Fall 2014 Crop harvesting and weed management by Fabian Menalled, MSU Crop Weeds Specialist, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Many times we think of crop harvesting and have resulted in an increased weed survivorship weed management as two independent tasks. and growth? Carefully considering these and Yet harvesting provides a great opportunity other potential mechanisms responsible for the to improve weed management. First and success of the weed population you detect in a foremost, while in the combine farmers have particular feld can help adjust the management a unique opportunity to refect on the season’s approach to prevent the growth of these patches. successes and failures. Systematically travelling Post-harvest weed management. Weed across the felds provides a great chance to such as kochia are diÿcult to control refect on approaches for the next crop’s weed once they have been cut by the combine management program by carefully checking because they drop their seeds in one spot. locations of which species thrived this year. ˛e Because kochia seedlings can emerge at any next step is to fnd out what went wrong and time during the winter, they can produce what can be improved. ˛e following is a list of dense clumps of seedlings which are very hard some of the many things farmers could think to control as their mass impedes e˙ective about at harvest. herbicide coverage. Post-harvest treatments Weeds occur in patches. In general, weeds with glyphosate (Roundup and other generic are not distributed uniformly across felds but names) and paraquat applied late August FIGURE 1. Wheat field. Photo courtesy of to early September when kochia plants are USDA-ARS. in patches of high densities. Several causes could be responsible for these patches. Is actively growing and have produced enough it possible that you have selected herbicide leaf tissue for herbicide absorption can help to INSIDE: resistant weed biotypes? Did you get bad crop substantially reduce seed production. However, Crop harvesting and weed establishment during the summer that resulted post-harvest herbicide options should not be management ...... 1 in a less competitive canopy at the site of the based or planned solely on the weed species weed patch? Is there any underlying nutrient currently in the feld, but also take into account Sugarbeet Intergrated Pest the spring planting intentions. Management Impacts ...... 2 or moisture characteristic at that site that could Regional Private Applicator Programs ...... 3 What’s that grass growing on the other side of the fence? ...... 4 Wheat Head Armyworm ...... 5 Ask the Expert ...... 6 Pest Management Tool Kit ...... 7 Meet Your Specialist ...... 8

