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Index

Absalon, Anna Pedersdotter, 245 Aumont, Duke of, 136 adolescence, 33; see also youth-abbeys Austin, J. L., 272 Advent: liturgical season of, 65, 67–68; auto de fe, 228–30 ceremonial entry form of, 262, Avignon, 9, 55 265–66 Aztec rituals, 6, 191–92 Agatha’s day, St., 70 Aiguillette, 46–47 Bacon, Francis, 275 Alba, 231 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 98–99, 115 Albania, 105, 113 Balandier, Georges, 253 Albertus Magnus, 46 Balkans, 24, 217 Alcal`a,University of, 177–78 Bamberg, 72 Alenquer, 104 banquets, wedding, 42–45 Alexander III, Pope, 258 baptism, 24–27, 163, 178; sacramental Aleksei, Tsar, 148, 221 debates about, 185–86, 204 Alfonso, King of Naples, 269 Barcelona, 95 All Fool’s day. See Feast of Fools Bari, 257 All Saints’ day, 78 Bartholomew’s day, St., 103 All Souls’ day, 52, 57, 78 Bavaria, 147, 244 Ambrose, St., 82, 256–57 Becker, Carl, 11 Amsterdam, 117 Behn, Aphra, 46 Anabaptists, 22, 186, 223 Benandanti, 28 Angelico, Fra, 109 Benedict of Nursia, St., 85; order of, 64; animals in rituals, 95, 113–15, 117–18, rule of, 85 135, 145 Benedict XIV, Pope, 196 anointment, 273–74, 295 Bergen, 245 Aquinas, Thomas, St., 156, 209 Bernard of Clairvaux, St., 127 Arianism, 223 Bernardino of Siena, St., 28, 81–82 Ari`es,Philippe, 51 Bertran de Born, 144 Arles, 34 Bible and sacraments, 167–68, 177–78, art of dying (ars moriendi ), 52–55, 57 186 Asag, 142 Bielski, Joachim, 275 Ascension day, 65, 72–74, 204–5, birth, rituals associated with, 22–28 258–60 bishops: authority over ritual practice, 188; Asciesi, Gabriele d’, 119 during Catholic Reformation, 230–33 Asciesi, Guglielemo d’, 119 Black Death, 51, 76 Ash Wednesday, 70, 89, 95 Blasius’s day, St., 70 Assumption of the Virgin, feast of the, 204 bleeding hosts, 155–58 Asti, 231 blood libel, 234–36 Augsburg: marriage ceremonies in, 42–45; Bodin, Jean, 46 Reformation in, 204–5 body: in rituals, 10; lower, 93–121; politic, Augustine, St., 25, 210–11 161–62, 271, 281; of God, 166–70, Augustinian Order, 174 254–55; of saints, upper, 125–51

