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Vaccine Hesitancy: Christian Reasons and Responses Rebecca Dielschneider Rebecca Dielschneider Vaccine Hesitancy Is Thriving Even Amid a Pandemic

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Vaccine Hesitancy: Christian Reasons and Responses Rebecca Dielschneider Rebecca Dielschneider Vaccine Hesitancy Is Thriving Even Amid a Pandemic Article Vaccine Hesitancy: Christian Reasons and Responses Rebecca Dielschneider Rebecca Dielschneider Vaccine hesitancy is thriving even amid a pandemic. This threatens global health. Understanding the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, especially in Christian and reli- gious groups where it appears to be prevalent, is necessary. This article summarizes common reasons for vaccine hesitancy and proposes factual and logical responses. These responses may be most effective when combined with interventions that include empathy. Christians, who seek truth and love, may be well poised to enact such responses. t is difficult to imagine a world with- Vaccination rates in North America out vaccines. What if Edward Jenner are below the target that achieves herd Inever developed a vaccine from cow immunity. For some infectious diseases, pox to prevent smallpox infections? What 95% of the population must be vacci- if Louis Pasteur never developed a rabies nated. Results of the 2017 Childhood vaccine? What if Albert Sabin and Jonas National Immunization Coverage Survey Salk never developed polio vaccines? showed that vaccination coverage in two- Without these vaccines, the remnants of year-old Canadians was 73.4% to 90.7% humanity would likely be waging a war depending on the vaccine. This same sur- against several pandemics at once. vey reported 2.35% of Canadian children were completely unvaccinated at age Vaccination is considered one of the two.2 Results of the similar 2017 National greatest life-saving medical achievements Immunization Survey in the United States 1 of all time. While the majority of phar- show vaccination coverage for a similar maceuticals treat disease, vaccines prevent age (19–35 months) to be between 59.7% disease. Vaccines train the immune sys- and 94.0% depending on the vaccine, and tem to detect and destroy an infectious 1.1% of children in this age group were agent. This prevents infectious diseases completely unvaccinated.3 in the individuals who receive vaccines and also prevents infectious diseases in The success of vaccines is threatened the broader population by reducing dis- by a growing sense of uncertainty, in ease transmission. If enough people are secular groups and Christians alike. The vaccinated, then the chance of an infected World Health Organization (WHO) has case passing the disease to someone who described this as “vaccine hesitancy” is unvaccinated and susceptible is quite which encompasses vaccine uncertainty, low. This population level of protection vaccine delays, and vaccine refusals.4 In is known as herd immunity. Therefore, contrast, the term “anti-vaxers” refers to high vaccination rates protect both the just refusals. individuals who were vaccinated and the Vaccine hesitancy refers to delay in few who were not. acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccine services. Rebecca Dielschneider (PhD, University of Manitoba) is Assistant Vaccine hesitancy is complex and Professor of Biology at Providence University College in Otterburne, context specific, varying across time, Manitoba. She teaches biological and health sciences and has research place and vaccines. It is influenced interests in the pedagogy of immunology and the understanding of vaccine by factors such as complacency, hesitancy. convenience and confidence.5 4 Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith Rebecca Dielschneider The WHO named vaccine hesitancy one of the top ten Reason: Vaccines interfere with divine risks to global health in 2019.6 This list also includes providence. health challenges such as pollution and antimicrobial Response resistance, and significant pathogens such as HIV : Vaccines, like other medical advancements, are forms of divine and influenza. In January 2020, the WHO released a providence. list of urgent health challenges for the next decade. This included expanding access to medicines, stop- As Christians, we believe that God reigns with truth ping infectious diseases, earning public trust, and and love. How does God interact with us and the more.7 Vaccination is a key component in these universe? What is God’s will during a pandemic? challenges. It depends on whom you ask. Some Christians con- sider divine providence to only include miraculous Unfortunately, there are people of faith known for healings. Perhaps they rely on miracles because of their vaccine hesitancy and for their religious exemp- verses such as Psalm 103:2–3 which says that the tions from vaccines.8 Recent measles outbreaks in Lord “heals all diseases”. Other Christians see divine British Columbia, Quebec, and New York have all providence in modern technologies and medicines, involved unvaccinated religious groups.9 In addition, perhaps because scripture speaks positively about some religious schools in Canada and the United medicine. Proverbs mentions that a “cheerful heart States have vaccination rates well below average.10 is a good medicine” (17:22) and