ntemporary as I had expected plan and irs execution .. . . It is quite possible by the tille. However, along WIth 1H'!r massed as times goes by ... that additional vo lumes line anangements there are some with figures [on rhododendrons and azaleas) wi ll be needed, a nd sculptural pieces lI sed as a part of the but they probably will never displace this arranaements, and so me done in the manner parent work, which is as it should be." Time of th~ J apanese. has proved this prediction correct and this re­ The ch apter on plant m aterials and where view might well terminate without more. to find them is invaluable. This should be particularly interesting to those with limited Bower's book deals with both the "true" availability to flowers. This chapter also 111- rhododendrons and azaleas. Since its original eludes some information on conditioning publication there have been two additional fl owers. comprehensive American horticultural works on rhododendrons and azaleas, also of high quality The "vVorkbook of Containers, Stands and and directed to the serious amateur ga rdener. Mechanics" can be had in a separately bound One is Leach's Rhododendrons of the vVorld edition rEor $2.50) but it is also incorporated (1961) devoted to the " true" r hododendrons in this volume. For the mechanically talanted on ly, . reviewed in the July 1962 issue of the this chapter might well be the most inter es ting. AmerI can Horticultural Magazine. T he other The author h as given some excellent 1I1 struc­ {ions for designing containers of wood and is The Azalea Book (1958) sponsored by the AmerIcan H orticultura l Society, and devoted metal. In the thirty one page chapter on ""Vork book of Containers and Mechanics" there to aza leas only. Neither displaces Bower's parent are approximately seventy pictures and dia­ work and both owe much to it. grams so there is little room for a great amount In the second edition substantial portions of reading material. This holds true to some of the original text have been rewritten. Ex- extent to the book in general. Pictures are OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 229 important especia lly to those looking for new The Silent Spring ideas in m aterials and style, but to those es­ pecia ll y interested in flower a rranging who R achel Carson. Houghton Mifflin Company, have accumulated a library oC books on fl ower 2 Park Street, Boston, Massachusetts. 1962. arranging it beco mes very m onotonous to find 368 pages. Illustrated. $5 .00. (Library) . some pictu res used ovel' and over in other Rachel Car on's The Si lent, St),-in<7, which publi cations. appeared in three iss ues of The Ne!;; Y01-ke,­ M.W.L. (Tune 16, 23 , 30) and is sched uled for p ublica­ tl~n .111 book form in October by Houghton MlffllI1 Company, has stirred up a summer storm of protest among responsible horticulturists, After a Hundred Years agnculturists a nd scientists. Many m embers of The Yearbook of Agriculture, 1962 The Pennsylvania H orticultural Society have expressed a feeling of shock after having read Alfred Stefferud, Editor. U. S. Government l'vllss Carson's treatise or. insecticides a nd herbi­ Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., 1962. cides because the articl es imply that anyone 688 pages. N umerous illustrations. 3.00. who has ever used chemical pest control mate­ (Library) . [Your Senators or Congressman rials ha contributed to upsetting the " balance usua ll y have available copies for free dis· oC natl~re." Her vehemence makes good reading tribution.] and wlil have Widespread repercussions, and T his volume co nta ins over 100 articles by because The Si lent Spring has been chosen as experts disc uss ing the developments in various an October selection by the Book-oE-the·Month fi elds of activity of the United States D epart­ ~ Iub , it will, no doubt, enjoy a large distribu­ m ent of Agriculture since its establishment in tlOn . 1862. Publication of this particular volume in T here are a few factors which we feel must the Yearbook series is part of the Departmen t's be p ~ illted o ut because it is too easy to become celebration of its CentenniaL emotlOnall y tI1 volved w ith what Miss Carson h as written and to mis some of the hard facts Of interest to the amateur horticulturist are of li fe - in ou r time. articl es on plant exploration by J ohn L. Creech, on plant growth responses to light b y Harry A . First.of ~1I, the a~tth or gives the impression Borthwick, on effect of chemicals on pla nt that SC ientists, espeCia ll y those who have been growth by John ' >\T. Mitchell and Paul C. involved in pe t control research, are a radical Marth, on the National Arboretum by H enry T. non -thinking, irresponsible group. This is not so: Another point which must be recoo-nized is Skinner, on viruses by L. C. Cochran , and eleven that the " balance of nature," of which Miss articles on various insects and their con tro1. Carson sings in swan song notes, is a term which General groupings include articles on co nserva· has been much over u sed by certain groups who tion, forests, domestic a nimals, markets, homes, would have us return to so me sort of life as it agricultural economics, ed ucational acti vities, once was: Civilization, by its very character, p lants, and several fi elds of teC hnology. IS. upsett1l1 g to nature. Man long ago upset The articles are well and simply written but things when he first cleared la nd and planted a t the same time the information is accurate crops. In time these gardens developed into and up·to·date. T h e several hundred illustra· vas t acreages of one kind of plant such as wheat, tions are m ost in teresting and of high quality corn, potatoes or apples. ""hile Miss Carson recognizes this factor, sh~ d?es not give enough and the whole format enviable. The Nation attentlOn to It as an artifiCial sltua tlOn req uir. should be proud of the Departmen t's accom ­ In g artificial techniq ues if the harvest is to be plishments as outlined in this volume. assured. Birds cannot co n trol bettles in a 200 FR EDF.R·IC P . LEE acre potato fi eld, the codling moths in a fifty acre apple orchard or the boll weevils in a hun­ dred acre pla nting of cotton. W ithou t pesticides it would be impossible to A Booie About Soils for the Home feed 180 million Americans and a large segment Gardener of the world's p opula tion in addition to alIT H . Stuart Ortloff and H enry B. Raymore. own. A single farmer must produce not only M . Barrows and Company, Inc., 425 Park Ave­ enough to feed h is own fam il y but enough to nue, South, New York 16, New York. 1962. feed twenty-e ight other ind ividuals as welL He 190 pages. Illustrated. $3 .95. (Library). can do this only beca use modern farming tech­ niques make it poss ible, and modern pesticides This book is a discussion of soils from thei r are a part of the technique. formation to their utilization by the gardener. Miss Carson abhors the loss of sh elter fOT The materia l is divided into two parts: Part 1, wild life caused by the spraying of weedkil1ers the nature of soil s; Part 2, soil management. along roadsides. Everyone recognizes that grassy Under the first part are discll ssed physica l and Toad em bankmen ts are a safety factor necessary chemical fitness, composition, acidity, fertilize'l's to increased vision. Weed killers provide an and plant growth. Under Park 2 are covered economical and effective method of controlling these hazards and for better or for worse, thi ~ soil tests, irrigation, drainage, plan t feeding, is n ecessary to our way of life. However, only tillage and cultivation , and time of so il prepara­ a small portion of wildlife cover is lost as the tion. A zone map of plant hardiness and map res ult of such spraying. F •.r more is destroyed of annual precipitation a re included plus a when vast acreages are cleared for housing de­ short bibliography. Beyond these subjects, the velopments and wildernesses are torn apart for book provides much knowledge lI seful to the super highways; these also are necessary to our expert and amateur alike a nd is thus an' appro­ civilization. priate gift for any gardener. A major point which Miss Carson brings out, l E. G. and righ tly so, is that m an y of the modern gar- 230 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE den chemicals are dangerous to handle. This is Miniature Plants for Home and true, but so are many other materials. The Greenhouse author cites several examples of death or severe illness because of accidents involving users of Elvin McDonald. D. Van Nortrand Company, some of these materials, but she does not tell Inc., 120 Alexander Street, Princeton, New how many thousands of individuals have han­ J ersey. 1962. xii+274 pages. Illustrated. dled pest control materials without injury to $5 .95, (Library), themselves. Miss Carson also does not point out the difference between the toxicity of a material Essentially a book on the culture of small and the hazards of using it. Toxicity is in­ plants in the home. These include the natu­ herent; a material is very poisonous, mildly rally smaller forms of well known house plants poisonous or not poisonous. Hazard involves as the geranium, Saintpaulia, ivy, and begonias the how, when, where and how much of its use. as well as yo ung plants of evergreens, the minia­ Intelligence demands that insecticides, fungi­ ture roses and the smaller types of spring flower­ cides and herbicides be handled wtth extreme ing bulbs. Cultural suggestions are given for diligence. Even the remotest possibility of acci­ many kinds of plants with more detailed in­ dent must be anticipated. (As an example, the formation on some of the larger groups as the largest fish kill in the D elaware River occurred geraniums, Saintpaulia, ivies, evergreens and when a farm er left a bag of insecticide in a bulbs. As a model for the ideal miniature plant, field overnight and the material was carried the author selected the miniature gloxinia, Sin­ in to the stream during a cloudburst.) nin gia pusi /la, and describes the culture of this It is vastly important that anyone using any tiny plant. pest control materials follow directions exactly Some will be possible entirely in the house, as printed on the label and to use them only while others may have only a part of their life when necessary and only to the extent n ecessary. cycle indoors with the remainder outside in Spraying should never become a Saturday morn­ beds or a cold frame. The many plants sug­ ing ritual. Only in this way can hazard be gested should be a challenge to house plant reduced to a minimum, not only to man, but fancier or one with a small greenhouse. to all living organisms. C. B. L. A marine biologist, Miss Carson wrote The Sea ATOtmd Us with obvious love. It is an out· standing work, but in The Silent Spl'ing we feel that she has found an issue which she has over Trees for New Jersey Streets embroidered and over sentimentalized. "Vhile she points out the dangers of which we shollld New Jersey Federation of Shade Tree Com­ be aware, h ere is a one sided viewpoint. missions, Blake Hall, Rutgers College of Agri­ Most serious of all is Miss Carson's charge culture, New Brunswick, New Jersey. 1961. that the actions of modern chemicals are irrever­ 48 pages, Paperback. Illustrated. $ l.00. (Li­ sible. All forms of life are interdependent, and brary) . we cannot continually destroy more than we The Federation under the direction of its rebuild. If Rachel Carson has made us more capable Secretary has made in this bulletin a conscious of this fact, she will have accom­ contribution of value to municipal and park plished much. tree planting plans. Although the selections (R eprinted through the courtesy of the Pennsylvania are primarily for New Jersey, they will be found Hort'cultural Society, News, September 1962, Vol. III , useful for nearby localities. No list of recom­ No. 8.) mended trees will find universal acceptance and this list is no exception; in genera l one can find but little fault with it. In addition A Second Treasury of Christmas to the lists of trees, there are worthwhile sug­ Deco'rations gestions on planning a planting program, planting, and maintenance, Lists are given of Beth H emingway. Hearthside Press, Inc., 118 trees that withstand drought, poor drainage, East 28th Street, New York 16, New York. for acid soils, sma II malls or plazas, near the 1961. 128 pages. Illustrated . .$3,95 . (Library). shore. Trees are also classified as to shape and mature size. If yo u are interested in shade tree H ere is a book published in 1961, which planting, get a copy of this paperbound pub­ covers the customs and symbolism of Christmas, lication. M. and should certainly prove useful to those planning to make their own decorations [or the holidays. The book co nta ins suggestions [or the making Pressed Flower Pictures o[ many different types of arrangement, and there are some useful tips on storing the more and Citrus-Skin Decorations permanent thll1gs, as well as helpful hints to Ruth V01'hees Booke. D. Van Nostrand Com­ beginners, pany, Inc., 120 Alexander Street, Princeton, Traditional and modern styles are both il­ New J ersey. 1962. xx + 228 pages. Illustrated. lustrated and explained, and there are chapters $6.95. (Library) . (AHS Members' Price, dealing with tree decoration, and the wrapping $5 .90.) of packages, nor are the children forgotten ; and the illustrations cover simple things that This is an intriguing book devoted to the they ca n make as well as those for the more ancient art of using dried plant materials for advanced arranger. IE yo u do not have this decoration, It deals with this art as it was in book, here is one you should put on the list our grandmothers' day-but continues on in for your Christmas stocking! to modern day des igns and materials. The four F. P.-K. parts-one, Selection, Pressing, Mounting; two, OCTOBER 1962, VOLUlVIE 41, NUMBER 4 231