312

Index 313

Bohemia, heresies in, 157. See also Hus, ceremony: books, 263–64; Jan; Utraquists sixteenth-century definitions of, 175. Bologna, 103, 269, 284, 285 See also rite, ritual Bolsena, 155–58, 173 Cervantes, Miguel de, 100 Bonaventura of Bagnoregio, St., 156 Cesena, 117 Boniface VIII, Pope, 64 charivari, 106–11, 143–44 Borgia, Cesare, 117 Charles VII, King of France, 279 Borgia, Lucrezia, 107 Charles VIII, King of France, 260 Bossy, John, 23, 74 Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 265, Bourdieu, Pierre, 6 268 Braga, 188 Chartier, Roger, 296 Brazil, 24 Chaumont, France, 102 Brown, Patricia Fortini, 264 Chester, 77 Brueghel, Pieter (the Elder), 89, 96, 126 children, ritual sacrifice of, 193, 234–35, Bryant, Larry, 266 243–44. See also infants, baptism of Bucer, Martin, 180 China, 193–97 Buchholz, 105 Chinese Rites Controversy, 195–97 Burgundy, 265, 266–69, 286 Christ: dual nature of, 126; life of, in the burial, places of, 55–56 liturgy, 67–79. See also Advent, Burke, Peter, 97, 126, 134, 148, 282 Ascension day, Christmas, Corpus Bynam, Caroline Walker, 94, 166 Christi, Easter, Epiphany, Eucharist, Holy Week, host, incarnation calendars, Aztec and Maya, 191; Christian III, King of Denmark, 283 Christian, 62–86; Hebrew, 64; reform Christmas, 65–68, 202 of, 81; revolutionary, 299 circumcision, 22–23, 234 Calvin, John, 119; on baptism, 186; on civic rituals, 255–62 images, 211–12, 215; on the civilizing process, 125 Eucharist, 183–85 class, manners define, 125 Calvinism: and manners, 126; in Clement VIII, Pope, 271 Lithuania, 223; in Orthodox lands, Clendinnen, Inga, 6 218–19 clocks, 86 Cambridge, 84, 185 Cockaigne, land of, 97. See also carnival, Cameron, Euan, 178 carnivalesque Candlemas, 29–30, 65, 68–70, 93, 164 Cologne, 188 cannibalism, ritual, 93–94, 119–20, 243 Columbus, Christopher, 161, 190–91 Canterbury, 38 Commedia dell’arte, 96, 144 Cantilene, 109–10 communion, 82, 163. See also Eucharist, Capua, 269 host, mass carnival, 70, 89–92, 93–106, 126; violence confirmation, 163 in, 113–15, 135 confraternities, defined, 76; of the carnivalesque festivity, 101–6, 134, discipline, 193–94, 230–33; of the 148 Holy Sacrament, 226 Carolingians, 274 Confucian rites, 194–97 Carpentras, 97 Congregation of Rites, 189 Carroll, Linda, 96 Connerton, Paul, 127 Cassirer, Ernst, 2 Constantine, Roman Emperor, 67, 80 Castiglione, Baldesar, 128–29, 131 Córdoba, 228 castration magic, 46–47 Cornwall, 213 Catherine of Siena, St., 166–67 coronations, 273–75, 278–80 Catholic church, attitudes toward Corpus Christi, feast of, 74–77, 156–57, marriage, 37, 42; see also Reformation, 172, 261 Catholic Corsica, 113 caul, powers of the, 27–28 Cortés,Hernán,191, 193 Cellini, Benvenuto, 242 Council of Trent. See Trent, Council of centennials, 215–16 courtly manners, 125–34. See also manners

314 Index

courtship between the sexes, 140–44 Elias, Norbert, 125, 128, 145, 281 Coventry, 65, 67, 77, 82, 261 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 213, 271, Cracow, 133 284 Cranmer, Thomas, 295 Ely, 38, 207 crosses and crossing, 193, 205–6, 221, Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 185 237 emotions and ritual, 2, 15–17, 129–30 Cuenca, 226 Endingen, 118 Enlightenment and ritual, 294–99 Dalmatia, 28 England: beliefs about caul in, 28; dance of death, 57–58. See also morris carnivalesque festivity in, 101–4; dance communion in, 170–72; coronations Dante Alighieri, 55 in, 274–75, 283–84; Corpus Christi Dati, Goro, 62–63 in, 76–77; death rituals in, 79; Datini, Margherita, 16–18, 39 elimination of feast days in, 83–84; Davis, Natalie Zemon, 99–100, 107, fertility rituals in, 46; manners in, 203 133–34, 148; Protestant Reformation day, liturgical significance of the, 62–64, in, 212–16; youth-abbeys in, 33 81–85 entries, ceremonial, 252, 262–71 dead and dying, rituals for the, 26–27, Epiphany, 65, 68 50–59, 163 Erasmus, Desiderius: on manners, 127–28, Della Casa, Giovanni, 38, 129–30, 135, 135–36, 143; satire on ritual, 54, 100, 175, 295 158, 175–77, 187 Della Torre, Alvise, 114 Essen, 72 Delumeau, Jean, 17 Esslingen, 207 Denmark, 274, 283 Este family, 284–85 Devon, 213 Este, Alfonso d’, 107 diabolism, 240 Estonia, 102, 220 Dijon, 34 Eucharist, 165; Catholic Reformation and dining rituals, 134–40. See also food, the, 226–27; Corpus Christi manners processions and the, 74–77; theories divorce, rituals of, 48–50 about, 166–85; see also communion, Dominicans, 167, 196, 232 host, mass Dorothea, Queen of Denmark, 283 exorcism, baptism as an, 23 Dorothea’s day, St., 70 extreme unction, 163 drama and ritual, 71–72, 74–76, 94, 96, 100–1, 131, 144 Fabian and Sebatian, Sts., 69 dreams, 129–30 Farel, Guillaume, 205 Du Cange, Charles Du Fresne, 36 Fat Tuesday. See carnival Duccio di Boninsegna, 257 Feast of Fools, 103–4 dueling, 149–51 Feast of Holy Innocents. See Epiphany Duffy, Eamon, 67, 169, 214 Feast of Lights, 69 Durkheim, Emile, 3, 18, 80 Felix and Regula, martyrs, 257 Ferrara, 265, 271 Easter, 65, 67, 70–73, 89 fertility rites, 17–18, 45–46, 68–70, Eastern Europe: Reformation in, style of 101 manners in, 134, 216–24 Festival of the Twelve Marys, 69–70 Eastern Orthodoxy. See Orthodox feuding. See vendetta churches flagellation, 71, 193–94, 226–30, 232 Edict of Thessaloniki, 66 Flanders, 266–69 Edward VI, King of England, 213–14, Flandrin, Jean-Louis, 97, 137 216, 284, 295 Florence, baptism in, 25, 256; bigamy case effigies in rituals, 276–78 in, 38; ceremony book of, 263–64; Egidio da Viterbo, 174 concepts of time in, 81–83; funerals Ehem, Marx, 204–5 in, 55; marriage ceremonies in, 39–40, Eliade, Mircea, 80 42; violence in 284

