DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Download Vol. 1 No. 1 Natural Products and Biotechnology pp. 38-48 (2021) Determination of Toxic and Anthelmintic Activities of Ornithogalum nutans L., Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. ex Spreng. and Allium stylosum O. Schwarz Mehmet Ozgur Atay1 , Buse Ardil1* , Mehlika Alper1 , Olcay Ceylan2 1 Department of Moleculer Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey 2 Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey Article History Abstract Received : May 22, 2021 In this study, toxic and anthelmintic activities of methanol extracts of aerial and Revised : June 03, 2021 underground parts of Ornithogalum nutans L., Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. ex Accepted : June 15, 2021 Spreng. and Allium stylosum O.Schwarz were investigated. In order to determine the anthelmintic activity, the time elapsed for the duration of paralysis and death was Keywords determined after the extracts of different concentrations (10, 20 and 30 mg/mL) were added to the Tubifex tubifex in petri dishes. Each concentration of A. stylosum aerial Ornithogalum nutans, and underground parts extracts showed high anthelmintic activity. In addition, aerial Sternbergia lutea, extract of O. nutans at a concentration of 30 mg/mL showed high anthelmintic Allium stylosum, activity. A. stylosum extracts showed a higher activity than the standard anthelmintic Artemia salina, drug. The toxic activity was determined against Artemia salina with brine shrimp Anthelmintic activity lethality test. Among all extracts, the underground extract of S. lutea showed the highest activity with 0.002 mg/mL, LC50, the aerial extract of O. nutans showed the lowest activity with 0.03 mg/mL, LC50. Aerial and underground methanol extracts of A. stylosum showed high anthelmintic and lethal activity, but more specific studies are needed. Corresponding Author: Buse Ardil, Department of Moleculer Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey, [email protected] Cite this article as: Atay, M. O., Ardil, B., Alper, M., & Ceylan, O. (2021). Determination of Toxic and Anthelmintic Activities of Ornithogalum nutans L., Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. ex Spreng. and Allium stylosum O. Schwarz. Natural Products and Biotechnology, 1(1), 38-48. 1. INTRODUCTION The use of plant or plant-based products as medicine dates back to prehistoric times (Osama et al., 2020). Medicinal plants are natural resources that provide valuable phytochemical products that are frequently used in the treatment of various diseases (Sahgal et al., 2010). Therefore, using natural products and herbal medicines is an effective, beneficial, and economical way to treat different diseases (Azad et al., 2019). Part of traditional medicine often involves the use of crude plant extracts, which can contain a wide variety of molecules with uncertain biological effects (Sahgal et al., 2010). The health benefits of medicinal plants are related to their antioxidant activities and biological effects on cellular processes (Ukwade et al., 2020). Plants offer medicinal value due to the presence of substances such as alkaloids, essential oils, tannins, resins. These substances have a physiological effect on the human body. The use of local herbs as a source of medicine may have some negative effects mainly as a result of the lack of sufficient information about safe dosage and the presence of harmful by- products in some plants (Naher et al., 2019). Despite the worldwide recognition of herbal medicines and their use in different diseases, the safety of these treatments is still a major concern (Yang, 2020). More research is needed to determine the toxic effects of herbs used to treat various ailments (Ukwade et al., 2020). In the last decade, toxicity screening of a wider 38 ISSN: 2791-674X Research Article Atay, Ardil, Alper & Ceylan variety of food and plant products has been carried out using BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test), a method chosen by many researchers (Ajibola et al., 2020). The brine shrimp (Artemia salina) experiment has been proposed as a valid method to evaluate the toxic activity of plant extracts (Aydın et al., 2017; Suryawanshi et al., 2020). Combined with a reference standard, the brine shrimp test provides a fast, simple, and more importantly, inexpensive and reproducible bioassay (Tawaha, 2006). Helminth infections are global problems with serious social and economic repercussions (Dey & Ghosh, 2010). Helminth and parasitic worm infections affect over two million people worldwide. Anthelmintic drugs facilitate