Lecture № 5 The theme: ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FAMOUS WRITERS, POETS AND PLAYWRIGHTS Plan: 1. Introduction. 2. The life and creative activity of William Shakespeare. 3. The life and creative activity of Charles John Huffam Dickens. 4. The life and creative activity of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain). 5. The life and creative activity of Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser (Theodore Dreiser). 6. The life and creative activity of James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (James Joyce). 7. The life and creative activity of Ernest Miller Hemingway (Ernest Miller Hemingway). 8. Exercises for the consolidation of the lecture. 9. Assessment. 1. Introduction.
At the end of the 20 th century new writers, poets and playwright appeared. During the 1970s and early 1980s, such writers as Greene, Lessing and Le Carre continued to produce important novels. Modern writers are creating their works in different genres and various themes. John Fowler combined adventure and mystery in such novels as “The French Lieutenant's Woman” (1969), Margaret Drabble described the complex lives of educated middle-class people in London in “The Garrick Years”(1964), “The Middle Ground”(1980) and other novels. Iris Murdoch's novels are psychological studies of upper middle-class intellectuals.
The three leading English poets today are Ted Hughes, Philip Larkin, and Donald Davie. Ted Hughs produced a major work in his cycle of “Crow” poems (1970-1971). Philip Larkin's verse has been published in his collection “High
1 Windows” (1974). Many of Davie's poems were collected in “In the Stopping Train” (1977).
Drama is also flourishing in today's English literature. At the end of the XX century Harold Pinter continued to write disturbing plays. His plays “No Man's Land”(1975), and “Betrayal” (1978) are highly individual. English playwright Tom Stoppard won praise for the verbal brilliance, intricate plots, and philosophical themes of his plays. His “Jumpers”(1972) and “Travesties” (1974) are among the most original works in Modern English drama. David Hare in his “Plenty”( 1978) wrote about the decline in postwar English society. The dramatist Simon Gray created vivid portraits of troubled intellectuals in “Butley” (1971) and “Otherwise Engaged” (1975). Peter Shaffer wrote a complex drama about composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, entitled “Amadeus” (1979). Caryl Churchill wrote mixing past and present in her comedy “Cloud Nine” (1981) and created an imaginative feminist play “Top Girls” (1982).
Thus, English poets, writers and dramatists are continuing to create their masterpieces and are still enriching the world literature with their original works, so the process is going on.
As the theme of our lecture is about famous English and American writers, poets and playwrights below we shall deal with the description of the life and creative activities of the most famous English and American writers, poets and playwrights who made their great contribution to the development of English and American as well as World literature.
2. The life and creative activity of William Shakespeare.
William Shakespeare (baptized 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His
2 surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwrights. Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592 he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King‘s Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at the age of 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, two of his former theatrical colleagues published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognized as Shakespeare's. Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw called "bardolatry". In the 20th century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today
3 and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptized there on April 26, 1564. His actual birthdate remains unknown, but is traditionally observed on April 23, St George's Day. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholar's mistake, has proved appealing to biographers, since Shakespeare died April 23, 1616. He was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated at the King‘s New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile from his home. Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but the grammar curriculum was standardized by royal decree throughout England and the school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar based upon Latin classical authors. At the age of 18 Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage license on November 27, 1582. The next day two of Hathaway's neighbors posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The ceremony may have been arranged in some haste, since the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read once instead of the usual three times and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptized on May 26, 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised on February 2, 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried on August 11, 1596. After the birth of the twins Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592 and scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers
4 attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare’s first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th- century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London. John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars have suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. No evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area. Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 and was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607 and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare’s death.
