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Sichuan Province Sìchuān Shěng ​四川省 81.27 Million Est ◀ Shikumen Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. Sichuan Province Sìchuān Shěng ​四川省 81.27 million est. 2007 pop. 485,000 square km Sichuan Province, renowned worldwide for its Sichuan) had fully developed. In that year the armies of cuisine, is one of China’s agricultural heart- the Qin state from northern China incorporated the ter- lands, thanks in part to the 2,300-​­year-old ir- ritories of Ba and Shu into the Qin empire, although the rigation system still in use. The province, one names of the two kingdoms are still used to refer to the Chongqing area (part of Sichuan until a 1997 administra- of China’s most populous, played a key role tive reorganization) and the Chengdu area, respectively. in the early years of Deng Xiaoping’s reform Governors of Qin established a regional capital at program to decentralize the economy. The 12 Chengdu, and Qin engineers built the Dujiangyan wa- May 2008 earthquake killed more than seventy terworks on the Min River west of the city, making the thousand people in Sichuan. Chengdu Plain a productive agricultural center. However, Sichuan’s geography—​­surrounded by mountain ranges and the Yangzi (Chang) River gorges—​­kept it relatively ichuan (Szechwan) Province is located on the up- isolated from the rest of China. The Qin constructed a per reaches of the Yangzi (Chang) River. With a highway from their capital near the Huang (Yellow) River land area of 485,000 square kilometers (slightly southwest into Sichuan, carving ledges into the steep smaller than Spain) and an estimated population of 81.27 mountain slopes. During the Tang dynasty (618– 907 ce) million, it is one of China’s most populous provinces. It Buddhism flourished, and many monasteries were es- borders Qinghai, Gansu, and Shaanxi provinces to the tablished in Sichuan. The Great Buddha at Leshan, the north; Hubei and Hunan provinces to the east; Guizhou world’s largest stone statue of Buddha, was carved into a and Yunnan provinces to the south; and Tibet (Xizang) cliff along the Min River south of Chengdu. During the Autonomous Region (TAR) to the west. For centuries it last thousand years Sichuan has been a center of the horse has played a key role in China’s economy and in relations and tea trade with Tibet. Sichuan also supplies rice, silk, with Tibet and other western regions. Sichuan also plays sugar, and medicinal products to eastern China. Salt wells an important role in China’s plans to develop the interior drilled as deep as 1,460 meters produce brine, which is of the country. boiled down using local deposits of natural gas. Archaeological evidence at Sanxingdui just north of the provincial capital of Chengdu (with an estimated 2007 population of 11.12 million) suggests that Sichuan was in- Resettlement and habited as early as the eleventh century bce by a tech- Reassignment nologically advanced people whose culture was distinct from that of the north China heartland. By 311 bce the The word Sichuan (four rivers) was applied to the area kingdoms of Ba (in eastern Sichuan) and Shu (in western during the Yuan dynasty (1279– 1368). At the end of the 1972 S © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC Sichuan Province n Sìchuān Shěng n 四川省 1973 CHINA SICHUAN PROVINCE Sichuan Mianyang Chengdu Chongqing Zigong Ming dynasty (1368– 1644) the Sichuan population was Japanese resistance. In 1939 the Chinese Nationalist Party devastated by a rebellion. The Qing dynasty (1644– 1912) government created a new province, Xikang, out of parts promoted resettlement of the area by emigrants from east- of western Sichuan and eastern Tibet. In 1955 the People’s ern China. Many settlers from Hunan and Hubei brought Republic of China government dismantled Xikang and their spicy culinary culture which, combined with influ- reassigned its territory to Sichuan, with the result that ences from other parts of China and local innovation, pro- the population of western Sichuan today includes many duced the world-​­famous Sichuan cuisine. After the Qing Tibetans and other national minority groups. Although dynasty fell in 1912 Sichuan remained isolated from na- they only represent about 5 percent of Sichuan’s popula- tional politics until 1937, when it became the base of anti- tion, the Tibetans (Zang), Qiang, Yi, Moso, and other © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 1974 Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 宝 库 山 中 华 全 书 minority peoples are spread widely over the vast moun- Yangzi River’s Three Gorges area, for example, is being tainous regions of western Sichuan. built to provide electricity for much of western China. Deng Xiaoping, who became China’s leader after the It is hoped that the dam will meet 10 percent of China’s death of Mao Zedong in 1976, was a native of Guang’an energy needs, but the environmental and societal costs in eastern Sichuan. The province played a key role in the are great; an estimated 1.3 million people