Designing the Pictures; three, Seed and Citrus to the ou tdoor pa tio, barbecue area, and just a Skin Decoration; and four, Pl-actical Uses of general increase in outdoor living has stimu­ the H obby, are well presented with easy to lated the popularity of co ntainer culture. follow step by step instructions_ Within part This book with its fine illustrations will give two are several delightful chapters on Petal the reader plenty of new ideas for it contains Point Pictures; Memory Pictures; Samplers; information on choice places for pots, planters, Botanical Studies; and Legends and the Lan­ and other containers; specific plants to use; good guage of Flowers. In part three, the decora­ suggestions of unique containers, and finally " tions . with citrus skins we re most amazing­ ideas of interest to not only the homeowner but the pictured plaque is a thing of beauty and also to t he business es tablishmen t and the city not at all the amateur ish products one usually beautification planning groups. sees. This reviewer enjoyed reading the text Mr. Taloum is has recognized a need in an from start to finish, fo und it entertaining and horticultural litera ture and very nicely covers educational. The sketches by the author and the subject. both the black- and white and color photographs are excellent. Gardeners, flower arrangers, arts J. L. C. and crafts fans, SCO LIt and 4-H club leaders should find many helpful ideas in this work, and be spurred on to greater heights-keeping in mind the quotation from Lord Dunsany Japanese Flower Arrangement the author used in part four-"Good work Notebook makes beautiful things." Patricia Kroll. Doubleday and Company, Inc. , G_ P. W. 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York. 1962. 160 pages. Illustrated. $5.95. (Li­ brary) . (AHS Members' Price, $5 .05.) The author has written in simple language Home Orchid Growing a n interesting and enlightening book. She Rebecca T yson Northen. D. Van Nostrand selects many of the legends, and explains many Company, Inc., 120 A lexander Street, Prince­ of the symbolic meanings pertaining to the ton, New Jersey. 1962. xiv+ 320. Illustrated. culture of the J apanese people. There is a 10.95. (Library). chapter on Japanese gardens that explains the elements and methods used by garden designers This is a complete revision of the author's to illustrate their: philosophies. She explains first book on orchid growing. All chapters have mechanics and methods for arranging in the been expanded and rewritten to include I:Ip-to­ manner of the schools of Ikenobo, Enshu, date iIJformation on the subject. Many illustra­ Ohara and Sogetsu. Her illustrations of styles tions have been added, including several excel­ and methods are clear and easily understood. lent color plates. A chapter explains the proper containers to lise The book is essentially a text designed not for flower arrangements in the classical maimer only to teach rhe beginner iIJ orchid culture such as lkenobo or Enshu schools, as well as what constitutes an orchid, but how to grow it. for the more modem Ohara and Sogetsu The basic anatomy of ~he family is explained schools . An enlightening chapter on Western in text and by illl!lstration, and the more com­ arrangemen ts as compared to those of the east monly cultivated tribes discussed in considerable i~ included in this book, as well as a glossary detail. The reql:lirements of the different groups of J apanese words (with pronunciations) used as to light, temperature, moisture, fertilizers, in connection with Ikebana. There are twenty­ and potting media are disc ussed, as well as the five color illustrations and seven ty-seven in diseases to which each is subject. The chapter black and WHite, including diagrams. The on hybridization of orchids explains genetic author has given some interesting side lights control of flower color and other characteristics on trips to the shopping districts, specialty paI ticulaJrIy as applied to the Cattleya orchid. shops and eating places in Tokyo. This book The various steps in sowing orchid seeds and written with clarity gives an illuminating in­ care of the seedlings are explained and iIlus­ sight in the art of Ikehana. trane d. The book is easily read and is full of useful information. M. W. L. HAROLD F. WINTERS

Other Books added to the Library Outdoor Gardening in Pots and Boxes Modern Guide to House Plants George Tal0umis. D . Van Nostrand Com­ Ann Warren. (A Dolphin Handbook-paper­ pany, Inc., 120 Alexander Street, Princeton, back) Doubleday and Company, Inc., 575 New J ersey. 1962. xii+236 pages. $5.95 . (LI­ Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York. brary) . 1962. xii + l08 pages. Illustrated . 95¢. (Li­ brary) . Many of our readers wiII want to include this book in their library. It is a timely sub­ jec t, one not especially restricted by climate or geography as other forms of plant culture and The Home Owner's Tree Book the whole idea of ou tdoor pot culture affords versa tility. Many European countries f~ature J ohn Stuart Martin. Doubleday and Com­ this technique and it is a "must" for the gar­ pany, Inc., 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22, dens of J apan. New York. 1962. 166 pages. I11u strated. $3.95. As Mr. Taloumis points out, the movement (Library) . 232 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

