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El Género Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) En La Península Ibérica

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El Género Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) En La Península Ibérica View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 61(2): 119-128 www.rjb.csic.es El género Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) en la Península Ibérica por Ramón Morales1 & Juan Castillo2 1 Real Jardín Botánico, Plaza de Murillo 2, E-28014 Madrid, España. [email protected] 2 Sierra Altamira 4, E-28210 Valdemorillo, Madrid, España. [email protected] Resumen Abstract Presentamos una revisión del género Sternbergia para la Penín- The genus Sternbergia is studied in the Iberian Peninsula. Color sula Ibérica. Se incluyen dos láminas a color de las dos especies drawings of the two Iberian species and distribution maps are gi- ibéricas y sus mapas de distribución en el área estudiada. Stern- ven for the studied area. Sternbergia lutea has been traditionally bergia lutea, especie cultivada desde antiguo, se encuentra na- cultivated and it is now naturalized in the Iberian Peninsula. turalizada en la Península Ibérica. Palabras clave: Amaryllidaceae, corología, ilustración botánica, Kew words: Amaryllidaceae, botanical illustration, chorology, Península Ibérica, Sternbergia, taxonomía. Iberian Peninsula, Sternbergia, taxonomy. Introducción de floración otoñal o tardía y de flores amarillas: S. col- chiciflora y S. lutea. El género Sternbergia fue descrito por Waldstein y Sternbergia colchiciflora es espontánea en España, Kitaibel en 1804, cuando estos autores encontraron la aunque rara y de difícil observación. Sin embargo, últi- nueva especie S. colchiciflora en tierras de Hungría. Le mamente se está encontrando con más frecuencia (Se- dedicaron dicho género al conde Sternberg (1761- rra, 2002; Martínez Labarga, com. pers.). Esta planta 1838) de Bohemia, botánico y naturalista. ha despertado la atención de muchos botánicos es- Su área de distribución se extiende por la cuenca pañoles. mediterránea, este de Europa y sudoeste y oeste de Sternbergia lutea es una planta cultivada desde anti- Asia. Se trata de geófitos de flores amarillas y de flora- guo, aunque se asilvestra con relativa facilidad. Pero el ción generalmente otoñal o tardía. Únicamente S. fis- cultivo es relativamente poco frecuente y hasta ahora, cheriana y S. candida florecen en invierno o primavera, que se sepa, no es planta comercial para la jardinería y solamente esta última presenta flores blancas. Algu- de consumo. Se trata de una especie cultivada por nas de estas especies se cultivan desde antiguo, otras gente amante de la jardinería tradicional y que consi- son de floración efímera y de difícil observación, por gue las plantas por intercambio entre conocidos o ve- lo que se las considera raras. cinos. Pasche & Kerndorff (2002) reconocen nueve espe- En este trabajo se recopilan todos los datos botáni- cies dentro del género: S. lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. ex cos e históricos disponibles hasta el momento sobre Spreng., S. sicula Tineo ex Guss., S. schubertii A. estas especies en la Península Ibérica. Se incluyen to- Schenk, S. fischerana (Herbert) Rupr., S. candida B. das las localidades conocidas hasta ahora tomadas Mathew & T. Baytop, S. clusiana (Ker Gawl.) Ker tanto de pliegos de herbario como de referencias bi- Gawl. ex Spreng., S. colchiciflora Waldst. & Kit., bliográficas. En el caso de S. lutea se han añadido tes- S. pulchella Boiss. & Blanche y S. greuteriana Kamari timonios de plantas vivas, vistas por nosotros, o refe- & Artelari. rencias de personas buenas conocedoras de la especie. En la Península Ibérica viven dos especies, ambas Las descripciones botánicas se han elaborado basán- 120 Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 61(2) 2004 donos en los pliegos estudiados, o en las plantas vivas Bot. Mag. 9. Todas las láminas publicadas en esta re- mantenidas en macetas, por lo que se refieren al área vista entre febrero de 1787 y febrero de 1948 fueron de estudio. En las descripciones se ha seguido el or- coloreadas a mano, y confieren a esta publicación una den cronológico de desarrollo: bulbos, flores, hojas, calidad incuestionable. frutos. El tamaño de los bulbos se ha medido en los Las ilustraciones que presentamos en este trabajo, que producen flor, que es lo que se denomina bulbo tanto en color como en blanco y negro, han sido reali- florífero. En los datos fenológicos los meses se indican zadas mediante una tableta digital y diversos progra- en números romanos. mas informáticos de dibujo. Los números de cromosomas no ibéricos se han ob- tenido de los índices de cromosomas de Goldblatt & Johnson (1990-2003), y los nombres vulgares, de Mo- Sternbergia Waldst. & Kit., Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 2: rales & al. (1996). 172. 