there are several examples of the use of medicines in Isaiah 38:21, All American states require regular vaccines for Ezekiel 47:12, and more. If Jesus could heal with children attending public school. All states accept water or mud, why not vaccines? medical exemptions from vaccinations, as they should. The majority of states (45 to be exact) The argument that vaccines act against God’s will accept religious, philosophical, and/or personal is not new; it dates back to the 1700s when some belief exemptions.11 In Canada, Ontario and New opposed the use of variolation which inoculated peo- Brunswick are the only provinces that require regu- ple with smallpox in an effort to induce protective lar vaccines for children attending public schools, immunological memory. During the 1721 small- and both accept religious and/or philosophical pox outbreak in Boston, clergymen such as Cotton exemptions.12 The New Brunswick government Mather and his supporters argued that God gave voted down Bill 11 in June 2020 which proposed to humans their reason and knowledge. They reasoned remove these exemptions.13 Vaccination is voluntary that if variolation was against God’s will, then were in all other Canadian provinces. not all other medical procedures also against God’s will?17 These words are still insightful three hundred The topic of vaccine hesitancy is of acute concern years later. given the current COVID-19 pandemic, and the risk of more pandemics in the future. Mass vaccinations If vaccines interfere with divine providence, then may be the only way to control the spread of patho- they do so just as much as seatbelts.18 Both vaccines gens such as SARS-CoV-2,14 but herd immunity may and seatbelts are preventative measures that protect be difficult to achieve due to vaccine hesitancy.15 people from harm. Both come with slight risks of Understanding the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, injury that are greatly outweighed by the risks asso- and addressing them successfully, is of immedi- ciated with refusal. Both are uncomfortable and have ate importance. The purpose of this article is to been met with criticism. However, people cannot file review the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, especially a religious exemption to avoid wearing seatbelts. among Christians, and to propose factual and logical They can, however, to avoid vaccination. responses. Common reasons for vaccine hesitancy among Christians in North America include the idea Vaccines and other medications can be considered that vaccines interfere with divine providence, vac- gifts from God and products of our God-given wis- cines defile the body—God’s temple, vaccines are dom. Christian doctors and scientists say that their not safe, vaccines have side effects and can cause passion, abilities, and work products come from God. autism, and that vaccine manufacturing involves Dr. Francis Collins is an excellent example of a scien- aborted stem cells.16 These will be addressed in the tist who is a Christian and views his scientific work following text. as the director of the National Institutes of Health Volume 73, Number 1, March 2021 5 Article Vaccine Hesitancy: Christian Reasons and Responses (NIH) as “a form of worship.”19 Dr. Kizzmekia mercury than a 3-ounce can of tuna. Furthermore, Corbett, the scientific lead of the NIH’s Vaccine thimerosal contains ethylmercury which is cleared Research Center’s Coronavirus team, is another from the body faster than methylmercury found in example. In a recent Washington Post article, Corbett fish. While studies have shown that high concentra- says that her religion tells her why she “should want tions of mercury are neurotoxic, repeated studies to help people, make the world a better place.”20 have shown that the small quantity of ethylmercury Science has shown her a way. Her work on a COVID- in vaccines does not cause neuropsychological defi- 19 vaccine could save countless lives. Clearly, we are cits. From an abundance of caution, thimerosal was being blessed through individuals such as Collins removed from childhood vaccines after the Food and and Corbett. Drug Administration Modernization Act was signed in 1997. Now, it is used only in multi-dose vials of vaccines given to adults.25 Reason: Vaccines defile the body, God’s temple. Response: Vaccines contain ingredients that In summary, if vaccine ingredients such as formal- are also found in our food and bodies dehyde and mercury defile the body (God’s temple), naturally. then so too must foods like fruits and fish which con- Vaccines contain a variety of ingredients including tain these chemicals naturally. However, we cannot adjuvants, stabilizers, preservatives, and inactivated avoid ubiquitous formaldehyde-containing and mer- or attenuated pathogens or parts thereof. Two cury-containing foods, just as we should not avoid chemicals that have caused some public concern are vaccines. formaldehyde and thimerosal. Reason: Vaccines are not safe. Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous chemical found in nature and in some man-made products such as res- Response: Vaccines are well tested and safe. ins, cosmetics, and vaccines. It inactivates viruses Vaccines undergo development and scrutiny that is used in the manufacturing of some vaccines.
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