C. HAMPFLER, LONGWOOD GARDENS

Cantua buxifolia

[See page 235] The Gardeners' Pocketbook

Zenobia pulverulenta It is not a plant that could be used in One of the plants native to our eastern masses to replace the common shrubs sea coast states that I have long wished used for such purposes, if its behavior to grow, now seems established here, as here is typical, but it is certainly an ac­ if it were at home. One can assume that, cent plant of great interest.-B. Y. from the fact that it is now not only MORRISON, Pass Christian, Mississippi. growing and flowering well, but has sent out underground stems at very consider­ able distance from the original plant. Iris danfordiae This habit is not mentioned in any of The description of Iris danfordiae, a the texts that have been consulted, and bulbous," early flowering species from is worth knowing as it should prove a Asia Minor, prompted me to try single fairly easy means of propagation. bulbs of it a couple of times with no re­ The usual description calls it a decid­ sults as far as bloom was concerned. Last uous or half evergreen shrub to six feet, year, however, on the third try, this time with arching branches and a fine show of with a number of bulbs, the outcome flowers, from the massing of the smaller was a potful of lovely, blooming plants axillary clusters that come from all the in full flower in January. upper axils of the shoots until they ap­ My plants were grown in a cool green­ pear as a great raceme of bloom. It is house, just protected enough to exclude usually noted that in the typical form frost although they could have been there is a fine gray color to the leaves grown outdoors. Iris danfordiae is a low and a definitely whitish under surface. grower around six inches tall, good most­ Since shrubs that approximate gray ly for pot or rock garden culture. The in leaf color are not common here, this plants need no special coddling, but is an added attraction, as much of the should be planted in late summer. garden effect comes through the portions The flowers of this "bulbous" iris are of the year when none of the main at­ a canary yellow, shading into green on tractions are in flower-azaleas, ca­ the style arms. The falls are full and mellias, and magnolias. In fact, it is nicely rounded but the standards are really a green garden with certain times very small. The foliage is narrow, reedy, of great color only. and about the same height as the flower­ The illustration was made from some ing stems. As an added attraction the of the shorter twigs, and gives only an blossoms are exquisitely fragrant. This approximate notion of the effect when was a surprise to me inasmuch as I had there are twenty or more groups together. It does show, however, the fine quality never seen it mentioned in the meager of the individual flowers which are firm descriptions of this plant. and last well on the bush a,nd when cut When grown out of doors the bulbs they are pure white. We found no scent. are said to split up badly after blooming The first year after planting, there were but mine were of fair size after the fol­ no seed, bu t this season (1962) there iage had ripened and died down. I left seems to be normal fruit forming and them in the pots of dry soil all summer one hopes for seed. after which they were started again, The only requirements that seem vi tal, hopeful that I may get more bloom next are those of acid soil and uniform mois­ season. In any case, even if the first bulbs ture. Uniformity is more important than do not bloom a second time the flowers quantity, as the plant seems to adjust are good enough to replace with fresh to a regular schedule, with either more bulbs each season.-MRs. LEILA B. or less as Nature and ~he gardener pro­ STAPLETON, Oroville, California. vide. It is said to be happy in very moist positions, but there are no data available here on that point, as it is a native of "The so-called bulbs of certain species of this area. iris are rea ll y corms. [233] 234 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Taste and Smell as Aids to taste. Both scent and taste, however, I denti ficatio n must be learned by smelling and tasting, preferably in childhood. Children who Taste and smell are excellent aids in have had an opportunity have always identifying some plants whose flowers learned more about the plants around and fruit are easily confused with others them by sniffing and tasting than their of similar appearance as well as plants parents suspected. They have probably not in bloom. run no more risk of poisoning than they Even farmers are often unable to tell have run of electrocution by household Ailanthus from black walnut. The smell gadgets. of a crushed leaf makes it simple to Some odors survive drying. Sweet grass distinguish either. Balsam poplar need baskets may keep their fragrance for never be confused with any other once its scent is learned. Sassafras, spicebush, years. I have known balsam fir pillows to be highly aromatic after 45 years. On and sweet birch can all be identified even in the depth of winter by the taste th~ other hand many odors disappear of their twigs, especially by those who qUIckly and may be lacking in all dried as children chewed such twigs instead herbarium specimens, with the result of bubble gum. that species botanically described from herbarium specimens rarely have any In my undergraduate days a prankster mention of scent no matter how pro­ presented a group of botanists with a nounced it may be in the fresh specimen. branch in whose identification he asked I learned that as a student when I help. He had broken it from a seedling collected Ribes hudsonianum whose apple growing beside a road that crossed a sandy plain covered with scrub pine, a fruit is incredibly aromatic when seedling dwarfed by starvation and gathered and odorless in dried specimens. forced into prostrate growth by passing The matter of scent is further compli­ wagons. The prankster emphasized the cated by the fact that the forests are full sandy soil, the surrounding scrub pine, of natural hybrids between fragrant and the prostrate growth. The botanists were nonfragrant species, as, for example be­ tween Calycanthus flOTidus and C. fertilis utterly confused except for the oldest. He reached for the twig, took one sniff, -a fact that may possibly have some and announced, "I don't care where bearing on the scentless calycanthus sold that grew or how it grew. That's apple. by some dealers today. I could never be fooled on the smell of To make the matter still more compli­ apple foliage." cated some species give off scent only The quickest way to identify oxalis when wet, some only when warm, some and sheep sorrel is by the taste of the only at dusk, some at one stage of devel­ leaf. In cranberry country Chiogenes, or opment but not at another. There are creeping snowberry, is often found grow­ various other complications. In my own ing intermingled with cranberry. To the experience the foliage of Bumelia ly­ inexperienced there is no perceptible cioides cannot be induced to give off difference. Chiogenes leaves, however, scent except when being skeletonized by have the taste of wintergreen and the an unidentified little larvae. Then a tiniest nibble is enough for identifica­ single tree will scent a sizeable hillside tion. Taste of the red berries is also the with the fragrance of Hall's honeysuckle. easiest way to tell wintergreen from In a recent book the author states that bearberry, two more plants that bear no while TTillium eTectum is supposed to resemblance to the trained eye, no differ­ be illscented she had never found it so. ence to the untrained. In my own experience one can-or could Unfortunately neither scent nor flavor long ago- walk through acres of T. can be described satisfactorily nor classi­ e?Oe ctum in bloom, or could carry an fied into a key. Botanists have taken armload of the flowers for miles on a cognizance of scent in naming- such hot day without detecting a trace of un­ species as DTyopteTis fmgmns, Ci'Fsium pleasant smell. But after the flowers odoTattbm, Anthoxanthum odomtum, are kept in a closed room for a couple Viola odomta, Nymphaea odomta, Abies of hours they give forth such a stench balsamea, Rhus aTOmatica, Symplocarpw that one wonders why Gray did not de­ fo etidus, Philadelphus inodoTus. Gray's scribe the flower as nauseating instead Manual makes frequent reference to the of just as "ill-scented."-MAUD R. presence of scent and now and then of JACOBS, South Carrollton, Kentuck.y. OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 235

