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MARCEL CADIEUX, the DEPARTMENT of EXTERNAL AFFAIRS, and CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 1941-1970

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MARCEL CADIEUX, the DEPARTMENT of EXTERNAL AFFAIRS, and CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 1941-1970 by Brendan Kelly A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Brendan Kelly 2016 ii Marcel Cadieux, the Department of External Affairs, and Canadian International Relations: 1941-1970 Brendan Kelly Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2016 Abstract Between 1941 and 1970, Marcel Cadieux (1915-1981) was one of the most important diplomats to serve in the Canadian Department of External Affairs (DEA). A lawyer by trade and Montreal working class by background, Cadieux held most of the important jobs in the department, from personnel officer to legal adviser to under-secretary. Influential as Cadieux’s career was in these years, it has never received a comprehensive treatment, despite the fact that his two most important predecessors as under-secretary, O.D. Skelton and Norman Robertson, have both been the subject of full-length studies. This omission is all the more glaring since an appraisal of Cadieux’s career from 1941 to 1970 sheds new light on the Canadian diplomatic profession, on the DEA, and on some of the defining issues in post-war Canadian international relations, particularly the Canada-Quebec-France triangle of the 1960s. A staunch federalist, Cadieux believed that French Canadians could and should find a place in Ottawa and in the wider world beyond Quebec. This thesis examines Cadieux’s career and argues that it was defined by three key themes: his anti-communism, his French-Canadian nationalism, and his belief in his work as both a diplomat and a civil servant. iii Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the advice, support, and friendship of my supervisor, Professor Robert Bothwell. Before coming to the University of Toronto in 2008, I was told by Professor J.R. Miller, a mutual friend of ours and a mentor of mine at the University of Saskatchewan, that Professor Bothwell was deeply committed to his students. It has been my great privilege over the last seven-and-a-half years to witness that remarkable commitment first hand. It never ceases to amaze me how such a distinguished historian can devote so much time and energy to his many graduate students, whether it is answering (often at length) their frequent emails, meeting with them in person and on short notice (often over a delicious lunch at the Harbord House), or providing helpful (and always thorough) feedback on their chapters. There is no doubt in my mind that Professor Bothwell is one of the most dedicated supervisors at the University of Toronto. His support has been invaluable to me in my seeing this project to fruition. I also wish to thank the members of my thesis committee, Professor John English and Professor Mark McGowan, two distinguished historians in their own right, for their advice at our annual meetings and for allowing my thesis to proceed to the oral defence so expeditiously. I am grateful as well to the Department of History for its financial support in awarding me Jeanne Armour Graduate Scholarships in Canadian History and the Margaret McCullough Graduate Scholarship in Canadian History, all of which provided me with vital aid in paying for my final years of study. The Faculty of Arts and Science also funded my work by awarding me one of the Associates of the University of Toronto Awards for Study of the United States. The School of Graduate Studies, for its part, gave me several travel grants to visit archives in both North America and Europe. Most importantly, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) generously funded my second, third, and fourth years in the program with a Joseph- Armand Bombardier CGS Doctoral Scholarship. Historians need archivists and I was lucky to be assisted by many highly competent ones. While there is not enough space to list them all here, certain people at Library and Archives Canada were so outstanding that they must be mentioned: Paulette Dozois, Lana Merrifield, Alix McEwen, George de Zwaan, and the members of the Access to Information and Privacy (ATIP) iv division, including Jean-François Coulombe, Diana Gibson, Betricia Abou-Hamad, Céline Jean- Marie, Marc Robillard, Diane Simard, and Barry Stead. I am also indebted to Greg Donaghy and Mary Halloran of the Historical Section at Global Affairs Canada for their help, especially in granting me access to archival material and transcripts of oral interviews held at the Lester B. Pearson building, and for their companionship during my time in Ottawa. In Toronto I benefited from the friendship of a number of fellow graduate students in History and residents at St. Michael’s College, including Jack Cunningham, John Dirks, Robyn Gifford, Peter Leimbigler, Stephan Dusil, and Michael He. Finally, I could not have finished this thesis without the encouragement of those closest to me. The radiant optimism and good cheer of my fiancée, Michelle Chen, remain a source of inspiration and strength. My sister, Anne Kelly, a Rhodes Scholar, welcomed and introduced me to London and selflessly spent three days in Brussels doing research for her brother at the archives of the European Commission. Above all, my parents, Patrick and Darlene Kelly, English professors at St. Thomas More College at the University of Saskatchewan, have given me more love and support than any son deserves and have always believed in me. This thesis is dedicated to them. Brendan Kelly Toronto, Canada February 2016 v Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Premières Armes: Ottawa, London, Brussels, 1941-1947 .............................. 14 I – Ottawa .................................................................................................................................. 14 II – London ................................................................................................................................ 39 III – Brussels ............................................................................................................................. 62 Chapter Two: The Making of a Diplomat and a Cold Warrior: 1947-1955 ......................... 86 I – Headquarters ........................................................................................................................ 86 II – NATO ............................................................................................................................... 136 III – Vietnam ........................................................................................................................... 150 Chapter Three: Climbing the External Affairs Ladder: 1955-1963 .................................... 174 I – UN Division ....................................................................................................................... 175 II – Legal Adviser and Assistant Under-Secretary under a New Government ....................... 183 III – Deputy Under-Secretary and International Jurist ............................................................ 200 IV – A Reluctant Administrator, an Anxious French Canadian, and the Fall of a Government ................................................................................................................................................. 228 Chapter Four: The Under-Secretary, the Minister, and the Department of External Affairs: 1963-1968 ..................................................................................................................... 255 I – The Job of Under-Secretary ............................................................................................... 258 II – The Minister ..................................................................................................................... 279 Chapter Five: The Under-Secretary, the Minister, and Canadian Foreign Policy: 1963-1968 ................................................................................................................................... 309 I – Crises.................................................................................................................................. 310 II – The United States, China, and the Vietnam War .............................................................. 321 III – Defence............................................................................................................................ 352 Chapter Six: The Under-Secretary, Nationalist Quebec, and Gaullist France: 1963-1967 ................................................................................................................................... 361 I – The Emerging Alliance: Quebec and France ..................................................................... 362 II – Action and Reaction: Quebec and Ottawa ........................................................................ 388 III – Further Skirmishes .......................................................................................................... 405 IV – Le cri du balcon .............................................................................................................. 426 Chapter Seven: The Under-Secretary, Nationalist Quebec, and Gaullist France: 1967-1970 ..................................................................................................................................
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