3. The life and creative activity of Charles John Huffam Dickens. Charles Dickens (7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870)
Charles John Huffam Dickens (tʃɑ:rlz dɪkɪnz) was an English writer and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters. During his lifetime Dickens' works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and fame, but it was in the twentieth century that his literary genius was fully recognized by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to enjoy an enduring popularity among the general reading public. Born in Portsmouth, England, Dickens left school to work in a factory after his father was thrown into debtors' prison. Though he had little formal education, he was driven to succeed because of his impoverished early life. He edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels and hundreds of short stories and
5 non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, and campaigned for children's rights, education, and other social reforms. Dickens rocketed to fame with the 1836 serial publication of the Pickwick Papers, and within a few years he became an international literary celebrity known for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly installments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. The installment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback. Though his plots were carefully constructed, Dickens would often weave in elements harvested from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers. Dickens was regarded as the 'literary colossus' of his age. His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, is one of the most influential works ever written, and it remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. His creative genius has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to G. K. Chesterton and George Orwell—for its realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterizations, and social criticism. Others have been dismissive: Henry James thought his novels betrayed a 'cavalier organization', that his characters lacked psychological depth, and denied him a premier position as an artist, calling him 'the greatest of superficial novelists.' Virginia Woolf had a love-hate relationship with his works, finding his novels 'mesmerizing‘ while reproving him for his sentimentalism and a commonplace style. Charles Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at Landport in Portsea, the second of eight children to John and Elizabeth Dickens. His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily on duty in the district. Very soon after the birth of Charles the family moved to Norfolk Street, Bloomsbury and then when he was four to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early years seem to have been idyllic, though he thought himself a
6 "very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy". Charles spent time outdoors, but also read voraciously, especially the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding. He retained poignant memories of childhood, helped by a near near-photographic memory of the people and events, which he used in his writing. His father's brief period as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded him a few years of private education, first at a dame-school, and then at a school run by William Giles, a dissenter, in Chatham. This period came to an abrupt end when, because of financial difficulties, the Dickens family moved from Kent to Camden Town in London in 1822. Prone to living beyond his means John Dickens was eventually imprisoned in the Marshalsea debtors prison in Southwark London in 1824. Shortly afterwards, his wife and the youngest children joined him there. Charles, then 12 years old, was boarded with Elizabeth Roylance, a family friend, in Camden Town. Righteous anger stemming from his own situation and the conditions under which working-class people lived became major themes of his works, and it was this unhappy period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite and most autobiographical, novel, David Copperfield:"I had no advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no assistance, no support, of any kind, from anyone, that I can call to mind, as I hope to go to heaven!" In 1830 Dickens met his first love, Maria Beadnell, thought to have been the model for the character Dora in David Copperfield. Maria's parents disapproved of the courtship and effectively ended the relationship by sending her to school in Paris. On 2 April 1836, he married Catherine Thomson Hogarth (1816–1879), the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the Evening Chronicle. After a brief honeymoon in Chalk, Kent, they set up home in Bloomsbury. They had ten children: Charles Culliford Boz Dickens (C. C. B. Dickens), later known as Charles Dickens, Jr., Mary Dickens, Kate Macready Dickens, Walter Landor Dickens, Francis Jeffrey Dickens, Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens, Sydney
7 Smith Haldimand Dickens, Sir Henry Fielding Dickens, Dora Annie Dickens, Edward Dickens. Charles Dickens died at his residence, Higham, near Rochester, Kent, 9 June 1870, aged 58 years. 4. The life and creative activity of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain). Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910) Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) the latter often called "the Great American Novel." Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion's newspaper. After toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River, before heading west to join Orion. He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", which became very popular and brought nationwide attention. His travelogues were also well-received. Twain had found his calling. He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker. His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists and European royalty. He lacked financial acumen and, though he made a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he squandered it on various ventures, in particular the Paige Compositor, and was forced to declare bankruptcy. With the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers he eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain worked hard to ensure that all of his creditors were paid in full, even though his bankruptcy had relieved him of the legal responsibility. Twain was born during a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted that he would "go out with it" as well. He died the day following the comet's subsequent return.
