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Gustav Blysa Program: OPTA 10-13 Krigsvetenskap, Metod och självständigt arbete Författare: Gustav Blysa Program: OPTA 10-13 Handledare: Jerker Widén Färdigställd: 2013-05-27 Antal ord: 13 259 Kurskod: 1OP147 Kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan Lätt infanteritaktik under brittiska markoperationerna i Falklandskriget Nyckelord: Kombinerad bekämpning, lätt infanteri, taktik, Robert Leonhard, militärteori, Falklandskriget, Darwin, Goose-Green, Mount Longdon, Wireless Ridge, Parachute Regiment, 2 Para, 3 Para, lätt fältartilleri, fartygsartilleri Keywords: Combined arms, light infantry, tactics, Robert Leonhard, all arms battle, Falklands War, South Atlantic War, Parachute Regiment, Darwin, Goose Green, Mount Longdon, Wireless Ridge, 2 Para, 3 Para, light field artillery, naval gunfire support Sammanfattning Denna undersökning har studerat ett lätt infanteriförbands användning av kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan under en amfibieoperation samt vilka aspekter som påverkade möjligheten till kombinerad bekämpning p.g.a. operationens amfibiska karaktär. Fallet har utgjorts av Parachute Regiments två bataljoner som under Falklandskriget utkämpade tre slag vid Darwin – Goose Green, Mount Longdon och Wireless Ridge. Som analysverktyg har använts Robert Leonhards teori om den kombinerade bekämpningens tre principer. Indikatorer på principerna har varit syften med verkan hämtade ur teorin om de grundläggande förmågorna. Två av slagen befanns endast delvis kännetecknas av Leonhards två första principer, principerna om kompletterande system och dilemman. Den tredje principen om fördelaktig terräng uppfylldes inte. Det tredje slaget regementet utkämpade kännetecknades helt igenom av Leonhards två första principer medan den tredje delvis beaktades. Undersökningen konstaterar att kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan kan utvecklas av ett lätt infanteriförband under en amfibieoperation. Dock ledde ofördelaktig disponering av förbandet i de aktuella fallen till att kombinerad bekämpning tidvis omöjliggjordes. Leonhards tredje princip tenderade att förringas. De specifikt amfibiska aspekterna avseende möjligheten till kombinerad bekämpning utgjordes främst av tillgången till fartygsartilleri, kraven på helikoptertransporterbart fältartilleri samt bristen på lätta trossfordon. Abstract This dissertation has investigated how a light infantry force has used combined arms during an amphibious operation, specific factors related to the operations character affecting the possibility to develop combined arms have also been highlighted. The case chosen for the study was Parachute Regiments actions during the three battles of Darwin – Goose Green, Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge during the Falklands War. As a analytical tool Robert Leonhard’s theory about the three principles of combined arms was used together with indicators borrowed from the theory about the warfighting functions purposes of fires. Two of the battles were found to be only partially characterized by Leonhard’s first two principles, complementary systems and dilemmas. The third principle about favorable terrain was neglected. The third battle was throughout characterized by the first two principles and to a larger extent than the former by the third principle. The dissertation concludes that light infantry can use combined arms during amphibious operations. The battles studied were, however, often characterized by unfavorable disposition of the force which affected the possibilities to use combined arms. Leonhard´s third principle was usually neglected. The most important amphibious aspects affecting the possibilities to combined arms were found to be naval gunfire support, light field artillery and the scarcity of light all-terrain vehicles. 2 Innehållsförteckning Kapitel 1: Inledning ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Problemformulering ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Syfte ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Frågeställningar ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Avgränsningar ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Tidigare forskning .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Disposition ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Kapitel 2: Metod ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Undersökningens utformning ........................................................................................................................ 8 Värdering av använd litteratur ...................................................................................................................... 9 Kapitel 3: Teori ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Teorin om de grundläggande förmågorna .................................................................................................. 11 Leonhards teori om den kombinerade bekämpningens tre principer ........................................................ 13 Operationalisering av frågeställningarna .................................................................................................... 15 Analysverktyg för undersökningen .......................................................................................................... 15 Nedbrytning av undersökningens frågeställningar ................................................................................. 16 Kapitel 4: Kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan under Parachute Regiments strider .................. 17 2 Para - Slaget vid Darwin-Goose Green ..................................................................................................... 17 Kombinerad bekämpning under slaget vid Darwin – Goose Green ........................................................ 21 3 Para – Slaget om Mount Longdon ............................................................................................................ 24 Kombinerad bekämpning under slaget om Mount Longdon .................................................................. 28 2 Para – Slaget om Wireless Ridge .............................................................................................................. 30 Kombinerad bekämpning under slaget om Wireless Ridge .................................................................... 33 Slutsatser avseende kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan, lätt infanteri under en amfibieoperation ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Förslag på vidare forskning .......................................................................................................................... 36 Litteraturförteckning ....................................................................................................................................... 37 3 Kapitel 1: Inledning I svenska Taktikreglemente för Marinstridskrafterna definieras den taktiska uppgiften TA OCH SÄKRA KUSTSTRÄCKA/OMRÅDE som en uppgift som kan ges inom ramen för en kustförsvars- eller amfibieoperation.1 Stridsuppgifter som kan ges i syfte att lösa ovanstående taktiska uppgift kan t.ex. vara TA, RENSA, SLÅ, SKYDDA och FÖRSVARA. För att lösa denna typ av uppgifter mot en fiende iland krävs infanteriförband som dels kan transporteras sjövägen till operationsområdet, dels kan nå motståndaren iland antingen efter landstigning sjövägen eller genom luftlandsättning medelst helikopter alternativt fallskärm. Denna typ av förband karakteriseras ofta av låg tillgång till stridsfordon och tunga vapensystem, långa underhållsvägar och huvudsaklig framryckning till fots. Exempel på denna typ av förband är brittiska 3 Commando Brigade och 16 Air Assault Brigade vars närmaste svenska motsvarigheter, om än mycket mindre, är 2. Amfibiebataljonen respektive K3:s Luftburna Bataljon samt Arméns Jägarbataljon. Problemformulering Som vi har konstaterat beskriver svenska marina reglementen taktiska uppgifter som kräver operationer iland, uppgifter som kan komma att lösas av våra lätta förband såsom 2. Amfibiebataljonen och Luftburna Bataljonen. Dessa lätta infanteriförband saknar tunga direktriktade vapen och blir alltså mer beroende av understöd från indirekt eld och marksamverkande attackflyg samt nyttjande av minor. Därför kan det vara intressant att undersöka hur utländska förband som ställts inför liknande uppgifter åstadkommit verkan genom kombinerad bekämpning, ett koncept som bygger på att samverkande vapensystem som kompletterar varandra levererar större verkan mot fienden än om de nyttjas var för sig. Under Falklandskriget stred lätta brittiska infanteriförband efter luftlandsättning och landstigning huvudsakligen till fots, ett uppträdande som våra svenska lätta förband kan tvingas till
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