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LEVANTEN BATAKLIK KURBAĞASI, Pelophylax Bedriagae'nġn

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LEVANTEN BATAKLIK KURBAĞASI, Pelophylax Bedriagae'nġn v EGE ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ (YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ) LEVANTEN BATAKLIK KURBAĞASI, Pelophylax bedriagae’NĠN (CAMERANO, 1882) (ANURA: RANIDAE) SÜLÜKLÜ GÖL’DEKĠ (MANĠSA) YAġAM DÖNGÜSÜ Ġlhan Bayryam ĠSMAĠL Tez DanıĢmanı : Doç. Dr. Kerim ÇĠÇEK Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı SunuĢ Tarihi : 04.08.2016 Bornova-ĠZMĠR 2016 vi vii Ġlhan Bayryam ĠSMAĠL tarafından Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak sunulan “Levanten Bataklık Kurbağası, Pelophylax bedriagae’nin (Camerano, 1882) (Anura: Ranidae) Sülüklü Göl’deki (Manisa) yaĢam döngüsü” başlıklı bu çalışma E.Ü. Lisansüstü Eğitim ve Öğretim Yönetmeliği ile E.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Eğitim ve Öğretim Yönergesi‟nin ilgili hükümleri uyarınca tarafımızdan değerlendirilerek savunmaya değer bulunmuş ve 04 Ağustos 2016 tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavında aday oybirliği ile başarılı bulunmuştur. Jüri Üyeleri: Ġmza Jüri BaĢkanı : Prof. Dr. Dinçer AYAZ ................................. Raportör Üye : Doç. Dr. Kerim ÇİÇEK ..................................... Üye :Yrd. Doç. Dr. Murat AFSAR .................................. viii v EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ETİK KURALLARA UYGUNLUK BEYANI E.Ü. Lisansüstü Eğitim ve Öğretim Yönetmeliğinin ilgili hükümleri uyarınca Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak sunduğum “Levanten Bataklık Kurbağası, Pelophylax bedriagae’nin (Camerano, 1882) (Anura: Ranidae) Sülüklü Göl’deki (Manisa) yaĢam döngüsü” başlıklı bu tezin kendi çalışmam olduğunu, sunduğum tüm sonuç, doküman, bilgi ve belgeleri bizzat ve bu tez çalışması kapsamında elde ettiğimi, bu tez çalışmasıyla elde edilmeyen bütün bilgi ve yorumlara atıf yaptığımı ve bunları kaynaklar listesinde usulüne uygun olarak verdiğimi, tez çalışması ve yazımı sırasında patent ve telif haklarını ihlal edici bir davranışımın olmadığını, bu tezin herhangi bir bölümünü bu üniversite veya diğer bir üniversitede başka bir tez çalışması içinde sunmadığımı, bu tezin planlanmasından yazımına kadar bütün safhalarda bilimsel etik kurallarına uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul edeceğimi beyan ederim. 04/08/ 2016 İmzası Adı-Soyadı İlhan Bayryam İSMAİL vi vii ÖZET LEVANTEN BATAKLIK KURBAĞASI, Pelophylax BEDRİAGAE’NĠN (CAMERANO, 1882) (ANURA: RANIDAE) SÜLÜKLÜ GÖL’DEKĠ (MANĠSA) YAġAM DÖNGÜSÜ ĠSMAĠL, Ġlhan Bayryam Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Tez DanıĢmanı: Doç. Dr. Kerim ÇĠÇEK Ağustos 2016, 55 Sayfa Bu çalışmada, Levanten bataklık kurbağasının (Pelophylax bedriagae) Sülüklü Göl‟deki (Manisa) popülasyon büyüklüğü, yaş yapısı, büyüme oranı ve üreme ekolojisi hakkında bilgi edinilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre; Nisan–Mayıs 2015 tarihleri arasında yapılan 6 örneklemede; 89 genç, 536 erkek ve 750 dişi olmak üzere toplamda 1375 birey markalanmış ve 259 birey (1 genç, 109 erkek ve 149 dişi) tekrar yakalanmıştır. Pelophylax bedriagae popülasyonunun büyüklüğü 1362 birey (1140–1732), yakalanma olasılığı 0,46 (0,10-0,48), hayatta kalma oranı 0,70 (0,60-0,78) ve popülasyona katılma oranı 0,16 (0,14-0,77) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Popülasyonda ortalama yaş 3,6 yıl (1-9) olup, gençlerde 1 yıl, erkeklerde 3,5 yıl (min-maks= 1- 7) ve dişilerde 4,3 yıl (1-9) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bireyler Şubat‟ın ikinci yarısından itibaren hibernasyondan çıkmakta ve Nisan ayının ikinci yarısından itibaren ampleksuslar gözlenmeye başlanmaktadır. En yüksek aktivite Nisan–Haziran arasında olup Temmuz ayından itibaren kademeli olarak aktivitede azalma gözlenmektedir. Laboratuvarda takip edilen yumurtalar 3–6 gün aralığında açılmış ve metamorfoz 45–60 gün aralığında, Sülüklü Göl‟de ise 75 günde tamamlandığı gözlenmiştir. Metamorfozu tamamlayan bireyler 23,8 mm (20,4-30,8) boyundadır. Türün popülasyonunu tehdit eden potansiyel etkenler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: Pelophylax bedriagae, Levanten Bataklık Kurbağası, Sülüklü Göl ( Manisa), üreme ekolojisi, popülasyon büyüklüğü. viii ix ABSTRACT LIFE CYCLE OF LEVANT WATER FROG, Pelophylax bedriagae (CAMERANO, 1882) (AMPHIBIA: ANURA: RANIDAE) IN LAKE SÜLÜKLÜ (MANĠSA) ĠSMAĠL, Ġlhan Bayryam MSc in Biology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kerim ÇĠÇEK August 2016, 55 Pages In this study, it is aimed to obtain information about the reproductive ecology, population size, age structure, growth rate and reproductive ecology of Levantine Marsh Frog (Pelophylax bedriagae) in Lake Sülüklü (Manisa). According to the data obtained; for 6 sampling made between on April- May 2015; a total of 1375 individuals including 89 juvenile, 536 male and 750 female captured and 259 individuals (1 juvenile, 109 male and 149 female) were recaptured. It is calculated as population size of Pelophylax bedriagae was 1362 individuals (1140–1732), capture