Index 315

Flynn, Maureen, 71, 227 Gluckman, Max, 4, 98 food: rituals of consuming, 134–40; the God. See communion, Eucharist, host, host as, 170. See also meat mass France: baptism in, 24–25; Catholic godparents, 24 Reformation in, 224–27; charivari in, Goffman, Erving, 272 106–11; coronations in, 274–75, gold, ritual for finding, 190 278–80; Corpus Christi processions Golden Legend,68 in, 76; courtship in, 140–44; death Good Friday, 71, 81 rituals in, 78; decline of ritual system grace, 164, 178 in, 295–99; divine kingship in, 266; Great Schism, 9 dueling in, 150–51; godparents in, 24; Greene, Thomas, 175 manners in, 131–32, 137; prayer Gregory XIII, Pope, 81 books in, 172; revolution in, 298–99; Guazzo, Stefano, 139 royal rituals in, 272–82; Wars of Guelders, 265 Religion in, 46, 151, 173, 270; Guerre, Martin, 107 youth-abbeys in, 33–35 guilds, 76 Francis I, King of France, 150, 225, 276, Guinefort, St., 27 282 Francis of Assisi, St., 68 Halloween, 78 Franciscans, 192–94 Hamburg, 146 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Hammer of Witches (Malleus Maleficarum), 269 241–42 Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Handelman, Don, 4 265 hands, in rituals, 36–37 Friuli, 26–27, 28, 113–15, 240 handshake, 133–36 Fugger family, 204 Harvard, John, 185 funerals, 50–59; of French kings, 276–79 hats, 132–33, 139 Henry II, King of France, 47, 151 Galateo, 129–30, 135, 139 Henry III, King of France, 113, 282 gangs. See youth-abbeys Henry IV, King of France, 277–78 Gargantua, 104 Henry VII, King of England, 77 Geertz, Clifford, 4, 253–54, 255–56 Henry VIII, King of England, 84, 101, Gennep, Arnold van, 21–23, 36 185, 212, 214, 218, 262, 283 Geneva, 107, 184, 205 Heraclides, Jacob, 217 Genoa, 270 Herald, office of, 263 Gentilcore, David, 230 hermeneutics, 11, 158–59, 176, 178 George, St., 82, 104, 261 Hildesheim, 207 George III, King of England, 297 Holland, manners in, 126, 133 Germany: Corpus Christi in, 75–76; death Holy Innocents, Massacre of, 68 rituals in, 58–59, 79; divorce rituals Holy Roman Emperor, 272 in, 48–50; Easter week in, 72; feast Holy Week, 70–72, 194 days in, 69; manners in, 135–36; holy year, 64 preventions of castration magic in, 47; honest dissimulation, 128–29 Peasants’ War in, 208; Protestant host, cult of, 166–73, 235–36; see also Reformation in, 204–8, 215–16; communion, Eucharist, mass unction of kings in, 274; youth-abbeys hour, ritual significance of, 85–86 in, 33–35 Hsia Po-Chia, R., 235 gestures, 125, 127 Huguenots, 277. See also France: Wars of Gévaudan, 113 Religion in Ghent, 267–69 Huizinga, Johann, 144 ghosts, beliefs in, 57 humanism, 175–78 giants, 104 Hungary, 33, 106, 217 Giesey, Ralph, 276 Hus, Jan, 157, 173. See also Bohemia, Gilmore, David, 112 Utraquists Ginzburg, Carlo, 11, 242 Hutten, Ulrich von, 177