8 He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age” and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature." Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri on November 30, 1835. He was the son of Jane (nйe Lampton; 1803–1890), a native of Kentucky, and John Marshall Clemens (1798–1847), a Virginian by birth. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri and were married several years later, in 1823. He was the sixth of seven children but only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (1825–1897), Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (1838–1858), and Pamela (1827–1904). His sister Margaret (1833– 1839) died when he was three, and his brother Benjamin (1832–1842) died three years later. Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at six months. Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. When he was four, Twain's family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing. Twain's father was an attorney and judge.The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. It delivered mail to and from the Pony Express. In 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia. The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the newly formed International Typographical Union, the printers union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. Clemens came from St. Louis on the packet Keokuk in
9 1854 and lived in Muscatine during part of the summer of 1855. The Muscatine newspaper published eight stories which amounted to almost 6,000 words. In February 1870, Twain and Langdon were married in Elmira, New York. The couple lived in Buffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo Express newspaper and worked as an editor and writer. While living in Buffalo, their son Langdon died of diphtheria at 19 months. They had three daughters: Susy (1872–1896), Clara (1874–1962) and Jean (1880–1909). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904. All of the Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery. Twain moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut, where starting in 1873, he arranged the building of a home (local admirers saved it from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned it into a museum focused on him). During his seventeen years in Hartford (1874–1891) and over twenty summers at Quarry Farm, Twain wrote many of his classic novels, among them The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Prince and the Pauper (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889). Twain made a second tour of Europe, described in the 1880 book A Tramp Abroad. His tour included a stay in Heidelberg from May 6 until July 23, 1878, and a visit to London. Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut. 5. The life and creative activity of Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser. Theodore Dreiser (August 27, 1871 – December 28, 1945) Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser was an American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school. His novels often featured main characters who succeeded at their objectives despite a lack of a firm moral code, and literary situations that more closely resemble studies of nature than tales of choice and agency. Dreiser's best known novels include Sister Carrie (1900) and An American Tragedy (1925).
10 Theodore Dreiser was born in Terre Haute, Indiana and baptized as Herman Theodore Dreiser. He was the ninth of ten surviving children (three others died as infants). His father had emigrated from Mayen, Germany in 1844, worked briefly in New England wool mills, and then moved to the Midwest, where large numbers of Germans had settled. He went first to Dayton, Ohio, where he met Sarah, the daughter of a Mennonite family that had come to Ohio from Pennsylvania. Since he was a Roman Catholic and her family was strongly anti-papist, religious tensions forced the couple to elope. When they married in 1851, Sarah was seventeen and Johann twelve years her senior. They moved to Indiana, first to Fort Wayne and then to Terre Haute. Johann became a moderately successful wool dealer and prospered enough to be able to strike out on his own and become the proprietor of a wool mill in Sullivan, Indiana. In 1869 their fortunes changed for the worse when a fire destroyed the mill, leaving Johann with a debilitating injury. The fire, the downturn of the wool industry after the Civil War, and the national economic depression of the early 1870s resulted in long periods of unemployment. As Dreiser recorded in memoirs, the family never recovered financially or psychologically from this economic fall from grace. Dreiser's childhood coincided with the family's hard times. Consequently, his earliest memories included the joblessness of his father and older siblings, as well as the constant search for economic stability. In his first sixteen years he lived in five different towns in Indiana (as well as in Chicago for a few months), at times relocating only with his mother and the two other younger children, Ed and Claire. As a result, his youth was emotionally unstable and he had few educational opportunities, which was a special hardship for such a bookish boy. This time was further darkened by the strict Roman Catholic training he received in German American parochial schools, an experience that informed his later critique of Catholicism and deeply influenced his quest for alternative forms of religious experience. After graduating from high school in Warsaw, IN, Theodore attended Indiana University in the years 1889-1890 before dropping out. Within several
11 years, he was writing for the Chicago Globe newspaper and then the St. Louis Globe-Democrat. He wrote several articles on writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, William Dean Howells, Israel Zangwill, John Burroughs, and interviewed public figures such as Andrew Carnegie, Marshall Field, Thomas Edison, and Theodore Thomas. Other interviewees included Lillian Nordica, Emilia E. Barr, Philip Armour and Alfred Stieglitz. After proposing in 1893, he married Sara White on December 28, 1898. They ultimately separated in 1909, partly as a result of Dreiser's infatuation with Thelma Cudlipp, the teenage daughter of a work colleague, but were never formally divorced. Dreiser also lived with the actress and painter Kyra Markham (who was much younger than him) in the 1930s. In 1919 Dreiser met his cousin Helen Richardson with whom he began an affair with sado-masochistic elements. They eventually married on June 13, 1944. His first novel, Sister Carrie, published in 1900 tells the story of a woman who flees her country life for the city (Chicago) and there lives a life far from a Victorian ideal. It sold poorly and was not widely promoted largely because of moral objections to the depiction of a country girl who pursues her dreams of fame and fortune through relationships to men. The book has since acquired a considerable reputation. It has been called the "greatest of all American urban novels." He witnessed a lynching in 1893 and wrote the short story, Nigger Jeff, which appeared in Ainslee's Magazine in 1901. His second novel, Jennie Gerhardt, was published in 1911. His first commercial success was An American Tragedy, published in 1925, which was made into a film in 1931 and again in 1951 (as A Place in the Sun). Though primarily known as a novelist, Dreiser published his first collection of short stories, Free and Other Stories in 1918. The collection contained 11 stories. Another story, "My Brother Paul", was a brief biography of his older brother, Paul Dresser, who was a famous songwriter in the 1890s. This story was the basis for the 1942 romantic movie, "My Gal Sal".