FIGURE 2. Barley harvest. Photo courtesy of USDA-ARS. (Crop Harvesting, continues on page 2) 2 (Crop harvesting, continued from page 1) Impact of harvesting on weed and fower and complete their life cycle the Cooler temperatures trigger the movement communities. Weed species are di˙erently following summer. Farmers increasing acreage of food reserves down to the root systems, infuenced by crop harvesting operations and of winter crops shouldn’t be surprised that enhancing movement of herbicides to the their strength and selectivity depend on timing winter annual weeds become a widespread plant’s root system and improving control. and technique. For example, repeated growing management issue. Managing winter annual However, farmers should be aware that of the same crop harvested at similar times weeds starts in fall when they are more perennial species vary in sensitivity to frost, and by similar methods selects specifc weed susceptible to weed control practices and and the application window di˙ers between species. ˛e timing of harvest and stubble scouting for their presence can give a head species. For example, Canada thistle can height are decisive selective factors for which start on management. survive light frosts and is e˙ectively controlled weed species will produce seeds, the amount Harvest the weediest feld last and with relatively late fall herbicide applications. of seeds being produced, as well as dispersal carefully clean the combine. Leaving the Other perennial weeds such as hemp dogbane patterns. For example, high stubble can lead worst felds for last is a simple approach to and common milkweed complete their life to higher seed production of species such as minimize the spread of weed seed and has cycles by late summer and do not tolerate frost common mallow or prostrated knotweed. been shown to be economically e˙ective. well, so fall herbicide applications should not Variations in timing and methods of Carefully cleaning equipment is another be delayed when controlling these species. harvesting and diversifed crop sequences can simple approach to minimize the transfer Finally, although fall application will not help avoid selecting for specifc and diÿcult to of weed seeds between felds. ˛ese simple guarantee excellent control of feld bindweed, manage weed species. steps can help farmers minimize the spread of late control practices can be e˙ective, provided Managing winter annual species. Winter weeds, including herbicide resistant biotypes. there is re-growth of this species. ˛ese are just a few fall season annual species such as cheatgrass and Fall is the time to manage perennial weeds. considerations farmers can take into account jointed goatgrass germinate and emerge in As fall temperatures cool, growers have an to develop e˙ective integrated weed control late summer, become semi-dormant and opportunity to manage perennial weeds. overwinter, resume growth in early spring, programs. Sugarbeet Integrated Pest Management Impacts in Montana by Barry Jacobsen, Interim Department Head of Montana Agricultural Experiment Stations and Agricultural Research Centers, MSU Professor of Plant Pathology Cercospora leaf spot reduced sugar production with strong resistance management training of tonnage per acre by 10-12% and dramatically both growers and feld workers. To date sugar increased storage losses. In 1996 there was beets have not lost another class of fungicides widespread resistance to the key benzimazole to resistant Cercospora isolates, while fungicides, which were commonly used to resistance to the QoI fungicides in Minnesota, treat Cercospora leaf spot, and great concern North Dakota and Michigan have resulted in about resistance to other fungicide alternatives. this class of fungicides being lost to growers in Something needed to be done. those states. Infection and sporulation by the Historically sugarbeet varieties with Cercospora leaf spot pathogen is strongly resistance to Cercospora have also had very a˙ected by environmental conditions, low yield potential. We began evaluating and a weather-based prediction system varieties with varying levels of resistance FIGURE 3. Cercospora leaf spot early defoliation. Photo by Barry Jacobsen. borrowed from the Minnesota/North Dakota and demonstrated that varieties with partial production area was adapted for Montana. resistance could be sprayed with fewer Sugarbeets are grown on 60,000-70,000 Sugarbeet company feld workers were trained fungicide applications with no loss in yield acres in Montana, with 35,000+ acres in the use of the system and feld monitoring compared to susceptible varieties sprayed with grown in the Sidney Sugars factory district techniques, and they communicated infection four fungicide applications. Based on this and 30,000 acres in the Western Sugar period information to growers. ˛is resulted research and Extension education programs, Billings factory district. ˛ese two areas have in better and more e˙ective timing for the Sidney Sugars reduced its variety requirements somewhat di˙erent challenges. From 1990- frst fungicide application, and growers saved to a KWS rating of 5.3 or less. ˛is was a 2000 the key problem in the Sidney Sugars on the average $15-16 per acre (about one signifcant change from no prior Cercsopora factory district was Cercospora leaf spot. spray per year). In addition, new classes of resistance requirement or varieties having Growers sprayed each acre four times per fungicides were identifed and labelled along year with fungicides to control this disease. (Sugarbeet, continues on page 4) 3 Regional Private Applicator Programs by Cecil ˜arp, MSU Pesticide Education Specialist, Department of and Range Sciences