316 Index

Iceland, 28, 113 kingship: desacralization of, 297–98; iconoclasm: in Orthodox lands, 217–20; rituals of, 271–87 Protestant, 204–16, 225 Kinser, Samuel, 94, 270 illness: magical causes of, 239; ritual cures kiss, in ritual, 36–37, 115–16, 172 for, 161, 232 Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane, 39 images, ritual uses of, 16–17, 217–20, Koenigsberg, 96 204–16, 225 Koslosky, Craig, 58 incarnation, doctrine of, 166 infants, baptism of, 22–28 La Boétie,Etienne de, 295 interregnum rites, 271–87 Ladislaus IV Vasa, King of Poland, 133 Ireland, 28, 55, 78, 225 Langhe, 112 Italy: Catholic Reformation in, 224, Languedoc, 47, 54 226–27, 230–33; Corpus Christi Lateran Council, Fourth, 179 processions in, 76; death rituals in, 78; Le Goff, Jacques, 36, 55, 62 dueling in, 149; godparents in, 24–25; Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 93 manners in, 131–32; 139–40; rituals Lebrun, Pierre, 295 for infants in, 25–26; 28; Leipzig, 72 youth-abbeys in, 33 Lent, 65, 70, 83, 89–92, 126 Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of Russia, 220, 252, Leonardo da Vinci, 209 283 Lepanto, battle of, 82 Iztapalapa, 194 Levack, Brian, 239, 243 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 4, 134 James I, King of England, 275, 295 Leviticus, 29 Janarius’s day, St., 82 Liège,169, 188 Jansenism, 296–97 lies, 129–30 Japan, 193, 196 Liguria, 113 Jeanneret, Michel, 139, 140 liminality, 21–22, 264 Jesuit Order, 131, 194–94, 227, 286, 297 lit de justice, 273, 278–80, 298 Jews: alleged anti-Christian rituals of, 160, Lithuania, 223–24 173, 233–36; ritual execution of, 118; liturgical cycles, 64–79 survival of ritual practices in Spain, Livonia, 219–20 236–38; weddings of, 41; the week as Lollards, see Wycliff, John conceived by, 79–81 Lombard, Peter, 163 Joachim of Fiore, 174 London, 5, 77, 101, 117, 262 Joan of Arc, 279 Lorqua, Ramiro de, 117 John the Baptist, St., 22, 82, 256; Louis IX (“The Pious”), King of France, decapitation of, 83; nativity of, 77 274 John of Damascus, 208–9 Louis XII, King of France, 270 John the Evangelist, St., 16 Louis XIII, King of France, 277–79, 298 Joseph, St., 109 Louis XIV, King of France, 272–73, Judaizers: in the eastern European sense, 279–82, 286, 297–98 219–20; in the Spanish sense, 228 Louis XV, King of France, 297 Juliana of Liège,74, 156 Low Countries, beliefs about the caul in Julian calendar, 67, 81 the, 28 Julius II, Pope, 269–70, 285 Lucaris, Cyril, 218 Justina’s day, St., 82 Lucca, 260 Lünig, J. C., 271 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 274 Lupercalia, 69 Karant-Nunn, Susan C., 30 Luther, Martin, 105, 157; death of, 50, 52; Karlstadt, Andreas, 180–81, 186, 202–3 on baptism, 186; on death rituals, Kaufbeuren, 207 58–59; on marriage, 37; on the Kertzer, David, 3–4, 254 Eucharist, 174, 179–80, 182–83, 202 Kibbey, Ann, 183 Lutherans, funerals of, 58–59; relations king’s touch, 280, 295, 298 with the Orthodox, 217–18 king’s two bodies, 274–79 Lyons, 34, 106, 188

