Prevalence of Fascioloides Magna in Galba Truncatula in the Danube Backwater Area East of Vienna, Austria

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Prevalence of Fascioloides Magna in Galba Truncatula in the Danube Backwater Area East of Vienna, Austria Wien. Tierärztl. Mschr. - Vet. Med. Austria 98 (2011), 261 - 267 From the Museum of Natural History Vienna, 3. Zoology (Invertebrates)1 and the Institute of Parasitology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna2 Prevalence of Fascioloides magna in Galba truncatula in the Danube backwater area east of Vienna, Austria C. HÖRWEG1, H. PROSL2, W. WILLE-PIAZZAI2, A. JOACHIM2 and H. SATTMANN1 received July 14, 2011 accepted for publication October 18, 2011 Keywords: Galba truncatula, Fascioloides magna, Fascio- wurde der Leberegel in freier Wildbahn erstmals im Jahr la hepatica, digenea, Danube backwater area, Austria. 2000 in Fischamend, südöstlich von Wien, in Rothirschen (Cervus elaphus) und ab 2001 in Rehen (Capreolus Summary capreolus) nachgewiesen. Galba truncatula, eine amphi- Fascioloides magna is a digenean parasite of various bisch lebende Schnecke aus der Familie Lymnaeidae, ist wild ruminants. It was originally introduced to Europe from in Europa der wichtigste Zwischenwirt dieses Leberegels North America in the 19th century and first recorded in the (Abb. 1). In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Donau- wild in Austria in 2000 at Fischamend, southeast of Vien- Auen zwischen Wien und Bratislava, sowie Auen am na. Later, several cases were detected in the Danube Unterlauf der March einerseits auf das Vorkommen der backwater region between Vienna and Bratislava. The lym- Überträgerschnecken, andererseits auf die Infektion mit naeid snail Galba truncatula is known to act as natural Stadien von digenen Trematoden, insbesondere Fascioloi- intermediate host of F. magna in Europe. des magna, untersucht. In this study prevalence and distribution of the parasite Material und Methode in the snail host were investigated between August 2004 Im Zeitraum von Juli 2004 bis September 2005 wurden and September 2005. Snails were dissected, digeneans im Gebiet des Nationalpark Donau-Auen sowie bei Fischa- roughly determined by light microscopy. Species determi- mend, Hainburg, Markthof und Marchegg insgesamt 109 nation of rediae and cercariae with fasciolid appearance Standorte - zum Teil mehrmals - beprobt (Abb. 2). Gefun- was carried out by PCR and DNA sequencing. A total of dene Schnecken wurden seziert und im Lichtmikroskop 109 locations in this region were investigated. auf Stadien digener Trematoden hin untersucht. Redien Galba truncatula was recorded at 38 locations, usually und Zerkarien mit Fasciolidae-artiger Morphologie wurden with high frequency at swampy embankments of slow run- mittels molekularer Methoden bestimmt. ning water, near the water line. A total of 10,059 individu- Ergebnisse als of Galba truncatula were examined, of which 244 were Die Leberegelschnecke Galba truncatula wurde an 38 infected (prevalence of 2.43 %) with different digeneans. (von 109 untersuchten) Standorten (Abb. 2), in meist The findings included stages of F. magna, Fasciola hepati- großer Dichte, gefunden. Die Art ist im untersuchten ca, Paramphistomum sp., Haplometra cylindracea, Tylodel- Gebiet sehr verbreitet. In erster Linie wurden dichte Popu- phis sp., Notocotylus sp. and of Echinostomatidae as well. lationen an den schlammigen, flachen Ufern langsam Some stages remained unidentified. F. magna was record- fließender Gewässer gefunden. Alleine an den Standorten ed only 3 times (prevalence of 0.03 %). All findings origi- um Fischamend (Fischa) und Orth (Große und Kleine nated from one locality at the northern bank of the river Binn) konnten an die 8.000 Individuen gesammelt werden Fischa. Another finding records F. hepatica, from a locality (Tab. 1). Insgesamt wurden 10.059 Galba truncatula unter- nearby. sucht. 244 Schnecken waren mit digenen Trematoden Further monitoring of final hosts and mapping of inter- befallen, was einer Gesamtprävalenz von 2,43 % ent- mediate snail hosts are recommended to estimate the epi- spricht. Gefunden wurden Fascioloides magna, Fasciola demiology of the parasite and dispersal risk onto other hepatica, Paramphistomum sp., Haplometra cylindracea, regions and hosts. Tylodelphis sp., Notocotylus sp. und Echinostomatidae (Abb. 3). Schlüsselwörter: Galba truncatula, Fascioloides magna, Fascioloides magna wurde lediglich in Fischamend am Fasciola hepatica, Digenea, Donauauen, Österreich. Nordufer der Fischa im Sommer gefunden. Die Prävalenz von F. magna im Untersuchungsgebiet war mit 0,03 % Zusammenfassung außerordentlich niedrig. Des Weiteren gelang ein Fund Prävalenz von Fascioloides magna in Galba truncatula einer mit Redien von Fasciola hepatica, dem heimischen in den Donauauen östlich von Wien, Österreich Großen Leberegel, infestierten Schnecke - ebenfalls am Einleitung Nordufer der Fischa (Abb. 4). Der amerikanische Riesenleberegel, Fascioloides Diskussion magna, ist ein digener Trematode, der in der Leber ver- Die Daten belegen, dass ein autochthoner Zyklus des schiedener Wiederkäuer lebt. Der Parasit wurde im 19. eingeschleppten Parasiten etabliert ist. Hohe Schnecken- Jahrhundert aus Nordamerika eingeschleppt. In Österreich dichten, unmittelbar hinter dem Ufer liegende Über- 261 Wien. Tierärztl. Mschr. - Vet. Med. Austria 98 (2011) schwemmungswiesen, die dem Wild als Weiden dienen, Weiteres Monitoring des Wildes scheint angebracht, um sowie nahe gelegene Fütterungsplätze lassen diesen die Dynamik der Infektion im untersuchten Gebiet im Auge Fundort an der Fischa ideal für die Übertragung erschei- zu behalten und die Risiken einer Ausbreitung besser nen. Zwar ist die Prävalenz des Parasiten in den Überträ- abschätzen zu können. Auch eine Einschätzung der gerschnecken sehr gering, doch kann dies auf die voran- Gefährdung von Weidevieh sollte vorgenommen werden. gegangene Medikation des Wildes zurückgeführt werden. Eine Kartierung potenzieller Vektorschnecken der Familie Überdies kann mit stark schwankenden Prävalenzen auf- Lymnaeidae (mit den Genera Galba, Stagnicola, Radix grund von jährlich unterschiedlichen Umweltbedingungen, u.a.) entlang von vermuteten Ausbreitungswegen ist drin- wie Hochwasser und Temperatur, gerechnet werden. Der gend zu empfehlen. Fund des einheimischen Leberegels Fasciola hepatica im gleichen Gebiet ist von human- und veterinärmedizini- Abbreviations: BLAST = basic local alignment search tool; bp = schem Interesse. Als wichtigste unmittelbare Maßnahmen base pair; DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid; dNTP = deoxyribonuc- erscheinen die gezielte Lenkung des Wildes durch Verle- leotide triphosphate; F. hepatica = Fasciola hepatica; F. magna = gung der Fütterungsstellen an Plätze mit geringem Infekti- Fascioloides magna; G. truncatula = Galba truncatula; PCR = onsrisiko, sowie das ausreichende Lagern des Heus von polymerase chain reaction; Taq = Thermus aquaticus Überschwemmungswiesen aus Risikogebieten, geeignet. Introduction (FRANK, 1982, 1984; WEIGAND and STADLER, 2000; RECKENDORFER and SCHÄFER, 2003). Within the snail host the parasite undergoes an enormous non-sexual Fascioloides magna, the Giant Liver Fluke, was intro- reproduction (ŠPAKULOVÁ et al., 2003). Because of the duced from North America to Europe in the 19th century. eminent impact of the snail hosts for the epidemiology, dis- Definitive hosts in America cover a wide range of ungu- persal and infection probability of the liver fluke we investi- lates including cervids and cattle (PYBUS, 2001). Records gated Galba truncatula and other snails from environments in Central Europe are restricted to cervids. The parasites close to both banks of the Danube in Austria between have a considerable pathogenicity and infection may be Vienna and Bratislava, as well as some localities at the lethal, particularly in roe deer. The European distribution lower section of the (border) river March in Austria. In total includes populations in game parks and wild environments more than 10,000 snails were investigated for the occur- in Italy, Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hun- rence of trematode stages in general and fasciolids in par- gary, Croatia and Serbia (BASSI, 1875; SALOMON, 1932; ticular. Firstly, we aimed to elucidate the distribution pat- SLUSARSKI, 1955; ERHARDOVÁ, 1961; MAJOROS and terns and seasonal dynamics of G. truncatula in the inves- SZTOJKOV, 1994; RAJSKÝ et al., 1994; MARINCULIC et tigated area. Secondly, we wanted to describe the dige- al., 2002; NOVOBILSKÝ et al., 2005; URSPRUNG et al., nean infection status of G. truncatula. Thirdly, we wanted to 2006). First evidence of F. magna in Austria was recorded highlight the epidemiology of F.magna and other fasciolids. from a game reserve (PFEIFFER, 1983) and almost 2 Finally, we wanted to estimate the impact of the parasites decades later in the wild in 2000 from hunting grounds in the environment and discuss the need of counteractions. within the Danube backwaters east of Vienna (WINKEL- MAYER and PROSL, 2001). The next parasitized popula- tions are known from neighbouring areas in Hungary Material and methods (GICZI, 2008) and Slovakia (RAJSKÝ et al., 2002). Though the deer populations in most of these grounds are rather This study took place in the surroundings of the river small and isolated, parasite transfer must have occurred Danube between Vienna, Austria and Bratislava, Slovakia. from there. Populations from Hungary and Slovakia seem The study region includes the Nationalpark Donau-Auen to originate from already established Czech populations and adjacent areas and the angle between the Danube and in general the European populations are assumed to and the estuary of the river March (Fig. 2). In total 109 have multiple origins (KRÁLOVÁ-HROMADOVÁ
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