employees) pesticide applicators. For calibration demonstrations using on-site receiving your commercial or government spray equipment as well as interactive applicator license contact Jolene demonstrations of pesticide exposure Warnke-Roszel, Montana Department and personal protective equipment. of Agriculture, (406)444-5400. For Presentations will also focus on many more information on the private (farm) herbicide fate scenarios that impact applicator license, see the MontGuide Montanans including 1) non-target titled ‘˛e Montana Private Applicator pesticide toxicity in homeowner gardens, 2) Program’ at www.pesticides.montana.edu/ why over 70% of private applicators spray by selecting ‘Reference Materials’ and ‘PAT in high wind, 3) non-target damage from in Montana.’ spraying in high wind and 4) how to avoid FIGURE 4. Pesticide applicator training. Photo by Cecil Tharp. ˛e MSU Pesticide Education Program these growing threats. Individuals applying pesticides on land is o˙ering regional initial certifcation Training costs vary from $10 to $25. that they own, rent or lease are increasingly programs in Miles City, Bozeman, Billings ˛ere will be a $10 charge at the door for concerned with the proper application of and Kalispell during the winter and all audience members to cover beverages, pesticides to minimize health concerns and spring of 2015. ˛ese six-hour programs snacks and travel costs. For private environmental impacts. Applicators often will license audience members as private applicators seeking to obtain their license have questions: 1) did I apply the proper pesticide applicators after taking an for the frst time, there’s an additional $15 amount of pesticide, 2) did I select the ungraded and interactive quiz at the end charge for extra training materials. proper pesticide, 3) what should I do if I of the training. Trainings are also worth ˛e fnal agenda for each event will have a pesticide spill, 4) how do I protect six private applicator recertifcation credits eventually (Dec. 1) be viewable online at myself and my family from pesticides to individuals currently licensed as private www.pesticides.montana.edu by selecting and 5) how can I minimize impacts to applicators. Trainings will cover seven core ‘Private Applicator Program’ then your benefcial organisms while using pesticides? areas including: region of interest. Individuals should ˛ese individuals may also fnd it diÿcult o Understanding the Private Applicator periodically browse this webpage to to manage some pests with only general License search for other pesticide programs that use (over the counter) pesticides. To answer o Integrated Pest Management ft their area of interest. ˛e website often these questions and allow pesticide users lists programs focused on bio-control of o Reading and Understanding the Product access to a wider array of pesticides, the pests, toxicity, pesticide safety, weeds, Label Montana State University (MSU) Pesticide forages, rodent management, aquatic pest Education Program (PEP) is sponsoring o E˙ective Calibration of Sprayers management, etc. ˛e dates of each initial multiple regional initial training programs o Environmental Fate and Movement program are: for individuals across Montana. of Pesticides o Billings – February 25 ˛is statewide e˙ort will assist pesticide o Pesticide Laws and Compliance o Miles City – February 24 users in understanding how to use o Pesticide Safety and Toxicity o Bozeman – March 4 pesticides e˙ectively and safely, and will By bringing in experts from the Montana also license individuals as private pesticide o Kalispell – March 26 Department of Agriculture, MSU Pesticide applicators. A private applicator license Meeting locations within Kalispell, Education Program, MSU Extension and allows the purchase of a wider range of Bozeman, Miles City and Billings are the MSU Integrated Pest Management pesticides (restricted use pesticides) when still pending, but pre-registration is programs, individuals should leave these managing pests on land that an applicator mandatory. Contact Cecil ˛arp (MSU trainings more prepared to make sound owns, rents or leases. ˛is training won’t Pesticide Education Coordinator) for more decisions regarding pesticides. Audience license individuals as commercial (for information or to pre-register at (406)994- members should expect interactive hire) or government (government or tribal 5067 or [email protected]. 4 (Sugarbeet, continued from page 2) KWS scores of 6-7. ˛e KWS score is from district, challanges were Aphanomyces district, and growers there have reduced 0 (immune) to 9 (highly susceptible). Today root rot, Fusarium yellows, sugarbeet root fungicide applications by nearly 50%. IPM most varieties have a KWS score between maggot and sugarbeet root aphid. ˛e use programs have had a dramatic impact on 4 and 5. ˛is change plus the monitoring of improved fungicide and insecticide seed the proftability and sustainability of the system has resulted in growers now using 1-2 treatments that address problems such as sugarbeet industry in Montana. applications of fungicide per year compared Aphanomyces root rot, Rhizoctonia damping- to the prior four times per year. ˛is means o˙ and crown rot, curly top virus and a savings today of more than $40 per acre sugarbeet root maggot have greatly reduced or $1.4 million per year and application of stand losses and greatly improved yield about 22,000 pounds of fungicide compared potential. Other major changes have been to 70,000 pounds without Integrated Pest the widespread use of properly timed post- Management (IPM). Other research has emergent fungicide treatments that control shown that this can be reduced further by Rhizoctonia root and crown rot, plus required utilization of an MSU developed biological variety resistance to Fusarium yellows and control that will soon be labeled and sugarbeet root aphid. Together these changes marketed by CERTIS USA. have increased yields by more than 20% in the past 20 years. ˛e Cercospora leaf spot In the Western Sugar Billings factory disease is not as severe in the Billings factory FIGURE 5. Close up of Cercospora leaf spot. Photo by Barry Jacobsen. What’s that grass growing on the other side of the fence? by Jane Mangold, MSU Invasive Plant Specialist, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences manage private or public land in Montana which adds to the challenge. First, however, to promote healthy vegetation, and grasses look at the overall appearance of the grass are usually a large component of the plant for a clue to its identity. If it’s growing in community that managers are seeking, a clump of basal leaves and stems, then it’s especially for livestock and wildlife forage. a bunchgrass. Rhizomatous, or creeping ˛e species of grasses present in a rangeland grasses do not form clumps but instead have plant community or crop feld can be used as a spreading appearance. Some grasses are so an indicator of overall health of the range or strongly rhizatomous that they form a solid crop system. Some grasses are invasive (e.g. mat and are described as sodgrasses. FIGURE 6. Grasses are a ubiquitous feature of cheatgrass, Japanese brome, medusahead, One of the more important areas to look Montana’s landscape. Photo by Jane Mangold. smooth brome), so proper identifcation at on a grass, especially when it is in the We often joke about the grass being greener of them is critical to conserving our vegetative stage, is where the leaf blade arises on the other side of the fence. In reality, Montana grasslands. In regards to control of from the stem. Here you can observe the the grass may be greener on the other broadleaved noxious weeds, some commonly sheath, which is the lower portion of the side of the fence, depending on the grass’ used herbicides can injure grasses, but injury blade that wraps around the stem, the ligule, identity. Grass identifcation is not easy, can be species specifc. In addition, an and the auricle (Figure 10). increase in grass production that often results though; many times the skills to do so are ˛e ligule is a thin, paper-like membrane or from noxious weed control can also be neglected because grass identifcation is line of hairs on the inside of the leaf blade at species specifc. Given these facts, knowing so challenging. In addition many people the junction of the sheath and blade. Auricles what grass species are growing in a plant assume that all grasses look alike and one are small outgrowths or ear-like lobes that community can inform land management grass species functions just like any other occur on either side of the leaf sheath-blade decisions and help to predict the outcome of grass species. ˛is article explains why grass junction. Characteristics of the sheath, ligule, weed management activities. identifcation is important, describes several and auricles give clues to species identity. key anatomical features to look at on a grass Grass identifcation requires you to look Once the grass inforescence (fower/seed to help you with identifcation, and suggests at vegetative characteristics along with head) is present, identifcation becomes easier. some additional resources to make grass fowering or seed head features, all of which ˛e shape of the inforescence will either identifcation easier. can be small and usually are not very showy. be spike-like, tightly branched, or loosely Many of the terms used to describe grass Over two-thirds of Montana is dominated branched. Timothy is a good example of a anatomy are di˙erent than those used for by grasses, and over 230 grass species have spike inforescence. describing dicots (i.e. broad-leaved plants), been documented in Montana. Many people (What’s that grass, continues on page 6)