excretion from the body by killing (vermicide) or stunning (vermifuge) antistatic helminths (Verma et al., 2013). The resistance developed by helminth parasites to existing drugs becomes a problem to treat these diseases (Pal & Dey, 2011). The antihelmintic drugs used today mainly have little effect on microfilaricidal and adult worms (Murugamani et al., 2012; Hossain et al., 2015). In addition, various side effects such as epigastric pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness and allergic events have been reported in hosts after treatment with albendazole or mebendazole (Pal & Dey, 2011; Verma et al., 2013). Therefore, new drugs are urgently needed (Murugamani et al., 2012). Plant-derived drugs act as a prototype for developing more effective and less toxic drugs. Several medicinal herbs have been used to treat parasitic infections in humans and animals (Pal & Dey, 2011; Hossain et al., 2015). Tubifex tubifex shows anatomical and physiological similarities with the intestinal parasites (roundworm, annelid) of human. Due to their easy availability, T. tubifex is widely used for the initial evaluation of anthelmintic compounds in vitro (Chowdhury et al., 2015). Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. ex Spreng, a member of the Amaryllidaceae family, is a geophyte plant that generally spreads around the Mediterranean basin and blooms bright yellow in autumn (Gage & Wilkin, 2008; Güner et al., 2012). It has different pharmacological effects due to the alkaloids it contains (Berkov et al., 2009). Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory activities and total phenolic amount have been reported in the studies (Ünver et al., 2005; Aydın et al., 2015; Ağca et al., 2021). Ornithogalum L., which has more than 140 species in the world, is belonging the Hyacinthaceae family. Of the 45 Ornithogalum L. species found in the Flora of Turkey, 17 are endemic. In a study conducted on Ornithogalum nutans L., it was reported that seventeen cardenolides were isolated from its leaves and bulbs (Plancic et al., 2015). There are 146 Allium L. species in the Amaryllidaceae family and 65 of them are endemic. Allium stylosum O. Schwarz is a species that blooms between May and June and grows in forested openings and fields (Aydın, 2012). In this study, it was aimed to determine toxic (against Artemia salina) and anthelmintic (against Tubifex tubifex) activities of methanol extract obtained from the aerial and underground parts of Sternbergia lutea, Ornithogalum nutans and Allium stylosum. 2. MATERIAL and METHODS 2.1. Plant Materials and Extract Preparation Sternbergia lutea was gathered in the Gülağzı neighborhood of Menteşe, Muğla providence, Turkey in 2020. Dr. Olcay Ceylan identified the plant sample were deposited in Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Herbarium (MSKUH) under herbarium number of OC.2119. Allium stylosum was collected from Denizli in August-September in 2011. Identified the plant sample in Laboratory of Botanic of Pamukkale University. Ornithogalum nutans was collected from around the Denizli Babadağ district center. The aerial (flowers, leaves) and underground (tuber) parts of the collected plants were dried separately. After the dried plants were cut into small pieces, 100 mL methanol was added to the sample weighed 10 g. Each sample were kept in a shaking incubator at 55 ºC for 6 hours. The extraction mixture was separated from the residue by filtration through Whatman filter paper. The plant residue was left under the same conditions for second and third time with methanol added again and filtered. The solvent was removed from the obtained filtrate with the help of a rotary evaporator (Heidolph-Laborota 39 Natural Products and Biotechnology 4011) (at 50 ºC). Then, the water in the extract was removed by lyophilization (Thermo Savant). The extracts obtained were stored at -20ºC (Turan & Mammadov, 2021). 2.2. Toxic Activity Assay against Artemia salina (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) Determination of the toxic activity assay of plant extracts against A. salina (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT)) was made by modifying Krishnaraju et al. (2005) method. Methanol extract obtained from the aerial and underground parts of the plants was used. Two days before the assay, one pack of Artemia commercially available was added to the jar of 500 mL distilled water. An air motor was used to keep the air in the jar continuously. The aquarium was kept at 28 °C and in a bright environment. Artemia eggs were expected to hatch for 2 days. After 2 days 0.5 M sea saline solution was prepared. With different concentration (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL) was added to the test tubes containing 4.5 mL of saline solution. Later, 12 Artemia added to the tubes. After the tubes placed in the tube stand were placed in the aquarium on 24 hours for the emergence of Artemia. At the end of this time, living and non-living Artemia poured into Petri dishes were counted and noted. 