Lecture № 5 The theme: ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FAMOUS WRITERS, POETS AND PLAYWRIGHTS Plan: 1. Introduction. 2. The life and creative activity of William Shakespeare. 3. The life and creative activity of Charles John Huffam Dickens. 4. The life and creative activity of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain). 5. The life and creative activity of Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser (Theodore Dreiser). 6. The life and creative activity of James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (James Joyce). 7. The life and creative activity of Ernest Miller Hemingway (Ernest Miller Hemingway). 8. Exercises for the consolidation of the lecture. 9. Assessment. 1. Introduction. At the end of the 20 th century new writers, poets and playwright appeared. During the 1970s and early 1980s, such writers as Greene, Lessing and Le Carre continued to produce important novels. Modern writers are creating their works in different genres and various themes. John Fowler combined adventure and mystery in such novels as “The French Lieutenant's Woman” (1969), Margaret Drabble described the complex lives of educated middle-class people in London in “The Garrick Years”(1964), “The Middle Ground”(1980) and other novels. Iris Murdoch's novels are psychological studies of upper middle-class intellectuals. The three leading English poets today are Ted Hughes, Philip Larkin, and Donald Davie. Ted Hughs produced a major work in his cycle of “Crow” poems (1970-1971). Philip Larkin's verse has been published in his collection “High 1 Windows” (1974). Many of Davie's poems were collected in “In the Stopping Train” (1977). Drama is also flourishing in today's English literature. At the end of the XX century Harold Pinter continued to write disturbing plays. His plays “No Man's Land”(1975), and “Betrayal” (1978) are highly individual. English playwright Tom Stoppard won praise for the verbal brilliance, intricate plots, and philosophical themes of his plays. His “Jumpers”(1972) and “Travesties” (1974) are among the most original works in Modern English drama. David Hare in his “Plenty”( 1978) wrote about the decline in postwar English society. The dramatist Simon Gray created vivid portraits of troubled intellectuals in “Butley” (1971) and “Otherwise Engaged” (1975). Peter Shaffer wrote a complex drama about composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, entitled “Amadeus” (1979). Caryl Churchill wrote mixing past and present in her comedy “Cloud Nine” (1981) and created an imaginative feminist play “Top Girls” (1982). Thus, English poets, writers and dramatists are continuing to create their masterpieces and are still enriching the world literature with their original works, so the process is going on. As the theme of our lecture is about famous English and American writers, poets and playwrights below we shall deal with the description of the life and creative activities of the most famous English and American writers, poets and playwrights who made their great contribution to the development of English and American as well as World literature. 2. The life and creative activity of William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare (baptized 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His 2 surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwrights. Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592 he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King‘s Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at the age of 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, two of his former theatrical colleagues published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognized as Shakespeare's. Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw called "bardolatry". In the 20th century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today 3 and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptized there on April 26, 1564. His actual birthdate remains unknown, but is traditionally observed on April 23, St George's Day. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholar's mistake, has proved appealing to biographers, since Shakespeare died April 23, 1616. He was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated at the King‘s New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile from his home. Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but the grammar curriculum was standardized by royal decree throughout England and the school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar based upon Latin classical authors. At the age of 18 Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage license on November 27, 1582. The next day two of Hathaway's neighbors posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The ceremony may have been arranged in some haste, since the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read once instead of the usual three times and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptized on May 26, 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised on February 2, 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried on August 11, 1596. After the birth of the twins Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592 and scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers 4 attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare’s first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th- century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London. John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars have suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. No evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area. Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 and was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607 and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare’s death. 3. The life and creative activity of Charles John Huffam Dickens. Charles Dickens (7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) Charles John Huffam Dickens (tʃɑ:rlz dɪkɪnz) was an English writer and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters. During his lifetime Dickens' works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and fame, but it was in the twentieth century that his literary genius was fully recognized by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to enjoy an enduring popularity among the general reading public. Born in Portsmouth, England, Dickens left school to work in a factory after his father was thrown into debtors' prison. Though he had little formal education, he was driven to succeed because of his impoverished early life. He edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels and hundreds of short stories and 5 non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, and campaigned for children's rights, education, and other social reforms. Dickens rocketed to fame with the 1836 serial publication of the Pickwick Papers, and within a few years he became an international literary celebrity known for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character.