nsect-damaged kernels. nsect-damaged I 9. FIGURE

have pyrethroid class active ingredients ingredients active class pyrethroid have outbreak of WHA during 2005-2008. 2005-2008. during WHA of outbreak

WHA. Commonly used insecticides that that insecticides used Commonly WHA. Oregon and Washington reported a small small a reported Washington and Oregon

not recommend insecticide treatment for for treatment insecticide recommend not

~q~ Idaho, years. recent in region that in

outbreak, western region entomologists did did entomologists region western outbreak, occurrence has been slightly more common common more slightly been has occurrence

been determined. Even during their small small their during Even determined. been rare, reports from Kansas State suggest its its suggest State Kansas from reports rare,

Economic damage by this pest has not not has pest this by damage Economic

~\I~~ very is WHA from damage economic

sprays have not been established. While While established. been not have sprays pest that has not been researched. researched. been not has that pest for this pest and guidelines for timing timing for guidelines and pest this for

~·~~ sporadic a managing of challenges the insecticides have been specifcally labeled labeled specifcally been have insecticides were trapped. ˛ese results again illustrate illustrate again results ˛ese trapped. were

damage, have not been developed. No No developed. been not have damage,

'.. ~ terrapictalis Faronta more many and caught,

that warrant control to prevent economic economic prevent to control warrant that the species considered to be the WHA, were were WHA, the be to considered species the

arvae feeding. arvae L 8. FIGURE

thresholds, and the number of insects of number the and thresholds, However, only a few Faronta di˙usa , moths, di˙usa Faronta few a only However,

tools have not been developed. Damage Damage developed. been not have tools this lure to monitor the fight of the WHA. WHA. the of fight the monitor to lure this

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (IPM) Management Pest Integrated in the western region, entomologists used used entomologists region, western the in

levels has been so uncommon that basic basic that uncommon so been has levels di˙usa. During the recent small outbreak outbreak small recent the During di˙usa.

pest of wheat. Its occurrence at economic economic at occurrence Its wheat. of pest been reported to be attractive to Faronta Faronta to attractive be to reported been