2.3. Anthelmintic Activity against Tubifex tubifex Anthelmitic activity assay was carried out using T. tubifex, which belongs to the same annelid group as the roundworm parasite. T. tubifex is used for the in vitro evaluation of anthelmintic compounds because of its easy availability and low cost. Six of the 1-2cm tall T. tubifex were placed in a Petri dish containing 20 mL of methanol extract. Test samples of the extracts were prepared in distilled water at concentrations of 10, 20, 30 mg/mL. Albendazole (2.5, 5, 10 mg/mL) was used as the reference standard. Distilled water was used as a negative control.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Autumn Plants of the Peloponnese
    Autumn Plants of the Peloponnese Naturetrek Tour Report 24 - 31 October 2018 Crocus goulimyi Chelmos Mystras Galanthus reginae-olgae Report& images by David Tattersfield Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf's Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ UK T: +44 (0)1962 733051 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report Autumn Plants of the Peloponnese Tour participants: David Tattersfield (leader) and seven clients Day 1 Wednesday 24th October We made rapid progress along the motorway and stopped at Corinth to view the canal, which effectively makes the Peloponnese an island. Here we found our first flowers, the extremely common Autumn Squill Prospero autumnale, the striped, hooded spathes of Friar’s Cowl Arisarum vulgare, and a number of Crocus mazziaricus. A few butterflies included Long-tailed Blue, Lang’s Short-tailed Blue, Eastern Bath White, Mallow Skipper and a Pigmy Skipper. We continued along the newly-completed coast road, before turning inland and climbing steeply into the mountains. We arrived in Kalavrita around 6pm and after settling in to our hotel, we enjoyed a delicious meal of home-cooked food at a nearby taverna. Day 2 Thursday 25th October We awoke to a sunny day with cloud over the mountains. Above Kalavrita, we explored an area of Kermes Oak scrub and open pasture, where we found more white Crocus mazziaricus and Crocus melantherus. Crocus melantherus, as its name suggests can be distinguished from other autumn-flowering species by its black anthers and purple feathering on the outer tepals. Cyclamen hederifolium was common under the shade of the trees.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Karyomorphological Analysis of Crinum Asiaticum L. and Crinum Latifolium L
    ISSN (Online): 2349 -1183; ISSN (Print): 2349 -9265 TROPICAL PLANT RESEARCH 7(1): 51–54, 2020 The Journal of the Society for Tropical Plant Research DOI: 10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i1.008 Research article A comparative karyomorphological analysis of Crinum asiaticum L. and Crinum latifolium L. from Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, India Anushree Dolai and Asis Kumar Nandi* Cytology and Molecular laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India *Corresponding Author: [email protected] [Accepted: 28 February 2020] Abstract: Crinum asiaticum and C. latifolium are two ornamental plant species with medicinal importance. These species have a host of biomolecules of pharmaceutical uses. The chromosomal study is a very basic one in characterizing the genetic material of a species. Earlier reports on such studies have shown both of 22 and 24 to represent the diploid number of chromosomes in the somatic cell of Crinum sp. The present study confirmed the 2n number as 22 for both of the species. However, these two species differ in respect of different parameters. Chromosome types are 10 metacentric and 12 submetacentric in C. asiaticum, while 10 metacentric, 6 submetacentric and 6 subterminal chromosomes in C. latifolium. Considerable variations are also evident in the total chromosomal length of the haploid set, symmetric index, degree of karyotype asymmetry, mean centromeric asymmetry, coefficient of variation of chromosome length, coefficient of variation of the centromeric index as well as the asymmetric index. These variations provide the chromosomal identity of these two species and also the nature of the relationship in them. Keywords: Chromosome study - Karyomorphology - Ideogram - Crinum species.
