Sci Parasitol 13(1):1-16, March 2012 ISSN 1582-1366 REVIEW ARTICLE

Review of the helminth parasites of Turkish anurans (Amphibia)

Omar M. Amin 1, Serdar Düşen 2, Mehmet C. Oğuz 3

1 – Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 11445 E. Via Linda # 2-419, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA. 2 – Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Pamukkale University, Kinikli 20017, Denizli, Turkey. 3 – Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey. Correspondence: Tel. 480-767-2522, Fax 480-767-5855, E-mail [email protected]

Abstract. Of the 17 species of anurans (Amphibia) known from 6 families in Turkey, 12 species were reported infected with helminths including monogenean, digenean, cestode, , and acanthocephalan parasites. The 17 species are bufo (Linnaeus, 1758), Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814), Bufo (Pseudepidalea ) viridis Laurenti 1768 (Bufonidae), Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) (Discoglossidae), Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758), Hyla savignyi Audoin, 1827 (Hylidae), (Laurenti, 1768), (Boettger, 1889) (Pelobatidae), Pelodytes caucasicus Boulenger (1896) (Pelodytidae), bedriagae (Camerano, 1882), Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) (formerly known as ridibunda ), (Arikan, 1988), Rana camerani (Boulanger, 1886), Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1838, Rana holtzi Werner, 1898, Rana macrocnemis Boulanger, 1885, Rana tavasensis Baran and atatür, 1986 (Ranidae). Helminths were not reported in B. verrucosissimus , H. savignyi , P. fuscus , P. bedriagae , and P. caralitanus . The most heavily infected host was P. ridibundus. This host is known to be an aggressive feeder and highly adaptable to a wide variety of habitats and diet. Host species with restricted distribution and limited diet show very light infections, if any. Some of the reported hosts extend their range of distribution outside of Turkey where they were found infected with the same and often with other populations of parasites reflecting the varied invertebrate fauna. The overall diversity of parasite populations per each host species is clearly markedy greater than what this report suggests if the host populations in their total range of distribution are taken into account. Parasites and hosts do not know political borders.

Keywords: Helminth parasites; Anurans; Amphibia; Turkey. Received 27/12/2011. Accepted 20/01/2012.

Introduction forwarded to the Institute of Parasitology for identification. No locality or collectors’ Perhaps one of the earliest reports on information were provided. A lapse of research parasites in Turkey is that of Schad on the topic prevailed over the following 35 et al. (1960) who examined from 35 years until the mid 1990s when few sporadic species of Turkish vertebrate including 5 publications made their appearance. The amphibian species collected in 1953-1954 and works of Baran and Atatür (1986, 1998) seem 1 Sci Parasitol 13(1):1-16, March 2012 ISSN 1582-1366 REVIEW ARTICLE

to have ignited a surge of interest in Materials and methods amphibian, especially anuran, parasitology research. This review is based on study of published reports on helminth parasites from Turkish The first decade of the 21st century witnessed anurans from a wide variety of habitats (figure an avalanche of publications, primarily 1). We have decided to develop the present surveys, of the helminth parasites of anurans approach over regular review format that from different regions of Turkey with emphasis packs all information on hosts, parasites, and on areas readily accesible to research and references in one table. Our presentation educational facilities. This is the first attempt allows for comparing parasite populations of to put this information together in 1 report to the same host species in different locations as make some sense out of these unrelated well as comparing parasite populations from reports dealing with individual host species in different host species in the same location. As a separate geographical locations. result, one can examine (1) the impact of habitat and implicitly the intermediate host population in this habitat, and (2) the impact of host species and its feeding behavior on the final expression of parasitemia.

Figure 1 . A map showing the major geographical locations from which reported collections were made

Results Uğurtaş and Öz (1995), and Yiyit et al. (1999), among others,are also included. The 17 species Distribution and feeding behavior of Turkish are listed by family in alphabetical order. • Family I: BUFONIDAE The 17 species of amphibians in 6 families known from Turkey and their habitats are 1. Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) noted below according to Baran and Atatür, (1986, 1998), and Budak and Göçmen (2008), The European common lives in damp, among others. Special notes on the feeding rocky or pebbly areas with sparse vegetation behaviour conducive to the establishment of or in forest floors. It is fossorial and forages parasitic infections by Atatür et al. (1993), nocturnally, preying on insects, earthworms Çolak-Yılmaz and Kutrup (2006), Çiçek and and some molluscs. Mermer(2006, 2007), Uğurtaş et al. (2004),

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Distribution: In Turkey, it is found in Middle • Family III: HYLIDAE Anatolia, Western Turkish Thrace, Western and Northeastern Anatolia. 1. Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758)

2. Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) This tree is a small arboreal species. It is nocturnal and shelters under leaves in the The Caucasian toad lives in coniferous and daytime. It seeks water only in the breeding deciduous mountain forests upwards to the season, preferring clean, deep, heavily subalpine belt. It prefers wet shaded sites vegetated water. It feeds on various insects and where it feeds on beetles, ants and a wide spiders. variety of crawling terrestial invertebrates especially Myriapoda, caterpillars, Coleoptera, Distribution: In Turkey, this tree frog is known and Formicidae. in northwestern and southwestern Anatolia.