Historically WHA has been a sporadic sporadic a been has WHA Historically cutworm moths. A pheromone lure has has lure pheromone A moths. cutworm

monitor the fight of army and pale western western pale and army of fight the monitor caused in the feld prior to harvest. harvest. to prior feld the in caused

stage. For example, MSU and collaborators collaborators and MSU example, For stage. damage grain in storage, damage is only only is damage storage, in grain damage

monitor the fight period of the adult adult the of period fight the monitor important to note that WHA does not not does WHA that note to important

as attractive lures that can be used to to used be can that lures attractive as by other stored grain insect pests. It is is It pests. insect grain stored other by

these pheromones have been formulated formulated been have pheromones these distinguished from chewing damage caused caused damage chewing from distinguished

the same species for mating. In many cases cases many In mating. for species same the WHA that occurs in the feld cannot be be cannot feld the in occurs that WHA

(pheromone) that attracts male moths of of moths male attracts that (pheromone) grain has been in storage, damage from from damage storage, in been has grain

Female moths produce an attractive odor odor attractive an produce moths Female insect-damaged kernels (IDK). After the the After (IDK). kernels insect-damaged

causing crop damage. damage. crop causing is downgraded due to lower quality from from quality lower to due downgraded is

was uncertain which species was actually actually was species which uncertain was after harvest when the value of the crop crop the of value the when harvest after

areas of Oregon and Washington, but it it but Washington, and Oregon of areas Often this damage is not noticed until until noticed not is damage this Often

Consult the label prior to any application. application. any to prior label the Consult found both species in the wheat growing growing wheat the in species both found developing seed creating a small hole. hole. small a creating seed developing

meant to replace those provided in the label. label. the in provided those replace to meant to the western U.S. and entomologists entomologists and U.S. western the to wheat head. ˛e larvae chew on the the on chew larvae ˛e head. wheat

brand of herbicide. Recommendations are not not are Recommendations herbicide. of brand in appearance. Faronta terrapictalis is native native is terrapictalis Faronta appearance. in they move up to feed on the developing developing the on feed to up move they

endorsement of that particular product or or product particular that of endorsement genus Faronta and they all can look similar similar look can all they and Faronta genus during the night and early morning hours hours morning early and night the during

chemical or trade name does not imply imply not does name trade or chemical are many di˙erent species of moths in the the in moths of species di˙erent many are spend the day at the base of the plant, and and plant, the of base the at day the spend

clarity by the reader. Inclusion of a common common a of Inclusion reader. the by clarity known as Faronta di˙usa. However, there there However, di˙usa. Faronta as known Similar to cutworms, WHA caterpillars caterpillars WHA cutworms, to Similar

trade names are used in this publication for for publication this in used are names trade been dev been eloped. In the Midwest, WHA is is WHA Midwest, the In eloped. a wide variety of grasses, including wheat. wheat. including grasses, of variety wide a

Disclosure: Common chemical and and chemical Common Disclosure: biology and few management tools have have tools management few and biology when they mate and the females lay eggs on on eggs lay females the and mate they when

little is known about their their about known is little management strategies may be warranted. warranted. be may strategies management fy during May and June, June, and May during fy

. . diffusa) (faronta worm army head

insect pests. Consequently, Consequently, pests. insect persistent problem, research into e˙ective e˙ective into research problem, persistent stage, and the frst moths moths frst the and stage,

Adult of wheat wheat of moth Adult 7. FIGURE

conducted on sporadic sporadic on conducted monitoring suggests WHA is going to be a a be to going is WHA suggests monitoring pest overwinters in the pupal pupal the in overwinters pest

damage, little research is is research little damage, Kevin Wanner, [email protected]. If If [email protected]. Wanner, Kevin Great Plains Regions. ˛is ˛is Regions. Plains Great

lack of consistent economic economic consistent of lack traps to monitor for this pest, please contact contact please pest, this for monitor to traps Midwestern and Northern Northern and Midwestern

sporadic. Because of the the of Because sporadic. update. If you are interested in setting out out setting in interested are you If update. that occurs throughout the the throughout occurs that

and their occurrence is is occurrence their and this pest next spring, so stay tuned for an an for tuned stay so spring, next pest this moth in the Noctuid family family Noctuid the in moth

cause economic damage damage economic cause county agents plan to keep a close watch for for watch close a keep to plan agents county the caterpillar stage of a a of stage caterpillar the

with insects that rarely rarely that insects with enemies. MSU entomologists along with with along entomologists MSU enemies. growing season. WHA is is WHA season. growing

challenges associated associated challenges pest problems due to the lack of natural natural of lack the to due problems pest abundant during the 2014 2014 the during abundant

demonstrates the the demonstrates insects, sometimes resulting in secondary secondary in resulting sometimes insects, (WHA) was unusually unusually was (WHA)