    [Show full text]
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503 the Vascular Plants Of
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 503 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS BY NANCY VANDER VELDE ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 2003 Uliga Figure 1. Majuro Atoll THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ABSTRACT Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979, 1982, 1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro. INTRODUCTION The accompanying report presents a complete flora of Majuro Atoll, which has never been done before. It includes a listing of all species, notation as to origin (i.e. indigenous, aboriginal introduction, recent introduction), as well as the original range of each. The major synonyms are also listed. For almost all, English common names are presented. Marshallese names are given, where these were found, and spelled according to the current spelling system, aside from limitations in diacritic markings. A brief notation of location is given for many of the species. The entire list of 563 plants is provided to give the people a means of gaining a better understanding of the nature of the plants of Majuro Atoll.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXANOMY of the GENUS Crinum (Amaryllidaceae)
    Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 35 (1): 53 -72, 2006 53 AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE TAXONOMY OF CRINUM ZEYLANICUM (L.) L. AND CRINUM LATIFOLIUM L. (AMARYLLIDACEAE) OCCURRING IN SRI LANKA D.M.D. Yakandawala* and T.M. Samarakoon Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya. Sri Lanka. Accepted 27 February 2006 ABSTRACT Crinum latifolium L. and C. zeylanicum (L.) L. are two Crinum species native to Sri Lanka, but their species delimitation has been a point of debate since their establishment as separate species. During the recent revision of the Sri Lankan Amaryllidaceae, both species have been recognized. The separation of the two species is based on the leaf undulation and the size of the leaves. Field experiences suggest the occurrence of Crinum species with other distinct characters, raising the question of their species limits. Therefore, a detailed taxonomic study on species limits of C. latifolium and C. zeylanicum was carried out to solve the taxonomic ambiguity, based on empirical methods. Specimens were collected from all possible geographical locations. Morphological characteristics with distinct character states were studied at both macroscopic and microscopic level and coded into data matrices. Species limits were determined by phenetic and phylogenetic methods. The results clearly suggested the occurrence of two morphologically distinct groups supporting the recognition of C. latifolium L. and C. zeylanicum (L.) L. Furthermore, two morphologically distinct forms of C. zeylanicum were identified as occurring in Sri Lanka which had not been previously recorded. In view of the fact that the characters of these two types are stable and not dependent on the environment, formal taxonomic ranks could be offered.
    [Show full text]
  • A Morphometric Study of Species Delimitation in Sternbergia Lutea (Alliaceae, Amaryllidoideae) and Its Allies S
    Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158, 460–469. With 5 figures A morphometric study of species delimitation in Sternbergia lutea (Alliaceae, Amaryllidoideae) and its allies S. sicula and S. greuteriana EWAN GAGE1,2 and PAUL WILKIN2* FLS 1Plant Science Laboratories, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AS, UK 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK Received 22 October 2007; accepted for publication 13 May 2008 The morphological chararacters used to differentiate the species Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. ex Spreng., Sternbergia sicula Tineo ex Guss. and Sternbergia greuteriana Kamari & R.Artelari were found not to possess discrete or consistently different states during an attempt to produce an electronic multi-access key to the genus. Thus, variation in floral and leaf morphology in the three species was further explored to re-evaluate taxon limits using herbarium specimens and statistical methods, including principal components analysis (PCA) and elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA). This confirmed that variation was continuous between the three species. Sternbergia sicula and S. greuteriana are sunk into S. lutea and a revised description provided. It is suggested that cultivar status is the most appropriate rank for the cultivated forms of the S. lutea complex. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158, 460–469. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Amaryllidaceae – CITES – conservation status – geographical distribution – Mediterranean – systematics. INTRODUCTION although S. lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. ex Spreng. is a notable exception. It was first described as Amaryllis Sternbergia L. (Alliaceae, Amaryllidoideae) is a genus lutea by Linnaeus (1753), before being reassigned to of seven (Mathew, 1983) to nine (Govaerts et al., 2007) Sternbergia by Sprengel (1825).