12 Dreiser also wrote poetry. His poem "The Aspirant" continues his theme of poverty and ambition, as a young man in a shabby furnished room describes his own and the other tenants' dreams, and asks "why? why?" The poem appeared in The Poetry Quartos, collected and printed by Paul Johnston, and published by Random House in 1929. Other works include Trilogy of Desire, which was based on the life of the Chicago streetcar tycoon Charles Tyson Yerkes and composed of The Financier (1912), The Titan (1914), and The Stoic. The last was published posthumously in 1947. Dreiser died on December 28, 1945 in Hollywood at the age of 74. 6. The life and creative activity of James Augustine Aloysius Joyce. James Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark work in which the episodes of Homer's Odyssey are paralleled in an array of contrasting literary styles, perhaps most prominently the stream of consciousness technique he perfected. Other major works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914) and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His complete oeuvre includes three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters. Joyce was born to a middle class family in Dublin where he excelled as a student at the Jesuit schools Clongowes and Belvedere, then at University College Dublin. In his early twenties he emigrated permanently to continental Europe, living in Trieste, Paris and Zurich. Though most of his adult life was spent abroad, Joyce's fictional universe does not extend beyond Dublin and is populated largely by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies and friends from his time there. Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. Shortly after the publication of Ulysses he elucidated this preoccupation
13 somewhat, saying, “For myself, I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal.” James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane Murray in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was the eldest of ten surviving children. Two of his siblings died of typhoid. His father's family, originally from Fermoy in Cork, had once owned a small salt and lime works. Joyce's father and paternal grandfather both married into wealthy families, though the family's purported ancestor was a stonemason from Connemara. In 1887 his father was appointed rate collector (i.e., a collector of local property taxes) by Dublin Corporation. The family subsequently moved to the fashionable adjacent small town of Bray 12 miles (19 km) from Dublin. Around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia. He also suffered from keraunophobia, as an overly superstitious aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of God's wrath. His major works are: Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Exiles and Ulysses. Joyce's Irish experiences constitute an essential element of his writings and provide all of the settings for his fiction and much of its subject matter. His early volume of short stories, Dubliners, is a penetrating analysis of the stagnation and paralysis of Dublin society. The stories incorporate epiphanies, a word used particularly by Joyce, by which he meant a sudden consciousness of the "soul" of a thing. The final and most famous story in the collection, "The Dead", was directed by John Huston as his last feature film in 1987. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a nearly complete rewrite of the abandoned novel Stephen Hero. Joyce attempted to burn the original manuscript in a fit of rage during an argument with Nora, though to his subsequent relief it was rescued by his sister. A Portrait is a heavily autobiographical coming-of-age novel depicting the childhood and adolescence of protagonist Stephen Dedalus and his gradual growth into artistic self-consciousness. Some hints of the techniques Joyce
14 frequently employed in later works, such as stream of consciousness, interior monologue and references to a character's psychic reality rather than to his external surroundings are evident throughout this novel. Despite early interest in the theatre, Joyce published only one play, Exiles, begun shortly after the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and published in 1918. A study of a husband and wife relationship, the play looks back to The Dead (the final story in Dubliners) and forward to Ulysses, which Joyce began around the time of the play's composition. Joyce also published a number of books of poetry. His first mature published work was the satirical broadside "The Holy Office" (1904) in which he proclaimed himself to be the superior of many prominent members of the Celtic revival. His first full-length poetry collection Chamber Music (referring, Joyce explained, to the sound of urine hitting the side of a chamber pot) consisted of 36 short lyrics. This publication led to his inclusion in the Imagist Anthology, edited by Ezra Pound, who was a champion of Joyce's work. Other poetry Joyce published in his lifetime includes "Gas From A Burner" (1912), Pomes Penyeach (1927) and "Ecce Puer" (written in 1932 to mark the birth of his grandson and the recent death of his father). It was published by the Black Sun Press in Collected Poems (1936). Ulysses consists of 18 chapters, each covering roughly one hour of the day, beginning around 8 a.m. and ending some time after 2 a.m. the following morning. Each chapter employs its own literary style and parodies a specific episode in Homer's Odyssey. Furthermore, each chapter is associated with a specific colour, art or science, and bodily organ. This combination of kaleidoscopic writing with an extreme formal schematic structure renders the book a major contribution to the development of 20th-century modernist literature. The use of classical mythology as an organizing framework, the near-obsessive focus on external detail, and the occurrence of significant action within the minds of characters have also contributed to the development of literary modernism. Nevertheless, Joyce complained that, "I may have oversystematised Ulysses," and played down the
