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In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University M icrofilms International 300 N. /I ! H HD.. ANN ARBOR, Ml -18106 8214069 Audeh, Ghazi Rifat A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SCIENCE CURRICULUM AND PRACTICES IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN 10 STATES (1970-1980) The Ohio Stale University Ph.D. 1982 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1982 by Audeh, Ghazi Rifat All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a checkV mark. 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ^ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print______ 11. Page(s)___________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)___________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered___________. Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Other__________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SCIENCE CURRICULUM AND PRACTICES IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN 10 STATES (1970-1980) DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ghazi Rifat Audeh, B.Sc., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio S tate U niversity 1982 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Robert W. Howe Dr. Stanley L. Helgeson Dr. James K. Duncan Advisor Department of Science and Mathematics Education This Dissertation is Sincerely Dedicated to My Father and My Mother ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation and gratitude to the many individuals who contributed to the successful completion of this study. Recognition of the following persons and groups of persons is in order. Dr. Robert W. Howe, major advisor, who made it possible for the author to pursue the doctoral program; has inspired the study, provided assistance, direction, and continued encouragement throughout the course of the study. I wish to convey a note of deep-felt respect and affection to him for his unlimited patience, invaluable guidance, generousity with his time, and a true and sincere friendship. The advise, helpful suggestions, comments, especially during the final writing phase of the study, the support and encouragement of both Dr. Stanley L. Helgeson and Dr. James K. Duncan, members of the author's doctoral committee, were gratefully received and appreciated. The cooperation of the states' science supervisors (consultants), principals, and teachers who participated in this study was ap preciated. To Mrs. Maxine Weingarth, a true friend who supported and helped in so many ways, and when the help was most needed—a special and sincere appreciation. iii To the wonderful staff of ERIC/SMEAC, a special thank you is extended for their help and encouragement. The encouragement, support and above all the love of my family deserves the highest tribute; the love, dedication, and faith of my wife, Khadijah and her willingness to assume a disproportionate amount of responsibility, the patience, endurance, and understanding of our children, Laila, Rifat, Lamees, and Rany made the completion of this degree as much their achievement as it is the author's. iv VITA May 26, 1934.. Born - Biddya, Nablus, Palestine 1958 ..................... B.Sc. (Physics and Chemistry), Cairo University - Egypt. 1958-1964 .......... Physics and General Science Instructor, Teachers' Training College - Amman, Jordan. 1964-1966 .......... M.A. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1966-1978 .......... Physics and General Science Instructor, Toronto, Ontario. 1978-197 9 .......... Research Associate, Faculty of Science and Mathematics Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1979-198 1 .......... Physics and General Science Instructor, Toronto, Ontario. 1981-1982 .......... Research Associate, The ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science and Mathematics Education, Columbus, Ohio. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Science Education Studies in Science Education. Professors Robert W. Howe and Stanley L. Helgeson Studies in Educational Research. Professors Robert W. Howe, James K. Duncan, and Arthur L. White Studies in Instruction, Evaluation, and Supervision. Professors James K. Duncan and Charles M. Galloway Studies in Physics. Professors Ely E. B ell, L. C arlton Brown, and David 0. Edwards v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................... i i i VITA....................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................... x i i i LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ xx Chapter I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 Historical Overview ................................................... .... 2 Need fo r the S t u d y ...................................................................... 6 Design of the Study ...................................................................... 20 Overview ........................... 22 I I . REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE............................................................ 24 Review of Science Status Studies .......................................... 24 The Status of Science Curricula and School Practices from 1950 to 1970 ................................................... 25 The Status of Science Curricula and School Practices from 1970 to 1980 ................................................... 26 Review of Literature Related to the Process of Educational Change and the Factors Influencing it. 53 Selected L ite ra tu re on the Change Process ................... 54 Studies Related to the Change Process ............................ 55 State Authority and the Process of Change ................... 68 Summary ................................................................................................. 76 I I I . THE STUDY DESIGN AND PROCEDURES................................................... 78 Introduction ........................................................................................ 78 The Population and S am p le ........................................................ 79 Sampling Procedures ...................................................................... 83 Instrumentation ............................................................................... 89 Data Collection Procedures ........................................................ 103 Analysis of Data ....................... I l l vi Chapter Page IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS............................................... 116 PART 1........................................................................................................... 118 Status of Science Teaching in Public Elementary Schools ................................................................................................