Cantua buxifolia Conquest and was given a place of honor in the adornment of temples and in re­ Most horticulturists are aware of the ligious festivities. It is often referred to lonJS list of worthy ornamental plants as "The Sacred Flower of the Incas." whIch, for reasons unexplained, are sel­ The Peruvians have made it their na­ dom seen in cultivation. Many of these tional flower and call it Ccantu} or are of great beauty and not difficult of Magic Tree, from its ability to recover culture, but have just not "caught on." quickly from the effects of drought. Its Cantua buxifolia is one of this Ifumber. generic name is taken from the vernacu­ lar. Certainly this flower was highly es­ The genus Cantua with a few species teemed by the Incas before the Spanish endemic to the Andes of Peru, Chile, and 236 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Bolivia, are shrubs closely related to of axle grease. But when it is opened Phlox and show their kinship in the up with a durable humus, the red clay flowers which, however, are pendent and will grow just about anything. And for larger than in Phlox. The plants at that purpose, we are blessed with the Longwood Gardens have a tube about best-sawdust. three inches long, flared at the mouth The entire area is marked with the to form a trumpet-shaped flower. The remains of small lumbering operations outer surface of the lobes is a rich red­ of twenty or more years ago, each one purple (RHS Color Chart Solferino including a huge pile of coarse sawdust, Purple 26/ 1) fading to a light orange blackened with age, but still hard and on the tube. The inner surface is slight­ granular in texture. To a gardener this ly lighter and fades to white in the cen­ is the most valuable by-product of the ter. No description is adequate to im­ Appalachians. It is free for the hauling part the grace of these flowers as seen in and when dug into the red clay (about the hanging corymbs at the tip of each half by volume), it produces a well­ branchlet. They appear from February drained, well-aerated, friable, acid soil. to April, depending upon the season, And what more could an azalea wish with each flower lasting two or three for? days. I have never noticed any nitrogen A figure of this species is to be seen in deficiency resulting from the use of this CUTtis's Botanical Magazine for 1851 sawdust, although I do stand by with a (Tab. 4582) where it is reported as suc­ bag of cottonseed meal and keep a sharp cessfully passing through two winters in watch over newly prepared beds. Devonshire. Its nativity would indicate the need for a cool climate with never Sawdust also makes an excellent more than a few degrees of frost. It may mulch. I prefer pine straw on sloping be anticipated that this plant will thrive beds, however, since it is less likely to wherever the growing season remains wash away in a heavy downpour. But on cool as in the San Francisco Bay region. level beds, sawdust does the job ad­ Indeed, it is reliably reported from that mirably. area, but by no means is it common "What about termites?" someone is there. always asking. In the north the plant makes an excel­ "What about them?" I counter. lent cool-house plant and its culture Every garden stake, every fallen causes little trouble. A well-drained soil branch, every chip of wood in the yard with ample organic matter is indicated. is infested with them, but I've rarely Only two minor faults may be listed: seen termites in sawdust. I suspect the its tendency to be brittle and difficult to open texture frustrates them. handle, particularly when laden with Finally, this same aged, coarse sawdust flowers, and its susceptibility to infesta­ makes the best rooting medium I have tion with red mites. Both of these are ever tried. Used alone, it drains perfect­ of little consequence to the careful grow­ ly, but retains the optimum amount of er and are easily avoided. moisture. I am now using cypress flats This is a plant certainly worthy of (they are virtually indestru~tible) fil~ed trial outdoors in cool nearly frostless with sawdust and placed III the mlst­ areas of this country, and one which may house. For the past three years, I have be regarded as a choice greenhouse speci­ obtained a hundred per cent rooting of men in the north.-RICHARD W. LIGHTY) azalea cuttings. There may be other Longwood Gardens) Kennett Square, media just as good, but why change? Pennsylvania. Peat moss is almost five dollars a bale. Sawdust costs five dollars for two cubic yards-the price of hauling! Multipurpose Humus And if you, too, are a person of modest Here, on the Appalachian Piedmont, income, converting a yard, one-hundred we live on that caprice of nature, the by three-hundred feet, from red clay to Red Clay Belt, also known as the Chero­ azalea beds, that difference in price kees' Revenge. means the difference between the prac­ When it is drv, it is as friable as a tical and the impossible.-GRAHAM brick. When wet, it has the consistency HEID) Atlanta) GeoTgia. OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 237

Cold Damage in North Louisiana lightful plant. IV1 y two largest ones have now lived through zero weather twice­ This is June 12, a long time since the with no protection. big freeze on January 12. But it has The Asiatic magnolias had wisely taken this long to truly assess the damage hardened off during previous freezes and from the zero weather-yes, two below were undamaged. In fact, the bloom was zero here in North Louisiana. Many more perfect than I have ever seen it. shrubs cut to the ground are sprouting Alternating warm days and hard freezes from the root. But my beloved yellow play havoc with these beautiful flowers. Lady Banksia rose (Rosa banksiae) is Among the cultivated azaleas, the gone beyond hope. It did put out a few Kurumes ~re truly "toughies," coming shoots after the big blizzard, but hard through WIth no damage, and blooming freezes in February and early March better than eyer before. The one called finished off these tender sprouts. This 'Formosa' seems to be the most tender, rose formed a veil of soft yellow from while big-flowered 'George Lindley the ground to the top of my rock chim­ Taber' was untouched. Loquat (E?-io­ ney, and with delicate pink Kurume botTya japonica) trees were badly dam­ Azaleas was inexpressibly lovely. aged and had to be cut back severely. Strangely enough, this yellow rose was For a long time, I thought that both on the south side of the house, while MyTtw communis and Feijoa sellowiana the white Lady Banksia on the north were gone. They were cut to the ground, side was not killed entirely, though had but are vigorously producing shoots from to be cut back severely. Rosa X fortune­ roots. Callistcmon viminalis seemed to ana (supposed to be a natural hybrid be­ be dead, but it has now sent up new tween R. banksiae and R. laevigata) was shoots. badly nipped back, but is putting out I would choose this year to try bruns­ nicely. Lovely R. laevigata was killed to vigias out in the open! By turning car­ the ground, as was the Red Cherokee. tons over them the leaves were saved in These two, at last, are sprouting from previous freezes, but the zero weather the root. got them. I was in despair, but they The weather that precedes a zero spell have put forth vigorous new leaves, and has a great deal to do with the resistance maybe-just maybe-they will bloom for of plants. In 1951, when it went only me in due season. Daffodils seem to love to zero, Lady Banksia roses were killed the cold, for they were never more outright, bark split on many azaleas, and beautiful-saving me from the Slough of native Callicarpa was cut down to the Despond.-CAROLINE DORMON, _. Saline, ground. But a warm December and LOtlisiana. early January had kept shrubs tender. This year, there had been one hard freeze after another before the big bliz­ Lady's Mantle z~rd, and plants had built up cold-re­ SIstance. There are many subalpine and quite In both years, Crape Myrtles were a number of alpine species of Lady's severely damaged, strangely enough the Mantle in the European mountains, so watermelon-red suffered much worse it is no surprise to find in the book on than the white and pastel colors. For Norwegian wild flowers (Norske Flora the first time, my Osmanthus fragrans by Dr. Johannes Lid, Head of the Botan­ was al~ost killed, also the dainty O. ical Museum and Garden at the Univer­ delavayz. But O. heterophyllus 'Illicifol­ sity of Oslo) seventeen pages of alche­ ius'; O. X fortunei, and O. fragrans millas, with silhouettes of their leaves in 'Aurantiacus' were only slightly nipped. addition to scientific descriptions of the The two Daphne odora at the front kinds. Yet, in this country, only one door were rather badly burned, lost most species, Alchemilla vulgaris seems to be of their leaves, and top twigs had to be available and then only from rather spe­ trimmed off. With slight protection, two cial establishments devoted to herb grow­ younger plants came through unscathed. ing. It seems to me the shrubs that survived It is a decorative plant, not fussy about zero weather deserve to have the tag soil, or sun or shade, doing well and "tender" left off. This description keeps sturdily in either, around New York. Its most nurserymen from listing this de- leaves are delightfully folded and scal- 238 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

EDWARD G. LEWIS A jour-parted hemerocallis flower loped and its delicate, loose heads of and possibly a mulch III winters when flowers are an unusual shade of chartre­ snow is not heavy. use yellow. What is more, they stay about It does lack one special virtue found that same hue when dried for winter in the low altitude a1chemilla, A. vul­ bouquets. garis) that of making itself look most Almost no one who visits my garden beautiful with large "dew" drops that knows it, except Europeans and herb decorate every scallop on the edge of the specialists, so I continue to tout it as a cape-shaped leaf-a diamond-studded desirable one among lesser known plants. mantle of My Lady, the Virgin Mary, Yet, for myself, and for those who al­ of course. The "dew" is actually exuded ready have it and love it, I wish some moisture from the vascular system of the one in this country would bring in stock plant, not humidity condensing on it of some of the subalpine forms. from the atmosphere.- MRs. WINTHROP Alchemilla alpina, for example, as we J. MEANS) Rumson) New Jeney. have found it in the Swiss Alps and in the Pyrenees, as well as in the High Sa­ A H emerocallis Variation voy, is a handsome, dark green shiny Every now and then flowers of thing, with digitate leaves edged white. HemeTOcallis appear with parts in fours The flowers are daintier than in the sub­ instead of the threes typical of the Lily alpine versions, the foliage leathery and Family. For years I have been told such probably of good texture for drying. It variations appear and disappear accord­ would be a highly decorative thing in ing to no rule and that it is impossible this region and should have no difficulty to develop a four-parted clone. My own with our winters, given good drainage experience makes me wonder whether OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 239