1804 Geófito, con una o varias flores por bulbo. Flores Ilustraciones amarillas, con espata indivisa, membranosa, aguda; tépalos 6; pedúnculo epigeo o solamente asomando el El interés que estas plantas han suscitado desde la perianto. Estambres 6, con anteras de inserción cen- antigüedad queda manifestado por la abundante ico- tral. Estigma trilobulado. Fruto en cápsula, de pare- nografía que las ilustra: desde las xilografías de Clu- sius, que son las primeras ilustraciones de las que se tie- des finas. Semillas esféricas numerosas. ne conocimiento, hasta los espléndidos grabados en 1. Bulbos hasta de 2,5 cm de diámetro; flores con pedúnculo color de Curtis (Bot. Mag. 9, n.º 290), Redouté (Li- floral hipogeo, no visible o enterrado; tépalos hasta de liacées 3 pl. 1825) o Reichenbach (Ic. Fl. Germ. Helv. 9; 0,6 cm de diámetro; hojas hasta de 0,5 cm de anchura ....... ............................................................... 1. S. colchiciflora tabs. 372, 373). Más recientemente las iconografías, ya 1. Bulbos 2,5-6 cm de diámetro; flores con pedúnculo floral en blanco y negro, de Paula Millán (Collect. Bot. 7: 98. epigeo, no enterrado; tépalos 1-2 cm de anchura; hojas 0,8- 1968) y de Antonio Cadete (Fl. Andalucía Occid. 3: 1,5 cm de anchura ............................................. 2. S. lutea 474. 1987), entre otros, siguen resaltando la atracción que estas plantas despiertan entre los ilustradores 1. Sternbergia colchiciflora Waldst. & Kit., Descr. botánicos de todos los tiempos. Por esta razón nos ha Icon. Pl. Hung. 2: 172 tab. 159. 1804 parecido conveniente incluir para cada especie una lista de ilustraciones dispuestas en orden cronológico, Ind. loc.: “Habitat in montibus calcareis apricis aridis tomadas la mayoría del Index Londinensis (Stapf, ad Buda-Örs, Palotam & Füred. Floret Septem- 1931), y que se han podido consultar, por lo que se bri”. añade un pequeño comentario descriptivo entre cor- Tipificación: No es posible la tipificación de esta es- chetes. pecie sobre pliego de herbario. Waldstein & Kitaibel Las técnicas utilizadas para su representación abar- herborizaron esta planta en Hungría. Su herbario se can un amplio abanico que va desde las xilografías del encuentra en el herbario del Museo de Historia Natu- siglo XVI (grabado en relieve sobre madera) hasta los ral de Praga, pero en él no está el tipo de dicha planta, grabados puntillistas al aguafuerte. Esta última técni- según Chrtek & Skocdopolová (1982: 223), que estu- ca fue desarrollada en Francia a finales del siglo XVIII diaron el material tipo del herbario de dichos autores. y popularizada en Inglaterra por W.W. Ryland y Por ello elegimos como lectótipo (iconótipo) el dibu- F. Bartolozzi. Redouté adaptó dicha técnica a la im- jo de la descripción original, tab. 159. En dicha tabla presión en color de sus láminas, entre ellas la de S. lu- está dibujado un bulbo florido a la izquierda y otro tea. La utilización de punteados con distinta densidad con hojas y fruto a la derecha. Arriba constan siete de- conferían a sus planchas de grabado las diferencias de talles de tépalo con estambre, estambre, gineceo, tono y sombras que tanto caracterizan su obra. Poste- estígma, cápsula entera y cortadas transversalmente y riormente, y una vez que la plancha metálica había semilla, todo ello coloreado y de tamaño natural. sido sometida al ácido, era iluminada con los diferen- tes colores que se adherían a los puntos, para final- Ilustraciones: Figs. 1-2. mente ser impresas. Los últimos detalles eran añadi- Clusius, Rariorum plantarum historia: 164. 1601 [se dos a mano, sobre la impresión, utilizando para ello pueden ver dibujos en blanco y negro en flor y en fru- acuarelas. to con la leyenda Narcissus autumnalis minor]. Otras veces los grabados originales eran coloreados Waldstein & Kitaibel, Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 2: enteramente a mano. Así puede apreciarse en la ilus- tab. 159. 1805 [dibujo de calidad de la flor, hojas y fru- tración número 290, S. lutea, que Curtis publica en to; iconótipo]. R. Morales & J. Castillo: El género Sternbergia en la Península Ibérica 121 Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 9: tab. 372. ceolados, que alternan unos más anchos con otros más 1847 [dibujo de calidad a color]. estrechos, de agudos a levemente acuminados, amari- Petermann, Deutschl. Fl.: Tafel 88 fig. 699. 1847 llos, blanquecinos hacia la base. Anteras c. 1,5 mm. Ho- [dibujo botánico con detalles; flor coloreada]. jas 2-5, de 5,5-13 × 0,5 cm, acintadas, redondeadas en el Fiori & Paoletti, Iconogr. Fl. Ital.: 87 n.º 751. 1895- ápice, arqueadas, recurvadas, ligeramente retorcidas en 1898 [dibujillo en blanco y negro que parece estar ins- espiral, glaucas. Fruto 1-1,3 × 0,7-0,9 cm, en cápsula, pirado en el de Reichenbach]. subgloboso, con pedúnculo 1-8 cm, de paredes finas. Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 6: 28. 1960 [dibujo en blanco Semillas 9 o más, c. 3 mm de diámetro, esféricas, de un y negro]. marrón oscuro, de superficie ± rugosa, con una excre- Bellot, Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 7(1): 98. 1968 [di- cencia lateral o eleosoma de unos 0,5 mm. bujo en blanco y negro realizado por Paula Millán]. Feibrun-Dothan, Fl. Palaestina 4 (Plates): plate Número de cromosomas: 2n = 20 (Aparicio, 1987: 143. 1986 [dibujo en blanco y negro].
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