The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality Series Editors Donald H. Saklofske, Ph.D. Division of Applied Psychology University of Calgary, Canada Moshe Zeidner, Ph.D. Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Emotions Department of Human Development and Counseling Haifa University, Israel For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/6450 Aleksandra Gruszka ● Gerald Matthews Błażej Szymura Editors Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition Attention, Memory, and Executive Control Editors Aleksandra Gruszka Gerald Matthews Institute of Psychology Department of Psychology Jagiellonian University University of Cincinnati Cracow Cincinnati, OH Poland USA [email protected] [email protected] Błazej Szymura Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland ISBN 978-1-4419-1209-1 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-1210-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1210-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010925383 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) It was a beautiful sunny September day, when some of the authors of the chapters of this book met up in Krakow dur- ing the conference on Individual Differences in Cognition (IDIC: Kraków, Poland, September 15–17, 2006). Błażej Szymura, an assistant professor at the time, initiated and organized this meeting and managed to convince the Polish Scientific Research Committee (KBN) to grant financing of a research program to study the individual differences in cognition, of which the conference was an integral part. The meeting was a great success, for it is rare that such a high number of world experts in a specific field gather together in conditions that are so conducive to the sincere and stimulating exchange of thoughts and ideas as was the case here. It was then that the idea of the book that you have in front of you was born. The book turned out to be an under- taking on a still larger scale than the Krakow get-together. To obtain systematic coverage of the field, new experts work- ing on individual differences in cognition were drafted in to contribute to the project. Throughout the process the driving force was Błażej, who in the meantime obtained his “habili- tation” to the role of Principal Investigator. Błażej had the central role in the IDIC project. So, it has been very difficult for us to come to terms with the tragic event that occurred when we were finalizing editorial works before sending the book off to the Publishers – unex- pectedly Błażej passed away. Our friend and colleague was a special person. Intellectually very gifted, he was full of energy, eagerness and motivation for work that allowed him to undertake remarkable projects. His work ethos and intrinsic scien- tific curiosity lead him to perform experiments involving large number of studied groups and many research proce- dures. Obviously, the questions that he tried to answer had a universal dimension and importance. He was interested in cognitive psychology, psychology of individual differ- ences and psychology of creativity. Despite his young age, he was well recognized in the field, he won many grants, published or contributed to numerous books, and peer- reviewed scientific articles. Błażej was a talented organizer characterized by an extraordinary sense of duty and responsibility. Hence, at a relatively early point of his career, he found himself involved in many administrative functions. Since 1998, he was an assistant professor in the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at Jagiellonian University in Krakow and (since 2008) a chair of the Department of Psychology of Individual Differences and Personality at the Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty in Sopot. He was a member of many associations: European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCoP), European Association of Personality Psychology (EAPP) and International Society for the Study of Individual Differences (ISSID). In recognition to his contribution, ISSID founded ‘The Błażej Szymura ISSID Conference Travel Award’. Błażej was a very generous man, generous in his con- tacts with others, regardless of who they were: colleagues or collaborators, friends or mere students. The teaching of psychology constituted a very important part of his work. Błażej was very well-liked and respected by all of the students, who felt inspired to fulfill his high expectations. Here we are, left by Błażej. We will always miss his creative imagination, energy and friendship. He left us with a list of tasks to complete necessary to conclude this handbook. We have followed his directions step by step as witnessed by the existence of this book. This book is dedicated to Professor Błażej Szymura. Contents Part I General Models of Individual Differences in Cognition 1 Individual Differences in Cognition: in Search of a General Model of Behaviour Control .............................................................................................. 3 Philip J. Corr 2 Individual Differences in Cognition: New Methods for Examining the Personality-Cognition Link ......................................................................................... 27 William Revelle, Joshua Wilt, and Allen Rosenthal 3 The Relationship Between Intelligence and Pavlovian Temperament Traits: The Role of Gender and Level of Intelligence ............................. 51 Magdalena Kaczmarek, Jan Strelau, and Agnieszka Miklewska 4 General Models of Individual Differences in Cognition: The Commentaries ............... 63 Philip Corr, William Revelle, Joshua Wilt, and Allen Rosenthal Part II Individual Differences in Cognition from a Neurophysiological Perspective 5 Neuroscientific Approaches to the Study of Individual Differences in Cognition and Personality ......................................................................... 73 Aljoscha C. Neubauer and Andreas Fink 6 Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches to Individual Differences in Working Memory and Executive Control: Conceptual and Methodological Issues..................... 87 Tal Yarkoni and Todd S. Braver 7 Emotional Intelligence and Gender: A Neurophysiological Perspective........................ 109 Norbert Jaušovec and Ksenija Jaušovec 8 Learned Irrelevance Revisited: Pathology-Based Individual Differences, Normal Variation and Neural Correlates .................................................... 127 Aleksandra Gruszka, Adam Hampshire, and Adrian M. Owen 9 Post-Soviet Psychology and Individual Differences in Cognition: A Psychophysiological Perspective .................................................................................... 145 Almira Kustubayeva vii viii Contents 10 Individual Differences in Cognition from a Neurophysiological Perspective: The Commentaries ...................................................................................... 169 Todd S. Braver, Tal Yarkoni, Aleksandra Gruszka, Adam Hampshire, Adrian M. Owen, Norbert Jaušovec, Almira Kustubayeva, Aljoscha C. Neubauer, and Andreas Fink Part III Individual Differences in Attentional Mechanisms 11 Psychopathology and Individual Differences in Latent Inhibition: Schizophrenia and Schizotypality ................................................................................... 181 R.E. Lubow and Oren Kaplan 12 Attentional Control Theory of Anxiety: Recent Developments .................................... 195 Michael W. Eysenck 13 Task Engagement, Attention, and Executive Control .................................................... 205 Gerald Matthews, Joel S. Warm, Lauren E. Reinerman, Lisa K. Langheim, and Dyani J. Saxby 14 Individual Differences in Resource Allocation Policy .................................................... 231 Błażej Szymura 15 The Relationship of Attention and Intelligence .............................................................. 247 Karl Schweizer 16 Intelligence and Cognitive Control .................................................................................. 263 Adam Chuderski and Edward Nęcka 17 Individual Differences in Attention: The Commentaries .............................................. 283 Michael W. Eysenck, Gerald Matthews, Edward Nęcka, Adam Chuderski, Karl Schweizer, and Błażej Szymura Part IV Individual Differences in Working Memory Functioning and Higher-Order Processing 18 Trait and State Differences in Working Memory Capacity .......................................... 295 Małgorzata Ilkowska and Randall W. Engle 19 Adrift in the Stream of Thought: The Effects of Mind Wandering on Executive Control and Working Memory Capacity ............................. 321 Jennifer C. McVay and Michael J. Kane 20 The Unique Cognitive Limitation in Subclinical Depression: The Impairment of Mental Model Construction