Distribution: This species inhabits the 2. Hyla savignyi Audoin, 1827 Caucasus, the Caspian coast line of NW Iran, and northeastern Turkey where some records This tree frog is a nocturnal arboreal species may have been confused with those of B. bufo and shelters under leaves and ground cover which it was considered a subspecies of until during the day. It is normally terrestial except recently. during the breeding season when it seeks water preferably heavily vegetated clean 3. Bufo (Pseudepidalea ) viridis Laurenti water. It feeds on various insects and spiders. (1768) Distribution: In Turkey, this tree frog is found The is nocturnal but in the southeastern part of Anatolia. shelters in the daytime under stones or within subterranean burrows in gardens or open • Family IV: PELOBATIDAE areas. It is more tolerant to desiccation. Feeding is similiar to that of B. bufo . Yiyit et al. 1. Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768) (1999) stated that B. (P .) viridis predominantly fed on insectivorous (mosly Coleoptera) The common spade foot lives fossorially in (92.20%) as well as Oligochaeta, Crustacea, loose and soft soil of open plains close to Arachnida, Gastropoda, Diplopoda, Chilopoda ponds. It can descent to up to 1 m in the soil and anuran larvae. and is active nocturnally.

Distribution: Widespread in Turkey. Distribution: The common spade foot is known only from Thrace, Turkey. • Family II: DISCOGLOSSIDAE 2. Pelobates syriacus (Boettger, 1889) 1. Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) The eastern spadefoot toad inhabits self- The fire-bellied toad is an aquatic species constructed burrows in loose and soft soil near occuring usually in shallow waters, temporary ponds and pools. Uğurtaş and Öz (1995) ponds, edges of streams, ditches, and ponds reported that Gastropoda (61.04%) were usually in lowland plains and marshes. It feeds preferred by P. syriacus than other foods mostly on various insects. (Insecta, Arachnida, Oligochaeta, Myriapoda and Crustacea). Distribution: This species is wide spread between Turkish Thrace region and Adapazarı. Distribution: Found in suitable habitats in both Anatolia and Turkish Thrace region.

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• Family V: PELODYTIDAE 3. Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) (Formerly known Rana ridibunda ) 1. Pelodytes caucasicus Boulenger (1896) The Eurasian , P. ridibundus (R. The Caucasian parsley frog prefers shady, ridibunda ) is a medium-sized aquatic anuran damp places close to water. It is a nocturnal species. It is diurnal and inhabits lakes, pools, species that shelters under stones in the or slowly flowing streams with much daytime. It feeds on various insects. vegetation. It stays close to water and prefers low plains or marshes. P. ridibundus forages Distribution: Only known from the eastern also at night and has an opportunistic feeding Turkish Black Sea region, with a vertical strategy. It is a highly adaptable species in its distribution of up to 2300 m. habitats and diet which includes dragonflies and other insects, earthworms, and slugs. The • Family VI: RANIDAE larger also eat rodents, smaller amphibians, and fishes. The main diet of P. 1. Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) ridibundus (R. ridibunda ) is Arthropoda (Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea, Chilopoda, The Levant water frog live most of the time in Diplopoda), Gastropoda, Annelida, Pisces water with rich aquatic vegetation such as (Cyprinidae) (Atatür et al., 1993; Colak-Yılmaz ponds, rivers, rain pools, streams, irrigation and Kutrup, 2006; Çiçek and Mermer, 2006- channels, springs, and marshes. It feeds on 2007). P. ridibundus also exhibited aquatic invertebrates and insects. cannibalistic behaviour (Çiçek and Mermer, 2006-2007; Çolak Yılmaz and Kutrup, 2006). Distribution: In Turkey, this species is widespread along the Aegean coast and the Distribution: This species is found throughout southern part of the Anatolian highlands but Turkey and is widely distributed in Europe, in ranges widely in the eastern Mediterranean. It Asian Russia to Afghanistan and Pakistan, and was previously considered to be a subspecies in the Chinese province of Xinjiang. of Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771). 4. Rana camerani (Boulenger, 1886) 2. Pelophylax caralitanus (Arikan, 1988) The banded frog inhabits open areas in forests The Anatolian marsh frog (Arikan’s marsh and damp grassland near streams as well as in frog) is endemic to the Lakes District in the woods close to wetlands. Its diet consists of southwestern Anatolia, Turkey, ranging from various insects. the Konya Plain to Denizli. There are records from Lake Beyşehir, Lake Eğridir, Lake Suğla, Distribution: R. camerani is a montane form, it Çarşamba Creek (Konya), Lake Gölcük is not present in lowland plains. In Turkey, it (Isparta), Lake Hotamiş, Ivriz (Ereğli/Konya), inhabits mountainous areas in West and Işikli Lake in Çivril (Denizli), and Çardak Middle Anatolia and high plains (over 1000 m) (Denizli) (IUCN, 2011). The main diet of R. in East Anatolia. caralitanus is Insecta (Orthoptera, Coleoptera, hemiptera, Diptera) and Gastropoda (Atatür et 5. Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1838 al., 1993). The is a medium sized strictly Distribution: In Turkey, This species is terrestrial, anuran species that lives in distributed in especially Lakes district (Göller deciduous forests, and damp grasslands with Bölgesi) and ranging from the Konya Plain to higher vegetation usually far from bodies of Denizli provinces. water up to 1500m elevation. It is mainly nocturnal and its diet consists of various insects.