    [Show full text]
  • Rock Garden Quarterly
    ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY VOLUME 55 NUMBER 2 SPRING 1997 COVER: Tulipa vvedevenskyi by Dick Van Reyper All Material Copyright © 1997 North American Rock Garden Society Printed by AgPress, 1531 Yuma Street, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY BULLETIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ROCK GARDEN SOCIETY VOLUME 55 NUMBER 2 SPRING 1997 FEATURES Life with Bulbs in an Oregon Garden, by Molly Grothaus 83 Nuts about Bulbs in a Minor Way, by Andrew Osyany 87 Some Spring Crocuses, by John Grimshaw 93 Arisaema bockii: An Attenuata Mystery, by Guy Gusman 101 Arisaemas in the 1990s: An Update on a Modern Fashion, by Jim McClements 105 Spider Lilies, Hardy Native Amaryllids, by Don Hackenberry 109 Specialty Bulbs in the Holland Industry, by Brent and Becky Heath 117 From California to a Holland Bulb Grower, by W.H. de Goede 120 Kniphofia Notes, by Panayoti Kelaidis 123 The Useful Bulb Frame, by Jane McGary 131 Trillium Tricks: How to Germinate a Recalcitrant Seed, by John F. Gyer 137 DEPARTMENTS Seed Exchange 146 Book Reviews 148 82 ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY VOL. 55(2) LIFE WITH BULBS IN AN OREGON GARDEN by Molly Grothaus Our garden is on the slope of an and a recording thermometer, I began extinct volcano, with an unobstructed, to discover how large the variation in full frontal view of Mt. Hood. We see warmth and light can be in an acre the side of Mt. Hood facing Portland, and a half of garden. with its top-to-bottom 'H' of south tilt• These investigations led to an inter• ed ridges.
    [Show full text]
  • Srgc Bulb Log Diary
    SRGC ----- Bulb Log Diary ----- ISSN 2514-6114 Pictures and text © Ian Young BULB LOG 40................................4th October 2017 Rhododendron leaves Nothing is more characteristic of autumn than the leaves as they turn yellow, red and bright orange often with splashes of green still visible when you view them against the light as captured in the cover image of Hamamelis leaves. Photographed into the sun, exposed to retain the deep blue skies and using a small aperture which achieves the star effect of the sun. Shafts of light from the low sun passing through the trees and shrubs greatly adds to the drama of the season by picking out and highlighting colours creating striking effects of light and shade. Rhododendron leaves(above) also take on autumn colours as they come towards the end of their life then fall off – it is just that instead of lasting for a single growing season each Rhododendron leaf can last one or two years before it is shed so the shrub is never without leaves. There are some Rhododendrons that are deciduous, losing all their leaves every year, most of these are what we used to know as Azalea before they were sunk into Rhododendron. Crocus have a habit of getting everywhere in our garden as you may notice in this picture where a lone Crocus nudiflorus has made its way into the bonsai pot. The spotlight effect of a shaft of sunlight picks out Colchicum agrippinum and Crocus speciosus flowers growing through the fine foliage of Geranium robertianum with further colourful highlights provided by the leaves fallen from the Hamamelis, seen above and on the cover.
    [Show full text]
  • ALKALOID-BEARING PLANTS and THEIR CONTAINED ALKALOIDS by J
    ALKALOID-BEARING PLANTS and Their Contained Alkaloids TT'TBUCK \ \ '■'. Technical Bulletin No. 1234 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are indebted to J. W. Schermerhorn and M. W. Quimby, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, for access to the original files of the Lynn Index; to K. F. Rauiïauf, Smith, Kline & French Labora- tories, and to J. H. Hoch, Medical College of South Carolina, for extensive lists of alkaloid plants; to V. S. Sokolov, V. L. Komarova Academy of Science, Leningrad, for a copy of his book; to J. M. Fogg, Jr., and H. T. Li, Morris Arboretum, for botanical help and identification of Chinese drug names ; to Michael Dymicky, formerly of the Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, for ex- tensive translations; and to colleagues in many countries for answering questions raised during the compilation of these lists. CONTENTS Page Codes used in table 1 2 Table 1.—Plants and their contained alkaloids 7 Table 2.—Alkaloids and the plants in which they occur 240 Washington, D.C. Issued August 1961 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Qovemment Printing OflSce. Washington 25, D.C. Price $1 ALKALOID-BEARING PLANTS AND THEIR CONTAINED ALKALOIDS By J. J. WiLLAMAN, chemist, Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, and BERNICE G. SCHUBERT, taxonomist. Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service This compilation assembles in one place all the scattered information on the occurrence of alkaloids in the plant world. It consists of two lists: (1) The names of the plants and of their contained alkaloids; and (2) the names and empirical formulas of the alkaloids.