have been dis- early years of Deng’s reform program to decentralize the placed by the dam’s construction. The dam is projected economy. Deng’s close ally Zhao Ziyang, as provincial to be completed in 2009. Chinese Communist Party secretary in Sichuan during Sichuan Province and Chongqing (a province-​­level the late 1970s, launched what came to be called the “house- municipal area with a population of over 28 million) are hold responsibility system,” dismantling communes and the focal regions of the central government’s “Develop giving farmers more freedom to manage their fields and the West” campaign. The campaign, begun in 2000, is to market their surplus crops as they chose. Policies first designed both to tap the resources of western China and adopted in Sichuan Province soon spread across the coun- to reduce the cultural and economic disparities between try, leading to dramatic increases in agricultural output. interior and coastal China. Many of eastern China’s mi- Sichuan Province is home to the Xichang satellite- grant laborers are Sichuan natives. By developing infra- launching center and many scientific research institutes. structure and luring foreign capital to Sichuan and other Large government investments in transportation and western provinces, the government hopes to stem the flow energy networks have been made to promote the eco- of migrants, thus alleviating social problems caused by nomic development of Sichuan. The new dam in the the division of families and political problems caused by disadvantaged migrant communities in the coastal cities. Provincial and local governments have promoted tourism Wooden salt derricks in Zigong, “the Salt City” around many cultural and scenic sites, including the hot of Sichuan Province. The technology used to springs at Jiuzhaigou in the northwest and the National build salt derricks was developed in ancient Nature Reserve at Wolong, home of the largest popula- China. Photo by Paul and Bernice Noll. tion of giant pandas in captivity. China’s largest private museum, the Jianchuan Museum Cluster, opened west of Chengdu in 2005. The museum has the world’s most extensive collection of artifacts from the War of Resis- tance against Japan (1937– 1945, known outside China as the Second Sino-​­Japanese War) as well as from the Cul- tural Revolution of 1966– 1976. 2008 Earthquake On 12 May 2008 an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale and centered at Wenchuan in the Himala- yan foothills west of Chengdu destroyed many Sichuan communities and killed more than seventy thousand people. Although aid from the government and private donors quickly reached the stricken areas, the earthquake may have long-​­term effects on Sichuan’s economy. Many cultural sites, including the temple next to the ancient Dujiangyan waterworks, were damaged. The collapse of many school buildings, even as nearby government offices © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC Sichuan Province n Sìchuān Shěng n 四川省 1975 Flooding of the Dujiang- yan irrigation system in Chengdu, Sichuan prov- ince. Photo by Ruth Mostern. and residential complexes withstood the earthquake, has Kapp, R. A. (1973). Szechwan and the Chinese republic: Pro- laid Sichuan officials open to charges of corruption. Many vincial militarism and central power, 1911– 1938. New Ha- parents lost children in school buildings that may not have ven, CT: Yale University Press. been constructed to comply with building codes. It is un- Hessler, P. (2001). River town: Two years on the Yangtze. certain whether the earthquake will stimulate reform in New York: Harper Perennial. Chinese administration and construction practices. The Kirk, M. (Ed.). (2009). China by numbers 2009. Hong Kong: China Economic Review Publishing. Chinese government’s three-​­year redevelopment plan is Lo, W. Wan. (1982). Szechwan in Sung China: A case study estimated to cost $150 billion and will include the com- in the political integration of the Chinese empire. Taipei, plete relocation of Beichuan, one of the hardest hit Sich- Taiwan: University of Chinese Culture Press. uan towns. In October 2008, the World Bank announced Ruf, G. (1998). Cadres and kin: Making a socialist village that loans amounting to $510 million would be allocated in west China, 1921– 1991. Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni- to Sichuan to support earthquake recovery efforts. versity Press. Sage, S. F. (1992). Ancient Sichuan and the unification of Kristin STAPLETON China. Albany: State University of New York Press. Smith, P. (1991). Taxing heaven’s storehouse: Horses, bureau- crats, and the destruction of the Sichuan tea industry, Further Reading 1074– 1224. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Bramall, C. (1993). In praise of Maoist economic planning: Studies, Harvard University. Living standards and economic development in Sichuan Von Glahn, R. (1987). The country of streams and grottoes: since 1931. New York: Oxford University Press.
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