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Distribution: R. dalmatina is found in Turkish early 2000. The references are followed by the Thrace region and the northern parts of geographical localities in Turkey from which Anatolia. The species is mainly nocturnal and collections were made. feeds on various insects. Bombina bombina (see Yıldırımhan et al., 6. Rana holtzi Werner, 1898 2001) Sakarya and Edirne

The Taurus frog is endemic to Turkey and Digenea: inhabits high mountain lakes with grassy Opisthioglyphe ranae (Frölich, 1791) borders. Its diet consists of various insects. Nematoda: Distribution: The Taurus frog inhabits only two bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and lakes in Bolkar Dağı, Taurus range with a Hassal, 1905 distribution between 2,500 and 2,600 m. Acanthocephala: 7. Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885 Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, 1911 The Uludağ Frog usually inhabits areas near small streams in open fields or forested areas Bufo bufo (see Düşen and Öz, 2003) Antalya as well as wet grasslands in close proximity to water bodies. Uğurtaş et al. (2004) observed Nematoda: that the majority (68.05%) of food items of this Unidentified cyst frog was composed of insects (primarily Coleoptera); other prey items include Bufo bufo (see Yıldırımhan and Karadeniz, Oligochaeta, Arachnida, Diplopoda, Chilopoda 2007) Trabzon, Surmene, Vakfikebir and anuran larvae. Nematoda: Distribution: In Turkey, it is found in west, Aplectana acuminata (Schrank, 1788) south and north Anatolia. It is a typical Aplectana macintoshii (Steward, 1914) montane form with vertical distribution Cosmocerca ornata (Duardin, 1845) between 1000-2300 m. Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Travassos, 1917 8. Rana tavasensis Baran and Atatür, 1986 (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Hassal, 1905 The Tavas frog may be endemic in Turkey and was originally described from the area of Acanthocephala: Akdağ-Çakiroluk district near Kızılcabölük- Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Tavas in Denizli province. It usually inhabits 1911 areas near small slowly flowing streams in open fields as well as wet grasses in forested Bufo bufo (see Düşen, 2011 and Heckmann areas. It usually feeds on various insects. et al., 2011) Denizli

Distribution: Akdağ-Çakiroluk District, 1700 m Nematoda: high in Denizli Region. Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Systematic host-parasite listing Travassos, 1917 Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) The following is an alphabetical listing of hosts Railliet and Henry, 1916 reported to have been infected with helminth Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and parasites and their parasites. It is based on the Hassal, 1905 more comprehensive published acounts. Most of these have been surveys published since the mid-1990s with greater frequencies since the

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Acanthocephala: Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Hassal, 1905 1911 Acanthocephala: Bufo bufo (see Düşen and Oğuz, 2010) Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Amasya, Çorum, Tokat 1911 Bufo (Pseudepidalea ) viridis (see Düşen and Nematoda: Oğuz, 2010) Amasya, Çorum, Tokat Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Provinces Travassos, 1917 Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Digenea: Railliet and Henry, 1916 Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876)

Bufo bufo (see Düşen et al., 2010) Cestoda: Çanakkale Nematotaenia dispar (Goeze, 1782) Lühe, 1899

Nematoda: Nematoda: Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Railliet and Henry, 1916 Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Travassos, 1917 Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Bufo (Pseudepidalea ) viridi s (see Schad et Railliet and Henry, 1916 al., 1960) Locality unknown. Only study of nematodes Bufo (Pseudepidalea ) viridis (see Düşen et al., 2010) Çanakkale Nematoda: Aplectana brumpti Travassos, 1931 Monogenea: Cosmocerca commutata (Diesing, 1861) Polystoma viridis Euzet, Combes, Batchvarov, Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) 1974 Oswaldocruzia sp. (females only) Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Cestoda: Railliet and Henry, 1916 Nematotaenia dispar (Goeze, 1782) Lühe, 1899 Rhabdias sp. Digenea: Bufo (Pseudepidalea ) viridis (see Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Yıldırımhan, 1999) Bursa and Büyükdöllük in Edirne Nematoda: Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Monogenea: Travassos, 1917 Polystoma viridis Euzet, Combes, Batchvarov, Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) 1974 Railliet and Henry, 1916 Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Cestoda: Nematotaenia dispar (Goeze, 1782) Lühe, 1899 Bufo (Pseudepidalea ) viridis (see Düşen, Proteocephalus sp. Weinland, 1858 2011) Denizli

Nematoda: Monogenea: Cosmocerca commutata (Diesing, 1861) Polystoma viridis Euzet, Combes, Batchvarov, Cosmocercoides sp. 1974 Neoxysomatium brevicautadum (Zeder, 1800) Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Cestoda: Travassos, 1917 Nematotaenia dispar (Goeze, 1782) Lühe, 1899

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Nematoda: Nematoda: Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Aplectana brumpti Travassos, 1931 Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Travassos, 1917 Pelobates syriacus (see Yıldırımhan and Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Bursey, 2010) Osmangazi in Bursa, Railliet and Henry, 1916 Büyükdöllük in Edirne, and Seydişehir in Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Konya Hassal, 1905 Monogenea : Hyla arborea (see Düşen and Öz, 2004 and Polystoma sp. Heckmann et al. 2011) Antalya Nematoda: Aplectana brumpti Travassos, 1931 Monogenea: Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Polystoma skrjabini Buchvarov, 1984 Railliet and Henry, 1916 Skrjabinelazia taurica Sypliaxov, 1930 Digenea: Encyclometra colubrimurorum (Rudolphi, Pelobates syriacus (see Yıldırımhan, Du 1819) Dollfuss 1929 [metacercariae] Preez and Vemeau, 2011) Description Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Monogenea: Cestoda: Polystoma nacialtuneli Yıldırımhan, Preez and Proteocephalus sp. Weinland, 1858 Verneau, 2011 (Pleurocercoid stage) Pelodytes caucasicus (seeYıldırımhan, et al. Nematoda 2009) Caykara in Trabzon Cosmocerca commutata (Diesing, 1861) Digenea: Acanthocephala: Gorgodera cygnoides (Zeder, 1800) Looss, 1899 Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, 1911 Nematoda: Agfa tauricus Korol and Spiridonov, 1991 Hyla arborea (see Yıldırımhan et al., 2006a) Aplectana brumpti Travassos, 1931 Bursa, Edirne, Sakarya Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Monogenea Travassos, 1917 Polystoma skrjabini Buchvarov, 1984 Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Hassal, 1905 Nematoda Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Acanthocephala: Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Pseudoacanthocephalus caucasicus Travassos, 1917 (Petrochenko, 1953) Petrochenko, 1958

