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Biology of Aging: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Urinary Systems

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Biology of Aging: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Urinary Systems Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Urinary Systems Biology of Aging: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Urinary Systems ● Introduction ❍ Cellular Basis of Aging - General Information ❍ Analysis of Physiological Systems ● Websites Lecture Part I: The Cardiovascular System Lecture Part II: The Respiratory System Lecture Part III: The Urinary System Objectives ● Be able to define, distinguish, and describe normal age-related biological changes of the respiratory, urinary, and immune systems ● Be able to discuss the impact of age-related changes on the needs and functioning of older adults ● Understand how normal age-related changes influence the older person's ability to function ● Be able to distinguish normal age-related changes from disease processes ● Be able to distinguish between chronic and acute disorders ● Be able to define and discuss common disorders that come with age of the major body systems Introduction http://www.usc.edu/dept/gero/AgeWorks/fall_session/dl/gero500/biology_a_lect/ (1 of 4)10/3/07 11:19 PM Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Urinary Systems One of the great scientific challenge's of the 21st century will be to unravel the biological basis of the aging process and through that knowledge to develop strategies for slowing the rate of senescence and increasing the years of healthy living. Researchers are faced with a problem, however. Aging is a deteriorative process upon which pathology and disease are superimposed. Aging and disease can produce the same physiological outcome and, in a sense, aging can be considered the soil from which diseases arise. It is therefore a difficult task for gerontologists to isolate the effects of "normative" aging. Consequently, we can only tentatively draw demarcations between aging, degenerative processes and disease. Categorization of "normal" aging is clouded further by the similarities that exist between changes associated with aging and those observed with disuse (i.e. bed rest and space travel). It is also clear from our previous discussion on "successful aging" that social, psychological, and biological consequences of "life styles" can also dramatically influence how we age. Cellular Basis of Aging - General Information Our bodies are in a constant state of flux. The cellular changes that occur may be a response or adaptation to new conditions (i.e. growth in muscle mass in response to weight lifting) or they can reflect the daily maintenance of the cell's compliment of lipids, proteins and nucleotides (mRNA and DNA). Optimal maintenance of cellular and tissue functioning requires a tight homeostatic control of cellular and tissue renewal. At the single cell level, this includes the elimination of bad, tattered proteins and their replacement with newly synthesized proteins (a process referred to as protein turnover). Generally speaking, in all tissue examined age causes a slowing down of the process of protein turnover. The functional consequence is a reduction in the performance of the job allocated for each class of protein. Proteins perform many duties including the movement of water and ions in and out of cells, the production of energy from the metabolism of sugars and the repair of damaged DNA found within the nucleus of each cell. Some tissues not only renew themselves through protein turnover, but they also undergo renewal through cell replacement produced by cell division. Examples would be fibroblast cells found in the skin, immune system cells and cells of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. There are a couple of key tissues that do not undergo cell division, however. These include the cardiac myocytes of the heart, the myofibers of your skeletal muscles and the nerve cells found within the central nervous system. For those tissues that do use cell division for renewal an important consequence of the aging process is the age-related slowing that occurs in the rate of cell division. Much like the effect of slowed protein turnover, the slowing in cell division can result in a less then optimal collection of cells present for performing the job designed for that tissue. http://www.usc.edu/dept/gero/AgeWorks/fall_session/dl/gero500/biology_a_lect/ (2 of 4)10/3/07 11:19 PM Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Urinary Systems Cellular Basis of Aging - General Information Our bodies are in a constant state of flux. The cellular changes that occur may be a response or adaptation to new conditions (i.e. growth in muscle mass in response to weight lifting) or they can reflect the daily maintenance of the cell's compliment of lipids, proteins and nucleotides (mRNA and DNA). Optimal maintenance of cellular and tissue functioning requires a tight homeostatic control of cellular and tissue renewal. At the single cell level, this includes the elimination of bad, tattered proteins and their replacement with newly synthesized proteins (a process referred to as protein turnover). Generally speaking, in all tissue examined age causes a slowing down of the