˛eir experience experience ˛eir are known to be hard on benefcial benefcial on hard be to known are Wheat Head Armyworm Armyworm Head Wheat

By Kevin Wanner, MSU Cropland Entomologist, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Pathology Plant and Sciences Plant of Department Entomologist, Cropland MSU Wanner, Kevin By

Wheat Head Armyworm Armyworm Head Wheat 5 5 6 (Whats that grass, continued from page 4) the awn. Awns are slender bristles attached characteristics. ˛e app is available for Apple awn \ to some portion of the foret. ˛ese are the and Android devices at highcountryapps.com somewhat pesky appendances on a seed and costs $4.99. infloresoene J . 1 lemma sp ,kelet that stick to , socks and shoes (e.g. lI Other useful resources include Range Plants . cheatgrass or needle-and-thread grass). Awns of Montana (MSU Extension, EB122), Forage " gJume can be absent, short, or long. Some species and Reclamation Grasses of the Northern Great blade have distinctly bent awns, which add even Plains and Rocky Mountains (Majerus, NRCS further information for identifcation (Figure Bridger Plant Materials Center), and Manual 11). of Montana Vascular Plants (Lesica, Botanical Grass identifcation is challenging, but Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, TX). once you get the hang of it, it can be fun and will certainly deepen your appreciation for grass diversity. ˛is article has only touched the surface of grass identifcation, but several tools exist to provide further help: Grass Identiÿcation Basics (MSU Extension FIGURE 10. Grass with MT201402AG; http://store.msuextension. labeled anatomical org/Products/Grass-Identifcation-Basics__ features. Drawing from ‘Grass Identification MT201402AG.aspx) elaborates on many of Basics’ (MT201402AG). the thoughts presented in this article. ˛e needlegrasses and fescues have tightly Montana State University teamed with High branched inforescences, and switchgrass is Country Apps to develop the “Montana an example of a grass with a loosely branched Grasses” mobile app which allows you to inforescence. ˛ere are many features of the FIGURE 11. Awns on seeds of cheatgrass (left) browse through 105 of the most common and bent awns on seeds of ventenata (right). inforescence that are used for identifcation, grasses in Montana as well as search by but probably one of the more conspicuous is Ask the expert Q. Do I need a pesticide license to apply Q: I turned over some of my alfalfa bales up o˙ the foor (wood pallets, railroad pesticides around my home? and noticed these worms underneath the ties), this will aid air circulation and A. Cecil °arp says: No. Individuals don’t bales, on the cement foor. What are they, discourage further infestation. A. cerealis need a private pesticide license if using and how can I get rid of them? is an introduced European species that general use pesticides on land that they A. Kevin Wanner says: ˛ese larvae are occurs regularly in the northern U.S. Rocky own, rent or lease, however individuals a type of pyralid moth. ˛ere are several Mountains region. In hay, the larvae are using restricted use pesticide products pyralid species that feed during the larval found feeding from silk tubes. need a pesticide license. Restricted use stages on stored hay, as well as stored Q. What are the risks of the next ‘new’ pesticide products are pesticide products grains and decaying manure. ˛e likely technology for managing weeds? culprit in your situation is caprealis, that present a higher risk to human health A. Fabian Menalled says: ˛e USDA is which is known by several common names or the environment. ˛ese products often currently reviewing several crop varieties (fungus moth, murky meal moth, small have higher toxicity and/or move more which can be sprayed with group 4 tabby moth). A. caprealis is not a problem easily in the environment causing non- herbicides (HG 4, growth regulators) unless the hay is damp – either because it target damage. Restricted use products without damage, thus allowing the was not well dried before baling, or due will contain the statement ‘Restricted Use’ herbicide to be used to manage weeds with to wet storage conditions. Even hay that on the frst page of the pesticide product little to no negative impact to the crop. seems suÿciently dry can accumulate label. Individuals applying pesticides for Specifcally, Monsanto is developing a mold once in storage, and this is why hire or on public lands must always have a soybean variety resistant to dicamba, and some producers wait several weeks after pesticide license, regardless of the pesticide Dow AgroSciences is developing corn, baling before storing bales in the barn. used. soybean and cotton varieties resistant to For this year, discard any damp, moldy 2,4-D. Whereas it is very possible that the bales in your barn, and check carefully for adoption of these crops in Montana will be moisture sources. If there is a practical way to improve ventilation and to raise bales (Ask the Expert, continues on page 7) (Ask the Expert, continued from page 6) 7 rather low, a large