IVAN N. ANDERSON Styrax americana

it is indeed impossible or just one of 'When flowering time arrived it was im­ those things that take longer. possible for me to be at home to see the My own four-parted flowers appeared results. Later it became obvious I would in a clump of a Hyperion seedling. I have to give up the project. Because no discovered it when a neighbor asked why one could be found to continue it the my flowers were so much larger than plants were given to neighbors inter­ hers, though hers were from a start of ested only in their beauty. I find it hard my plant. For the first time in years I to believe, however, that when nearly took a close look at my flowers and a third of the scapes of a clump bore found that two of them were four-parted. one or more four-parted flowers with a Later that summer three other scapes tendency to bear four-angled seed pods, bore flowers in fours. In each case the there was no chance to develop a four­ four-parted flower was the first to appear parted strain.-MAuD R. JACOBS, South on the scape followed by flowers that Can-ollton, Kentncky. were normal. More than half the scapes had borne their first flower before I began checking so I had no idea how many had bloomed with fours. The next Some Notes on Occasional Plants summer fifteen scapes of the 51 in the of the No'rth Gulf Coast clump bore four-parted flowers at first The term "occasional' is the writer's and three were produced farther down perhaps inaccurate way, of describing a the scape. Four scapes produced four­ native shrub that seems to appear, only angled seed pods though no well-devel­ now and then, when one goes on a field oped seed. Over the years I had given trip. In this part of our country, such away three starts of the clump and all plants as Arnelanchier canadensis, O xy­ three of these had four-parted flowers dendrum arborenrn, Viburnum densi­ though none of the owners bothered to florum, Halesia carolina, Quercus velu­ find out how many. tina, Q. alba, and even Styrax americana That summer I divided my dump, or Kalmia latifolia occasion more than giving all divisions that had borne four­ a Ii ttle interest when encountered. It parted flowers a more favorable location. appears to me that habita ts suitable for 240 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

these species are "occasional" except ago, someone must have pl.anted ~:m~ as possibly for Styrax. AI~ of. the plants a street tree in Mobile, pOSSIbly thmkmg named have one more thmg In common, it was a plum. Today this tree. is twenty­ their value as ornamentals. five feet tall, wi th a trunk dIameter ~f Viburnum densiflontm is an inter­ 10 inches. In late February, when It blooms, it is a striking sight, heightened esting species. When.! ~rst ~ncountered in effect by contrast with redbuds, it on a dry piney hlllsId~, It appeared with functional leaves mto January, planted near by. It's strange ~o see a though normally deciduous, and I first Serviceberry tree here, after havmg r~ad of the part it plays in park plantmg thought I had th~ nearly related V. along Lake Ontario.-E. HO;RDER, acerifolium. The dIf~erences a.re appar­ J. Mobile) Alabama. ently slight-V. densztlorum WIth. u~du­ lating leaf margins and V. acerzfolzum with maple-like 3-lobed .leaves. ~ard pruning has made the wIl~ plant mto Pterostyrax hispida a heavily branched, spnghtly orna­ With all the present interest in s~all mental. flowering trees, not onlr the fine troI:ncals Styrax americana I feel has consider­ that interest Mr. Edwm A. Menmnger able ornamental value. When seen in in Florida, as depicted in his new book, the lowlands, bordering streams, it might Flowering Trees of the Worl~) but for appear to have an indifferent value, but smaller properties, some attentIOn should like the wild azaleas, it can be trans­ be paid to the Epaulette-tree, Pterostyrax formed in cultivation into a floriferous hispida. deciduous shrub with much more bloom­ ing wood than I have ever seen in the Because the editor of this magazine wild. This transforming process may made some mention of his interest in require as much as three years to recover Styrax) a closely related genus, one of from the shock of transplanting and to our members in ·Wilmington, Delaware, form new shoots from the base. told of her interest in this tree, repre­ sented in the Editor's garden only by Halesia carolina (Silverbell), as all small seedlings that are growing .w:Il know, is an excellent addition to the as if they approved of Gulf Coast MISS~S­ list of small flowering trees. Trans­ sippi. Others given to a member m planted from the wild, the plant will Tennessee are reported as doing equally need several years to become a good well, but neither in their present state looking tree. Some pruning and train­ suggest the fine appearance .of the tree ing are necessary to form a straight in Wilmington, grown WIth several trunk and after that the tree takes com­ stems. The first illustration shows the mand. Its nodding, bell-shaped white fine habit of the tree and the detail of flowers are so unusual in these parts, that the inflorescences shown in the second they never fail to cause some comment. illustration should be even more per­ Oxydendntm arboreum (Sourwood) suasive. is a rare tree in this area found only in Our member writes from her experi­ ravines and near creeks as an under­ ence that "the article in Bailey's Cyclo­ story plant with some oaks and the pedia of Horticulture describes it well in southern beech. This contrasts with its every detail, but when June come.s a~d occurrence in the Piedmont, on dry, often rocky hillsides. The one plant I it is full bloom, nothing cap desc:Ibe ~t. It is one of the most beautIful thmgs m have moved into the garden has been the garden. The flowers hang inyanides slow to recover, and has not yet given similar to wisteria and the tree IS a mass me the shapely fonn of which it is capa­ ble. of fragrant white flowers, especially at­ tractive to lightening bugs! The name Finally a word about Amelanchier Pterostyrax) with the Greek prefix ptero canadensis (Serviceberry). Of the trees meaning winged, is borne out ?y the thus far mentioned, this species is the wings of the blossoms, and these gIve t~e most difficult to find, perhaps the most tree its fantastic appearance. Here It rare. It is always associated with a host grows to between twenty and thirty fe:t, of moist soil competitors and it so closely but there is one very large old tree m apes the wild plum that a close inspec­ Philadelphia and a few specimens scat­ tion in necessary to single it out. Long tered farther north, though I believe OCTOBER 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 4 241

SANBORN STUDIO

Pterostyrax hispida that Philadelphia may be considered the Society for distribution on the Seed Ex­ northern limit. change List." "It seems to be very easy to propagate After all this the editor took a new from seeds, especially if the seeds are look at his own small plants, and then, planted as soon as they are ripe and thought to write to Mr. Bernard Hark­ dried. To everyone's surprise the plants ness, in Rochester, New York, to know start blooming in a few years, ~nd in if he had any experience with it there, about ten years there are quantities of as so many surprising things do succeed beautiful blooms. This continues for in sheltered places under his care in the many years. Seeds have been sent to the Rochester parks. He replied that it did 242 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

· ." ; )~

JI.'IRS. WILLIAM K. DU PONT A close-up view of the Pterostyrax hispida flowers survive but suffered winter killing so probably had root competition of some regularly that it could not be considered intensity. They were also under-planted as a useful plant for them. with Mondo Grass, the plant more re­ The editor's first knowledge of the cently brought to fame and treated with plant came from very old trees in the old other kin in Dr. Hume's new study Mall in Washington, D. c. , a planting recently published in Baileya. made in the old victorian style and long Surely we need to be reminded of fine since wiped out for the new modern things that seem to slip in and out of plan that belongs to the master develop­ cultivation for no really sound reason. ment there. Those trees had been trained Unless they are preserved in gardens of to single stems or trunks and were about private individuals, many will be lost.­ eighteen feet tall, but were then over­ B. Y. MORRISON, Pass Christian; Missis­ shaded by larger deciduous trees and sippi. Index To Volume 41 Illustmtion j'e!eTences are set m italics