15 mythic correspondences by eliminating the chapter titles that had been taken from Homer. 7. The life and creative activity of Ernest Miller Hemingway. Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American author and journalist. He was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall- Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in the conservative community of Oak Park. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of these are considered classics of American literature. Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, before leaving for the Italian front to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers. In 1918 he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms. In 1922 he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. They had one son whose name was Jack. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers and artists of the 1920s "Lost Generation" expatriate community. The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway's first novel, was published in 1926. After his 1927 divorce from Hadley Richardson, Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer. They had two sons whose names were Patrick and Gregory. They divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War where he had acted as a journalist, and after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940. They separated when he met Mary Welsh in
16 London during World War II during which he was present at the Normandy Landings and liberation of Paris. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida and Cuba during the 1930s and 1940s. From June to December 1944 Hemingway was in Europe. In 1947 Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. He was recognized for his valor, having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions," with the commendation that "through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat." In 1948, Hemingway and his wife Mary Welsh traveled to Europe, staying in Venice for several months. While there, Hemingway fell in love with the then 19- year-old Adriana Ivancich. The platonic love affair inspired the novel Across the River and Into the Trees, written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary and published in 1950 to negative reviews. The following year, furious at the critical reception of Across the River and Into the Trees, he wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". The Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa. Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952 Hemingway went on safari to Africa where he was almost killed in a plane crash that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life. In 1954 while in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in two successive plane crashes. In October 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. From the end of the year in 1955 to early 1956, Hemingway was bedridden. He was told to stop drinking to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but then disregarded. In October 1956 he returned to Europe and met Basque writer
17 Pio Baroja, who was seriously ill and died weeks later. During the trip Hemingway became sick again and was treated for "high blood pressure, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis". In the summer of 1959 he visited Spain. In January 1960 he returned to Cuba. On July 25, 1960, Hemingway and Mary left Cuba, never to return. Hemingway then travelled alone to Spain. In October 1960 he left Spain for New York. In April 1961, back in Ketchum, one morning in the kitchen Mary "found Hemingway holding a shotgun." She called Saviers who sedated him and admitted him to the Sun Valley hospital. From there he was returned to the Mayo Clinic for more electro shock treatments. He was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30. Two days later, in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961, Hemingway "quite deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun. He unlocked the basement storeroom where his guns were kept, went upstairs to the front entrance foyer of their Ketchum home, and "pushed two shells into the twelve-gauge Boss shotgun ... put the end of the barrel into his mouth, pulled the trigger and blew out his brains. 8. Exercises for the consolidation of the lecture. 1. Read, comment and discuss the following article written by prof. Umirzakov T.B. on the novel “ULYSSES” by J.Joyce. “ULYSSES has been translated into Uzbek, but…”. ULYSSES has been translated into Uzbek from Russian in 2008. Now, annually, on February 2 the Uzbek writers and readers who have read James Joyce's novel celebrate the birthday of the great writer - modernist of the XX century. It goes without saying that on this day they enjoy his novel "Ulysses" - the main work of the XX century World literature and "Christianity of modernism". With its distinct mythological title it tells the lives of the three inhabitants of Dublin: a crushed, unsuccessful writer Steven Dedal, a commercial agent Jew Leopold Bloom and his wife, Marion Bloom, the singer in a cheap cabaret.