demand is anticipated ˛is can be accessed online at: wwvw. in other regions of the country largely Pest Management pesticides.montana.edu/Present/IPM/ due to the growing problem of evolved Toolkit mobile apps.pdf. herbicide resistance, including resistance Pest Management Tour. Livingston, to glyphosate (Roundup and other generic From Fabian Menalled: Belgrade, Whitehall, Philipsburg, Helmville, products) and multiple herbicide resistance. iWheat, an on-line source of information Butte, Dillon and Townsend. Oct. 6 – Compared to other herbicide groups, for wheat producers. ˛is web site provides a 10. ˛is is worth six private applicator the probability of resistance to group 4 comprehensive review of more than 20 years recertifcation credits. For more information herbicides is considered to be low. However, of research, Extension and education programs or to pre-register see the complete agenda this was also the case with glyphosate (HG on Integrated Pest Management in wheat. ˛e at www.pesticides.montana.edu by selecting 9). Furthermore, kochia populations with iWheat site provides news and progress on ‘private applicator program’ and selecting evolved resistance to growth regulators desktop modules, smartphone apps, and other ‘Montana PAT Region 2.’ Contact were detected in Montana more than 20 platforms as soon as information is available. Cecil ˛arp at (406)994-5067 for more years ago. ˛us, unless farmers adopt a Farmers can fnd factsheets, articles, and videos information. proactive diversifed management approach on pest detection and evaluation, farm and Initial Private Applicator Training. to minimize the selection of herbicide feld level pest management, and reduced risk Lame Deer, Nov. 13, 2014; Miles City, resistance, it is very possible that we will pest management approaches. You can become Feb. 24, 2015; Billings, Feb. 25; Bozeman, see a nationwide increase in resistance to a member of iWheat or simply search for March 4; and Kalispell, March 26. ˛is growth regulators. Unfortunately, weeds information by visiting http://www.iwheat. program can license individuals to apply seeds of many species are highly mobile, org/ restricted use pesticides on land that they and resistance could arrive in Montana soon From Kevin Wanner: own, rent or lease. It is also worth six private after. Bob Hatzler, a weed scientist at Iowa recertifcation credits to licensed private State University, provides a comprehensive ˛e 2015 Crop and Pest Management applicators. For more information or to pre- review about this issue which can be School will be held on the MSU campus register contact Cecil ˛arp at (406)994- found in http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/ January 5-7. ˛e 2½ day workshop will focus 5067. ˛e complete agenda is viewable mgmt/2014/HG4resistance.pdf. on small grains topics, with guest speakers and MSU sta˙ covering topics in weed, online at http://www.pesticides.montana. Q. Is it possible for spotted knapweed disease, insect and nutrient management edu/PAT/2014/tribal training 2014.pdf. biological control agents to show up in as well as wheat breeding. Credits for crop From Jane Mangold: an infestation even though no biocontrol consulting and pesticide application will New Montana State University releases have been done in the area? be available. Watch for the schedule and Extension publication: “Early Detection A. Jane Mangold says: Yes, it is possible, registration information this fall. and Rapid Response (EDRR) to New Plant especially for those agents that readily fy Wheat Midge Emergence: Check out Invaders” like the Urophora fy or the Agapeta moth. covers key concepts of EDRR this cool website http://pestweb.montana. Dispersal of those insects that don’t fy at all and suggests three easy steps one can take edu/ ! It was initiated by Bob Stougaard or don’t fy very well, like Cyphocleonus and to contribute to statewide EDRR e˙orts. and Brooke Bohannon (Northwestern Ag Larinus weevils, is typically more limited but Available at the Montana State University Research Center) and developed by John still possible even without scheduled releases. Extension store (store.msuextension.org), Sully (Software Engineer in the MSU We recently completed a study where we Publication 4604. College of Agriculture) to track wheat surveyed for biocontrol agents at about 30 “Watch out for Medusahead” bulletin midge emergence. sites in western Montana during di˙erent available from Montana State University seasons over the course of two years. In that From Cecil °arp: Extension store (store.msuextension.org), study Urophora a˛nis was found at 73-100% IPM Technologies Reference Sheet: It can Publication EB0218. of the sites and Larinus spp. was found at be diÿcult to select useful technologies that Check out www.weedawareness.org, 18-82% of the sites (range due to season of are easy to use yet e˙ective when managing the updated and searchable website from sampling). One of the benefts of biological pests. Use the ‘IPM Technologies Reference the Montana Noxious Weed Education control is the natural dispersal of the insects Sheet’ created by many MSU Integrated Campaign. on their own accord with sometimes very Pest Management professionals to select Montana Weed Control Association annual little input from us. tools for tank mixing, selecting nozzles, conference, January 14-15, 2015, at the calibrating sprayers or identifying pests. Heritage Inn in Great Falls. Visit www. ˛is sheet contains a variety of mobile mtweed.org for more information. apps, websites and other technologies that are readily available and often free to users. 