Index 317

Machiavelli, Niccolò,197 Mormon ritual, 1–2, 7 Magdeburg, 204 morris dance, 101–2 magic, 46–48, 238–45 Moscow, 96, 252 maleficia, 239–45 Muchembled, Robert, 140, 141 Malleus Maleficarum, 241 Munich, 118–19 manners, 125–51 music in festivity, 43, 165 Mantua, 284 Muslims, 79–80; survival of rituals in Marburg Colloquy, 183 Spain, 236–38 Marcourt, Antoine, 171 Muzio, Girolamo, 149 Mardi Gras. See carnival MariedeMédicis, Queen of France, 278 Nalle, Sara, 226 Mark, St., 256–60 Nallo, Florie, 106, 110 market-place, rituals of the, 48–50 Naples, 82, 95, 120–21, 269 marriage, 37–50, 140–44; as a sacrament, nativity cycle of feasts, 65 163; of the sea, 258–60; satire of, Nebra, 207 106–11 Nelli, René,141 Mary, Queen of England, 213–14 New England, beliefs about caul in, 28 Mary, Virgin: devotion to, 208–9; feasts of, Nicholas, St., 257 78; patron of Siena, 257–58. See also Nicholas of Cusa, 173 Assumption of the Virgin, Nikon, Patriarch, 220–22 Candlemas Norwich, 261 masculinity, concepts of, 34–35, 112 Nuremberg, 72, 95, 96, 101 masks, 106 Nussdorfer, Laurie, 285 Masonic lodges, 296 mass, 155–57; for the dead, 57, 188; Oberman, Heiko, 182 institution of the, 166–73; reform of Oecolampadius, Johannes, 180 the, 188–89. See also communion, Office for the Propagation of the Faith, Eucharist, host 196 mattinata, 106–10; see also charivari Old Believers, 220–23 matza, 235–36 ordination, 163 May Day, 85, 91, 101–2, 104, 107 Orkneys, divorce rituals in the, 48 Mayas, 191, 193–94 Orthodox churches, 65, 148, 216–24 Meissen, 105, 106 Orvieto, 156 Melanchthon, Philipp, 202–3 Otranto, 47 Memmingen, 207 Ottoman Empire, 216, 217 merchants’ time, 62–63 Ottonian Empire, 273 Methodism, 160, 297 Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández,190 Mexico, 191–94 Oxford, 77, 84, 102 Midsummer, 77, 91, 102–3, 104, 126, Ozouf, Mona, 298 145, 262, 299–300 Milan, 82, 86, 188, 256, 257, 263 Padua, University of, 98 military parades, 261–62 Pagden, Anthony, 191 Modena, 284–86 pageants, 260–62 Modena, Leone, 41 Palm Sunday, 70, 164, 252, 262, 265–70, Modern Devotion, 175 283 modernism, 294–95, 299–300 Pappenheimer family, 118–19, 147, Moldavia, 217–18 244–45 Montaigne, Michel de, 51, 130, 173, 175 Paris, 51, 117, 145, 225, 260, 265, 266, Montenegro, 113 270, 276–81 Montespan, Madame de, 52 parishes, Catholic Reformation reliance Montezuma, 191 on, 230–33, 297 Montpellier, 95 Parlement of Paris, 260, 270, 278 Morales, Juan Bautista, 196 Partridge, Loren, 260, 269 More, Thomas, 147 Pascal, Blaise, 295 Morelli, Giovanni, 15–18, 25, 39, 62, 209 Passover, 234–36