A AS/Jhodelus fistulosus, 189 Gouchaulti, 8 111. 1 188, 189 A b~liophyllum distichum, 123 croca'rp us, 186, si bi?"ica, 1, 8, 9 Ables balsamea, 234 AstJidolis ca li/omica, 44, 45 Spaeth ii, 8 Acacia dect/'l"rens, 58 Asplenium plat)'netl?"On, 44 altemifolia, 2 dealbata, 58 /,richomanes, 44 amomum, I, 6, 8 Azalea Formosa, 237 Acer ci?'cinatu 111, 27 baileyi, 1 glabrwn, 19, 108 George Lindley Taber, 237 ca,naciensis, 9 grandidentatwn, 108 indica alba, 127 ca.1J-itata, 2 griseum, /-1, 17 Azaleas, T wo Native, 55 cont?"ove?'sa, 2, 2 florida, I, 2, 4, 6, 96, 127 palmatum, 96, 97, 98 B penn.slyvanicum, 22 Ascending, 6 e'rythrocladwn, 22 Barr, Claude A, : Aureo-variegata, 6 pseudoplatanus, 25, 25 Phlox alyssifolia, 170 Cherokee Chief, 4 ascendens, 26 Bellevalia deserto?"um, 188 Cherokee Princess, 4 el"ectum, 26 tTi foliata, 188 Fastigiata, 4, 5 erythrocarpwn, 26 BerbeTis repens, Ill, III Gigantea, 6 globosum, 26 Betula occidenlalis, 108 Magnifica, 6 leopoldii, 26 Book R eviews, 36, 113, 163, 227 New Hampshire, 6 Prinz Handjery, 26 B'rW111em macrolJh),lla, 56 X nutlallii, 6 Purpul'eum, 26 Bnl'l1svigia 'rosea, 65, ll 8 Pendula, 6 spaethi, 26 Buchloe dactyloides, 1I0 P luribracteata, 6 worleei, 26 Bulbs, Native, of Israel for 1'Ubra, 6, 98, 103 ntbrum, 17, 17, 19 American gardens, 185 Prosser R ed, 6 Armstrong, 18 Bumelia Iycioides, 234 Salicifolia, 6 Bowhall, 18 Welchii, 6 columnare, 18, 18 c "Kingsville Form," 6 Gerling, 18 Caldwell , Sam: White Cloud, 6 Scanlon, 18 Lycorises- A Progress R eport, Xanthocarpa, 6 sch lesingeTi, 18 61 Iwusa, 2, 4, 127 Tilford, 18 Callistel110n viminalis, 237 chinensis, 4 saccharinum, 19,20 Ca lyeanthus /ertilis, 234 va"iegata, 3, 4 Wieri, 21 f/oridus, 234 macrophylla, 2 mas, 1, 6, 8 CamtJanula White Star, 131 sacchaTum, 21, 22, 23, 108 Alba, 8 Coleman, 24 Camptosorus 'rhizophyllus, 44 aurea, 8 columnare, 24 Cantua buxifolia, 232, 235, 235 Aureo,elegantissima, 8 Flower, 24 Cathey, H enry M,: FJava, 7, 8 New Discoveries in P lant monumentale, 24, 24 Nana, 8 Newton, 24 Growth, 156 Variegata, 8 Sandborn, 24 Cedrus atlantica glauca, 96 n uttallii, I , 2, 4, 6 Sentry, 24 deodam Kashmir, LI 8, 119 eddiei, 4 Celastrus oTbiculatus, 179 Temples Upright, 24 lJaucinervis, 6, 8 seandens, 179 tata?'icum, 26 pumila, 8 201, 203 Aegopodium podof!.?'aria, 179 Celosia argentea, mcemosa, 6, 8, 10 Akebia quinata, 179 c?'istata, 201, 203 sa'~g uinea, 1 whiteii, 203 Alchemilla alpi?w, 237, 238 stolonitem, 1, 6, 8 vulga?'is, 237, 238 Malayan Fantasy, 202, 203 Flavissimea, 9 Allium asclepiadeul11, 195 Cephalotus follicularis, 13, 14, Kelseyi, 9 el"de Iii, 194 15, 16 CO?'ypha umbmculife,"a, 45 hirsutum, 194 Cercoca?-pus ledifolius, 109 Cowania mexicana, 107 neapolitanwn, 193, 194 Chaenomeles cathayensis, 54, 54 Creech, J ohn L.: schuberti, 195 lagena"ia nivalis, 130 A Distribution Note on Rho­ tubeTosum, 127 sin.ensis, 54, 5.~, 55 dodendron japonicum, 175 Amaryllis belladonna, 118 Cheilanthes covillei, 44 / u.niperus confe rta, 56 halli, 65 gracillima, 45 C,"inum asiaticum, 226 Amelanchie?" canadensis, 239, 240 lanosa, 44 f/accidum, 224, 225, 226, 227 Amorphophallus titanum, 45 , newbenyi, 44 The Variation of the 46, 47 CineTa?"ia, Jan, back coveT A ustralian, 224 AndTomeda Poli/olia glauca, CiTSium odm"atum, 234 moorei, 225 122, 122 Clematis paniculata, 179 "pedunculatu,m," 226 nana, 122 Clock, A Floral, 177, 177 C,"oeus hyemalis, 200 Anemone, July back cove," Coe, Frederick W ,: CU?"Ctllna ?"oscoeana, 42, 43 cQ1'ona'ria, 186 Growing P lants in Feather Cyclamen 1Jersicum, 186 Antenna,-i!! panJi/olia, 104, III Rock, 43, 44, 45 Cy tisus muitiflo1'Us, 126 l'osea, 104, III Odd Tree Noises, 58 Anthoxanthum odomtum, 234 These Plan ts Have Scents, 53 D A,"butu.s menziesii, 58 Colchicum hieTosolymitanum, A?"c tostatJh),los uva-uni, Ill , 179 186, 198 DajJhne ocio'ra, 237 A?"Onia aTbutifolia, 129 stevenii, 198 Deutzia gra.cilis, 130 ATum diosco?'idis, 192 Cold Damage in Torth Louisi­ Disch idia merril/i, 5 1 Flowers, A Titan, 45 ana, 237 ?'a fflesiana, 50, 51 hygrolJhilum, 193 Corn/Jtonia lJeregrina asjJleni­ Dogwood, T he Best of the, 1 pa laestinum, 192 folia, 54 Dormon, Caroline: Asa?'um eurolJaeum, 179 Comus alba, 1, 6, 8, 9 Chinese Qu ince, 54 AstJhodeline lutea, 190 alba A rgenteo,margi nata, 8, 9 Cold Damage in North Lou- [243] isiana, 237 nepalensis, 182 Lavandula officina lis compacta, Downer, Henry E.: "hombea, 182 130 Some Outstanding Ground Heid, Grah am: Lawrence, Elizabeth: Cover Plants, 178 Multipurpose Humus, 236 Winter Heliotrope, 56 D"yopteris fragrans, 234 Heliotrope, ' <\Ti nter, 56 Leopoldia maritima, 188 H elleborus niger, 123 Lighty, Richard W.: E Hemerocallis, A, Variation, 238, Cantua buxifolia, 235 Echinocereus fendleri, 44 238 Lilac, Ap·ril back cover pectinatus, 44 Hemizonia luzu.laefolia lutes­ Lilium candidum, 130, 187 Egolf, Donald R.: cens, 53 cernuum, 117 Viburnums, Ornamental De­ Hodge, W. H.: con co lor, II7 ciduous Flowering, 139 A Rarely Cultivated Pitcher duchartrei, II7 Viburnums, Ornamental Plant, 13 lankongense, 116, II7 Fruiting and Autumnal A T itan Arum Flowers, 45 martagon album, 130 Foliage, 209 Skunk Cabbages, 58 pumilum, 11 7 Epimedium gmndifiorwn nive- Vallota speciosa, 52 "egale, 117 um,127 Horder, E. J.: speciosum, II7 Eriobotrya japonica, 237 Some Notes on Occasional taliense, 117 Euonymus fortunei, 179 P lants for North Gulf wa·rdii, II7 Exochorda giraldi wilsoni, 129 Coast, 239 Lonicera japonica Halliana, 179 racemosa, 124 Ho)'a camosa, 50 Lowrey, Lynn: F danuinii, 50, 51, Jan. cover Some Pines in Houston, 121 Humus, Multipurpose, 236 Lycoris albifiora, 73, 74 Fallugia paradoxa, 106, 106 H)'acinthus orientalis, 187 argentea, 67 Feather Rock, Growing Plants Hydrangea petiola?-is, 98, 130 aurea, 61 , 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, in, 43 I 84, 87, 88, 93 Feijoa sellowiana, 237 caldwel/.i, 76, 76, 77, 88, 93 Felt, C. H.: Ibe?-is sempervirens, 128 chinensis, 80, 81, 82, 84, 91 Heat for Nerine, 11 8 Ilex bullata, 101 "cinnabarina," 63 Fendlera rupicola, 107, 107 c,-enata, 101 elsiae, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80, 88, Fiertz, Gertrude B.: glabra, 49 93 To save or not?, 120 opaca, 102 haywa?'di, 65, 66, 67, 69 Forestiera neo-mexicana, 108 Indigofera incarnata alba, 130 houd)'sheli, April cover, 74, Fox, Helen M.: Iris alroftlsca, 200 75, 76, 89, 93 Lilium lankongense, the Lan­ atropurpw-ea, 200 incamata, 65, 68, 69, 85, 88, 93 kong Lily, 117 cristata alba, 126 kiushiana, 63 White Gleams in the Garden, danfordiae, 233 koreana, 63 123 grantdufjii, 200 " purpurea," 65, 67, 69 Franklinia alatamaha, 98, 130 haynei, 198, 201 radiata, 61, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, Freeland, W . O.: lo,·teti, 199, 201 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 91 , The Indispensable I vy, 182 mariae, 197, 200 92, 93 G nazarena, 196, 201 jJUmila, 70 palaestina, 200 Gagea commutata, 200 te?Tacciani, 70 pseudacorus, 200 1'Osea, 73 damascena, 195, 200 pumila, 126 123 sanguinea, /-61, 62, 63 , 76 Galanthus nivalis, sisY1'inchium, 200 Garden, White Gleams in the, alba, 63 teclorum alba, 126 cyrtanthiflora, 62 123 vartani, 200 Gardenias, Notes on Florist, in kiushiana, 63 Iris in Southern Arizona, 120 ko,'eana, 63 Bermuda, 181 1xiolirion montanum, 192 Gordonia lasianthtls, 48, 49 "Sperry," 81, 83, 89 Grant, William F.: J sprengeri, 65, 66, 67, 69, 85, Malayan Fantasy-A new gar­ Jacobs, Maud R.: 88, 89, 91 den cockscomb, 201 A H emerocallis Variation, 238 squamigera, 61 , 62, 63 , 64, 65, Graves, George: Taste and Smell as Aids to 67, 69, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85 , 87, Updating the Beach Plum Identification, 234 93 65, 69 Story, 179 J efferson, Roland j\lf.: pw'pw'ea, Ground Cover Plants, Some Metalphoto-A Promising straminea, 74 Outstanding, 178 New Plant Labeling traubi, 80, 81, 84, 93 Growth control, chemicals for, Method, 171 'White No. 1, 72 156 Junipem s chinensis hetzi, 102, L ycorises-A Progress Report, H 103 61 Halesia carolina, 239, 240 sm-gen ti, 179 L yonothamnus asplenifolius, 54 monticola, 129 con ferta, ,~ 6 , 57, 179 floribundus, 54 Halevy, Abrah am H.: h01'izontalis, 111 , 112, 179 L)'sichiton ame,'ican um, 58, 59 Native bulbs of Israel for virginiana, 103, 103 cam tschatcense, 59 American gardens, 185 Hannibal, L. S.: K M The Variations of the Aus­ Kalmia latifolia, 239 Magnolia denudata, 60, 98 tralian Crimm! fiaccidum, Knowlton, John: e/ongata, 60 224 Notes on Florist Gardenias in lennei, 60 H a tfield, W illiam H.: Bermuda, 181 liliflo'ra, 60 A Floral Clock, 177 Korsakoff, Alek: sieboldi, 60 Havis, John R.: Seed Sowing Out of Doors, 11 8 soulangiana, 60, 97 T he Scientific Approach to bTozzoni, 60 Summer Mulching, 204 L nigm, 98 H edera canariensis, 182 Lady's Mantle, 237 stellata, 98 colchica, 182 Lapageria in Oregon, 11 veitch ii, 60 helix, 179, 182 LajJage ria ?'osea, II, Jul), cover wilsoni, 60 hibemica, 182, 183 Laurlls l1o/Jilis, 54 Mahonia acanthitolia, 49 [244] bealei, 49 Pellaea androdemifolia, 45 cantabrigiensis, 29, 35 fortunei, 49 comlJacta, 44 centifolia, 32 