process of protein turnover. The functional consequence is a reduction in the performance of the job allocated for each class of protein. Proteins perform many duties including the movement of water and ions in and out of cells, the production of energy from the metabolism of sugars and the repair of damaged DNA found within the nucleus of each cell. Some tissues not only renew themselves through protein turnover, but they also undergo renewal through cell replacement produced by cell division. Examples would be fibroblast cells found in the skin, immune system cells and cells of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. There are a couple of key tissues that do not undergo cell division, however. These include the cardiac myocytes of the heart, the myofibers of your skeletal muscles and the nerve cells found within the central nervous system. For those tissues that do use cell division for renewal an important consequence of the aging process is the age-related slowing that occurs in the rate of cell division. Much like the effect of slowed protein turnover, the slowing in cell division can result in a less then optimal collection of cells present for performing the job designed for that tissue. Analysis of Physiological Systems The following lecture, as well as next week's lecture will discuss each of our physiological systems separately. It is important to remember, however, that they do not act independently, but rather they all work in concert. For example, the urinary system maintains a tight control over the fluid levels found with in our bodies, which directly effects the performance of the cardiovascular system through maintenance of optimal blood pressure. Cardiovascular performance, in turn, directly influences the performance of all tissue through the optimal delivery of nutrients and oxygen. A breakdown in one system can cause a domino effect, resulting in compromise or failure in other systems. When appropriate, these types of potential interactions between the physiological systems will be referred to. http://www.usc.edu/dept/gero/AgeWorks/fall_session/dl/gero500/biology_a_lect/ (3 of 4)10/3/07 11:19 PM Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Urinary Systems It is also important to note that throughout modern history scientists and clinicians have developed interventions to combat disease and, as a result extend the life span. At the turn of the 19th century, the focus was on infectious diseases and with the advent of antibiotic therapies and the development of vaccinations we were able to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these infections. Consequently, people began to live longer and, associated with the increase in life span, there was a dramatic increase in the incidence of chronic diseases linked to long-term survival. These diseases or conditions are referred to as age-related diseases. Take a look at the leading causes of death for Americans over 65 (from the Center for Disease Control). As you can see, the most common cause of illness and death in older populations is cardiovascular disease, a chronic disease that develops and progresses through the life span. It is therefore, appropriate that we begin our discussion of aging and system physiology with the cardiovascular system. Websites For your information, the following links have been added: HON Dossier on Ageing http://www.hon.ch/Dossier/Ageing/part2.html The Challenge Project http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/space/challenge/background/pp. html Click here to go to Lecture Part I: The Cardiovascular System http://www.usc.edu/dept/gero/AgeWorks/fall_session/dl/gero500/biology_a_lect/ (4 of 4)10/3/07 11:19 PM Part I: The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Urinary Systems Part I: The Cardiovascular System ● Cardiovascular System - Normal Aging ❍ The Heart ❍ Aging in the Heart ❍ The Vasculature ❍ Vascular Changes with Aging ● Atherosclerosis ● Clinical Intervention for Cardiovascular disease ● Websites ● Key Points Lecture Part II: The Respiratory System Lecture Part III: The Urinary System Cardiovascular System - Normal Aging The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, the blood and the vasculature. This system subserves many functions, most notably the delivery of oxygen throughout the body. The cardiovascular system also serves as a roadway for delivering: 1. energy containing molecules like sugars and fats to needy tissues, 2. amino acids and nucleic acids for the synthesis of new proteins and DNA, 3. toxins and waste to the kidneys for elimination from the body, 4. hormonal messages to distant target tissues, 5. immune system cells to the site of foreign molecules, 6. blood to and from the surface of the skin for regulating body temperature. Each of these functions is minimally affected by age, but they can be severely altered by interactions that occur between aging and age-related diseases in the cardiovascular system. http://www.usc.edu/dept/gero/AgeWorks/fall_session/dl/gero500/biology_a_lect/index_a.htm (1 of 8)10/3/07 11:19 PM Part I: The Cardiovascular System Before we attempt to dissect out the physiological changes that can be accounted for by aging, we need to eliminate from the sample individuals experiencing varying degrees of disease.
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