Explorations in Temperament International Perspectives on Theory and Measurement PERSPECTIVES on INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Explorations in Temperament International Perspectives on Theory and Measurement PERSPECTIVES ON INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES CECIL R. REYNOLDS, Texas A&M University, College Station ROBERT T. BROWN, University oj North Carolina, Wilmington Current volumes in the series THE CAUSES AND CURES OF CRIMINALITY Hans J. Eysenck and Gisli H. Gudjonsson EXPLORATIONS IN TEMPERAMENT International Perspectives on Theory and Measurement Edited by Jan Strelau and Alois Angleitner HANDBOOK OF CREATIVITY Assessment, Research, and Theory Edited by John A. Glover, Royce R. Ronning, and Cecil R. Reynolds HANDBOOK OF MULTlV ARIATE EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Second Edition Edited by John R. Nesselroade and Raymond B. Cattell HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Edited by John A. Glover and Royce R. Ronning THE INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT AND SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY Edited by Jaan Valsiner LEARNING STRATEGIES AND LEARNING STYLES Edited by Ronald R. Schmeck METHODOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Edited by Cecil R. Reynolds and Victor L. Willson THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES A Developmental Perspective Edited by Lawrence C. Hartlage and Cathy F. Telzrow PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND AROUSAL Edited by Jan Strelau and Hans J. Eysenck THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY Edited by Hans J. Eysenck and Irene Martin A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Explorations in Temperament International Perspectives on Theory and Measurement Edited by Jan Strelau University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland and Alois Angleitner University of Bielefeld Bielefeld, Germany Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Explorations in temperament: international perspectives on theory and measurement / edited by Jan Strelau and Alois Angleitner. p. cm. — (Perspectives on individual differences) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4899-0645-8 1. Temperament. 2. Temperament-Testing. I. Strelau, Jan. II. Angleitner, A. (Alois) III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Temperament. BF 798 E96] BF798.E95 1991 155.-dc20 DNLM/DLC 91-3681 for Library of Congress CIP ISBN 978-1-4899-0645-8 ISBN 978-1-4899-0643-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0643-4 © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Publishing Corporation in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors Manfred Amelang, Department of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, D-6900 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany Alois Angleitner, Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, D-4800 Biele feld, Federal Republic of Germany Arnold H. Buss, Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 Stella Chess, Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York 10016 Hans J. Eysenck, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom Jochen Fahrenberg, Institute of Psychology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, D-7800 Freiburg i., Br., Federal Republic of Germany H. H. Goldsmith, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1227 Jeffrey A. Gray, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Lon don, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom Charles F. Halverson, Jr., Department of Child and Family Development, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 Willem K. B. Hofstee, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, 9712 HV Groningen, The Netherlands Paul M. Kohn, Department of Psychology, York University, North York, Ontario M3J IP3, Canada Jacqueline V. Lerner, Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 v vi Contributors Richard M. Lerner, Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Roy P. Martin, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 Albert Mehrabian, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 Judy Morrow, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafa yette, Indiana 47907 Petra Netter, Department of Psychology, University of Giessen, D-6300 Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany Katherine Nitz, Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State Univer sity, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Rainer Riemann, Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, D-4800 Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany Mary Klevjord Rothbart, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1227 Elizabeth H. Siabach, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Jan Strelau, Department of Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland Rachna Talwar, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Alexander Thomas, Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York 10016 Ulrike U1lwer, Department of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, D-6900 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany Guus L. Van Heck, Department of Psychology, Tilburg University, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands Theodore D. Wachs, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Marvin Zuckerman, Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 Preface The growing interest in research on temperament during the last decade has been re corded by several authors (e.g., R. Plomin; J. E. Bates) from such sources of informa tion as the Social Sciences Citation Index or Psychological Abstracts. The editors' inquiry shows that the number of cases in which the term temperament was used in the title of a paper or in the paper's abstract published in Psychological Abstracts reveals an essential increase in research on temperament. During the years 1975 to 1979, the term temperament was used in the title and/or summary of 173 abstracts (i.e., 34.6 publications per year); during the next five years (1980-1984), it was used in 367 abstracts (73.4 publications per year), whereas in the last five years (1985 to 1989), the term has appeared in 463 abstracts, that is, in 92.6 publications per year. Even if the review of temperament literature is restricted to those abstracts, it can easily be concluded that temperament is used in different contexts and with different meanings, hardly allowing any comparisons or general statements. One of the consequences of this state of affairs is that our knowledge on temperament does not cumulate despite the increasing research activity in this field. This situation in temperament research motivated the editors to organize a one week workshop on The Diagnosis of Temperament (Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany, September 1987). This was the first time that researchers representing so many disciplines (psychology, psychiatry, pediatrics, behavior genetics, neurophysiol ogy) and the broadest spectrum of theoretical and methodological backgrounds in tem perament research met together. Although a total of 50 temperament experts from 12 countries representing Europe (West and East), North America (the United States and Canada), and Japan were able to find a common language, the meeting also showed the lack of communication and the diversity of theoretical and methodological approaches in many areas of temperament studies. These circumstances gave the editors the idea of compiling a volume aimed at presenting as many different theoretical and methodological approaches to temperament as possible, and this conception seems to be the most specific characteristic of Explora tions in Temperament: International Perspectives on Theory and Measurement compared to other books recently published in this field. Because of space limitations, we have been obliged to reduce the original number of authors as well as the length of chapters. However, the fact that we were able to vii viii Preface recruit authors who are among the most competent and distinguished researchers in temperament helps to compensate for these limitations. Originally planned as a two-volume set, Explorations in Temperament consists of two parts: the first, Contemporary Conceptualizations, and the second, Diagnosis and Methodological Issues. It has to be stressed that Explorations in Temperament should not be regarded as an alternative title to "Proceedings from the Workshop: The Diagnosis of Temperament." Nevertheless, this meeting gave the editors the opportunity to obtain an overview of the current state of research on temperament, and-what is most important-it highly influenced the idea and content of this volume as well as the recruitment of its contribu tors. These are just some of the reasons why we are greatly indebted to the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZIP) at the University of Bielefeld, the German Research Foundation (DFG), and the German Academic Exchange Program (DAAD), who fi nanced the workshop. We should also like to thank Urszula Chmurzynska for the preparation of refer ences, Maria Stanko for extensive help in typing

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