Hyla arborea (see Heckmann et al., 2011) Pelophylax ridibundus (formerly known Denizli Rana ridibunda ) (see Schad et al., 1960) Locality unknown. Only study of nematodes Acanthocephala: Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Nematoda: 1911 Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Pelobates syriacus (see schad et al., 1960) Railliet and Henry, 1916 Locality unknown. Only study of nematodes

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Pelophylax ridibundus (formerly known Digenea: Rana ridibunda ) (see Oğuz et al. , 1994) Bucephalus polymorphus Von Baer,1827 Bursa and Edirne Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1760) Diesing, 1836 Digenea: Pleurogenes claviger (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss , Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1760) Diesing, 1899 1836 Pleurogenes claviger (Pallas, 1760) Diesing, Nematoda: 1836 Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Hassall, 1905 Travassos, 1921 Acanthocephala: Acanthocephala: Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, 1911 1911 Annelida: Pelophylax ridibundus (formerly known as Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758 (juvenile) R. ridibunda ) (see Yıldırımhan et al. , 1996) Bursa and Edirne Pelophylax ridibundus (Formerly known R. ridibunda ) (see Yıldırımhan et al., 2005a) Digenea: Bursa, İstanbul, Kütahya and Rize Candidotrema loossi Dollfus, 1951 Codonocephalus urniger (Rudolphi, 1859) Digenea: [metacercariae] Codonocephalus urniger (Rudolphi, 1859) Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1760) Diesing, [metacercariae] 1836 Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1760) Diesing, Encyclometra colubrimurorum (Rudolphi,1819) 1836 Dollfus, 1922 [metacercariae] Encyclometra colubrimurorum (Rudolphi,1819) Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Loos, Dollfus, 1922 [metacercariae] 1902 Gorgodera cygnoides (Zeder, 1800) Gorgodera cygnoides (Zeder, 1800) Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Loos, Haematoloechus variegatus Looss, 1899 1902 Opisthioglyphe ranae (Frölich, 1791) Haematoloechus breviansa (Sudarikov, 1950) Prosotocus confusus (Loos, 1894) Loos, 1899 Opisthioglyphe ranae (Frölich, 1791) Pleurogenes claviger (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss , Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) 1899 Travassos, 1921 Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Pleurogenoides stromi Travassos, 1930 Travassos, 1921 Prosotocus confusus (Loos, 1894) Loos, 1899 Rauschiella sp. Nematoda: Nematoda: Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Cosmocerca commutata (Diesing, 1861) Eustrongylides excisus Jagerskiold, 1909 Oswaldocruzia sp. [larvae] Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Neoxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Hassal, 1905 Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Travassos, 1917 Acanthocephala: Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Acanthocephala: 1911 Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, 1911 Pelophylax ridibundus (Formerly known R. Centrorhnychus sp. ridibunda ) (see Kır et al., 2001) Eğirdir Lake in Isparta

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Annelida: Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758 Hassal, 1905

Pelophylax ridibundus (Formerly known R. Acanthocephala: ridibunda ) (see Düşen and Öz, 2006 and Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Heckmann et al., 2011) Antalya 1911

Digenea: Pelophylax ridibundus (Formerly known R. Brachycoelium salamandrae (Frölich, 1789) ridibunda ) (see Unal et al., 2007) Dalaman Codonocephalus urnigerus (Rudolphi, 1859) in Muğla, SW Turkey [metacercariae] Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1760) Diesing, Digenea: 1836 Diplodiscus sp. Encyclometra colubrimurorum (Rudolphi,1819) Plagiorchis sp . Dollfus, 1922 [metacercariae] Pleurogenoides sp . Gorgodera cygnoides (Zeder, 1800) Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Loos, Nematoda: 1902 Cosmocerca sp . Haematoloechus breviansa (Sudarikov, 1950) Foleyella sp . Opisthioglyphe ranae (Frölich, 1791) Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Pelophylax ridibundus (Formerly known R. Travassos, 1921 ridibunda ) (see Düşen and Oğuz, 2008, Prosotocus confusus (Looss, 1894) Looss, 1899 Heckmann et al., 2010, and Heckmann et al., 2011) Denizli Nematoda: Abbreviata sp. [larvae] Acanthocephala: Cosmocerca commutata (Diesing, 1861) Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Eustrongylides sp. 1911 Neoxysomatium sp. Pomphorhynchus laevis (Zoega in O. F. Müller, Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and 1776) Van Cleave, 1924 Hassal, 1905 Pomphorhynchus spindletruncatus Amin, Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2003 Acanthocephala: Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Pelophylax ridibundus (Formerly known R. 1911 ridibunda ) (see Düşen and Oğuz, 2010) Amasya, Çorum, Tokat Pelophylax ridibundus (Formerly known R. ridibunda ) (see Sağlam and Arıkan, 2006) Digenea: Hazar Lake in Elazığ, East Anatolia Gorgodera cygnoides (Zeder, 1800) Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Looss, Digenea: 1902 Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Loos, Haematoloechus breviansa (Sudarikov, 1950) 1902 Opisthioglyphe ranae (Frölich, 1791) Haematoloechus variegatus Looss, 1899 Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Nematoda: Travassos, 1921 Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Nematoda: Travassos, 1917 Cosmocercoides sp . Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Eustrongylides excisus Jagerskiold, 1909 Railliet and Henry, 1916 Neoxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Travassos, 1917

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Acanthocephala: Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Pomphorhynchus laevis (Zoega in O. F. Müller, Travassos, 1921 1776) Van Cleave, 1924 Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Cestoda: 1911 Nematotaenia dispar (Goeze, 1782) Lühe, 1899