318 Index

Patriarch of Constantinople. See Orthodox punishment, ritual, 116–21, 146–47 churches Purgatory, 55–57 patron saints, 255–58 Purification of the Virgin. See Candlemas Paul, St., 24, 69, 178 purification of women, 28–33 Paul IV, Pope, 286 Purim, 94 Paulinus of Nola, St., 68 Puritans, 185 Pax-board, 116, 172 Peace of God, 115–16 Quakers, 126, 133–34 penance, 163, 228–30 Pennsylvania, 133 Rabelais, Fran¸cois,100 Pentecost, 65, 72, 74, 102 rape, 34–35 Peter, feast of the chair of St., 70 Ravaillac, Fran¸cois,278 Peter the Great, Tsar, 223, 283 Real Presence, doctrine of. See Eucharist Peter of Prague, 155–56 Reformation, 159–60 Petrarch, Francesco, 269 Catholic, 169; as a ritual process, Petrovich, Archpriest Avvakum, 222 224–33; on sacraments, 163–65, Peyer, Hans Conrad, 257 187–90, 224–33 Peyretier family, 111 Protestant, 158–60; as a ritual process, Philip IV, King of Spain, 282, 284, 286 202–16; elimination of feast days, Philip the Good, Count of Burgundy, 83–85; on baptism, 185–86; on death 268 rituals, 58–59; on the Eucharist, Philip and James’s day, Sts., 101 173–85; royal rituals after, 283–84 Philippines, 193 regal ceremonies, 271–87 Phythian-Adams, Charles, 67 Reinburg, Virginia, 172 Piedmont, 231 Rej, Mikolaj, 125 Pilgrimage of Grace, 84 representation. See presence and pilgrims, 155–58 representation, theories of pillages, ritual, 284–87 Reuchlin, Johannes, 178 Pius IV, Pope, 188 Rheims, 273, 274, 279–80, 287, 298 Pius V, Pope, 188 Ricci, Father Matteo, 194–96 Platonism, 127 rites: of enactment, 272–73; of play, 89–92 malevolence, 222, 233–45; of passage, Poland-Lithuania: manners in, 125, 21–59, 161, 222; of role reversal, 132–34, 138–39, 142, 218–19, 272, 97–98; of satire, 100–11; of 274–75, 282–83; religious diversity in, supplication, 73–74; of vassalage. 223–24 35–37; of violence, 112–21; of Polotsk, 220 weather, 165 Portugal, 78, 106 ritual: and history, 6–9; decline of, posture, bodily, 130–31 294–99; definitions of, 2–6 Prato, 16 Roa, Fray Antonio de, 194 Praybook Rebellion, 213–14 Roch, St., 27 prayers for the dead, 52–54, 56–57 Rogation days, 73–74, 102 presence and representation, 101, 272–73; Romania, 33, 103, 106 theories of, 159–61, 174–90. Also see Romans, France, 93–94, 100 Eucharist, Real Presence, Rome, 64, 95, 98, 257, 265, 269–70, 271, transubstantiation 273, 285 priests, ritual functions of, 163–64, 168, Roper, Lyndal, 42 171, 189, 296 Rosary, 232 processions, civic, 255–62 Rossiaud, Jacques, 34 Prodi, Paolo, 285 royal ceremonies, 271–87 progresses, ritual, 270–71 Rubin, Miri, 74 prostitutes in rituals, 35 Ruggiero, Guido, 240 Protestants. See Reformation, Protestant Russia: icon veneration in, 219–20; protocols, diplomatic, 263–64 imperial rituals, 283; manners in, 137, Proven¸calromances, 142 139, 148, 283