    [Show full text]
  • Monocot Nursery Plant List 1997-8
    Plant List 1997-8 Only the Narcissus pages are included here. MONOCOT NURSERY "Jacklands", Jacklands Bridge, Tickenham, Clevedon, North Somerset BS 21 6SG England All plants listed are grown here on the nursery, the greater part from seed which ensures robust virus-free stocks. For conservation purposes, where stocks are from a known original source, this is briefly given. Where stc.cks are fr....m various sources these are also given with collectors initials and collection numbers so that they may be precisely identified from the collectors field notes. Reference is recommended to: - 'The Bulb Book' by Rix & Phillips, 'Dwarf Bulbs' and 'Larger Bulbs' both by Brian Mathew or 'Bulbs' by Grey-Wilson & Mathew for descriptic.ns andfor illustrations of most of the plants listed here. For Narcissus species 'Narcissus' by John Blanchard or 'Modern Miniature Daffo- dils' by James Wells are co.mprehensive and well illustrated. 'The Crocus' and 'The Iris' both by Brian Mathew are the current handbooks on these genera. 011 plants Listed are top size unlesc-, otherwise stated but flowering is not guaranteed as subsequent growing conditions are in the hands of the customer. If you are not satisfied with the goods as received, please return and I will replace or, refund. 6 Leucoium tingitanum S.B.L.208 Riff, Mororco H. 15 n. white Spr. 3.50 trichophyllum S. B. 409 Coruche, Portugal. C. S. Sin white Spr. .50 valentinum Sin. white Aut. 2.50 Narcissus albidus sbsp. albidus S.F.110 Morocco, Tizourine, white 2.00 albidus sbsp. albidus S.D.L.245 Morocco, w.
    [Show full text]
  • AMARYLLIDACEAE.Publi
    Flora of China 24: 264–273. 2000. AMARYLLIDACEAE 石蒜科 shi suan ke Ji Zhanhe (吉占和 Tsi Zhan-huo)1; Alan W. Meerow2 Herbs perennial, rarely shrubby or treelike, often with bulbs, corms, rhizomes, or tubers. Leaves basal or cauline, often narrow, margin entire or spiny. Inflorescence a terminal spike, umbel, raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, usually subtended by 1 to several spathaceous involucres. Perianth segments 6, in 2 whorls, free or connate to form a short tube, with or without a corona. Stamens 6, inserted at perianth throat or at base of segments; filaments sometimes basally con- nate; anther dorsifixed or basifixed, mostly introrse. Ovary inferior, 3-loculed; ovules few to many per locule; placentation axile. Style slender; stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule, usually loculicidal, sometimes dehiscing irregularly, rarely a berry. Seeds with endosperm. More than 100 genera and 1200 species: tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions worldwide; ten genera and 34 species (14 endemic, four introduced) in China. The circumscription adopted here for Amaryllidaceae sensu lato follows FRPS and is not supported by current phylogenetic analysis of the group. The genus order has been slightly adjusted to reflect the more recent classification of Kubitzki (Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 3, 1998), who placed the genera in segregate families as follows: Acanthochlamydaceae: Acanthochlamys; Agavaceae: Agave; Amaryllidaceae: Crinum, Lycoris, Narcissus, Pancratium, Zephyranthes; Hypoxidaceae: Curculigo, Hypoxis; Ixioliriaceae: Ixiolirion. Many members of this family, including garden plants, are cultivated in China as ornamentals, including Clivia Lindley, Haemanthus Linnaeus, Hippeastrum Herbert, Hymenocallis Salisbury, Leucojum Linnaeus, Polianthes Linnaeus, and Sprekelia Heister; however, not all are described in this account.