Pelophylax ridibundus (Formerly known R. Nematoda: ridibunda ) (see Düşen et al., 2010) Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Çanakkale Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Travassos, 1917 Digenea: Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1760) Diesing, Hassal, 1905 1836 Gorgodera cygnoides (Zeder, 1800) Acanthocephala: Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Looss, Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, 1902 1911 Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Travassos, 1921 Rana camerani (see Düşen, 2007) Antalya Brachycoelium salamandrae (Frölich, 1789) Digenea Nematoda: Haplometra cylindracea (Zeder, 1800) Looss, Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) 1899 Railliet and Henry, 1916 Opisthioglyphe rastellus (Olsson, 1875) Looss, Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) 1907 Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Rana tavasensis (Düşen, 2012 and Travassos, 1921 Heckmann et al., 2011) Denizli Nematoda: Digenea: Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Haplometra cylindracea (Zeder, 1800) Rana dalmatina (see Düşen et al, 2009 and Nematoda: Heckmann et al., 2011) Edirne, Bursa, and Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Adapazarı

Acanthocephala: Monogenea: Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Polystoma sp. 1911 Digenea: Rana camerani (see Yıldırımhan et al., Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1760) Diesing, 2006b) Kayseri Erciyes Mountain, Kars- 1836 Göle Pleurogenes claviger (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss , 1899 Monogenea: Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Polystoma sp. Travassos, 1921

Digenea: Nematoda: Gorgodera cygnoides (Zeder, 1800) Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Loos, Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) 1902 Travassos, 1917 Haplometra cylindricea (Zeder, 1800) Looss, Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) 1899 Railliet and Henry, 1916 Opisthioglyphe rastellus (Olsson, 1875) Looss, Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and 1907 Hassall, 1905

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Acanthocephala: Monogenea: Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Polystoma macrocnemis Biserkov, Yıldırımhan, 1911 Bucharov, and Uğurtaş , 2001

Rana holtzi (see Yıldırımhan et al., 2006c) Digenea: Lake Karagöl, Bolkar Mountains, Niğde Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Loos, 1902 Digenea: Haplometra cylindracea (Zeder, 1800) Looss, Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Looss, 1899 1902 Opisthioglyphe rastellus (Olsson, 1875) Looss, Haplometra cylindracea (Zeder, 1800) Looss, 1907 1899 Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876) Opisthioglyphe rastellus (Olsson, 1875) Looss, Travassos, 1921 1907 Pleurogenes claviger (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss , 1899 Nematoda: Nematoda: Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Rana macracnemis (see Schad et al., 1960) Travassos, 1917 Locality unknown. Only study of nematodes Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) Stiles and Hassall, 1905 Nematoda: Acanthocephala: Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Travassos, 1917 1911 Oxysomatium brevicaudatum (Zeder, 1800) Railliet and Henry, 1916 Rana macrocnemis (see Düşen, 2007 and Rhabdias sp . Heckmann et al., 2011) Antalya

Rana macracnemis (see Yıldırımhan et al., Digenea: 1997) Anatolia Haplometra cylindracea (Zeder, 1800) Loos, 1899 Monogenea: Polystoma sp. Nematoda: Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845) Digenea: Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876) Looss, Acanthocephala: 1902 Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Pleurogenes claviger (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss , 1911 1899 Discussion Nematoda: Cosmocerca sp. In the absence of information on the Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782) distribution of intermediate hosts of the Travassos, 1917 parasites reported above that require intermediate hosts in their life cycle such as Acanthocephala: digenetic trematodes, cestodes, or Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, acanthocephalans, it has to be assumed that 1911 different findings from the same host species in different geographical locations in Turkey have Rana macrocnemis (see Yıldırımhan et al, to reflect the diverse distribution and 2006c) Lake Karagöl, Bolkar Mountains, availability of the invertebrate intermediate Niğde hosts. Monogeneans infect the host directly