Index 319

Ruthenia, 28 sports, ritual antecedents and elements of, Ruzante (Angelo Beolco), 96 113, 146, 148 Starn, Randolph, 260, 269 sabbath: origins of, 79–80; witches’, Steinberg, Leo, 166 241–45 Stephen of Bourbon, 98 Sacks, Oliver, 2–3 Stoicism, 127, 295 sacraments, 163–65, 203; biblical sources Storace, Giovan Vincenzo, 120–21 of the, 178–79; Catholic Reformation Strocchia, Sharon, 52 and, 187–90; Protestant Reformation sumptuary laws, 82 and, 178–87. See also baptism, Sunday, 65 conﬁrmation, Eucharist, extreme Sweden, 28 unction, marriage, ordination, Switzerland, 33, 126, 239. See also Calvin, penance John; Geneva; Z¨urich; Zwingli, Ulrich safety valve thesis, 100 Szamowska family, 142 Saint-Denis, 276 Saint Gallen, 207 table fork and manners, 138–39 Saint-Pol, Constable of, 117 Tableaux vivants, 76, 260–61, 268 Saint-Rambert-sur-Loire, 111 Tallard, 205 saints, cults of, 225–26. See also names of Tenenti, Alberto, 52 individual saints Teresa of Avila, St., 167 Savonarola, Fra Girolamo, 52, 81, 174 theater states, concept of, 160, 253, 272 Savorgnan, Antonio, 56, 115, 121 Thiers, Jean-Baptiste, 295 Scandinavia, 47 Thompson, E. P., 65 Schwartz, Regina, 79, 183, 184 time, ritual constructions of, 62–86 Schwenckfeld, Caspar, 187 Tissirand, Etienne, 110 Scotland, 33, 78, 113, 126, 239 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 295 Scribner, Robert, 165, 203–4, 207 Toledo, 228 seasons, liturgical, 64–79 Torre, Angelo, 230, 232 Selden, John, 19 touch. See King’s touch Serbia, 25, 28 Toulouse, 38, 143, 226 sermons as replacement for the Mass, 184 Transubstantiation, 179–80. See also Seville, 95, 117 Eucharist sexuality: and magic, 240–45; in ritual, Transylvania, 217 89–92, 105–11, 140–44; of Christ, Trent: Council of, 45, 54, 159, 187–89, 166–67 224–25, 231; persecution of Jews in, Shakespeare, William, 100, 102, 109, 113, 234–35 140, 295 Treves, ` 265 shame, 142–43, 144–51 Trexler, Richard, 81, 264 Shils, Edward, 294 Trier, 188 Shrove Tuesday. See carnival Trieste, 70 Sicily, 103 Trinity Sunday, 74 Siena, 257–58, 260, 261 triumph, ritual form of, 262, 269–71 Simon of Trent, 234–35 Turin, 262 Sixtus V, Pope, 189, 286 Turner, Victor W., 4, 22, 98 Skye, isle of, 48 Tuscany, 258 sorcery, 240 Spain: Catholic Reformation in, 226–30; Udine, 26, 114–15 Corpus Christi in, 76; court rituals in, Ukraine, 148, 223 282; Holy Week rituals in, 71, 227–28; Ulm, 206–7 manners in, 131–32; marriage in, 38; Urban, St., 165 survival of Jewish and Muslim rituals Urban IV, Pope, 74, 156 in, 236–38; youth-abbeys in, 33 Urban VI, Pope, 173 Spencer, Herbert, 294 Urban VIII, Pope, 286, 287 spinning-bee, 140–41 Utraquists, 174. See also Bohemia; Hus, Spinoza, Baruch, 295 Jan

320 Index

Vacant See of the papacy, 285–86 Weber, Max, 202–3, 294 Valentine’s day, St., 70 week, liturgical signiﬁcance of the, 79–81 vassalage, 35–37 Westminster, 84, 273 Vattimo, Gianni, 159 Whiting, Robert, 213–14 veiling of women, 31–32 Whitsun. See Pentecost Venable, Peter, 159 William III, King of England, 295 vendetta, 113–16, 144, 170 Wilsnack, 173 Venice: beginning of year in, 65; bridge witchcraft, 118–19; 239–45 battles in, 113; Carnival in, 95–97, Wittenberg, 105, 181, 202 145; civic rituals in, 188, 256–60; wives, ritual sale of, 48–50 Corpus Christi in, 76; dogeship in, women: churching of, 28–33; fertility 275, 284; Easter in, 71; Festival of the rituals for, 17–18, 46; rites of passage Twelve Marys in, 69–70; godparents of, 33; rituals of, 167 in, 24; marriage of the sea in, 73; Woodstock, 101 punishments in, 117; table fork Wycliff, John, 173, 174 introduced in, 138 Versailles, 281 year, liturgical construction of the, Vigarello, Georges, 131 64–79 Vikings, 273 York, 38, 77, 261 Villach, 56, 115 youth-abbeys, 33–35, 107–11, 112, 147, Villani, Giovanni, 120–21 230 violence: in rituals, 93–94, 106–12; shame Yucatan, 193 of, 144–51. See also rites of violence Yuval, Yisrael Yaakov, 235 Virgin Mary. See Mary, Virgin virginity, symbols of, 43 Zealots of Piety, 148, 220–21, 148, 230 vision, theory of, 209–10 Zerbavel, Eviatar, 63, 80, 85 Vladimir, Grand Duke, 219 Z¨urich, 180, 257 Zwickau, 98, 207 Wales, 38, 48 Zwingli, Ulrich, on baptism, 185–86; on Walter of Brienne, Duke of Athens, 119, images, 209–11, 213, 215; on 121 marriage, 37; on the Eucharist, 174, Wandel, Lee, 210 180–83