lomariaefolia, 49 mucronata, 45 ecae, 29, 30 Nlalva alcea, 130 Persea bOTbonia, 49 foetida, 28, 29, 30, 32 Maples, Some Shade and Orna­ Petasites fragmns, 56 bicolor, 29, 30, 32 mental, Part 2, 17 Philadelphus gloriosus, 128 IJe?'s iana, 30 May, Curtis: inodo'rus, 234 f01'tuneana, 237 Some Shade and Ornamental miC1'ophyllus, 104, 107 glaucolJhylla, 32 Maples, Part 2, 17 Phlox alyssifolia, 170, 170, 171 headleyensis, 34, 35 Means, Mrs, Winthrop J.: nivalis, J 23 hemisphaerica, 30, 32 Lady's Mantle, 237 stl,bulata, alba, 123 rapinii, 32 Metalphoto-A Prom ising New sufjnl,ticosa, 130 hugonis, 29, 32, 34, 35 P lant Labeling Method, 171, Picea pU17gens kosteri, 96, 96 X se'ricea pteracantha, 35 172, 173 Pines, Some, in Houston, 121 X spinosissi'l'na, 34 Morrison, B, y,: Pinus canm'ie17sis, 121 X xanthina, 34 Andromeda polifolia glauca, caribaea, 121 laevigata, 237 122 cemb,'oides, 121 lul,ea, 30 Curcuma roscoeana, 42 contm'ta, 58 punicea, 30 Magnolia soulangiana bl'OZ­ murrayana, 58 mO)Iesii, 32 zani, 60 densiflora, 121 omeiensis, 32, 34, 35 Mahonia lomariaefolia and echinata, 12 1 pteracantha, 34, 35, 126, 129 others, 49 excelsa, 12 1 primula, 32 Narcissus viTidiflonLS, 178 glabra, J2 l ptel'agonis, 35 Pterostyrax hispida, 240 gl'ifjithiana, 121 cantabrigiensis, 35 Two Native Azaleas, 55 halepensis, 121 Earldomensis, 35 Zenobia pulver'ulenta, 233 monojJhylla, 45 H idcote Gold, 35 M ulching, Summer, T he Scien­ nUl'ricata, 58 IJte'ragonis, 35 tific Approach to, 204 nepalensis, 121 rapinii, 32 M uscari botryoides album, 123 paltlstris, 121 sel'icea, 31, 32, 34, 35 commutatum, 187 patula, 121 chl'ysOCQ1'pa, 34 parviflorum, 187 pinea, 121 denudata, 34 racemosum, 187, 188 'radiata, 58, 121 H eather Muir, 34 Myrica cerifem, 49 roxburghii, 121 omeiensis, 32, 35 Myrtus communis, 237 taeda, 121 polyphylla, 34 thunbel'gi, 58, J21 Praecox, 34 N Pitcher Plant, A R arely Culti­ pteracantha, 32, 33, 34, 35 Narcissus elegans, 178 va ted , 13 ptemgonis, 35 serotinus, 178, 187 Pityrogramma tl'iangularis, 44, slingeri, 34 tazetta, 178, 186, 187, Oct, 45 stJinosissima, 29, 34 back cover Plants, Some Notes on Occa­ altaica, 34, 129 viridiflorus, 178 sional, North Gulf Coast, 239 sulphwrea, 32 Navarretia squarrosa, 53 Platycodon grandifl orum album, xanthiana, 34 Nelson, Ruth As hton : J30 spon tanea, 34 H orticultural Use of Native Polygonum aubel'ti, 130 R oses, T he W ild Yellow, and R ocky Mountain Plants, Populus tremu,loides, 104, 107 R ela ted Species, 29 104 Propagation, A Year of Plant, Rubus delicios us, 104, 105, 105, Nerine bowdeni, 11 8 94 106 H eat for, 11 8 Prunus angustifolia, 125 s sarniensis, 70 glandulosa, 126 Nothalaena newberryi, 44 albiplena, 126 Salix ilTorata, J09 Notocactus mammulosus, 44 maritima, 179 Santolina chamaecyparis, 177 N ll tt, Patrick A,: Pterostyrax hispida, 240, 241, Sature ja douglasii, 53 The Victoria ''''a terlilies, 133 242 Scents, T hese Plants H ave, 53 Nymphaea odomta, 234 P ll m ic rock, 43 Schefflem actinophylla, 157 Scilla hyacinthoides, 186, 190, o Q 191 Onychium densum, 44, 45 Querws alba, 239 Sedum fosterianum, 177 O?'chis lax ifl orus, 193 velutina, 239 ternatum, 179 01'nithogalum ambicum, 190 Seed Sowing Out of Doors, 118 montanum, 190 R Selauinella wallacei, 44, 45 tJseudo-capsicu 111., 120 narbonense, 190 Rafjlesia amoldi, 45 So la~wm umbellatum, 125, 190 Spuria Irises, 120 , Ranunculus asiaticus, 187 Stapleton , Mrs, LeJl a B,: Osmanthus delavayi, 237 Rhododendron aemulans, 55 Iris dantordiae, 233 X fortunei, 237 alabamense, 55 fmgrans, 237 austl'inum, 55 Stembergia iulea, 199, 226 spafjordiana, 199 Aurantiacus, 237 canescens, 55 heterophyllus II iofoli liS, 237 jajJonicum, 174, 175, 176, 176 Stewarlia Iwreana, 130 Oxalis cernua, 186 prinophylla, 55 Stringfellow, Phoebe A,: OxydendTum a?'bm'etwn, 239, prunifolitLm, 55 Iris in So uthern Arizona, 120 240 roseum, 55 Stryker, Donald W',: p elegans, 100 Lapageria in Oregon, 1 J St)lTax americana, 239, 239, 240 Pachysandra proC'umbens, 178 selTulatum, 55 tel'minals, 178 visCOStLm, 55 jajJonica, 130 Pancmtium maritimum, 186, RhodojJhiala bifida, 118 S)Implocarpus foelicius, 58, 234 Rhus aromatica, 234 190, 191, 192 T pamiflo1'tlm, 186, 191 trllobata, 108 sicken bergeri, 19 1 Ribes hucisonianum, 234 Tabernaemontana COl'Onaria, Pa"thenocisstls quinquefolia, Romulea bulbocociium, 200 181 179 Rosa banksiae, 237 Taxtls baccala re/Janciells, 101 [245] TeucrLUin cnamaedrys, 177 f!avescens, 141 Tecogn itum, 141, 218 Teuscher, H enry: foe tens, 141, 145 X ?-hytidoca-rpum, 141 Hoya darwini and Dischidia Korean Form, 145 X ?-h),tidophylloides, 141 rafflesiana, 50 foetidum, 141, 220, 221 Thytidoph),llwn, 141, 142, 212, These Plants Have Scents, 53 fragmns, 140, 141, 142, 142, 213 T homas, Graham So: 143, 144, 146, 154, 210, 213 ?-igidum, 141 T he Wild Yellow Roses and album, 144, 154, 213 Hlfi-dulum, 141, 143, 216 Related Genera, 29 Bowles, 144 sargentii, 141, 151, 152, 218, Thomas, Mrs_ Violet K_: nanum, 142, 144, 210 221, 224 Ced1-us deodam in Southeast- Roseum, 144 fla_vum, 218, 224 ern Pennsylvania, !l8 X Fulbrook, 147, 148 P uberuleum, 213 Tree Noises, Odd, 58 furcatum, 141, 149, 209 scah?-ellum, 141 , 209 , 218 T1-illium erectum, 234 glome?-atwn, 141 schensianum, 141 Tsuga canadensis, 96 grandiflorum, 141, 144, 145, semtJenJi?-ens, 141 Tulipa oculus-solis, 196, 197 154, 210 setige?-um, 141, 213, 217, 219, polych1-oma, 197 hanceanum, 141 224 shm-onensis, 194, 196 harryanwn, 141 aumntiacu171, 218, 224 hem-)'i, 141 sieboldii, 140, 141, 143, 145, U X hilliui, 141 146, 154, 213 Umbellularia califomica, 54 hi1-tulum, 141 slellulatum, 141 U1-ginea maritima, 186, 190 hupehense, 141, 219, 224 suspensum, 141, 210, 2!l undulata, 190 ichangense, 141, 220, 221 sympodiale, 141, 149 V X jackii, 141, 217 tinus, 141, 210 Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 179 japonicum, 141 t1-ilobum, 141, 142, 151, 154, Val/ota speciosa, 52, 52 X juddii, 141, 147, 149, 154 209, 212, 218, 22 1, 222, 222, Veronica chamaedrys alba, 128 ka~~HtenSe, 141, 221, 224 224 Vibumum ace?-ifolium, 141 , 209, lantana, 141, 153, 154, f-185, Andrews, 223 215, 218, 224, 240 210, 212, 214 Comp actum, 210, 223, 224 alnifolium, 149, 209, 21 3 Aurea Marginata, 213 H ahs, 223 X Anne Russell, 147, 148 aU1-eum, 154 Manito, 223 atrocyanewm, 141 Macrophyllum, 215, 215 Philips, 223 betulifolium, 141, 219 ?-ugosum, 154, 215 Wentworth, 223 Aurianticum, 218 va-riegatum, 154, 213 urceolatum, 141 Trewithen Form, 219 lantanoides, 141, 153 utile, 141, 147 bitchiuense, 141, 147, 149, len tago, 141 , 142, 154, 209, veitchii, 141 154, 214 210, 215, 216, 217 X vetteri, 217 wilsonii, 141, 220, 22 1 X bodnantense, 141, 144 sphaerocarpum, 216 wrightii, 141, 154, 216, 219, Dawn, 145 , 154 lobophyllum, 141, 219, 224 bracteatum, 141, 218 macmcephalum, 141, 152, 153, 224 hessei, 219, 224 buddleifolium, 141, 213 153, 154 burejaeticum, 141 keteleeri, 149, 153 Viburnums, Ornamental Decid­ X bwrkwoodii, 141, 147, 148, micmphyllwn, 141 uous Flowering, 139 154, 210, 214 m olle, 141,218 Ornamen ta l Fruiting and Au­ Park Farm H ybrid, 147 mongolicum, 141 tumnal Foliage, 209 calvum, 141 nudum, 141, 209, 217 Victo?-ia amazonica, 132, 133, X carlce1Jhalum, 141, 149,210 obovatwn, 141 134, 135, 135, 136, 137, 137, carlesii, 98, 103, 141, 142, 147, odoratissimum, 141 138 148 , 148, 149, 154, 210, 212, ojJulus, 141, 15 1, 209, 210, 212, randii, 134 214 218,221,222,223,224 cruziana, 132, 133, 134, 135, Compacta, 147 Aureum, 213 136, 137, 138 Longwood H ybrid, 133, 134, X Carlotta, 141, 147 Com pactum, 210, 224 cassinoides, 141, 143, 154, 209, nanum, 142, 210, 212, 224 138 Notcutt, 224 ?-egia, 133 213, 217, 220, 224 Vinca m ino?-, 178 nanum, 217 1-oseum, 151 Charles Lamont, 145 xanthocm-pum, 218 Viola odm-ata, 234 X chenaultii, 141, 142, 147, variegatum, 213 p?-iceana, 123 Vriesea geniculata, 156, 156 154, 213, 214 o?-ientale, 141,221,224 cinnamomifo lium, 141 ovatifolium, 141 c01-ditolium, 153 parvifolium, 141 w coriaceum, 141 phlebot1-icum, 141, 219 Waterlilies, The Victoria, 133 cotinifolium, 141 , 154 photinoides, 141 "Wells, J ames SO : dasyanthum, 141, 220 plicatwn, 141, 149, 151, 152, 154 A Year of Plant Propagation, davidii, 141 Grandiflorum, 152 94 Deben, 145 R osace, 152 W illiams, Morley: densiflomm, 239, 240 tomentosum, 140, 149, 150, Gordonia lasianthus again, 48 dentatum, 141, 143, 154, 209, 151, 210, 212, 212, 213 -Winter Heliotrope, 56 212, 217, 218, 224 Lanarth, 151 Woodsia ilvensis, 44 pubescens, 217 Mariesii, 151, 154 ' '''yman, Donald: di lata tum, 141, 142, 154, 210, R oseum, 151 The Best of the Dogwoods, 214, 218, 219, 224 R owallane, 151, 154 Improved, 218 St. Keverne, 151 y Moraine, 218 pro1J inqU'um, 141 tJmnifolium, 140, 141, 154, Yucca baccata, !l0, 110 1Jilosum, 218 glau.ca, 109, 109, !l0, 110 15~ 2 0 ~ 2 1~ 213, 215, 2 1 ~ xanthocarpum, 218, 224 ha?Timaniae, 110 edule, 141, 218, 22 1,224 217, 221, 224 ellipticum, 141 Gladwyne, 216 eroswn, 141, 220, 22 1 H olden, 216 z erubescens, 141, 145 mfinesquianum, 141, 154, 209, Zenobia tJulveru lenta, Oct_ cov- gracilipes, 145 218 e1-, 223 [246] Distinguish ed