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and nematodes infect the host by ingestion or other anuran species come in contact with are by direct skin penetration. unavailable. Species of the genus Nematotaenia occur in three biogeographical regions, namely Most hosts were not infected with the Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian monogeneans. When they were, it was only 2 regions. Members of this genus infect the species of Ploystoma that were found including anuran families Bufonidae, Hylidae and P. macrocnemis from R. macrocnemis and a new Ranidae, plus the thesaurian families species, Polystoma nacialtuneli reported only Gekkonidae, Varanidae and Scincidae in the reported by Biserkov et al. (2011) and Palaearctic region (Al-Sorkhy and Amr, 2003). Yıldırımhan et al. (2011) from P. syriacus . Infections with monogeneans is direct and All reported hosts were infected with requires presence in a continuous body of nematodes. The most commonly observed water and will not be found in anurans that nematode species belonged in the genera regularly inhabit terrestial habitats such as B. Abbreviata , Cosmocerca , Oswaldocruzia, bufo . Oxysomatium , and Rhabdias . The presence of larval Abbreviata sp. in H. arborea and P. Digenetic trematode infections usually ridibundus suggests that they were unable to included Diplodiscus spp., Gorgodera spp., mature in these hosts that were apparently Opisthioglyphe spp., and Pleurogenoides spp.. acting as paratenic hosts. Most likely the Their absence in B. bufo and B. viridis indicates defenitive hosts are reptiles. The reported the absence of mollusc intermediate hosts in nematodes reached their greatest diversity in the bodies of water where they may come in P. ridibundus with as many as 14 species contact with. They were also absent from H. represented from various locations. They also arborea from Bursa, Edirne and Sakarya but reached similar richness in P. ridibundus in present in the same host species from Antalya some locations but were poorly represented in and Denizli. They are also noted by their others. Both host species are known to be absence from P. syriacus but has the largest aggressive feeders with large trophic niche diversity of 22 species in P. ridibundus . breadth and highly adaptable to a wide range of diets and habitats. Digeneans are usually well represented in species of Rana . In R. macrocnemis they are The acanthocephalan found in almost all well represented in Lake Karagöl, but poorly species of anurans reported was A. ranae with represented in the same host from Anatolia. an occasional presence of another species or two such as Pomphorhynchus spp. or Similarly, in P. ridibundus , digeneans were well Centrorhynchus sp. The finding of a large represented in certain areas such as Antalya population of P. spindletruncatus in P. but less represented in other areas such as ridibundus (see also Heckmann et al., 2010) is Hazar Lake which appears to be less populated highly unusual as this pomphorhynchid with Mollusca. The metacercariae of E. acanthocephalan was originally described from colubrimurorum found in H. arborea and P. freshwater fish in Iraq (Amin et al., 2003). ridibundus , apparently use these hosts as Pomphorhynchus laevis is also a common fish second intermediate/transport hosts thus parasite in Europe. The rare finding of becoming available to their reptilian definitive Centrorhynchus sp. in R. ridibunda must reflect hosts. Yıldırımhan et al. (2007) reported grass a case of an amphibian paratenic host for this snakes as definitive hosts of E. colubrimurorum , bird parasite. The finding of among other parasites, in Turkey. Pseudoacanthocephalus caucasicus in P. caucasicus and P. ridibundus is in accord with Cestodes, as a group, were rather poorly the presence of this acanthocephalan genus in represented, if present at all. Nematotaenia amphibians (Amin et al., 2008). The largest dispar and/or Proteocephalus sp . were only population of acanthocephalans comprising 5 found in B. viridis , H. arborea , R. camerani , and species was reported in P. ridibundus. P. ridibundus . This clearly suggests that the of developmental hosts in the waters that the

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The record of the juvenile leech H. medicinalis were reported in Turkish anurans except P. in R. ridibunda is of interest and poses the integerrimum. In north and northeast Iran, B. question of whether this leech uses amphibians viridis was infected with P. viridis (Monogenea), as transport hosts during its developmental N. dispar (Cestoda), Cosmocerca sp. and R. cycle. bufonis (Nematoda) (Mashaii et al., 2008); the same species reported in Turkey. In southwest The larger picture Iran, B. viridis was infected with P. viridis (Monogenea), H. cylindracea (Digenea), N. Hosts and parasites do not know political dispar (Cestoda) and cyticercoids of borders. Many of the anuran species reported Diplopylidium acanthotetra (Parona, 1887) here in, have a range of distribution that Beddard, 1913 (Cestoda), Aplectana sp., C. extends well beyond the borders of Turkey. commutata , C. ornata , and R. bufonis The overall richness of their parasitic fauna (Nematoda) (Mashaii, 2005); all species were covers that known from Turkey as well as reported in Turkish anurans except D. those from other geographies elsewhere in acanthotetra. Fotedar (1959) described Ganeo Europe and the Middle East. Habitas outside of bufonis and reported Ganeo tigrinum (Digenea) Turkey may support similar or different from B. viridis in Kashmir; both species are invertebrate intermediate host faunas. The foreign to Turkey. In southern Kuwait, B. viridis following is not a comprehensive listing but was infected with P. integerrimum rather examples drawn from some (Monogenea), Sonsinotrema tacapense parasitological studies in other countries on (Sonsino, 1894) (Digenea), N. dispar (Cestoda), selected anuran species reported from Turkey Aplectana macintoshii (Stewart, 1914), C. (above). ornata , R. bufonis (Nematoda) (Sey and Al- Ghaith, 2000); the 2 trematode species and the The parasitic fauna of B. bufo in neighbouring nematode A. macintoshii are not known in Italy included similar species of nematodes, Turkish anurans. e.g., C. ornata , O. filiformis , and O. brevicaudatum (see Galli et al., 2001). Only one Hyla arborea from northern Iraq harbored a species of nematode, R. bufonis , was found in B. depopulated parasite fauna comprising only N. regularis both in Nigeria and Turkey. Four dispar (Cestoda) (Saeed et al., 2007). No other nematode and trematode parasites in the reports of H. savignyi parasites are known in African B. regularis were not represented in the Turkey. However, this tree frog was also Turkish fauna (Nworah and Olorunfemi, 2011). infected in Jordan with the cestode N. dispar only (Al-Sorkhy and Amr, 2003), in Iran with P. Bufo (Pseudepidalea) viridis has a wide range of viridis (Monogenea), N. dispar , and the distribution outside of Turkey where it has nematode Aplectana sp. (Mashaii, 2005). All are been reported with mixed parasitic infections. species found in other Turkish anurans. In Iraq, it was found infected with 2 nematode species, O. filiformis as well as with There are no reports of parasites of P. Cosmocercoides variabilis (Harwood, 1930) bedriagae in Turkey but this frog was found (see Jasim, 2008); only Cosmocercoides sp. infected with 1 digenean, and 1 cestode infected B. viridis in Turkey. In an expanded species, P. confusus and N. dispar also found in report from the same host and the same area in Turkish anurans and a different digenean Iraq, Mohammad et al. (2010) reported species Pleurogenoides tacapensis Sonsino, Proteocephalus sp. and N. dispar (Cestoda) and 1894 in Jordan (Al-Sorkhy and Amr, 2003). C. commutata , C. variabilis , O. filiformis , and R. bufonis (Nematoda); all parasites are reported Rana ridibunda in Saudi Arabia was infected from Turkish anurans except C. variabilis . Bufo with parasites totally foreign to the Turkish viridis in Northern Iraq, was found infected fauna such as Waltonia duboisi Leiper, 1911 with Polystoma integerrimum (Frölich, 1791) (Nematoda) (Al Saqabi, 2006 and Al-Attar, (Monogenea), N. dispar (cestoda), A. acuminata , 2010) and Pseudosonsinotrema saudii C. ornata , O. filiformis , Oxysomatium sp., and R. Ramadan, Banaja, Saoud, 1980 () bufonis (Nematoda) by Saeed et al. (2007); all (Ramadan et al., 1980). In southwest Iran, it

