OL – Et Kulturelt Utstillingsvindu En Visuell Analyse Av De Visuelle Dekorative Profilene I to Olympiske Leker

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OL – Et Kulturelt Utstillingsvindu En Visuell Analyse Av De Visuelle Dekorative Profilene I to Olympiske Leker Mastergradsoppgave Marianne Timby Hartvåg OL – et kulturelt utstillingsvindu En visuell analyse av de visuelle dekorative profilene i to Olympiske Leker Høgskolen i Telemark Fakultet for allmennvitenskapelige fag Mastergradsoppgave i kulturstudier 2013 Marianne Timby Hartvåg OL – et kulturelt utstillingsvindu En visuell analyse av de visuelle dekorative profilene i to Olympiske Leker 1 Høgskolen i Telemark Fakultet for allmennvitenskapelige fag Institutt for kultur og humanistiske fag Hallvar Eikas plass 3800 Bø i Telemark http://www.hit.no © 2013 Marianne Timby Hartvåg Denne avhandlingen representerer 60 studiepoeng 2 Forord Jeg husker ganske mange bilturer fra jeg var barn. Fra mitt barndomshjem i Eidsvoll kjørte vi ofte sørover til bestemor i Oslo eller nordover, forbi Lillehammer, til hytta i Saltdal. Uansett hvilken retning vi reiste, hadde jeg en rekke kjennetegn å følge langs E6: Den grønne skien på ei bru ved Lillestrøm, den spisse steinen ved juletreåkeren på Hamar, idrettshallen som het «Vikingskipet» og den underlige «Fakkelmannen» - en figur hugget ut i et skogfelt ved Hafjell. Disse dekorasjonene, satt opp i forbindelse med OL på Lillehammer, fascinerte meg voldsomt som barn og gjør det fremdeles. Selv etter to års arbeid med enhetene i denne oppgaven må jeg fremdeles smile når jeg ser ulike olympiske objekter eller bilder. Likevel er jeg glad jeg er ferdig med oppgaven. Det har vært en lang og strevsom prosess, men jeg har for det aller meste hygget meg, både med det analytiske foran datamaskinen og med det sosiale i pausene. Det er derfor på sin plass å komme med noen takksigelser til dem som har vært en del av masteroppgaven: Først og fremst vil jeg takke hovedveileder Ole Martin Høystad og biveileder Marit Johansson som har loset meg stødig gjennom prosessen. Takk til alle medstudenter, særlig Kulturingeniøranane, for et både hyggelig og matnyttig studiemiljø. Un grand merci à Regula Cardinaux et les autres employés du le Centre D’Etudes Olympiques à Lausanne, de m’avoir envitée. Takk til Tormod Holdbrekken ved Opplandsarkivet for god kunnskap og service. Tusen takk til mitt største forbilde, min storesøster Susanne Hartvåg, som gav meg familierabatt på profesjonell korrekturlesing og språkvask. Mamma og pappa skal ha takk for støtte og omtanke, og fordi de alltid er der når jeg trenger dem. Mest av alt vil jeg si hjertelig takk til mannen som holdt ryggen min rak og hjertet mitt fullt gjennom prosessen: Aslak Larsen, min kjæreste, samboer og bestevenn. Sandefjord, mai 2013 Marianne Timby Hartvåg 3 Innholdsfortegnelse FORORD ................................................................................................................................ 3 INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE .................................................................................................. 4 1. INNLEDNING ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 INTRODUKSJON .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 TEMA OG PROBLEMSTILLING ........................................................................................................... 7 1.3 CASER .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 TEORETISK PERSPEKTIV ................................................................................................................. 9 1.4 METODE ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.5 OPPGAVENS STRUKTUR ................................................................................................................ 10 2. HISTORISK BAKGRUNN FOR DE OLYMPISKE LEKER .............................................. 11 2.1 UTGANGSPUNKTET I ANTIKKEN ...................................................................................................... 11 2.2 1800-TALLET OG GJENOPPLIVELSEN AV LEKENE ............................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Idrett ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Verdensutstillingene ............................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.3 Forgjengere til de moderne olympiske leker ........................................................................................ 14 2.2.4 Pierre de Coubertin og de moderne olympiske leker ........................................................................... 15 2.3 DEN OLYMPISKE IDEOLOGI ............................................................................................................ 16 2.4 SYMBOLENES FREMVEKST ............................................................................................................ 18 2.4.1 De olympiske ringer ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.4.2 Maskoter .............................................................................................................................................. 19 2.4.3 Emblemer ............................................................................................................................................ 20 2.4.4 Piktogrammer ...................................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.5 Fakler ................................................................................................................................................... 22 3. TEORETISKE PERSPEKTIVER OG BEGREPER .......................................................... 24 3.1 NASJONSBEGREP ......................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 OPPFUNNE TRADISJONER ............................................................................................................. 25 3.3 NASJON OG KULTUR ..................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.1 Ernest Gellners nasjonalismeteori ....................................................................................................... 27 3.3.2 Offisiell nasjonalisme ........................................................................................................................... 28 3.3.3 Multikulturalisme .................................................................................................................................. 28 3.4 TEGNBEGREP .............................................................................................................................. 29 3.4.1 Peirces tegn ......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.4.2 Ikon, indeks og symbol ........................................................................................................................ 30 3.5 TIDLIGERE FORSKNING ................................................................................................................. 32 4. MATERIALE OG METODISK TILNÆRMING .................................................................. 33 4.1 PROBLEMSTILLING OG UNDERSØKELSESDESIGN ............................................................................. 33 4.1.1 Case-studier ........................................................................................................................................ 34 4 4.2 MATERIALET OG KILDENE .............................................................................................................. 35 4.2.1 Gjenstander og bilder .......................................................................................................................... 35 4.2.2 Dokumenter ......................................................................................................................................... 36 4.3 INNSAMLING AV MATERIALET ......................................................................................................... 37 4.3.1 OL-museet i Lillehammer ..................................................................................................................... 37 4.3.2 Det olympiske studiesenteret i Lausanne ............................................................................................ 38 4.3.3 Internett ................................................................................................................................................ 39 4.4 METODENE .................................................................................................................................. 39 4.4.1 Billedanalyse ........................................................................................................................................ 40 4.4.2 Dokumentanalyse ................................................................................................................................ 40 5. CASE 1: LILLEHAMMER ’94S VISUELLE PROFIL ....................................................... 43 5.1 MASKOTENE ................................................................................................................................ 43 5.1.1
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