Discriminating Discerning

Christmas is coming-it is time to begin thinking of sending yo ur Ch ristmas ti de greet­ ings, and this year, the American H orticultural Society offers a solution to the peren­ nial pleasure: H orticul tural Art Cards. T he three samples shown above are available for immediate delivery. T h ey were printed from engravings used to illustrate the covers of the early issues of T he Na­ tional H orticultural Magazine, and represen t the original linoleum carvings of Edi tor Morrison. These cards are distinctive and far more interes ting than the usual run of mass pro­ duced cards displayed in the shops at this holiday season. Certainly they have far greater appreciative value to yo ur horticultural-or art connoisse ur fr iend, because they were crafted by the gifted editor and have been admi red by thousands of mem­ bers for many years. They have an indefin able charm that cannot possibly pertain to something new and unloved . Whether or not the recipient is predisposed in favor of horticultural subjects, or this medium of art; whether or not he fully understands his greetings, he is sure to be fl attered by the implicati on that he is a discerning person. And who knows, these cards may start your friends on the road to becoming gardening en thusiasts. ------

American Horticultural Society, 1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast, Washing­ ton 2 , D. C. Please send me the following Season's Greeting Cards for whi ch I inclose $,---­ o 50 0 100 each, The Christmas R ose, printed on a fine grade of 0 red 0 green paper o 50 0 100 each, Pine Cones and a Bmnch, p rinted on a fi ne grade of 0 red 0 green paper o 50 0 100 each, N arcissus, printed on a fine grade of 0 red 0 green paper $6.50 for a box of 50. $12. 00 for a box of 100. White envelopes iRcl uded

Name

Street Cit y ____ ._____ . ______. __ ._ Zon e ______S ta te ______Narcissus tazetta

[See page 185]