probability was 0,46 (0,10-0,48), survival rate was 0,70 (0,60-0,78) and probability to entrance was 0,16 (0,14–0,77). The average age in the population was estimated as 3.6 years (1-9), 1 year in juveniles, 3,5 years in males (min-max= 1-7) and 4,3 years (1-9) in females. Since the second half of February individuals were out of hibernation and amplexus was observed on the second half of April. The highest activity was in April–June, gradual decrease in activity was observed in July. The eggs monitored in laboratory were opened in the range of 3-6 days, metamorphosis in 45-60 days, but in Lake Sülüklü it was observed to be completed in 75 days. Height of individuals completing metamorphosis was 23.8 mm (20.4 to 30.8). Potential factors that threatening the population have been determined. Key Words: Pelophylax bedriagae, Levant Water Frog, Lake Sülüklü (Manisa), life cycle, population. x xi TEġEKKÜR Bu araştırma konusunu öneren ve çalışmam süresince her aşamada bilgisini ve desteğini esirgemeyen danışmanım Sayın Doç. Dr. Kerim ÇİÇEK‟e, araştırma süresince ve arazi çalışmalarında yardımlarından dolayı Doktora öğencileri Oğuzkan CUMHURİYET ve Burak GÖKÇE‟ye, Yüksek Lisans öğrencileri Dilara KIZIL ve Gülşah KARATEPELİ‟ye, Araştırma Görevlileri M. Süleyman İlhan ve Irmak KURTUL‟a, Lisans öğrencisi Tuğberk DEMİRALP‟e teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca çalışmaya 2014-Fen-044 numaralı proje kapsamında maddi olarak destek sağlayan E. Ü. Rektörlüğü Araştırma Fon Saymanlığına, Yüksek Lisans öğrenimim süresince benden desteklerini esirgemeyen fedakar babam Bayram TUNA ve aileme en içten teşekkürlerimi sunarım. xii xiii ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER Sayfa ÖZET ............................................................................................................... …vii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………....ix TEŞEKKÜR .........................................................................................................xi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ .............................................................................................. xv ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ........................................................................................xvi KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ………………………………………………………xvii 1. GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................... 1 2. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM ............................................................................... 3 2.1. Çalışma Alanı ................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Arazi Çalışmaları .............................................................................................. 4 2.3. Popülasyon Dinamiği Çalışmaları .................................................................... 5 2.4. Popülasyon Yaşının Hesaplanması ................................................................... 6 2.5. Yaşam Döngüsü ve Üreme Ekolojisi Çalışmaları ............................................ 7 3. BULGULAR........................................................................................................ 9 3.1. Popülasyon Dinamiği ....................................................................................... 9 3.2. Popülasyon Yaşı ............................................................................................. 13 3.3. Yaşam Döngüsü ve Üreme Ekolojisi .............................................................. 17 4. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ .................................................................................. 42 4.1. Popülasyon dinamiği ...................................................................................... 42 4.2. Popülasyon Yaşı ............................................................................................. 44 4.3. Yaşam Döngüsü ve Üreme Ekolojisi .............................................................. 45 KAYNAKLAR DİZİNİ ......................................................................................... 48 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ........................................................................................................... 55 xiv ġEKĠLLER DĠZĠNĠ Şekil Sayfa 2.1. Sülüklü Göl‟ün (Spil Dağı, Manisa) genel görünümü. .....................................3 2.2. Sülüklü Göl ve çevresinin (Spil Dağı, Manisa) uydu görüntüleri. ....................4 2.3. Arazi çalışmaları ...............................................................................................4 2.4. VIE ile markalanmış bireylerin görünümü. ......................................................5 2.5. Larvaların ölçüm taslağ; vücut uzunluğu (BUM), toplam uzunluk (TU), kuyruk genişliği (KG), kuyruk kası genişliği (KKG), iki göz arası mesafe (İGM) ve burun delikleri arası mesafe ı (Altig and McDiarmid, 1999) ..............................8 3.1. Pelophylax bedriagae‟nin Sülüklü Göl‟de örneklemelere göre yakalanan toplam birey sayısı (markalılar
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