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was infected only with Aplectana sp. Research Projects Unit (Project No: BAP- (Nematoda) and metacercariae of C. Urniger 2005/74). (Rudolphi, 1819) (Digenea) (Mashaii, 2005); both parasites are known in Turkish anurans. Saeed et al. (2007) reported the most diverse References trematode population of R. ridibunda outside of Turkey in northern Iraq. They were Al-Attar A.M. 2010. Hematological, biochemical and Gorgoderina amplicava (Looss, 1899), histopathological studies on march frog, Rana Gorgoderina euzeti (Less and Combes, 1968), ridibunda , naturally infected with Waltonia Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson, 1876), duboisi . Intern. J. Zool. Res. 6:1-15. Haplometra cylindracea (Zeder, 1800), Al Saqabi S.M. 2006. Some intestinal and blood Haematoloechus asper (Looss, 1899), parasites infection in the frog Rana ridibunda in Haematoloechus similis (Looss, 1899), Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci Res. 24:151-159. Al-Sorkhy M.K., Amr Z. 2003. Platyhelminth Haematoloechus vitelloconfleuntum (Rai, 1962), parasites of some amphibians in Jordan. Turk. J. Haematoloechus volgensis (Sudarikov, 1950), Zool. 27:89-93. Opisthioglyphe ranae (Froelich, 1791), Amin O.M., Abdullah S.A., Mhaisen F.T. 2003. Pleurogenoides gastroporous (Lühe, 1901), Description of Pomphorhynchus Pleurogenoides medians (Olsson, 1876), spindletruncatus n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Pleurogenoides stromi (Travassos, 1930), Pomphorhynchidae) from freshwater fishes in Prosotocus confusus (Looss, 1894), Prosotocus northern Iraq, with the erection of a new fuelleborni (Travassos, 1930), and pomphorhynchis genus, Pyriproboscis n. gen. Sonsinotrema tacapense (Sonsino, 1894). Only and keys to the the genera of O. ranae , P. confusus , P. medians , and P. stromi Pomphorhynchidae and the species of Pomphorhynchus Monticelli, 1905. Syst. are known from Turkish amphibians. Saeed et Parasitol. 54:229-235. al. (2007) also reported 3 species of nematodes Amin O.M., Ha N.V., Heckmann R.A. 2008. New and common in Turkish anurans, Aplectana sp., C. already known acanthocephalans from commutata , and C. ornata . The great disparity amphibians and reptiles in Vietnam, with keys in the patrasite population diversity of R. to species of Pseudoacanthocephalus ridibunda between southwest Iran and Petrochenko, 1956 (Echinorhynchidae) and northern Iraq probably reflects differences in Sphaerechinorhynchus Johnston and Deland, the richness of the habitat support system of 1929 (Plagirhynchidae). J. Parasitol. 94:181- the intermediate hosts. That rich system in 189. northern Iraq, however, did not seem to Atatür M.K., Arıkan H., Mermer A. 1993. A Preliminary study on the feeding biology of a support infections with monogenetic Rana ridibunda (Anura, Ranidae) population trematodes, cestodes or acanthocephalans. In from Beyşehir Lake. Turk. J. Zool. 17:127-131. Uzbekistan, R. ridibunda was found infected (in Turkish with English abstract) with 10 species of trematodes, 3 species of Baran I., Atatür M.K. 1986. A taxonomical survey of cestodes, 9 species of nematodes, and 4 species the mountain frogs of Anatolia. Amphibia- of acanthocephalans whose identity was not Reptilia 7:115-133. available (Ikromov et al., 2004). Baran I., Atatür M.K. 1998. Turkish Herpetofauna (Amphibians and Reptiles). Repub. Turk., Acknowledgements Minist. Environ. Publ., Ankara. 214 pp. ISBN: 975-7347-38-8. Biserkov V.Y., Yildirimhan H.S., Buchvarov G., Authors grateful to Prof. Dr. İsmail Hakkı Uğurtaş I.H. 2001. Polystoma macrocnemis n. sp. Uğurtaş (Uludağ University, Faculty of Arts and (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from the Iranian Sciences department of Biology) for earlier longlegged wood frog Ranamacrocnemis contibution of Rana dalmatina data, and also (Ranidae) in Turkey. Syst. Parasitol. 48:61-66. The Scientific and Technological Research Budak A., Göçmen B. 2008. Herpetoloji (İkinci Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK) (Project no: Baskı). Fen Fakültesi Yayın no: 194: Ege Üniv. 107T917), and Pamukkale University Scientific Yayınları. (in Turkish) Research Projects Unit. (Project no: Çiçek K., Mermer A. 2006. Feeding Biology of the 2008BSP005) and Atatürk University Scientific Marsh Frog, Rana ridibunda Pallas 1771, (Anura, Ranidae) In Turkey’s Lake District. NW J. Zool. 2: 57-72.