    [Show full text]
  • Break-Down of Sphingophily and Its Affect on Sexual Reproduction in Crinum Latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae), a Dry Season Bloomer
    ANALYSIS Vol. 21, Issue 67, 2020 ANALYSIS ARTICLE ISSN 2319–5746 EISSN 2319–5754 Species Break-down of sphingophily and its affect on sexual reproduction in Crinum latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae), a dry season bloomer in the Araku valley of northern Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh Solomon Raju AJ1, Lakshminarayana G2, Ch. Prasada Rao3, Dileepu Kumar B4, K. Venkata Ramana5, Santhi Kumari M6, Prasad KBJ7 1,4-7Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Gayathri Vidya Parishad College for Degree & P.G. Courses (Autonomous), M.V.P. Colony, Visakhapatnam 530 017, India 3,5Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India 4Department of Botany, M.R. College (Autonomous), Vizianagaram 535 003, India Corresponding author: A.J. Solomon Raju, Mobile: 91-9866256682, email:[email protected] Article History Received: 07 January 2020 Accepted: 20 February 2020 Published: February 2020 Citation Solomon Raju AJ, Lakshminarayana G, Ch. Prasada Rao, Dileepu Kumar B, K. Venkata Ramana, Santhi Kumari M, Prasad KBJ. Break- down of sphingophily and its affect on sexual reproduction in Crinum latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae), a dry season bloomer in the Araku valley of northern Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh. Species, 2020, 21(67), 120-125 Publication License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 120 General Note Article is recommended to print as color digital version in recycled paper. Page © 2020 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved. www.discoveryjournals.org OPEN ACCESS ANALYSIS ARTICLE ABSTRACT C. latifolium is a deciduous perennial bulbous herb and blooms during March-May. It is functionally hermaphroditic, dichogamous and herkogamous.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Crinum L. (Liliaceae) of Bangladesh
    Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(2): 257–271, 2018 (December) © 2018 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE GENUS CRINUM L. (LILIACEAE) OF BANGLADESH 1 SUMONA AFROZ, M. OLIUR RAHMAN AND MD. ABUL HASSAN Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh Keywords: Crinum L.; Taxonomy; Revision; Amaryllidaceae; Bangladesh. Abstract The genus Crinum L. represented by eight species in Bangladesh is revised. The species occurring in Bangladesh are Crinum amabile Donn, C. amoenum Roxb., C. asiaticum L., C. defixum Ker-Gawl., C. jagus (Thomps.) Dandy, C. latifolium L., C. pratense Herb. and C. stenophyllum Baker. Each species is described with updated nomenclature, important synonyms, English and Bangla names, phenology, specimens examined, chromosome number, habitat, distribution, economic value and mode of propagation. A dichotomous bracketed key to the species and illustrations are also provided. Introduction The classification of the lilioid monocots has long been problematic (Chase et al., 2009). Some authors treated all lilioid monocots including the genus Crinum L. in one family, Liliaceae s.l. (Cronquist, 1981). Though the genus Crinum L. was formerly included in the family Liliaceae, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) reevaluated the taxonomic position of this genus and placed it in the family Amaryllidaceae (APG III, 2009). Linnaeus established the genus Crinum in 1737 recognising four species, viz. Crinum latifolium, C. asiaticum, C. americanum and C. africanum (Nordal, 1977). The pantropical genus Crinum L. consists of about 112 species distributed in tropical Africa, America, Asia and Australia (Govaerts et al., 2012). The genus is most diverse in Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Biogeographical analyses place the origin of Crinum in southern Africa (Meerow et al., 2003; Kwembeya et al., 2007).
    [Show full text]