18 At the beginning of the XX century an Irishman James Joyce was not so widely famous though he had already published a collection of poems "Chamber music" and cycles of short stories "The Dubliners" and a novel "Portrait of the artist in the youth". But everything changed in 1922 when in Paris his new novel "Ulysses" was published in a limited edition. It brought a scandalous reputation and further publication was injuncted for a long time in many countries including his motherland. But, in fact, Joyce plunged in something quite different and, seemingly, not so sensational. He planned to write a short story about one day of a Dublin Jew - Leopold Bloom (nationality was chosen not by chance - the Jews at that time were considered to be hardly foreigners in a catholic Ireland, and a hero, living in the very midst of an Irish life, was no one, but a detached on-looker according to the artist's intention). This short story was to be included into the abovementioned collection "The Dubliners" under the title "A day of Mr. Bloom in Dublin". But instead of the imprinted story about Bloom's day Joyce immortalized a seven-hundred paged work. Having written "Ulysses" James Joyce could breathe a new force into World literature. He innovated a new rule to World literature of the XX century. Joyce run counter to the tradition existed for many centuries and made the subject of reflection in "Ulysses" not something like a special day in the lives of heroes, but simply a day, during which almost nothing happens - one ordinary day of life. Admirers of Joyce state not without reason that one day of Leopold Bloom is simultaneously one day of the world in which the whole history of mankind, the whole history of literature from Homer's period till up-to-date is accumulated. And even the future is accumulated as the innovation of an Irish writer. It is worth emphasizing that without "Ulysses" it is impossible not only to think of the European modernism, but of chronological near postmodernism. Joyce wrote "Ulysses" from March 1914 to October 1921. "Ulysses", the longest description of one day (June 16, 1904) in World literature, is divided into 18 episodes. In the USA "Ulysses" was let to publication in 1933. During 1936- 1939 the publishing house "Bodley Head" printed the first edition of "Ulysses" (the
19 new editions of the novel "Ulysses" printed in recent years reproduce the text of publication of "Bodley Head"). It was the last edition of "Ulysses" in Joyce's life time, the proof-reading of which, was done by himself. But the correction was done badly, because of his weak eye-sight. Besides that, seemingly, he didn't correct some errors on purpose [4:746]. Therefore the canonical text of "Ulysses" is complicated and represents the subject of discussions. In Ireland, "Ulysses" was published only in 1960. In Russia "Ulysses" attracted much attention of translators early enough than in other countries of the world such as Germany, France and Poland. But, in Russia "Ulysses" appeared a half century later than in other countries, because the translation of "Ulysses" was forbidden, the reason of which was not clear to the Russian translators. The foundation of the present-day Russian translation of the novel "Ulysses" was laid by the Russian writer of children's literature and translator V. Hinkis during 1930 and 1981 years. Had the slanders on Joyce and injunction to the translation of "Ulysses" not happened, V. Hinkis would have translated "Ulysses" into Russian long years ago. With his last will and testament the translation was finished after a giant and exhausting labour of a group of specialists under the leadership of the translator, Doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, S.S. Horujiy. The translation was published in "Иностранная литература" ("The Foreign Literature") in 1989. It represents equivalent of the English version of the so-called "the corrected text" of the novel prepared and published in 1984 by a group of specialists under the leadership of H.V. Habler. J. Joyce was a patriot of Ireland who wanted its independence and flourishing. Joyce couldn't bear that Ireland became the colony of England and its national wealth was plundered. He opposed disappearance of the national Irish language as well. Therefore, he went into conflict with the ruling class, blamed it for the inconstancy and with a scandal left his country and never came back there. That's why aspersions on Joyce and on "Ulysses" have been cast. One should also note that J. Joyce's difficult nature and complicated text of "Ulysses" not every
20 sensible person and a passionate reader can easily understand. For example, in the novel "Portrait of the artist in the youth" Joyce made use of stylistic devices and on behalf of his own prototype Steven he criticized ruling circles of his time, saying: "Do you know what Ireland is? Ireland is an old pig which eats its children, Dublin is the centre of paralysis." Undoubtedly, Joyce was right in every possible way and not every person who is devoted to his motherland can speak so boldly with all his heart and soul. They say "Murder will out", i.e. soon or late the truth will come to light. Nowadays, James Joyce gained a world-wide fame. Possibly, even a literary immortality. D.S. Likhachev, the great Russian scientist, was right that any nation that considers itself to be moral must have a possibility of reading "Ulysses" in the mother language. In 2008 a well-known Uzbek translator Ibrohim Gofurov translated the first 11 episodes of "Ulysses" from Russian into Uzbek. So, Uzbek readers were able to read "Ulysses" in their mother tongue almost a hundred years later than it had been written. But, alas, one can't say that the Russian and Uzbek translations are adequate. Our analysis showed that in the Russian translation V. Hinkis and S.S. Horujiy basically made use of the denotative (dictionary) meanings and didn't take into consideration the connotative (contextual) meanings of words of the original novel as both of them were not specialists in the English language [9:192]. It goes without saying that in the Uzbek translation mistakes of the Russian translators were not only repeated, but were redoubled. For example, in the following situation Mulligan, one of the main personages, eulogizes his aunt, with the help of which Joyce wanted to glorify mercy and spirituality of the Irish people. But, in the Russian and Uzbek translations, in the personages of the novel, because of the wrong translations the Irish people turned into people who are addicted to alcohol which doesn’t suit the mentality of the people: Then here's a health to Mulligan's aunt And I'll tell you the reason why. She always kept things decent in
