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PARSIFAL Parsifal| Temporada 2015-2016 TEMPORADA 2015-2016 PARSIFAL RICHARD WAGNER Parsifal| Temporada 2015-2016 PARSIFAL Página 2 Ficha artística Página 3 Sinopsis Página 4 La trampa de la redención, por Joan Matabosch Página 6 Bychkov y Wagner [de la Revista del Real] Páginas 7-10 Biografías principales Parsifal| Temporada 2015-2016 PARSIFAL Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883) Festival escénico sacro en tres actos. Libreto de Richard Wagner, basado en el poema épico medieval Parzival de Wolfram von Eschenbach. Coproducción de la Ópera de Zúrich y el Gran Teatre del Liceu de Barcelona Equipo artístico Director musical Semyon Bychkov (Abr. 2, 6, 9, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30) Paul Weigold (Abr. 12, 15) Director de escena Claus Guth Escenógrafo y figurinista Christian Schmidt Iluminador Jürgen Hoffmann Coreógrafo Volker Michl Director del coro Andrés Máspero Realizador de la dirección de escena Christoph Zauner Ayudante del director de escena Marcelo Buscaino Ayudante del figurinista Ulrike Zimmermann Ayudante del iluminador Nicolás Fischtel Supervisor de dicción alemana Dominik Dengler Reparto Amfortas Detlef Roth Titurel Ante Jerkunica Gurnemanz Franz Josef Selig Klingsor Evgeny Nikitin Kundry Anja Kampe Parsifal Christian Elsner Dos caballeros del Grial Vicenç Esteve, David Sánchez Escuderos Ana Puche, Kai Rüütel, Alejandro González, Jordi Casanova Seis muchachas flor Ilona Krzywicka, Khatouna Gadelia, Kai Rüütel Samantha Crawford, Ana Puche, Rosie Aldridge Una voz Rosie Aldridge Coro y Orquesta Titulares del Teatro Real Figurantes Magdalena Aizpurua, Javier Cabrera, José Cameán, Santiago Cano, José Carpe, Elisa Morris, Gabi Nicolás, Joseba Pinela, Luis Romero, Diana Samper, Fernando Sánchez, Alicia Santos, Izaskun Valmaseda Bailarín Joaquín Fernández Duración Aproximada: 5 horas Parte I: 1 hora y 45 minutos (105´) | Pausa: 25 minutos Parte II: 1 hora y 10 minutos (70´) | Pausa: 25 minutos Parte III: 1 hora y 20 minutos (80´) Fechas 2, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 de abril de 2016 19:00 horas; domingos, 18:00 horas Parsifal| Temporada 2015-2016 SINOPSIS ACTO I En un bosque cercano al castillo de Monsalvat, Gurnemanz, caballero de la orden del Santo Grial, despierta a dos jóvenes escuderos para preparar el baño de Amfortas, el guardián del Grial, quien sufre de una herida incurable. Kundry, una mujer de edad indefinida y múltiples personalidades, entra violentamente con un bálsamo para Amfortas. Este aparece acompañado de su séquito, acepta el obsequio y se sumerge en el lago. Mientras Gurnemanz se lamenta por la herida de Amfortas, los presentes le piden que cuente la historia del hechicero Klingsor, que intentó unirse a la hermandad de caballeros pero fue repudiado por su lascivia. Resuelto a ser admitido, decidió castrarse a sí mismo, pero fue rechazado de nuevo. Convertido en un enemigo implacable, Klingsor utilizó a una hermosa mujer para seducir a Amfortas: mientras el rey yacía entre sus brazos, Klingsor le arrebató la lanza sagrada –la que atravesó el costado de Cristo– y lo hirió. La herida solo podrá ser curada por un inocente que alcance la sabiduría a través de la compasión. Un cisne cae entonces al suelo, atravesado por una flecha. Los caballeros detienen a un joven, Parsifal, a quien Gurnemanz reprocha su acto. Avergonzado, el joven arroja lejos el arco y las flechas. Kundry cuenta que el padre de Parsifal, Gamuret, murió en combate y que su madre, Herzeleide, que lo crió en el bosque, ha muerto también. Mientras los caballeros transportan a Amfortas al castillo, Gurnemanz acompaña a Parsifal, preguntándose si será este quien cumpla la profecía. En la noble Sala del Grial, Amfortas y sus caballeros se disponen a conmemorar la Última Cena. La voz de su padre, el anciano Titurel, le conmina a descubrir la sagrada vasija, pero Amfortas vacila porque su padecimiento aumenta en presencia de la sangre de Cristo. Finalmente, Titurel ordena a los escuderos que descubran el cáliz; su resplandor llena la sala. Mientras se ofrece el pan y el vino, un coro invisible canta desde arriba. Parsifal muestra su incomprensión, aunque se le encoge el corazón cuando ve gritar de dolor a Amfortas. Furioso, Gurnemanz lo expulsa de la sala. ACTO II Viendo a Parsifal acercarse, Klingsor convoca en su castillo a su esclava Kundry para que seduzca al intruso. Con la lanza de Amfortas en su poder, busca hacerse con el Grial destruyendo a Parsifal, en quien reconoce al salvador de la orden. Kundry, quien desea la redención, protesta en vano. En el jardín mágico de Klingsor, las muchachas flor intentan cautivar a Parsifal, pero desaparecen cuando Kundry se presenta y trata de seducirle con el recuerdo de su madre. Cuando Kundry se dispone a besarle, el joven retrocede, pues comprende al fin el misterio de la herida de Amfortas y su propia misión. Kundry intenta conquistarle a través de la compasión y le cuenta los padecimientos que ha sufrido desde que se mofó de