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Çiçek K., Mermer A. 2007. Food Composition of the Düşen S. 2012. First data on helminthfauna of the Marsh Frog, Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771, in locally distributed a mountain frog, “Tavas Thrace. Turk. J. Zool. 31: 83-90. Frog”, Rana tavasensis Baran and Atatür, 1986 Çolak-Yılmaz Z., Kutrup B. 2006. Seasonal changes (Anura: Ranidae), from Inner-West Anatolia in the diet of Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771 Region, Turkey. Tr. J. Zoology doi:10.3906/zoo- (Anura: Ranidae) from the Gorele River, 0909-15 (in press). Giresun, Turkey. Proceedings of the 13th Fotedar D.N. 1959. On a new species of the genus Congress of the Societas Europaea Ganeo Klein, 1905 and some notes on the genus. Herpetologica, M. Vences, J. Köhler, T. Ziegler, J. Helminthol. 33:151-160. W. Böhme (Eds.), Herpetologia Bonnensis II, pp. Galli F., Crosa G., Gentilli A. Santagostino M. 2001. 201-204. New geographical records of parasitic Düşen S. 2003. The helminth fauna of tailless frog nematodes from Bufo bufo in Italy. species (Ordo: Anura) distributed in Antalya. Parassitologia 43:147-149. PhD thesis, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey, Heckmann R.A., Oguz M.C., Amin O.M., Düşen S., 116 pp. Tepe Y., Aslan B. 2010. Host and geographical Düşen S. 2007. Helminths of the two mountain distribution of Pomphorhynchus frogs, Banded frog, Rana camerani Boulenger, spindletruncatus (Acanthocephala: 1886 and Uludağ Frog Rana macrocnemis Pomphorhynchidae) in Turkey, with enhanced Boulenger, 1885 (Anura: Ranidae), collected description from new fish and amphibian hosts from Antalya Province. Acta Parasitol. Turk. using SEM, and histopathological notes. Sci. 31:84-88. Parasitol. 11:129-139. Düşen S. 2008. A study on the helminth fauna of Heckmann R.A., Amin O.M., Tepe Y., Düşen S., Oguz frog species (Salamandridae and Hylidae) M.C. 2011. Acanthocephalus ranae distributing in Denizli Region. Pamukkale Univ. (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from Sci. Res. Proj. Unit. Proj. no: 2008BSP005- 2009. amphibians in Turkey, with special reference to Düşen S. 2011. The helminth parasites of two new morphological features revealed by SEM, bufonid , European , Bufo and histopathology. Sci. Parasitol. 12:23-32. bufo (Linneaus, 1758) and European green toad IUCN. 2011. http:/www.iucnredlist.org/apps/ Bufo (Pseudepidalea ) viridis Laurenti, 1768 redlist/details/135806/0 (anura: Bufonidae), collected from Denizli Ikromov E.F., Azimov J.A., Cho M.R. 2004. The Province, Inner West Anatolia Region, Turkey. helminth fauna of lake frog Rana ridibunda Helminthologia 48:101-107. (Pallas, 1771) in Ferghana Valley, Uzbekistan. J. Düşen S., Öz M. 2004. Helminth parasites of the tree Asia Pac. Entomol. 7:137-141. frog, Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Jasim S.Y. 2008. Some nematode parasites in the Hylidae) from Southwest Turkey. Comp. green toad Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768 in Parasitol. 71(2):258-261. Baghdad area, Central Iraq. Bull. Iraq Nat. Hist. Düşen S., Öz M. 2006. Parasitic helminths of the Mus. 10:37-43. marsh frog, Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771 (Anura: Kır İ., Yıldırım M.Z., Becer A., İkiz R. 2001. Eğirdir Ranidae), from Antalya Province, south-west Gölü Ova Kurbağalarının ( Rana ridibunda Pallas Turkey. Comp. Parasitol. 73:121-129. 1771; Anura: Ranidae) beslenmesi ve Düşen S., Oğuz M.C. 2008. Occurence of Parazitleri. Acta Parasitol. Turk . 25:83-87. (in Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) in the Turkish, with English Abstract) Marsh Frog ( Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771), from Mashaii N. 2005. Helminth parasites of green toad, Turkey. Helminthologia 45(3):154-156. Bufo viridis (Anura: Bufonidae), tree frog. Hyla Düşen S., Uğurtaş İ. H., Aydoğdu A., Oğuz M.C. 2009. arborea savignyi (Anura Hylidae) and march The helminth community of the Agile frog, Rana frog, Rana ridibunda ridibunda (Anura: Ranidae) dalmatina Bonaparte, 1839 (Anura: Ranidae) from southwest Iran. Iran. J. Vet. Res. 6:67-73. Collected from Northwest of Turkey. Mashaii N., Balouch M., Mobedi I. 2008. A report Helminthologia 46:177-182. about helminth parasites of some amphibians Düşen S., Oğuz M.C. 2010. Metazoan endoparasites (Anura: Ranidae, Bufonidae). JSUT 33:9-13. of three species of anurans collected from the Mohammad K.M., Al-Moussawi A.A., Jasim S.Y. 2010. Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Helminthol. Helminth parasites of the green toad Bufo viridis 47:226-232. Laurenti, 1768 in Baghdad area, Central Iraq. Düşen S., Oğuz M.C., Barton D.P., Aral A., Şulekoğlu Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci. 2:17-25. S., Tepe Y. 2010. A Metazoan Parasitological Nworah D.C., Olorunfemi O.J. 2011. The helminth Research of Three Species of Anurans parasitifauna of Bufo regularis (Reuss) in Awka, Collectedfrom the Çanakkale Province, Anambra State, Nigeria. Intern. J. Parasitol. Res. Northwestern Turkey. North-West J. Zool. 3:26-30. 6(1):25-35. 15 Sci Parasitol 13(1):1-16, March 2012 ISSN 1582-1366 REVIEW ARTICLE

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