21 The Hannigan famileye [5:48].
ЗА ТЁТКУ МАЛЛИГАНА БОКАЛ
МЫ ВЫПЬЕМ ДРУЖНО ДО ДНА
ОНА ПРИЛИЧЬЯ СВЯТО БЛЮДЕТ
В СЕМЬЕ ХАННИГАНА [1:47] Дўстлар ичайлик хола учун Бордур холаси Маллиганнинг Саранжом-саришта рўзғори, Хонадони Ханниганнинг ... [7:40] In our opinion this passage should sound in Uzbek as: Маллиган холаси бўлғай саломат, Сабабин сўрсангиз мен сизга айтай, Хола саранжомлик ва фаросатла Ханниган рўзғорин этди саришта. Or let's take the following recitative in the translation of which the Russian translators could have made up their minds to a positive intuition. Recognizing that the writer's intention was not understandable S.S. Horujiy wrote: "That's why my translation makes use of jargon of the XX century and it's evidently not too much satisfactory. And what do you order to do, ladies and gentlemen? [2: 772]". White thy fambles, red thy gan And thy quarrons dainty is Couch a hogshead with me then In the darkmans clip and kiss [6:52].
ЭХ, ФАРТОВАЯ МАРУХА,
НА МАЛЮТЧИКА ПРИСУХА!
МАРКОТАШКИ – ГОЛУБКИ,
ВЫЙДИ В НОЧКУ ПОД ДУБКИ [3:52] Оппоқ қўллар, ақиқ лаб, Ширин бадан лаззатли. Ўтир бунда уқалаб,
22 Сени севай бир тотли [8:45]. A component analysis of the given recitative enabled us to translate it as: Қилиғинг ўнгла ва тилингни тий, Шунда мулоқотинг бўлади тотли. Қилгил сўнгра мен билан суҳбат, Зулмат йўқолади ва бўлар бўса. It is necessary to point out that for the adequacy of translation it's important to take into consideration that structural parts of speech (preposition, article, particle, interjection) express certain lexical and grammatical meanings. The translators couldn't value it which brought them to inadequacy of the original text in the Russian and Uzbek translations (10:193). We hope that soon or late the priceless novel "Ulysses" will be translated into Uzbek from the original as nowadays direct translations from foreign languages are being carried out in the Republic of Uzbekistan [11:99]. REFERENCES 1. Джеймс Джойс. – Москва, Эксмо: 2008 2. Джеймс Джойс. – Москва, Эксмо: 2008 3. Джеймс Джойс. – Москва, Эксмо: 2008 4. Хоружий С.С. Комментария. “Улисс”. – Москва, Эксмо: 2008. 5. James, Joyce. Ulysses. – Penguin Books, 1992. 6. James, Joyce. Ulysses. – Penguin Books, 1992. 7. Ғофуров И. Улисс саргузаштлари. Жаҳон адабиёти, 2008, 7 – сон 8. Ғофуров И. Улисс саргузаштлари. Жаҳон адабиёти, 2008, 7 – сон 9. Умирзақов Т.Б. Аслиймонанд таржима муаммолари. Жаҳон адабиёти, 2010, 1 – сон 10. Умирзақов Т.Б. Аслиймонанд таржима муаммолари. Жаҳон адабиёти, 2010, 1 – сон 11. Умирзақов Т.Б. Лингвистик таржимашунослик истиқболлари. АндДУ “Илмий хабарнома”, 2010, 3 – сон
23 2. Organize round – table talk on the the life and creative activity of the above given English and American famous writers, poets and playwrights. 9. An assessment In the assessment the quality of Lecture №5 and magistrates’ knowledge are evaluated.
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