Cristo crucificado, pero es rechazada de nuevo. Maldiciendo a Parsifal a errar sin esperanza en busca de Monsalvat, llama a Klingsor para que arroje la lanza contra él. El joven la atrapa en el aire y hace con ella la señal de la cruz, lo que hace que el castillo de Klingsor se derrumbe. ACTO III Gurnemanz, ahora un viejo eremita, encuentra a la arrepentida Kundry desvanecida junto a un matorral. Mientras la reanima, un caballero con armadura se aproxima. Gurnemanz reconoce a Parsifal y la lanza. El caballero relata los años que ha pasado buscando el camino de regreso. Gurnemanz le quita la armadura y Kundry le lava los pies, secándolos con su cabello. En compensación, él la bautiza y loa la belleza de los campos primaverales. Unas campanas distantes anuncian el funeral de Titurel y los tres se encaminan hacia el castillo. La mesa de la Comunión ha desaparecido de la Sala del Grial. Incapaz ya de descubrir el cáliz, Amfortas ruega a los caballeros que le den muerte para acabar con su agonía. Pero Parsifal le toca con la lanza y su herida sana. Alzando el cáliz, acepta el homenaje de los caballeros como nuevo guardián del Grial. Kundry, liberada por fin de su maldición, cae muerta. Parsifal| Temporada 2015-2016 LA TRAMPA DE LA REDENCIÓN JOAN MATABOSCH La puesta en escena de Claus Guth de Parsifal va a inaugurar el eje temático que presidirá el final de la presente temporada e incluirá las siguientes óperas: Parsifal de Richard Wagner, Brundibár de Hans Krása, Moisés y Aron de Arnold Schönberg y El emperador de la Atlántida de Viktor Ullmann, además del ciclo de conciertos “Bailando sobre el volcán” en la Fundación Albéniz y las “Sesiones golfas” protagonizadas por Simon Keenlyside y Angela Denoke. Claus Guth, que debuta en el Teatro Real con este montaje, sitúa la acción dramática de Parsifal en el período de entreguerras, que coincide con el momento en que la ópera de Wagner comenzó a divulgarse más allá de Bayreuth, una vez acabados los derechos exclusivos del festival sobre la obra. El público que no había peregrinado a Bayreuth antes de 1914 comenzó a conocer Parsifal a partir de esta fecha y, sobre todo, tras la Primera Guerra Mundial. Por esto resulta tan inquietante que la obra, escrita treinta y cinco años antes, evoque la situación que estaba sufriendo Europa en ese período: un clima emocional devastador, de grandes penurias, de desorientación colectiva, de desánimo, en el que una sociedad humillada, desnortada y herida busca desesperadamente a un líder carismático: ese “loco puro” al que Wagner se refiere en el libreto, erigido en un redentor que llevará el mundo a una devastación todavía mayor y a la barbarie total. El prodigioso espacio escénico de Christian Schmidt, que desafía el estatismo habitual de las puestas en escena de Parsifal con un movimiento casi coreográfico, reproduce un sanatorio lleno de supervivientes de guerra, en una imagen de una humanidad convaleciente tras una espiral de muerte y violencia que ha dejado una herida abierta y sangrante. Este decadente hospital para lisiados de guerra inspirado seguramente en La montaña mágica de Thomas Mann respira el trauma y el desánimo germano que siguió a la Primera Guerra Mundial. La acción dramática se presenta como un conflicto colectivo y, al mismo tiempo, como un simbólico conflicto familiar. Durante el preludio asistimos a una escena de violencia doméstica ante una luz difusa: Amfortas y Klingsor, hijos de Titurel, disputan su patrimonio. Al final volveremos a encontrarlos juntos, tras la muerte de su padre, horrorizados ante lo que han contribuido a provocar, tras una escena terrible en la que Parsifal, cuyos pies desnudos y vírgenes hemos visto filmados, ha acabado calzándose las botas grises de los uniformes militares para convencer a los soldados lisiados a emprender una nueva aventura suicida. Entre las muchas escenas emocionantes de este montaje sobre el fracaso de la redención, habría que destacar la de Kundry, consciente de lo que se avecina, cogiendo su maleta y huyendo; o la del coro reunido alrededor del gramófono, escuchando extasiado la música de Wagner que, justamente en esta época, acababa de publicar la Grammophon Company con Alfred Hertz. El dispositivo escénico de Schmidt parece inspirado, por cierto, en una cita de La montaña mágica de Thomas Mann que, a su vez, parece referirse a Parsifal: “¿Qué es el tiempo? Un misterio omnipotente y sin realidad propia. Es la condición del mundo de los fenómenos, un movimiento mezclado y unido a la existencia de los cuerpos en el espacio y a su movimiento. Parsifal| Temporada 2015-2016 Pero ¿acaso no habría tiempo si no hubiese movimiento? ¿Habría movimiento si no hubiese tiempo? ¡Es inútil continuar preguntando! El tiempo es activo, posee una naturaleza verbal, es “productivo”. ¿Y qué produce? Produce el cambio (…). Pero como el movimiento por el cual se mide el tiempo es circular y se cierra sobre sí mismo, ese movimiento y ese cambio se podrían calificar perfectamente de reposo e inmovilidad”.
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