8 Meet your specialist Eva Grimme, Plant Diagnostician, Schutter Diagnostic Lab Tell us about your background. Where Where have you It is challenging and rewarding to do necessary and when did you receive degrees? I started worked in the “detective” work to discover what the problem my career as an apprentice in a two-year past? During is with samples that are brought or shipped in program to become a professional gardener. I my studies in and then give recommendations. ˛e variety received my degree as a horticulture engineer Germany, I of incoming plants, from tree to aquatic plant in 2001 from the University of Applied worked as a samples, in addition to interaction with clients, Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Germany. professional gardener for display gardens at the challenges me every day in a positive way. My master’s degree in Plant Sciences (2004) University of Applied Sciences. As a graduate How can farmers use your research to their and my doctorate in Plant Pathology (2008) research assistant, I worked on multiple plant beneft? were both from Montana State University, pathology projects. Following graduate school, For the professional producers and hobby Bozeman, with my advisor, Dr. Barry Jacobsen. I worked for Dr. Cathy Cripps at MSU as a horticulturists who bring in diseased samples, a What is your feld of interest? postdoc and that experience greatly enhanced correct diagnosis is essential. I am privileged to My work and research has focused on the my understanding of mycorrhizal fungi. Prior work with experts in felds of entomology, plant biological control of soil-borne pathogens. to starting my current position, I worked for identifcation, and horticulture, thus making Additional areas of interest include integrated Dr. Nora Olsen at the University of Idaho, it possible to provide clients with correct pest management and horticulture and Research and Extension Center in Kimberly, information and support the implementation mycorrhizal ecosystems. Idaho, for fve years. ˛ere I focused on of integrated pest management. We strive to research to control potato tuber diseases under When did you arrive in Bozeman? save a˙ected plants and reduce application of storage conditions. Furthermore, I had the I was very fortunate to be chosen for an unnecessary treatments; we are always looking opportunity to gain valuable insights into the internship at MSU in 1999. When I arrived in for e˙ective treatment alternatives. duties of an Extension professional. Bozeman, I fell in love with the surroundings. What projects would you like to focus on What do you like to do in your spare time? ˛erefore, starting my new position in May in the future? 2014 as plant disease diagnostician in the In my free time, I enjoy exploring Bozeman I would like to work on resistance testing with Schutter Diagnostic Lab was more like a and the surrounding area. I like to wind down Ascochyta as well as soil-borne pathogens in coming home experience. with reading or gardening. Splitting wood will collaboration with a grad student. I’m looking probably be added to the list for this winter (I Where are you from originally? forward to working with all of you. Please stop don’t know if that qualifes as a hobby). I am originally from the city of Fulda. ˛is by the Schutter Lab next time you’re at MSU. What are some of your current projects? wonderful city is in the county of “Hessia” in Currently, my focus is diagnosing plant Germany. diseases in the Schutter Diagnostic Laboratory.

Disclosure: Common chemical and trade names are used in this publication for clarity by the reader. Inclusion of a common chemical or trade name does not imply endorsement of that particular product or brand of herbicide. Recommendations are not meant to replace those provided in the label. Consult the label prior to any application. DO YOU HAVE A COMMENT OR QUESTION REGARDING THE MONTANA IPM BULLETIN? Send your questions or suggestions to: Cecil ˜arp Jane Mangold Pesticide Education Specialist Invasive Plant Specialist P.O. Box 172900 P.O. Box 173120 Montana State University Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717-00 Bozeman, MT 59717-3120 Phone: (406) 994-5067 Phone: (406) 994-5513 Fax: (406) 994-5589 Fax: (406) 994-3933 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web: www.pesticides.montana.edu If you wish to have the Montana IPM Bulletin emailed to you for free, contact the MSU Pesticide Education Program oÿce: [email protected].

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